Final Exam Practice Questions

What is NOT true about rods? They are a type of photoreceptor cell They have low acuity They are involved in black and white vision only They are concentrated in the fovea They are highly sensitive to light

They are concentrated in the fovea

What is the hypodermis composed of? a) Adipose tissue b) Reticular tissue c) Melanocytes d) Keranticytes

a) Adipose tissue

Compact bone is made up of _____. a) osteons b) fibrocytes c) trabeculae d) calculi

a) Osteons

Which layer is the outermost and thickest layer? a) Stratum Corneum b) Stratum Spinosum c) Stratum Granulosum d) Stratum Basale

a) Stratum Corneum

What layer of the skin undergoes constant mitosis? a) Stratum basale b) Stratum corneum c) Stratum spinosum d) Stratum granulosum

a) Stratum basale

What about DNA and/or RNA is false? a) RNA is not in the nucleus b) DNA contains the genetic material with instructions of building all proteins c) Both contain nitrogen and phosphate d) DNA directs the process of protein synthesis

d) DNA directs the process of protein synthesis

Unfolding of a protein is called: a) Oxidation b) Renaturation c) Reduction d) Denaturation

d) Denaturation

What type of tissue form tendons? a) Areolar b) Dense irregular c) Adipose d) Dense regular

d) Dense regular

The phospholipid bilayer is NOT permeable to: a) Oxygen b) Some steroids c) Small amounts of Glycerol d) Glucose

d) Glucose

In which zone does old cartilage cells begin to enlarge? a) Ossification zone b) Proliferation zone c) Calcification zone d) Hypertrophic zone

d) Hypertrophic zone

____ are concentric layers of the bone that form in an osteon. a) lacunae b) bone c) lamellae d) canaliculi

C) Lamellae

Which of the following BEST describes human responsiveness compared to human movement? A Responsiveness describes the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments; Movement is the motion of individual cells B Movement is an example of responsiveness while responsiveness occurs as a result of changing stimuli C Movement is a result of an organisms' response to changing stimuli while responsiveness is a result of movement D Movement is a result of external stimuli while responsiveness is a result of internal stimuli

A Responsiveness describes the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments; Movement is the motion of individual cells

What ion channels are prominent in the dendrites of a neuron? Leak channels Ligand-gated channels Mechanically-gated channels All of the above

All of the above

The _____ and ______ cavities are the largest body compartments. Cranial, Abdominal Thoracic, Cranial Dorsal, Ventral Abdominal Cavity, Ventral Body Cavity-

Abdominal Cavity, Ventral Body Cavity

Which of the following is true about the sympathetic nervous system? It is involved in fight or flight responses It increases heart rate, bronchial diameter, and pupil diameter It supports functions that uses energy It is involved in ejaculation in reproduction All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is the correct match of cranial nerve to its function? Trochlear nerve - hearing and equilibrium Accessory nerve - controls head and neck movement Facial nerve - touch, pressure, vibration, and pain of the face Glossopharyngeal nerve - eye movement and tear secretion

Accessory nerve - controls head and neck movement

______ is to house construction as _____ is to house demolition Anabolism, Catabolism Metabolism, Catabolism Catabolism, Anabolism Anabolism, Metabolism

Anabolism, Catabolism

Which of these is NOT an example of a positive feedback loop? Childbirth Body Temperature Regulation Blood Clotting Fruit Ripening

Body Temperature Regulation

What is NOT true about the somatic and autonomic nervous system? Both control centers are located in the brain and spinal cord Both somatic and autonomic fibers are contained in most nerves Both are required for adaptation Both target the same effectors All of the above are true about the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Both target the same effectors

What is the correct order of synaptic transmission? A. Depolarization causes synaptic vessels to approach pre synaptic membrane -> synaptobrevin interacts with syntaxin to create docking complex -> binds to synaptobrevin, initiating fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane -> neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft B. Depolarization causes synaptic vessels to approach pre synaptic membrane -> binds to synaptobrevin, initiating fusion of vesicles with presynaptic membrane -> synaptobrevin interacts with syntaxin to create docking complex -> neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft C. Action potential arrives -> depolarization opens voltage gated channels -> increased triggers exocytosis of synaptic vessels -> neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane -> ion channels open allowing ions to flow -> change in membrane voltage occurs -> action potential occurs D. Action potential occurs -> change in postsynaptic membrane voltage occurs -> depolarization opens voltage gated channels -> increased triggers exocytosis of synaptic vessels -> ion channels open allowing ions to flow -> neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane -> action potential arrives

C. Action potential arrives -> depolarization opens voltage gated channels -> increased triggers exocytosis of synaptic vessels -> neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane -> ion channels open allowing ions to flow -> change in membrane voltage occurs -> action potential occurs

What is the function of the reticular activating system? A. Regulates movement B. Relay auditory signals to the cerebrum to start a reflex C. Maintains consciousness and arousal D. Control heart rate, blood pressure, blood vessel dilation/constriction E. Relay center for movement

C. Maintains consciousness and arousal

What are all the main structures of the brain? Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons Blood brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon None of the above

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon

Which two cavities protect the fragile nervous system organs? Ventral body cavity and abdominopelvic cavity- Dorsal body cavity and pelvic cavity Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity Vertebral cavity and Ventral cavity

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

The heart is ____ to the ribcage. Medial Deep Superficial Lateral

Deep

What are the main parts of the ear? Utricle, saccule, and the semicircular ducts External ear, middle ear, and the inner ear Malleus, incus, and the stapes Vestibule, semicircular canal, and the cochlea Bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, and the organ of corti

External ear, middle ear, and the inner ear

Which of these is NOT one of the requirements for human life? Oxygen Nutrients Narrow Range of Pressure Extreme Ranges of Temperatures

Extreme Ranges of Temperatures

Which of the following is involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system? Hypothalamus Thalamus Pons Cerebellum All of the above

Hypothalamus

In what instance would there be cooperation between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? While sleeping In dangerous situations In reproduction In relaxation There is no cooperation between the two systems, only dynamic antagonism

In reproduction

What would be the result of damage to the primary gustatory cortex? Immobility of the tongue Inability to perceive taste Inability to swallow Loss of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve All of the above

Inability to perceive taste

Which of the following is NOT true about the parasympathetic nervous system? It is involved in salivation and lacrimation It has long lasting effects It is involved in urination and defecation It is involved in vasodilation and erection in reproduction All of the above are true about the parasympathetic nervous system

It has long lasting effects

Why is it important to have a high threshold for some tastes? It is important to avoid eating and ingesting dangerous or toxic foods It is important to increase sensitivity to those tastes It is important because our bodies require nutrients of those tastes, therefore allowing us to have more of it There are no high thresholds, only low and intermediate for taste

It is important because our bodies require nutrients of those tastes, therefore allowing us to have more of it

Which of the following is NOT true about the pia mater? It is the outermost layer of meninges It has a lot of capillaries (vascularization) It is delicate and tightly bound to the brain All of the above statements are true about the pia mater

It is the outermost layer of meninges

What is the correct order of sensory coding? A. Modality lines -> quality discrimination -> feature abstraction B. Modality lines -> feature abstraction -> quality discrimination C. Feature abstraction -> quality discrimination -> modality lines D. Feature abstraction -> modality lines -> quality discrimination E. Quality discrimination -> modality lines -> feature abstraction

Modality lines -> quality discrimination -> feature abstraction

Which of the following is correct? Nociceptors activate two pathways: quick spinal reflex pathway and ascending pathway Pain threshold is how much pain you can take personally; this differs per person Visceral pain is pain felt as having a somatic organ Referred pain is nociceptors in the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints All of the above are correct

Nociceptors activate two pathways: quick spinal reflex pathway and ascending pathway

Vision is to ____ what hearing is to _____. Orbital, Otic Parietal, Occipital Optic, Auditus Frontal, Mental Mental, Oral

Orbital, Otic

Which variable in homeostasis sends information along the efferent pathway to the effector? Stimulus Output Response Receptor

Output

You are relaxing in a bubble bath, winding down after a long day. What system is activated? Central Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous system Sympathetic Nervous system Somatic Nervous System Enteric Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous system

The ______ is a main structure of the diencephalon and secretes _____ to regulate the circadian rhythm. Thalamus ; cerebrospinal fluid Hypothalamus ; inhibiting hormones Pineal gland ; melatonin Hypothalamus ; oxytocin

Pineal gland ; melatonin

The nervous system exhibits (blank) but very limited (blank). Electrical synapses ; chemical synapses Continuous summation ; saltatory summation Serial processing ; parallel processing Plasticity ; regeneration

Plasticity ; regeneration

Sural region is ____ to the crural region. Anterior Superior Inferior Posterior

Posterior

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? Produce/assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Maintain the blood brain barrier Maintain the ion environment for action potential Keep neurons nourished

Produce/assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid? Shock absorption Protect the brain cells from constant neural firing and infection Ion homeostasis Circulation of nutrient, wastes, and hormones All of the above are functions of cerebrospinal fluid

Protect the brain cells from constant neural firing and infection

Jameson is experiencing trouble breathing and constantly experiences chills as a result of lower body temperature. Jameson likely is facing illnesses in which two body systems? Lymphatic and Respiratory Nervous and Circulatory Respiratory and Circulatory Endocrine and Immune

Respiratory and Circulatory

Battlin' Jack took a heavy jab to his ribcage during a boxing match and now feels a sharp pain at the bottom of his lowest true rib on his right side (according to Standard Anatomical Position. In which abdominopelvic region would this injury be located? Left Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Right Hypochondriac Region Epigastric Region Middle Cadillac Region

Right Hypochondriac Region

What is the correct match of one of the primary tastes to its threshold level? Sweet- intermediate threshold Salty- high threshold Bitter- high threshold Umami- low threshold Sour- low threshold

Salty- high threshold

Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the central nervous system? Astrocytes Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

Schwann cells

What is a difference between serial and parallel processing? Serial processing is a reflex while parallel processing is sensory input separated into several pathways and interpreted simultaneously Parallel processing always produces the same response while serial processing varies with time and person Serial processing exists in the central nervous system while parallel processing exists in the peripheral nervous system All of the above

Serial processing is a reflex while parallel processing is sensory input separated into several pathways and interpreted simultaneously

Which of the following is not one of the five main sensory receptors? Mechanoreceptor Chemoreceptor Nociceptor Thermoreceptor Somatoceptor

Somatoceptor

Temporal summation is? Stimulation of multiple neurons at once Stimulating multiple neurons multiple times Stimulating a neuron continuously until you can detect the stimulus The point which a stimulus can be detected and an action potential can be initiated All of the above

Stimulating a neuron continuously until you can detect the stimulus

What is the correct order of stimulus to functional area? Stimulus -> sensory receptors -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex Stimulus -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex Stimulus -> sensory receptors -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex -> primary sensory cortex Stimulus -> sensory receptors -> multimodal association cortex -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex

Stimulus -> sensory receptors -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex

You and your friends are at your favorite band's concert with thousands of other fans, what system is activated? Central Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous system Sympathetic Nervous system Somatic Nervous System Enteric Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous system

Which of the following is a correct match between the somatic sense and its respective sensory receptor(s)? Olfactory- nociceptors, thermoreceptors Taste- mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors Pain- photoreceptors Sight- thermoreceptors Hearing- nociceptors, chemoreceptors

Taste- mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors

Sodium-potassium pumps...? Uses ATP to pull two sodium ions ( in and push three potassium ions ( out Uses ATP to pull two potassium ions ( in and push three sodium ions out Uses ATP to pull three sodium ions ( in and push two potassium ions ( out Uses ATP to pull three potassium ( ions in and push two sodium ions ( out None of the above

Uses ATP to pull two potassium ions ( in and push three sodium ions out

For proper homeostasis, blood acid-base balance must be maintained at about what pH? a) 7.4 b) 6.4 c) -7.2 d) 3.5

a) 7.4

How does the process of pinocytosis transport particles into the cell? a) A small volume of extracellular liquid is dissolved along with the molecules. b) The cell engulfs large solid particles. c) The cell engulfs specific particles that bond to membrane receptors. d) It involves secretory vesicles and the plasma membrane.

a) A small volume of extracellular liquid is dissolved along with the molecules.

How is energy stored in an electrochemical gradient? a) By actively pumping ions across the plasma membrane b) By releasing energy from the hydrolysis of ATP c) By solutes moving freely through plasma membrane d) By transporting macromolecules across the plasma membrane inside bubble-like sacs

a) By actively pumping ions across the plasma membrane

Of the following ions listed below, which ion is most important in the physiological function of heart rate? a) Calcium b) Iron c) Magnesium d) Iodine

a) Calcium

Which part of an osteon is paired with its correct function? a) Canaliculi - communication/transmission of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes b) Haversian Canal - stores osteocytes/maintains the bone matrix c) Lacunae - central canal that contains 1 nerve, 1 vein, and 1 artery that allow the bone to get oxygen and nutrition d) None of the above

a) Canaliculi - communication/transmission of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes

After completing a high intensity impact training workout, Brian is feeling quite drained, and needs to eat something that can give him a quick boost of energy for a short-term period. Which of the following molecules is best for that quick, easily used source of energy? a) Carbohydrates b) Lipids c) Proteins d) Nucleic Acids

a) Carbohydrates

What is an example of a fibrous protein? a) Collagen b) Hormones c) Hemoglobin

a) Collagen

The formation of ATP involves what type of reaction? a) Dehydration b) Combustion c) Hydrolysis d) Combination

a) Dehydration

What's the difference between phospholipids and glycolipids? a) Glycolipids are only on the outer membrane surface and phospholipids are on both inner and outer membrane surfaces b) Glycolipids have a phosphate group and phospholipids have a sugar groups c) Phospholipids have non-polar fatty acid tails and glycolipids have polar fatty acids d) All of the above

a) Glycolipids are only on the outer membrane surface and phospholipids are on both inner and outer membrane surfaces

What is the name of the joint related to the teeth? a) Gomphoses b) Syndesmoses c) Symphyses d) Synchondroses

a) Gomphoses

Which bone fracture breaks along the vertical axis of the bone? a) linear b) transverse c) oblique d) greenstick

a) Linear

The process of calcifying chondrocytes to form a bone is called? a) Ossification b) Osteogenesis c) Canaliculi d) Elongation

a) Ossification

In bone remodeling what is the name of the bone cell that deposits as old bone is resorbed? a) Osteoblast b) Osteoclast c) Osteolysis d) Osteogenesis

a) Osteoblast

What happens when blood calcium gets too low? a) PTH causes osteoclasts to release Ca from bone b) Calcitonin causes osteoclasts to release Ca from bone c) Calcitonin causes osteoblasts to release Ca from bone d) PTH causes osteoblasts to release Ca from bone

a) PTH causes osteoclasts to release Ca from bone

In which zone do cartilage cells undergo mitosis while at the epiphyseal plate? a) Proliferation b) Calcification c) Hypertrophic d) Ossification

a) Proliferation

Which layer of skin are hair follicles found in? a) Reticular Layer b) Epidermis c) Hypodermis d) Papillary Layer

a) Reticular Layer

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. a) secretion b) contractility c) extensibility d) excitability

a) Secretion

What type of joint connects the tibia and fibula? a) Syndesmosis b) Symphysis c) Suture d) Diarthrosis

a) Syndesmosis

What is the epiphyseal line? a) the location where cartilage used to be formed into bone b) the actively elongating medullary cavity c) the location where bone is being actively added on d) the interior of the bone containing nerves and blood vessels

a) The location where cartilage used to be formed into bone

During a fight-or-flight response, a person can experience vasoconstriction in some blood vessels and vasodilation in others. How is it possible that norepinephrine can produce both vasodilation and vasoconstriction? a) There are different membrane receptors for noepinephrine, and activation of different receptor types determines the response of the effector b) There are different forms of norepinephrine which bind to the same receptors but have different effects on the cells c) When norepinephrine flows through the membrane into smooth muscle cells, it can bind to different proteins causing different responses in different cells. d) Norepinephrine can bind to G-protein receptors causing a signal cascade and cAMP can have various effects inside of the cytosol, depending on the type of cell that it is in.

a) There are different membrane receptors for noepinephrine, and activation of different receptor types determines the response of the effector

What type of body movement is found in your knee? a) Uniaxial b) Biaxial c) Non-axial d) Multi-axial

a) Uniaxial

Which ion channel opens or closes in response to a change in membrane potential? a) Voltage-Gated b) Leak c) Ligand-Gated d) Mechanically-Gated

a) Voltage-Gated

Which of the following choices would result in the greatest flow of ions across the membrane? a) a large membrane potential b) a large number of closed ion channels c) a large membrane resistance d) a small difference in ion concentrations across the membrane

a) a large membrane potential

What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called? a) a sarcomere b) a myofilament c) a myofibril d) the sarcoplasmic reticulum

a) a sarcomere

What needs to be detected in order for a sensory receptor to be activated? a) a stimulus b) a graded potential c) multiple occurrences of the same event d) an action potential

a) a stimulus

The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. a) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping b) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past c) actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other d) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments

a) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

During a muscle contraction, _______ moves along _______ toward the M line. a) actin; myosin b) myosin; actin c) tropomyosin; actin d) tropomyosin; troponin

a) actin; myosin

What type of connective tissue plays a role in inflammatory response? a) areolar connective tissue b) reticular connective tissue c) adipose connective tissue d) elastic connective tissue

a) areolar connective tissue

Amy has an accident causing her not to be able to recognize different objects, such as a comb or apple. Which part of her cerebral cortex do you suspect she has damaged? a) association areas b) limbic system c) motor areas d) sensory areas

a) association areas

Regrowth of neurons in injured areas of the central nervous system does not generally occur because a) astrocytes multiply rapidly, blocking potential regrowth of a neuron b) there are plenty of other neurons to take the damaged neuron's place c) inhibitory proteins produced by microglia stop and repair d) Schwann cells fail to produce a regeneration tube

a) astrocytes multiply rapidly, blocking potential regrowth of a neuron

The cells that receive direct input from cones and relay that input to ganglion cells are called a) bipolar cells b) horizontal cells c) rods d) amacrine cell

a) bipolar cells

If you hold your breath, carbon dioxide will begin to build up in your blood and creates a desire to breathe. Which type of sensory receptor senses the change in blood carbon dioxide levels? a) chemoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) nociceptor d) photoreceptor e) thermoreceptor

a) chemoreceptor

Which tissue type is most resistant to tearing due to a twisting force? a) dense irregular connective tissue b) reticular connective tissue c) transitional tissue d) fibrocartilage e) dense regular connective tissue

a) dense irregular connective tissue

Peroxisomes use oxidases and catalase to _______ the body from _______. a) detoxify, free radicals b) destroy, water c) break down, lipids d) mobilize, cytokines

a) detoxify, free radicals

Which muscle property best explains the autorhythmicity of the heart? a) electrical excitability b) involuntary control c) extensibility d) contractility

a) electrical excitability

Which type of tissue lines the walls of blood vessels and heart? a) endothelium b) stratified squamous epithelial tissue c) areolar connective tissue d) simple cuboidal epithelium e) none of the above

a) endothelium

Growth during infancy and childhood is most heavily influenced by what hormone? a) growth hormone b) testosterone c) thyroid hormone d) insulin

a) growth hormone

Unlike most other macromolecules, lipids are: a) hydrophobic b) polar c) hydrophilic d) water soluble

a) hydrophobic

If you were to cut the axon entering the autonomic ganglion, and then stimulate the axon of the postganglionic neuron, what would happen to the effector of that pathway? a) it would be activated in the normal manner b) it would be activated, but in the opposite manner from normal c) it would not be activated d) it depends on whether it is the sympathetic or parasympathetic branch

a) it would be activated in the normal manner

Which of the following is an effector of the autonomic nervous system? a) liver b) hypothalamus c) preganglionic neuron d) postganglionic neuron

a) liver

Damage to this region of the spinal column will likely result in which symptoms? a) loss of feeling and sensation only b) loss of motor capabilities only c) delay between sensation and motor reaction d) no major loss, other nerves will compensate

a) loss of feeling and sensation only

What organelle acts as the digestive system inside a cell? a) lysosome b) ribosome c) mitochondria d) endoplasmic reticulum

a) lysosome

In albinism, ________ is lacking. a) melanin b) keratin c) carotene d) keratinocytes e) collagen

a) melanin

A cell at rest will be more likely to lose K+ than gain Na+ because the membrane has a) more K+ leak channels compared to Na+ channels b) more K+ voltage-gated channels compared to Na+ channels c) more K+ ligand-gated channels compared to Na+ channels d) more K+ mechanically-channels compared to Na+ channels

a) more K+ leak channels compared to Na+ channels

Gustatory receptor cells are a) non-neural cells that synapse onto neurons b) neurons that project to the CNS c) non-neural cells that synapse onto other non-neural cells d) neurons that synapse on to other neurons in the taste buds

a) non-neural cells that synapse onto neurons

Auditory stimuli are transduced into receptor potentials in which structure of the ear? a) organ of Corti b) oval window c) semicircular canals d) tympanic membrane

a) organ of Corti

During endochondral ossification which cell breaks down the bone to from the medullary cavity? a) osteoclasts b) osteoblasts c) osteocytes d) osteogenic cells

a) osteoclasts

After a large meal the autonomic nervous system is very active. Describe the correct neural pathway and correctly identify which neurotransmitter is released at the effector(s). a) pre-ganglionic neuron -> ganglion in or near the effector -> post-ganglionic neuron -> effector: ACh b) pre-ganglionic neuron -> ganglion distant from the effector -> post-ganglionic neuron -> effector: Ach c) pre-ganglionic neuron -> ganglion in or near the effector -> post-ganglionic neuron -> effector: NE d) pre-ganglionic neuron -> ganglion distant from the effector -> post-ganglionic neuron -> effector: NE

a) pre-ganglionic neuron -> ganglion in or near the effector -> post-ganglionic neuron -> effector: ACh

Considering the types of epithelial tissue, which one can be found in the male reproductive system? a) pseudostratisfied columnar b) stratified squamous c) transitional epithelium d) simple squamous e) simple columnar

a) pseudostratisfied columnar

When a bug lands on your skin you are likely to notice it, but if you don't shoo it off right away you are likely to quickly stop feeling it. What characteristic of sensory perception may best account for this phenomena? a) rapid adaptation b) slow adaptation c) lateral inhibition d) frequency coding

a) rapid adaptation

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage? a) sarcoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondria c) intermediate filament network d) myofibrillar network

a) sarcoplasmic reticulum

Select the division of the nervous system that allows you to know that coffee is brewing in another room. a) sensory b) sympathetic c) parasympathetic d) somatic

a) sensory

If you were to submerge your hand in a bucket of ice water, after only a few seconds your instinct would be to remove your hand from the cold environment. You perceive the desire to remove your hand from the water because a) sensory neurons communicate with your brain that the cold is undesirable and removing your hand will solve the problem b) sensory neurons synapse with interneurons in the spinal cord to reflex and pull your arm out of the cold water c) motor neurons in your arm are receiving stimulation from both the brain and the spinal cord to pull your arm out of the water d) sensory neurons communicate to your brain that the motor neurons in your arm are shutting down due to the cold

a) sensory neurons communicate with your brain that the cold is undesirable and removing your hand will solve the problem

When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments you would expect to see ________. a) the I bands to appear smaller b) the H zone to appear wider c) the I bands to appear wider d) the A band to appear darker

a) the I bands to appear smaller

The main control center of the autonomic nervous system is a) the hypothalamus b) preganglionic neurons c) the adrenal medulla d) the spinal cord

a) the hypothalamus

The famous American dish "Surf and Turf" includes a steak (the turf) and side of lobster or crab (the surf). Eating these two portions alone will MOST likely activate which taste? a) umami b) sour c) sweet d) bitter

a) umami

What is an ionic bond? a) when it bonds 2 oppositely charged atoms together through the transfer of electrons b) a strong bond that forms when 2 atoms share electrons c) results from an attraction of a hydrogen atom d) none of the above

a) when it bonds 2 oppositely charged atoms together through the transfer of electrons

A patient came in with burns on their arms. However, it only burned down to the upper dermis. Which degree burn is this? a) 4th Degree b) 2nd Degree c) 1st Degree d) 3rd Degree

b) 2nd Degree

Which order is correct when dealing with bone repair 1. Fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to bony callus 2. Bony callus is remodeled 3. Hematoma forms 4. Phagocytic cells invade to remove cell debris a) 4,3,1,2 b) 3,4,1,2 c) 3,4,2,1 d) 1,3,4,2

b) 3,4,1,2

If someone were to show symptoms of cyanosis, what would be the physical defining features? a) Bruising around legs b) A blue hue in the lips, face, and hands c) Murky eyes and a yellow pigment d) Red inflammation in cheeks

b) A blue hue in the lips, face, and hands

Which of the following will have the most difficulty passing through the plasma membrane? a) A water molecule b) A molecule with a charge c) A nonpolar molecule d) A small molecule

b) A molecule with a charge

What integral membrane protein transports molecules in opposite directions across the membrane? a) Symporter b) Antiporter c) Uniporter d) Diffusion

b) Antiporter

Joints are also called: a) Annotations b) Articulations c) Affectations d) Affiliations

b) Articulations

What type of synovial joint is formed at our shoulder? a) Saddle b) Ball-and-Socket c) Condylar d) Hinge

b) Ball-and-Socket

What condition will cause a red blood cell to burst? a) Being in a hyposmotic environment b) Being in a hypotonic environment c) Being in an isotonic environment d) Being in a hypertonic environment

b) Being in a hypotonic environment

A muscle cell containing more mitochondria and having a long thin shape is an example of which tenet of the cell theory? a) Cells are the smallest basic structural unit of living organisms b) Biochemical activities of cells are determined by their forms and subcellular structures they contain c) Cells can only arise from other cells d) Activities of an organism depend on the individual and combined activities of its cells

b) Biochemical activities of cells are determined by their forms and subcellular structures they contain

What is the difference between bone deposition and bone resorption? a) Bone is deposited by osteoclasts and is reabsorbed by osteoclasts. b) Bone deposition is the process of forming new bone, bone resorption is the process of breaking down old bone. c) Both bone deposition and resorption bring in Ca into the bone. d) All are correct.

b) Bone deposition is the process of forming new bone, bone resorption is the process of breaking down old bone

What allows osteocytes to communicate with each other and transmit nutrients and wastes? a) Osteons b) Canaliculi c) Lamellae d) Haversian Canal

b) Canaliculi

Which biomolecules are the main source of energy in humans? a) Lipids b) Carbohydrates c) Protein d) Nucleic Acid

b) Carbohydrates

Which of the following tissues are likely to be highly vascularized? a) Pseudostratified columnar b) Cardiac muscle c) Hyaline cartilage d) Elastic

b) Cardiac muscle

Which of the following is not true regarding osteoarthritis? a) It's a result of wear and tear on joints. b) Causes ossified scar tissue, or an ankylosis. c) It's the most common form of arthritis. d) Causes a crunching sound, crepitus.

b) Causes ossified scar tissue, or an ankylosis.

Which is a function of fibrous proteins? a) Immune function b) Contractility c) Transport d) Signaling

b) Contractility

During long bone formation, calcification of the _____ begins before any other region of the bone. a) epiphysis b) diaphysis c) epiphyseal line d) metaphysis

b) Diaphysis

Solutions move in which direction? a) From hypertonic to hypotonic b) From hypotonic to hypertonic c) From more solution to less solution d) Both A&C e) Neither

b) From hypotonic to hypertonic

What is the most common bone fracture found in a child? a) Spiral b) Greenstick c) Comminuted d) Linear

b) Greenstick

Exocytosis is described as... a) Molecules engulfed and pinched off into a vesicle. b) Molecules synthesized within the cell, then released c) Molecules adhere to the outside of a cell and is engulfed by the plasma membrane. d) Molecules imported via a sodium-potassium pump.

b) Molecules synthesized within the cell, then released

Nails are connected to the tissue underneath by the? a) Nail body b) Nail bed c) Nail root d) Cuticle

b) Nail bed

Which of the following detect stimuli, and are characterized with having a cell body with a series of processes called dendrites and axons? a) Glial cells b) Neurons c) Muscle fibers d) Leukocytes

b) Neurons

Which of the following answer choices best describes why long bones are the thickest midway along the diaphysis? a) Boyle's Law b) Wolff's Law c) Overload Principle d) Henry's Law

b) Wolff's law

_______ is a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposition. a) Diabetes b) Osteoporosis c) Leukemia d) Osteopenia

b) Osteoporosis

The most common elements in most living things are: a) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium b) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen c) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen d) Oxygen, carbon, sodium, nitrogen

b) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What is caused by illness, emotional stress, or anemia that results in a pale color of the skin? a) Jaundice b) Pallor c) Cyanosis d) Erythema

b) Pallor

Amino acids in proteins are joined by a) Hydrogen bonds b) Peptide bonds c) Van der Waals forces d) Ionic bonds

b) Peptide bonds

If a cell is no longer able to make proteins, which of the following were affected? a) Lysosomes b) Ribosomes c) Desmosomes d) Mitochondria

b) Ribosomes

As melanin is produced in the stratum basale, it's packed into melanosomes and get distributed to which layer of the skin? a) Stratum Granulosum b) Stratum Spinosum c) Stratum Corneum d) They don't leave the Stratum Basale

b) Stratum Spinosum

Blood is an example of which of the following: a) Colloid b) Suspension c) Solution d) None of the above

b) Suspension

In what type of mixture are the solutes in the solvent large enough to scatter light and settle to the bottom? a) Solution b) Suspension c) Colloids d) Heterogenous

b) Suspension

Where the first rib attaches to the sternum is an example of what kind of joint? a) Symphysis b) Synarthrosis c) Fibrosis d) Gomphosis

b) Synarthrosis

What happen to the cell if the concentration of solution outside the cell is much higher than the inside? a) The cell will burst because water is moving in b) The cell will shrink because water is moving out c) Nothing will happen to the cell since it already reaches equilibrium d) None of the above

b) The cell will shrink because water is moving out

As cells divide, what happens to the epiphysis in epiphyseal bone growth? a) The epiphysis is pushed towards the diaphysis. b) The epiphysis is pushed away from the diaphysis. c) The epiphysis is pushed to the side of the diaphysis. d) The epiphysis does not move.

b) The epiphysis is pushed away from the diaphysis

Why will you have a greater reaction to having cold water poured all over your back compared to just a few drops of cold water on your arm? a) Cold water on the back will stimulate a heightened response because it is further away from normal core body temperature. b) The first example stimulates a larger number of sensory neurons. c) More sensory neurons exist in your arms and hands than in your back because the former exchange more with the environment. d) Cold water poured down your back will likely initiate a fight or flight response and cause all of your senses to be heightened, therefore all reactions will be greater in that time.

b) The first example stimulates a larger number of sensory neurons.

An animal cell with a 1.2% cytoplasmic salt concentration was placed in a solution that has 2.3% salt concentration and left there for 24 hours. What will happen to the cell? a) The water will move into the cell and it will swell b) The water will move out of the cell and it will shrivel c) The water will move in and out of the cell keeping it in a homeostatic state d) The salt will move into the cell causing it to burst

b) The water will move out of the cell and it will shrivel

What is not a function of hairs? a) They are sensory receptors b) They act as tools c) They protect eyes d) They filter the air we inhale

b) They act as tools

Why is it that some people have lighter skin than others? a) They have fewer melanocytes than darker skin people b) They produce smaller quantities of melanin than darker skin people c) They produce higher quantities of carotene than darker skin people d) These are all reasons why

b) They produce smaller quantities of melanin than darker skin people

What primary function do the vertebrae and meninges serve for the spinal cord? a) They provide nutritional support for the spinal cord. b) They provide a protective covering for the spinal cord. c) They provide minimal support for the spinal cord. d) All of the choices are correct.

b) They provide a protective covering for the spinal cord.

What kind of plasma membrane junction is known for using occludins in the membrane? a) Gap junctions b) Tight junctions c) Desmosomes d) Glycocalyx

b) Tight junctions

What are the main functions of phospholipids? a) Synthesize vitamin D and transport lipids in the blood b) Transport lipids in the blood and are the main components of membranes c) Mechanical support and tensile strength d) Regulate growth and development and aid in catalysis

b) Transport lipids in the blood and are the main components of membranes

What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? a) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads. b) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. c) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules. d) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.

b) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

Which of the following statements is true concerning a difference between neurons and neuroglia? a) Unlike neuroglia, neurons are found in the central nervous system. b) Unlike neuroglia, neurons have an axon. c) In contrast to neuroglia, neurons are smaller and therefore more of them are found in the nervous system. d) In contrast to neuroglia, neurons can multiply in the mature nervous system.

b) Unlike neuroglia, neurons have an axon.

Nancy is standing when her heart rate and blood pressure decrease causing her to have decreased blood flow to the brain. As a result, she passed out. Which cranial nerve had an impact on her fainting? a) Facial Nerve b) Vagus Nerve c) Trigeminal Nerve d) Accessory Nerve

b) Vagus Nerve

Which cells serve as the primary sensory receptors of the cochlea? a) cupula b) inner hair cells c) outer hair cells d) supporting cells

b) inner hair cells

Imagine a finger pressing on the skin activates the receptive fields of two somatic sensory neurons (A and B). The finger exerts the same pressure in both receptive fields, but more of the finger overlaps the receptive field of neuron A. Would there be a difference in the activation of these two neurons? a) No, both neurons would be activated to the same extent. b) Yes, neuron A would be activated more than neuron B. c) Yes, neuron B would be activated more than neuron A. d) Yes, neuron A would be activated less than neuron B.

b) Yes, neuron A would be activated more than neuron B.

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved with eye movement? a) trochlear b) accessory c) occulomotor d) abducens

b) accessory

Simple squamous cells are located where? a) small glands and kidney tubules b) alveoli, capillaries, and blood vessel linings c) skin, esophagus, and d) urinary bladder and ureters

b) alveoli, capillaries, and blood vessel linings

The cerebrospinal fluid is found immediately between which two meningeal layers? a) arachnoid mater and dura mater b) arachnoid mater and pia mater c) dura mater and pia mater d) All of the choices are correct.

b) arachnoid mater and pia mater

Why is it beneficial that sensory information received can synapse directly with a motor neuron? a) it's not because it produces erratic and wild motion b) because it is faster communication and causes faster involuntary movement c) because it is faster communication and causes faster voluntary movement d) because it can stimulate the "fight or flight" response

b) because it is faster communication and causes faster involuntary movement

What kind of movement do condylar and saddle joints allow? a) non-axial b) biaxial c) multi-axial d) uniaxial

b) biaxial

What are used by the body to convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases? a) ions b) buffers c) salts d) redox reactions

b) buffers

Why do cartilage piercings tend to be not as painful as other piercings? a) cartilage is able to withstand pressure b) cartilage lacks nerves c) elastic tissue allows cartilage to stretch back into place d) cartilage is innervated

b) cartilage lacks nerves

Alandra is a young girl that has trouble speaking and seems to experience erratic and uncontrollable emotions and sometimes wild mood swings. A doctor's initial diagnosis is autism, but what might be a viable, alternative explanation? a) damage to her Wernicke's area and limbic system b) damage to her Broca's area and limbic system c) damage to her Broca's area and prefrontal cortex d) damage to her Wernicke's area and prefrontal cortex

b) damage to her Broca's area and limbic system

Each part of a neuron carries out a specific function, just as different types of neurons are responsible for specific actions. In the following choices, which paring of neuron structure is paired with a type of neuron that carries out a similar function? a) cell body (soma) and efferent neurons b) dendrites and afferent neurons c) axons and interneurons d) dendrites and efferent neurons

b) dendrites and afferent neurons

Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of extensibility? a) acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate b) elastic (titin) filaments c) thick (myosin) filaments d) potassium (K+) leak channels

b) elastic (titin) filaments

Diarthroses are described as? a) Immovable b) Freely movable c) Slightly movable d) None of the above

b) freely movable

_______ is a condition when uric acid crystals build up in joints. a) arthritis b) gout c) sprain d) osteoarthritis

b) gout

What occurs at a fracture site as a result of a torn blood vessel? a) epiphyseal closure b) hematoma c) osteoporosis d) callus

b) hematoma

What type of cartilage connects your ribs to your sternum? a) elastic cartilage b) hyaline cartilage c) fibrocartilage d) both A & b

b) hyaline cartilage

Lisa is watching a tennis match and is having trouble tracking the tennis ball go back and forth across the court, but knows when it changes direction because she can hear the players hit the ball. Which part of her brain allows her to hear the details of the match and also which part may not be functioning optimally? a) mesencephalon; reticular formation b) inferior colliculi; superior colliculi c) superior colliculi; inferior colliculi d) reticular formation; mesencephalon

b) inferior colliculi; superior colliculi

When processing data to answer this multiple-choice question, you are utilizing the _______ of the nervous system. a) motor function b) integrative function c) sensory function d) autonomic function

b) integrative function

The following are examples of a globular protein except: a) antibodies b) keratin c) hormones d) enzymes

b) keratin

What is the protein in the epidermis that thickens and protects the skin? a) melocyte b) keratin c) dermis d) stratum corneum

b) keratin

What causes jaundice? a) lack of vitamin D b) liver disease c) physical trauma d) poor blood flow

b) liver disease

What is the most complete list of functions for the plasma membrane? a) cell communication, mechanical barrier, and cell signaling b) mechanical barrier, selective permeability, cell communication, cell signaling, and creating the electrochemical gradient c) selective permeability, creating the electrochemical gradient, cell communication, and mechanical barrier d) mechanical barrier, selective permeability, cell signaling, and creating the electrochemical gradient

b) mechanical barrier, selective permeability, cell communication, cell signaling, and creating the electrochemical gradient

Baroreceptors in the heart monitor the arterial pressure as blood passes to the rest of the body. Which type of receptor are baroreceptors? a) chemoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) nociceptor d) fluid receptor e) thermoreceptor

b) mechanoreceptor

Sharon drank a 30 ounce soda, and now has a very full bladder. Which type of sensory receptor senses the stretch of her full bladder, and what part of sensation processes the information so that she can realize that she needs to go to the bathroom? a) chemoreceptor, transduction b) mechanoreceptor, integration c) mechanoreceptor, transduction d) mechanoreceptor, generation of action potential

b) mechanoreceptor, integration

What skin cancer is resistant to treatment if not caught early? a) basal cell carcinoma b) melanoma c) squamous cell carcinoma d) all of the above

b) melanoma

All connective tissues arise from? a) extracellular matrix b) mesenchymal cells c) basal cells d) mast cells

b) mesenchymal cells

What is the importance of centrosomes? a) protein synthesis b) organizing mitotic spindles c) provides structural framework d) produce ATP

b) organizing mitotic spindles

When one bone has a projection that fits a ring-like ligament of the other, it is a called a: a) hinge b) pivot c) ball-and-socket d) none of the above

b) pivot

What is the main benefit of carotene? a) production of melatonin b) promotes good vision c) promotes weight loss d) helps promote, repair, and mainain of the skin

b) promotes good vision

Which is a function of cholesterol in the cellular membrane? a) regulates certain integral proteins b) promotes membrane fluidity c) allows for anchoring of protein to the cell d) makes the membrane less permeable

b) promotes membrane fluidity

Which characteristic does NOT describe a fibrous protein? a) insoluble in water b) prone to denaturation c) high stability d) structural protein

b) prone to denaturation

What is not considered a major function of connective tissue? a) binding and support b) sensory reception c) protection d) energy storage

b) sensory reception

What type of muscle tissue is used to help regulate blood pressure? a) cardiac muscle b) smooth muscle c) skeletal muscle d) both a and b

b) smooth muscle

Action potentials would move in what direction through the spinal cord? a) dorsal root -> spinal nerve -> ventral root b) spinal nerve -> dorsal root -> ventral root c) ventral root -> dorsal root -> spinal nerve d) ventral root -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root

b) spinal nerve -> dorsal root -> ventral root

What effect does cholesterol have on a cell's plasma membrane? a) lowers blood pressure b) stabilizes the membrane fluidity c) makes it stiff and is key for selective permeability d) increases membrane polarity

b) stabilizes the membrane fluidity

A scientist discovers that a neuron does not have adequate stores of neurotransmitter. What part of the neuron is he observing? a) the axon b) the synaptic end bulbs c) the dendrites d) the cell body

b) the synaptic end bulbs

In primary somatosensory cortex there are more regions of integration associated with the fingers, lips and feet than any other body part. Why does this make sense? a) those areas cover more relative surface area compared to other body parts b) those body parts exchange with the environment more than other parts c) those body parts move the most d) those areas feel more pain than other areas so the brain is more sensitive to them

b) those body parts exchange with the environment more than other parts

Which of the following cranial nerves contain a motor aspect? a) Optic b) Vestibulocochlear c) Abducens d) All of the above e) None of the above

c) Abducens

When a fractured bone undergoes the self-repair process, the fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into what? a) Osteoporosis b) Spongy Bone c) Bony Callus d) Osteoblasts

c) Bony Callus

What is true about osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? a) Osteoarthritis is the least common type of arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis is the most common type. b) Osteoarthritis is the second most common type of arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis is the least common type. c) Both types of arthritis show symptoms of stiffness, pain, and swelling from joints. d) Both types of arthritis result from years of wear-and-tear of joints.

c) Both types of arthritis show symptoms of stiffness, pain, and swelling from joints

Curare is a poisonous plant extract with a chemical structure like the neurotransmitter ACh. Curare can bind to the ACh receptor site on the chemically gated ion channels in the motor end plate. Even though curare will bind to the receptor site it will not open the ion channel and no ions will pass through. What do you think the symptoms of curare poisoning would look like? a) Muscles will respond too quickly and cause a severe tremor. b) Curare will only affect cardiac muscle, causing fibrillations of the heart. c) Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them. d) Smooth muscles will become stimulated causing quick movement of nutrients through the digestive system.

c) Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them.

This type of tissue is found in the lungs and blood vessels, and is responsible for distension, recoil, and stretchability. a) Reticular b) Dense Regular c) Elastic d) Dense Irregular

c) Elastic

What is NOT a characteristic of osteocytes? a) Occupy lacunae b) Monitor and maintain the bone matrix c) Form bone by secreting bone matrix d) Mature from osteoblasts after bone matrix is fully formed

c) Form bone by secreting bone matrix

What statement is true about the relation of hormones to skeletal growth? a) Deficits in testosterone lead to bone and muscle growth. b) Thyroid hormones are involved in bone deposition. c) Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors from liver. d) Hormones don't impact skeletal growth.

c) Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors from liver.

What is not one of the basic symptoms of arthritis? a) Stiffness b) Pain c) Headache d) Swelling of the joint

c) Headache

During endochondral ossification, what does bone develop from? a) fibrous membrane b) mesenchymal cells c) hyaline cartilage d) none of the above

c) Hyaline Cartilage

What cartilage is involved in synchondroses? a) Fibrocartilage b) Elastic cartilage c) Hyaline cartilage d) Both A and C

c) Hyaline cartilage

How does calcium play a significance role in endochondral ossification? a) It aids in communication b/w osteocytes. b) It supplies CO2, nutrients, and oxygenated blood to the osteon. c) It's what physically hardens the bone matrix. d) Prevents blood from leaking out as a result of damaged vessels when fractured.

c) It's what physically hardens the bone matrix

Which is not correct about the areolar connective tissue? a) All of the tissue is in a gel-like matrix b) It provides cushion/surrounds blood vessels, organs, nerves, etc. c) Nuclei are pushed to the edges of the cell to store fat d) Able to hold interstitial fluid

c) Nuclei are pushed to the edges of the cell to store fat

What bone cell has a distinct ruffled border that has direct contact to the bone, causing it to break down? a) osteocyte b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) none of the above, bone does not break down

c) Osteoclast

What type of bone cells monitor the bone matrix? a) Osteoclasts b) Osteoblasts c) Osteocytes d) Both B and C

c) Osteocytes

During what type of endocytosis does a cell engulf specific particles bound to receptors? a) Pinocytosis b) Phagocytosis c) Receptor-Mediated d) Vesicular Transport

c) Receptor-Mediated

What component is the thickest part of the skin and is made up of tough, but yet has a flexible connective tissue? a) Papillary Layer b) Dermis c) Reticular Layer d) Epidermis

c) Reticular Layer

Brad fell off of his skateboard and now has severe pain in his tailbone. What anatomical term would be used to describe this region? A) Gluteal B) Lumbar C) Sacral D) Perineal

c) Sacral

Which of the following is in the Haversian canal? a) red bone marrow b) periosteum c) vessels and nerves d) white bone marrow

c) vessels and nerves

What tissue will be seen in the lining of the small intestine? a) Stratified columnar b) Simple squamous c) Simple columnar d) Stratified squamous

c) Simple columnar

Which choice about the gross anatomy of the bone is incorrect? a) Bones have 3 tissue types b) Bones consist of compact bone and spongy bone c) Spongy bone only contains yellow bone marrow d) All are correct

c) Spongy bone only contains yellow bone marrow

In which of the following layers does Keratinization begin? a) Stratum Basale b) Stratum Spinosum c) Stratum Granulosum d) Stratum Corneum

c) Stratum Granulosum

Which layer has melanin scattered throughout, and allows people to become tan? a) Stratum Corneum b) Stratum Granulosum c) Stratum Spinosum d) Stratum Basale

c) Stratum Spinosum

What is the temp threshold for heat pain and what is the channel? a) TRPV3; 54-55 degrees celcius b) TRPV2; 59-65 degrees celcius c) TRPV2; 59-65 degrees celcius d) TRPW4; 54-55 degrees celcius

c) TRPV2; 54-55 degrees Celcius

During phagocytosis, what happens in the cell when the pseudopodia form and wrap around the particle? a) The cell engulfs a small volume of extracellular fluid with dissolved molecules b) The cell engulfs specific ligands that bind to specific membrane receptors c) The phagosome is formed d) None of the above

c) The phagosome is formed

What statement is NOT true about lipids? a) They can be saturated or unsaturated b) They are an energy source c) They contain an equal amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d) One of their main function is physical protection against physical trauma

c) They contain an equal amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What happens to chondrocytes in endochondral ossification? a) They are transformed into osteocytes. b) Periosteum is formed. c) They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity. d) They group together and form the primary ossification center.

c) They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity

What is NOT a characteristic of globular proteins? a) They are functional proteins. b) They are soluble in water. c) They provide mechanical support and contractility. d) None of the above

c) They provide mechanical support and contractility.

Movement of ions through channels occurs as a result of gradients. If left alone, these gradients would eventually run down (i.e., reach equilibrium). How do active transporters (pumps) like the Na+/K+ ATPase maintain the gradients? a) They pump charges only across the membrane, maintaining the electrical gradient. b) They pump neutral elements (atoms) only across the membrane, maintaining the concentration gradient. c) They pump ions across the membrane maintaining both electrical and concentration gradients. d) They pump water across the membrane maintaining osmotic and concentration gradients.

c) They pump ions across the membrane maintaining both electrical and concentration gradients.

What statement about action potentials is not true? a) Either threshold is reached or nothing happens. b) The membrane potential becomes increasingly less negative during depolarization. c) Threshold is at about -30mV. d) Voltage-gated Na and K channels are involved here.

c) Threshold is at about -30mV.

What is the most accurate function of bursae and tendon sheaths? a) to support and help grow the cartilages b) to protect joints from external impact c) to reduce friction between muscles and bones at joints d) to stabilize the joints, preventing displacement

c) To reduce friction between muscles and bones at joints

Which plane is illustrated in the picture? a) Sagittal b) Coronal c) Transverse d) Parasagittal

c) Transverse

Which is NOT correct regarding muscle tissue a) skeletal muscle function is to move the skeleton, while cardiac muscle function is to pump blood b) cardiac muscle can be found in the heart, while smooth muscle can be found in blood vessels and hollow organs c) both cardiac and skeletal muscle activity is voluntary d) all the above are true

c) both cardiac and skeletal muscle activity is voluntary

All organic compounds are covalently bonded and contain what element? a) calcium b) phosphate c) carbon d) hydrogen

c) carbon

What type of synovial joint movement does a baseball player throwing represent? a) abduction b) flexion c) circumduction d) adduction

c) circumduction

___ joints are to biaxial movement as ______ joints are to multi-axial movement. a) Condylar, Saddle b) Ball and Socket, Saddle c) Condylar, Ball and Socket d) Hinge and Condylar

c) condylar, Ball and socket

A redox reaction is a combination of what two chemical reactions? a) synthesis and decomposition b) synthesis and exchange c) decomposition and exchange d) None of the above

c) decomposition and exchange

The flexion movement does what to the angle of a joint? a) increases the angle b) keeps the angle the same c) decreases the angle d) none of the above

c) decreases the angle

The process of joining two particle or compound together following the removal of water is known as... a) chemical reaction b) hydrolysis c) dehydration synthesis d) synthesis reactio

c) dehydration synthesis

There is a lower than normal level of CSF being formed. Using your knowledge of the functions of each of the types glial cells, you surmise that the _______ are malfunctioning. a) oligodendrocytes b) microglial cells c) ependymal cells d) Schwann cells

c) ependymal cells

Addition of more myoglobin to a muscle fiber would have the largest effect on ________. a) fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers b) fast oxidative fibers only c) fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibers d) fast glycolytic fibers only

c) fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibers

All are characteristics of epithelial tissue except: a) an apical-basal polarity b) avascular c) held together by gap junctions d) highly regenerative

c) held together by gap junctions

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a) bone growth b) shock absorption c) hematopoiesis d) articular cartilage

c) hematopoiesis

Which cartilage is present at the joints of long bones? a) Elastic b) Fibrous c) Hyaline d) Calcified

c) hyaline

What function describes synarthroses? a) slightly moveable b) freely moveable c) immovable d) all are incorrect

c) immovable

The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. a) increasing stimulus above the threshold b) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus c) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus d) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers

c) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

Bonds that bring together two oppositely charged ions are.... a) covalent bonds b) hydrogen bonds c) ionic bonds d) Van der Waals forces

c) ionic bonds

What are the characteristics of peripheral proteins? a) include transporters, receptors, and enzymes b) abundant proteins with sugar groups c) loosely attached to integral proteins d) none of the above

c) loosely attached to integral proteins

If Michael suffers a vertebral injury and is paralyzed from the waist down, this means that he has lost motor control but maintains sensation. What injured part of his central nervous system is most likely causing his paralysis? a) interneurons in his sacral region that have been damaged b) ascending tracts of nerves that have been damaged c) only the motor neurons that innervate his body from the waist down that have been damaged d) only the sensory motor neurons that innervate his body from the waist down that have been damaged

c) only the motor neurons that innervate his body from the waist down that have been damaged

When you detect that the temperature is rising, the sensory receptor is stimulated in the _____ nervous system, and the filtering of this information occurs in the _____ nervous system. a) central; central b) central; peripheral c) peripheral; central d) peripheral; peripheral

c) peripheral; central

What macromolecules make the plasma membrane fluid-mosaic? a) microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules b) phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids c) phospholipids, cholesterol, and various proteins d) glycerol, phospholipids, and collagen

c) phospholipids, cholesterol, and various proteins

Katy has suffered a stroke in her brain stem affecting function of her medulla. Which symptom would NOT be consistent with damage to this area of the brain? a) changes in heart rate b) hiccups c) problems maintaining consciousness d) problems regulating her breathing

c) problems maintaining consciousness

Which of the following pairs of tissues have goblet cells? a) transitional and pseudostratified columnar b) reticular and simple cuboidal c) pseudostratified columnar and simple columnar d) stratifed columnar and simple columnar

c) pseudostratified columnar and simple columnar

When the cell membrane is at a high temperature, cholesterol has to come in to ____ because the membrane is too ____? a) prevent phospholipids from clustering; viscous b) prevent phospholipids from clustering; fluid c) pull phospholipids together; fluid d) pull phospholipids together; viscous

c) pull phospholipids together; fluid

When you walk into a theater room there is a small, dark hallway that you must pass through before you enter into the auditorium and see the large screen with the movie projected onto it. Determine which photoreceptors are primarily activated in each case, respectively. a) rods, rods b) cones, rods c) rods, rods and cones d) bipolar cells, rods

c) rods, rods and cones

What epithelial tissue type is common in small glands and kidney tubules? a) simple squamous b) stratified cuboidal c) simple cuboidal d) transitional

c) simple cuboidal

A signal to cause your muscle to contract, pulling your hand away from a hot object, would travel along a) autonomic neurons b) sensory neurons c) somatic neurons d) autonomic and somatic neurons

c) somatic neurons

Which of the following is NOT an effector of the autonomic nervous system? a) cardiac muscle b) glands c) the brain d) smooth muscle

c) the brain

How can one tell if action potentials are generated by a threshold or suprathreshold stimuli? a) the suprathreshold will have the largest amplitude b) threshold stimuli will not always produce an action potential c) the suprathreshold stimulus will create a higher frequency of action potentials d) there in no difference in action potentials generated by either type of stimulus

c) the suprathreshold stimulus will create a higher frequency of action potentials

When your eyes are exposed to more light, the pupils constrict limiting the amount of light entering the eye, and as a result the photoreceptors in the retina reduce the amplitude of the resulting graded potentials. What is the most likely reason for this response? a) to reduce exposure of photoreceptors to unnecessary sensory information b) to maximize visual clarity by selectively choosing which receptors are activated c) to minimize sensory overload in the visual processing region of the brain d) to allow the retina to focus on very specific areas that are illuminated

c) to minimize sensory overload in the visual processing region of the brain

Jennifer is a performing a ureteroscopy to examine a patient's ureter. What type of tissue is she dealing with? a) stratified squamous epithelial tissue b) areolar loose connective tissue c) transitional epithelial tissue d) simple columnar epithelial tissue

c) transitional epithelial tissue

What happens to a cell when is it placed in a hypotonic solution? a) water rushes out of the cell, causing it to become lysed b) water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate c) water rushes into the cell, causing it to swell d) water does not move in or or out of the cell

c) water rushes into the cell, causing it to swell

How many amino acids are considered essential? a) 15 b) 24 c) 20 d) 10

d) 10

Spongy bone is replaced roughly every ___ years, while compact bone is replaced roughly every ____ years. a) 5; 10 b) 2; 9 c) 4; 9 d) 3; 10

d) 3; 10

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body is called __________? a) Extension b) Abduction c) Flexion d) Adduction

d) Adduction

What is the function of dendritic (Langerhans' cells) in the dermis? a) Phagocytize foreign substances b) Act as antigen presenting cells c) Immune defense d) All are functions

d) All are functions

The Lumbar plexus innervates which of the following? a) Thigh region b) Abdominal wall c) Psoas muscle d) All of the above

d) All of the above

What is true about acids and basis? a) They are all electrolytes b) Contain cations and anions c) They are ionic compounds d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Graded potentials exhibit a number of characteristics including a) having depolarizing or hyperpolarizing potentials b) typically being found in cell bodies or dendrites c) being generated by ligand or mechanically-gated ion channels d) All of the choices are characteristics of graded potentials

d) All of the choices are characteristics of graded potentials

Edema is an inflammatory response in which a part of the body swells. What connective tissue would be the focus of edema? a) Adipose tissue b) Reticular tissue c) Elastic tissue d) Areolar tissue

d) Areolar tissue

What describes rheumatoid arthritis? a) found mostly in women b) build up of uric acid in joints c) break down joints through immunological chemicals d) both A & C

d) Both A&C

What is a risk factor for osteoporosis? a) Hormonal disorders b) If you are a premenopausal women c) insufficient exercise d) Both A and C

d) Both A(Hormonal Disorders) and C(Insufficient exercise)

If chromatin structure is composed of DNA wrapping around clusters of histones that make more clusters, what is the chromatin function? a) Divides DNA into separate forms b) Dictates gene expression c) Packs DNA molecules into more organized forms d) Both B & C

d) Both B & C

What are the effects of lack of cholesterol in the plasma membrane? a) Not having cholesterol is healthy for the cell b) When exposed to hot conditions, phospholipids will separate too far letting unwanted substances in c) When exposed to cold conditions, phospolipids will compact too tightly restricting any movement across the membrane d) Both B and C

d) Both B and C

Which of the following is a characteristic of integral proteins? a) Provide structural aid for cell b) Mostly impermeable c) Block harmful substances from transporting around our bodies d) Built into the membrane

d) Built into the membrane

What is the importance of intestinal tissues containing desmosomes? a) Enzymes will pass in between cells easier and digest food at a faster rate b) Intestinal lining will allow fluids to pass outside to the rest of the body c) Intestinal lining remains mostly impermeable and will retain the contents d) Intestinal lining will have increased durability and flexibility

d) Intestinal lining will have increased durability and flexibility

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is called.... a) Plantar flexion b) Dorsiflexion c) Eversion d) Inversion

d) Inversion

Which organelle is tasked with producing most of the cells ATP supply? a) Lysome b) Nucleus c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria

d) Mitochondria

An example of biaxial movement is found in: a) Wrists b) Thumb c) Toes d) More than one is correct

d) More than one is correct

If the myelin serves to insulate an axon, decreasing the loss of electrical signal and increasing speed of conduction, then which of the following statements accurately predicts where myelin will have the largest effect? a) Neurons with short axons that relay information of minor importance. b) Neurons with short axons that relay critical information. c) Neurons with long axons that relay information of minor importance. d) Neurons with long axons that relay critical information.

d) Neurons with long axons that relay critical information.

What in NOT true of the dermis layer? a) It is the thickest part of the skin. b) The reticular layer makes up the majority of the dermis. c) Capillaries are in the papillary layer. d) No sensory receptors are found in the dermis, they are only found in the epidermis.

d) No sensory receptors are found in the dermis, they are only found in the epidermis.

All postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release which neurotransmitter. a) acetylcholine b) epinephrine c) norepinephrine d) None of the choices is correct.

d) None of the choices is correct.

What is the synovial joint type between the carpals and radius/ulna? a) Flat b) Hinge c) Pivot d) None of these joints are correct.

d) None of these joints are correct

Which is untrue about bone deposition: a) Local concentrations of Ca and P reach a threshold and spontaneously crystallize b) Ca-binding proteins increase c) Alkaline phosphatase induces mineralization d) Osteoclasts break down bone using H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes

d) Osteoclasts break down bone using H+ ions and lysosomal enzymes

Diglycerides with a phosphate group, which causes the head to be polar, thus giving the ability to attract charged particles are called a) Steroids b) Triglycerides c) Saturated fatty acids d) Phospholipids

d) Phospholipids

What kind of epithelium can be found in the respiratory tract? a) Simple columnar epithelium b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium c) Stratified squamous epithelium d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The greatest degree of inhibition of motor neuron activity occurs during which stage of sleep? a) NREM - Stage 1 b) NREM - Stage 2/3 c) NREM - Stage 4 d) REM

d) REM

Which of the following is NOT true about active transport? a) Involves ATP catabolism b) Moves against concentration gradient c) Movement of molecules from a lower concentration to higher concentration d) Requires no energy

d) Requires no energy

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol, which of the following is NOT one of the main three? a) Microtubules b) Intermediate filaments c) Microfilaments d) Semi-flexible filaments

d) Semi-flexible filaments

What is the temp. threshold for cold pain and what is the channel? a) TRPI3; 20 degrees celcius b) TRPH4; -10 degrees celcius c) TRPA1; -10 degrees celcius d) TRPA1; 10 degrees celcius

d) TRPA1; 10 degrees Celcius

In what organ are you most likely to find a high volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a) The stomach b) The heart c) The brain d) The liver

d) The liver

Which of the following is false about dislocations? a) Dislocation occurs when bones are forced out of alignment. b) They do not require surgery to be placed back into proper position. c) They are typically accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and/or immobility d) The most common dislocated joint is when the head of the femur is forced out of alignment with the acetabulum.

d) The most common dislocated joint is when the head of the femur is forced out of alignment with the acetabulum.

What is false about melanocytes? a) They are the most abundant epidermal cell b) They are used for skin tones c) They help absorb the UV radiation d) They are found in varying numbers across ethnicities

d) They are found in varying numbers across ethnicities

Which is NOT true about simple and facilitated diffusion? a) They require no energy when transporting b) They move ions, amino acids, and simple sugars down the gradient c) They always transport solutes down the gradient d) They both transport solutes directly through the plasma membrane e) All are actually correct

d) They both transport solutes directly through the plasma membrane

Of the following tissues listed below, which tissue is found in the urinary bladder and contains hollow sacs that allow for stretching? a) Simple columnar epithelial b) Elastic connective tissue c) Stratified columnar epithelial d) Transitional epithelial

d) Transitional epithelial

Imagine that you are camping in the woods at night and after eating your dinner you hear rustling noises and what sounds like growling coming from the trees behind you. You look for your flashlight so you can go investigate and you notice that your heart is beating very quickly. What has likely caused this change? a) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system that released norepinephrine into your cardiac muscles cells b) activation of the sympathetic nervous system that released ACh into your cardiac muscles cells c) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system that released ACh into your cardiac muscles cells d) activation of the sympathetic nervous system that released norepinephrine into your cardiac muscles cells

d) activation of the sympathetic nervous system that released norepinephrine into your cardiac muscles cells

What does each osteon consist of? a) canaliculi b) lamellae c) Haversian canal d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Bursae can be located in all of the following except? a) around most synovial joints b) within connective tissue exposed to friction or pressure c) beneath the skin covering a bone d) around blood vessels

d) around blood vessels

Which of the following is not a major functions of joints? a) bind bones together b) allow bone growth c) enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction d) barrier to protect the body from the outside world

d) barrier to protect the body from the outside world

What is the function of a plasma membrane glycoprotein? a) cell interaction b) cell recognition c) connection of cells d) both a & b

d) both a & b

What is the main function of triglycerides? a) main component of a cells membrane b) insulation against heat loss c) source of stored energy in the body d) both b and c

d) both b and c

Which hormone is used for calcium deposition? a) thyroid hormone b) parathyroid hormone c) testosterone d) calcitonin

d) calcitonin

Ions cross the membrane through channels. What factors will affect the movement of the ions? a) concentration gradients b) electrical gradients c) pressure gradients d) chemical and electrical gradients

d) chemical and electrical gradients

Which fracture is the most likely result of a severe car accident? a) oblique b) greenstick c) linear d) comminuted

d) comminuted

Which of the following describes the vascularization of connective tissue? a) avascular b) poorly vascularized c) richly vascularized d) depends on the connective tissue type

d) depends on the connective tissue type

During an asthma attack, a patient may experience a bronchospasm, or tightening of the muscles around the airways, in addition to other complications. A bronchospasm is an example of what type of modification to which section of the nervous system? a) inhibition of somatic motor neurons b) no change to any nervous control is likely c) excitation of somatic motor neurons d) excitation of autonomic motor neurons

d) excitation of autonomic motor neurons

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a microfilament? a) thin and semi flexible b) help generate movements c) made of flagella d) form microvilli

d) form microvilli

If you were to pour cooking oil into a beaker of water, this would be an example of what kind of mixture? a) colloid b) homogeneous solution c) emulsion d) heterogeneous suspension

d) heterogeneous suspension

In order to slow an increased heart rate, which of the following is most likely to occur? a) decreased sympathetic nervous system activity only b) decreased parasympathetic activity only c) increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity d) increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity

d) increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity

Coronary blood vessels will dilate due to (increased/decreased) stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and will constrict due to (increased/decreased) stimulation of the parasympathetic system. a) decreased, decreased b) decreased, increased c) increased, decreased d) increased, increased

d) increased, increased

The plasma membrane consist of what proteins? a) integral proteins only b) integral and peripheral proteins c) glycoproteins d) integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins

d) integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins

A major function of the nervous system is communication that allows our bodies to maintain homeostasis. In many cases reflexes will occur without our awareness. Which function of the nervous system is bypassed in this case? a) sensory function b) motor function c) integrative function d) none; all functions occur in reflexes

d) none; all functions occur in reflexes

What is the order of cell layers in the retina, starting from the pigmented layer? a) bipolar, ganglion, photoreceptor b) ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor c) photoreceptor, ganglion, bipolar d) photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion

d) photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion

Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid? a) animal fat b) fish fat c) butter d) plant oil

d) plant oil

Which statement is true about the comparison of plasticity and regeneration in neurons? a) plasticity only occurs in the CNS while regeneration only occurs in the PNS b) new neurons are formed in plasticity, but not regeneration c) plasticity and regeneration are both equally likely to occur d) plasticity involves changes in synaptic strength or number while regeneration involves repair

d) plasticity involves changes in synaptic strength or number while regeneration involves repair

Jackson is blind and reads using Braille, a system of raised dots that are felt with the fingers. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the language pathway when Jackson reads using Braille and then tells his friend what he's reading? a) common integrative area -> Broca's area -> Wernicke's area -> speech muscles b) primary auditory cortex -> Wernicke's area -> Broca's area -> primary motor cortex c) primary motor cortex -> Broca's area -> Wernicke's area -> speech muscles d) primary somatosensory cortex -> Wernicke's area -> Broca's area -> primary motor cortex

d) primary somatosensory cortex -> Wernicke's area -> Broca's area -> primary motor cortex

Which answer choice below does NOT define bases correctly? a) bitter b) high pH c) ionic d) release H+ ions in water

d) release H+ ions in water

Which example demonstrates the closest example of hydrolysis? a) glucose + glucose = maltose b) synthesizing water c) monomer + monomer = polymer d) saliva breaking down substances

d) saliva breaking down substances

A cell contains many vital parts each with a specific role. Which of the following completes the analogy: the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, the same as the golgi apparatus... a) houses the chromatin. b) is responsible for protein synthesis. c) contains digestive enzymes. d) stores, packages, and ships to various parts of the cell.

d) stores, packages, and ships to various parts of the cell.

Which layer of the epidermis best protects against water loss? a) dermis b) stratum basale c) melanocytes d) stratum granulosum

d) stratum granulosum

What epithelial tissue type allows for filtration and diffusion? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) simple squamous epithelium c) pseudostratified columnar epithelium d) transitional epithelium

d) transitional epithelium

Which of the following are regulatory proteins of muscle? a) actin and myosin b) dystrophin and titin c) myomesin and nebulin d) tropomyosin and troponin

d) tropomyosin and troponin

Which is NOT true about inorganic compounds? a) Water has a high heat of vaporization b) Salts are all electrolytes c) Acids release H+ ions in water d) Water is the most important in all living systems e) All are accurate

e) All are accurate

Bone fractures can be classified based on? a) Location b) Nature of the break c) End position of the bone after fracture d) If bone penetrates the skin or not e) All of the above

e) All of the above

Which of the following senses does NOT communicate via transduction? a) hearing b) smell c) taste d) vision e) All of the choices use transduction.

e) All of the choices use transduction.

Which of the following is NOT true about body fluids? a) They act as transporters in the body b) Examples include: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and CSF c) They aid in dissolving solutes within the body d) They aid in lubrication and digestion e) Body fluids are only colloids

e) Body fluids are only colloids

What type of ion channel important for phototransduction is present in photoreceptors? a) ligand-gated b) mechanically-gated c) metabotropic d) voltage-gated e) a and c

e) a and c

Which of the following is a main function of steroids? a) making up bile salts b) synthesis of vitamin D c) development of sex characteristics d) stress response e) all of the above

e) all of the above