Final Exam Review

A trite or overused expression.

Cliche

What are the two steps of demographic audience analysis?

(1) Identifying the general demographic features of the audience. (2) Gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation.

What are the ethical obligations of listeners?

(1) Listen courteously and attentively. (2) Avoid prejudging the speaker. (3) Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Which of the following would you most likely find in a speech conclusion?

A compelling quotation

Which of the following is an example of a speech of presentation?

A speech presenting an award to an outstanding student.

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Abstract

Words that refer to ideas or concepts.

Abstract Words

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

Bar Graph

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them.

Connective

An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

Key-word Outline

Numerical data.

Statistics

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Testimony

Both a preparation outline and a speaking outline should ....

Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

Visual Framework

Mental imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation.

Visualization

When are ethics questioned?

Whether actions are: - Moral or immoral. - Fair or unfair. - Just or unjust. - Honest or dishonest.

How many points do most speeches contain?

Two or three.

When you plan your first speech, you should concentrate on what?

- Speaking intelligibly. - Avoiding distracting mannerisms. - Establishing eye contact with your listeners.

What are the types of speeches on questions of policy?

- Speeches to gain passive agreement. - Speeches to gain immediate action.

What are tips for doing research?

- Start early. - Make a preliminary bibliography. - Take notes efficiently. - Think about your materials as you research.

Ryo is working on the preparation outline for his informative speech. According to your textbook, his outline should .....

- State main points and subpoints in full sentences. - Contain a bibliography.

What are ways to reinforce the central idea of a speech?

- Summarize your speech. - End with a quotation. - Make a dramatic statement. - Refer to the introduction.

What are the four basic stylistic devices used by speakers to improve the rhythm of their prose?

1. Parallelism 2. Repetition 3. Alliteration 4. Antithesis

What are some of the differences between public speaking and conversation?

1. Public speaking is more highly structured. 2. Public speaking requires more formal language. 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.

Which of the following strategies is least likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

Concentrating on your stage fright.

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.

Concept

Words that refer to tangible objects.

Concrete Words

As your textbook explains, __________ meaning gives words their emotional power.

Connotative

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.

Connotative Meaning

Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to avoid patchwork plagiarism?

Consult a large number of sources in your research.

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Contrast

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

Conversational Quality

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Creating Common Ground

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Credibility

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

Crescendo Ending

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Critical Listening

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Critical Thinking

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

Delivery Cues

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like.

Demographic Audience Analysis

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Derived Credibility

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness.

Description

What are the two kinds of outlines used for speeches?

Detailed Preparation Outline and the Brief Speaking Outline

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Dialect

Testimony that is presented word for word.

Direct Quotation

All of the following are necessary in a preparation outline except ....

Directions for delivering the speech.

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Dissolve Ending

According to your textbook, a listener anxious about an upcoming exam, worried about a recent argument with a friend, or distracted by cold air in the classroom would be experiencing what?

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Can be external or internal to listeners.

Interference

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Internal Preview

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Vocalized Pause

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

Volume

As defined in your textbook, channel in the speech communication process refers to...

the means by which a message is communicated.

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

False Cause

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

Feedback

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

Fixed-Alternative Questions

A complete set of type of the same design.

Font

According to your textbook, what is the most important early step in the process of developing a successful speech?

Formulating the specific purpose.

What is the purpose of speechmaking?

Gain a desired response from listeners.

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Listening

What are examples of government resources?

- USA.gov - United States Census Bureau - World Factbook

What are ways to generate emotional appeal?

- Use emotional language. - Develop vivid examples. - Speak with sincerity and conviction.

About what percentage do humans retain what they have listened to?

10%

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

Academic Database

According to your textbook, a speech in which an individual gives thanks for a gift or award is termed a(n) .....

Acceptance Speech

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

Active Listening

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Bandwagon

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Terminal Credibility

A sentence or two that lets the audience know that a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another is called a .....

Transition

What are the main academic databases?

- Academic OneFile - JSTOR - Google Scholar

What are the major kinds of references works?

- Encyclopedias - Yearbooks - Quotation books - Bibliographical Aids

What are the three basic issues you will face whenever you discuss a question or policy?

1. Need 2. Plan 3. Practicality

At what rate do we speak?

120 - 180 words per minute

About what percentage of the time does the average adult spend of his or her waking hours in conversation?

30%

How many words can the brain process a minute?

400 - 500 words per minute

When we are listening carefully, how much of what we hear do we grasp?

50%

To say that public speaking is a way to make a difference about something we care about is to recognize that public speaking is what?

A form of empowerment.

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Ad Hominem

In her speech introduction, Suya said, "Though we are all very different, we are all students here at this university and are all working toward the completion of a degree. Unfortunately, because of rising tuition, some of us may lose the ability to continue in school." According to your textbook, by trying to show her audience how her topic affects her listeners, Suya was .....

Adapting to her audience.

A horomone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

Adrenaline

When you speak to persuade, you act as an __________________.

Advocate

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

Alliteration

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Analogical Reasoning

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

Bibliography

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.

Bill of Rights

A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.

Brainstorming

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Brief Example

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Burden of Proof

What are the three ways to generate imagery in a speech?

By using: - Concrete words - Simile - Metaphor

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Call Number

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Casual Order

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Casual Reasoning

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Catalogue

"The three kinds of bait used to attract fish are live bait, prepared bait, and artificial bait" is an example of a ....

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

Central Idea

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

Chart

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Chronological Order

As your textbook explains, perhaps no speech depends more on the creative and subtle use of language than does the ......

Commemorative Speech

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Comparative Advantages Order

What is the key to visualization?

Creating a vivid mental blueprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech.

What is speech organization closely connected to?

Critical Thinking

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.

Denotative Meaning

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Frame of Reference

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

Imagery

What are the two most important ways to use vivid, animated language in a speech?

Imagery and Rhythm

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s).

Internal Summary

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Invalid Analogy

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement for a classroom speech: "To inform my audience about Hinduism."

It's too broad.

The person who receives the speaker's message.

Listener

The major points developed in the body of a speech.

Main Points

What does your textbook say about preparing effective speech conclusions?

Make your conclusion about 5 to 10 percent of the entire speech.

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

Manuscript Speech

The average value of a group of numbers.

Mean

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Median

The mental give-and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Mental Dialogue with the Audience.

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

Message

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Metaphor

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Mode

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Name-Calling

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Need

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

Newspaper and Periodical Database

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

Nonverbal Communication

What is the best way to avoid global plagiarism?

Not to leave your speech until the last minute.

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Open-Ended Questions

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Parallelism

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.

Paraphrase

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Patchwork Plagiarism

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Pathos

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

Pitch

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Pronunciation

A way of making your ideas public ---- of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.

Public Speaking

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Question of Fact

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Question of Policy

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of Value

Reasoning that movies from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Reasoning from Specific Instances

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

Signpost

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minutes) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute).

Spare "brain time"

Which method of organization is used in the following main points? I. The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is about as thick as a sheet of paper. II. The middle layer of the skin, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. III. The innermost layer of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, is by far the thickest layer.

Spatial

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Spatial Order

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.

Speaker

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Speaking Outline

"To inform my audience about the contributions of Navajo code talkers to the U.S. military during World War II" is an example of a ......

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

Specific Purpose

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

A book of synonyms.

Thesaurus

The subject of a speech.

Topic

True or False: When speaking extemporaneously, you will have a brief set of notes or a speaking outline and will choose the exact wording of your speech at the moment of delivery.

True

True or False: Whenever you quote someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person.

True

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

Vocal Variety

When preparing a speech, what should you ask yourself constantly when using certain words to express your ideas?

"What do I really want to say?" or "What do I really mean?"

What are three common brainstorming procedures?

(1) Make an inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, beliefs, and so forth. (2) Use clustering to list the first topics that come to mind in several categories. (3) Use an Internet subject directory, encyclopedia, or similar reference site to help you scan possible topics.

What are the five basic guidelines for ethical public speaking?

(1) Make sure your goals are ethically sound (consistent with the welfare of society and your audience). (2) Be fully prepared for each speech. (3) Be honest in what you say. (4) Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language. (5) Put ethical principles into practice at all times.

What are the guidelines for the central idea of a speech?

(1) Should be expressed in a full sentence. (2) Should not be in the form of a question. (3) Should avoid figurative language. (4) Should not be vague or overly general.

What are the kinds of informative speeches that you are most likely to give in your speech class?

(1) Speeches about objects. (2) Speeches about processes. (3) Speeches about events. (4) Speeches about concepts.

What are the two broad categories of potential topics for classroom speeches?

(1) Subjects you know a lot about. (2) Subjects you want to know more about.

What are the four kinds of listening?

- Appreciative - Empathic - Comprehensive - Critical

What are ways to manage the Question-and-Answer Session?

- Approach questions with a positive attitude. - Listen carefully. - Direct answers to the entire audience. - Be honest and straightforward. - Stay on track.

A speech title should ...

- Attract the attention of the audience. - Be brief. - Suggest the main thrust of the speech.

When evaluating internet documents, what should you pay attention to?

- Authorship - Sponsorship - Recency

What are the most important principles for inclusive language that has been used by speakers?

- Avoid the generic "he". - Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women. - Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender. - Use names that groups use to identify themselves.

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process?

- Speaker - Message - Channel - Listener - Feedback - Interference - Situation

What are tips for dealing with nervousness in public speaking?

- Be at your best physically and mentally. - As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then raise them (to reduce tension). - Take a couple of slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. - Work especially hard on your introductions. - Make eye contact with members of your audience. - Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. - Use visual aids.

What are the different kinds of examples?

- Brief Examples - Extended Examples - Hypothetical Examples

Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a method of brainstorming for a speech topic?

- Clustering. - Taking personal inventory. - Conducting an Internet search.

Which forms of speech are not protected under the First Amendment?

- Defamatory falsehoods that destroy a person's reputation. - Threats against the life of the President. - Inciting an audience to illegal action in circumstances where the audience is likely to carry out the action.

What should you do before an interview?

- Define the purpose of the interview. - Decide whom to interview. - Arrange the interview. - Decide whether to record the interview. - Prepare your questions.

What are the guidelines for presenting visual aids?

- Display visual aids where listeners can see them. - Avoid passing visual aids among the audience. - Display visual aids only while discussing them. - Explain visual aids clearly and concisely. - Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid. - Practice with your visual aids. - Check the room and equipment.

What are some questions to keep in mind when formulating a specific purpose statement?

- Does my purpose meet the assignment? - Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? - Is the purpose relevant to my audience? - Is the purpose too trivial or too technical for my audience?

What are the guidelines for informative speaking?

- Don't overestimate what the audience knows. - Relate the subject directly to the audience. - Don't be too technical. - Avoid abstractions. - Personalize your ideas. - Be creative.

What should you do during an interview?

- Dress appropriately and be on time. - Repeat the purpose of the interview. - Set up the recorder, if you are using one. - Keep the interview on track. - Listen carefully. - Don't overstay your welcome.

What are the benefits of speech organization?

- Establishes clear relationships among your ideas. - Boost confidence as a speaker. - Improve the ability to deliver a message fluently.

What are ways to enhance your credibility?

- Explain your competence. - Establish common ground with your audience. - Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are ways to prepare for the Question-and-Answer Session?

- Formulate answers to possible questions. - Practice the delivery of your answers.

What are the four objectives of the introduction in most speeches?

- Get the attention and interest of your audience. - Reveal the topic of your speech. - Establish your credibility and goodwill. - Preview the body of the speech.

After discussing the first main point of her speech on the exploration of Mars, Jeanne said: Let's take a moment to recap. To this point we have seen that scientists have made important discoveries about the terrain of Mars, including its channels, basins, and polar caps. Now let's move on from the terrain of Mars and look at the planet's atmosphere. According to your textbook, what type of connective did Jeanne use?

- Internal Summary. - Transition.

What are tips for preparing main points?

- Keep main points separate. - Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points. - Balance the amount of time devoted to main points.

What should the speaking outline of a speech contain?

- Key words or phrases to jog your memory. - Essential statistics and quotations. - Legible outline. - Follows the same visual framework as the preparation outline. - Includes cues for delivering the speech.

Your textbook recommends that when you deliver your first speech, you should make an effort to .......

- Maintain eye contact with the audience. - Use your voice expressively. - Avoid distracting mannerisms.

What are the kinds of visual aids?

- Objects and Models. - Photographs and Drawings. - Graphs. - Charts. - Video. - The Speaker.

When using certain language during a speech, what should the language be appropriate to?

- Occasion - Audience - Topic - Speaker

What are the guidelines for preparing visual aids?

- Prepare visual aids well in advance. - Keep visual aids simple. - Make sure visual aids are large enough. - Use a limited amount of text. - Use fonts effectively. - Use color effectively. - Use images strategically.

What are the three major databases?

- ProQuest - LexisNexis Academic - World News Digest

What are the four patterns of organizing speeches on questions of policy?

- Problem-Solution Order - Problem-Cause-Solution Order - Comparative Advantages Order - Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What are tips for using testimony?

- Quote or paraphrase accurately. - Use testimony form qualified sources. - Use testimony from unbiased sources. - Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.

What are some methods used to get the attention and interest of the audience in the introduction?

- Relate the topic to the audience. - State the importance of your topic. - Startle the audience. - Arouse the curiosity of the audience. - Question the audience. - Begin with a quotation. - Tell a story. - Use visual aids.

What should you do after an interview?

- Review your notes as soon as possible. - Transcribe your notes.

What traits of the audience are unique to the speaking situation?

- Size of the audience. - Attitudes influenced by the physical setting. - The listeners' disposition toward the topic, speaker, and occasion.

What are ways to become a better listener?

- Take listening seriously. - Be an active listener. - Resist distractions. - Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery. - Suspend judgement. - Focus your listening. - Develop note-taking skills.

What are tips for taking notes efficiently?

- Take plenty of notes. - Record notes in a consistent format. - Make a separate entry for each note. - Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas.

What should the preparation outline of a speech include?

- The specific purpose and central idea are both stated. - The introduction, body, and conclusion are labeled. - Designate transitions. - Internal summaries. - Internal previews. - Identify main points, subpoints, and sub-subpoints by a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. - Bibliography may be required.

When citing a source from the Internet, what must be included in the source?

- Title of the Internet document. - Author or organization responsible for the document. - Date on which the document was last updated. - Date on which the site was accessed.

What are the two major functions of the conclusion in a speech?

- To let the audience know you are ending the speech. - To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

What are the four major types of speech connectives?

- Transitions - Internal Previews - Internal Summaries - Signposts

What are tips for using examples?

- Use examples to clarify your ideas. - Use examples to reinforce your ideas. - Use examples to personalize your ideas. - Make your examples vivid and richly textured. - Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples.

What are some tips for using evidence?

- Use specific evidence. - Use novel evidence. - Use evidence from credible sources. - Make clear the point of your evidence.

What are tips for using statistics?

- Use statistics to quantify your ideas. - Use statistics sparingly. - Identify the sources of your statistics. - Explain your statistics. - Round off complicated statistics. - Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends.

What are ways that a speaker can ensure that he or she is using language clearly?

- Using familiar words. - Choosing concrete words over abstract words. - Eliminating verbal clutter.

What are the aspects of voice that you should work to control?

- Volume - Pitch - Rate - Pauses - Vocal Variety - Pronunciation - Articulation - Dialect

What are the four basic methods of delivering a speech?

1) Reading verbatim from a manuscript. 2) Reciting a memorized text. 3) Speaking impromptu. 4) Speaking extemporaneously.

What are tips for the conclusion of a speech?

1. As with the introduction, keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech. 2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. 3. Don't be long-winded. 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance.

What are the ten common fallacies in speech?

1. Hasty Generalization 2. False Cause 3. Invalid Analogy 4. Bandwagon 5. Red Herring 6. Ad Hominem 7. Either-Or 8. Slippery Slope 9. Appeal to Tradition 10. Appeal to Novelty

What are the three types of credibility?

1. Initial Credibility 2. Derived Credibility 3. Terminal Credibility

What are tips for the introduction of a speech?

1. Keep the introduction relatively brief. 2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. 3. Be creative in devising your introduction. 4. Don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. 5. Work out your introduction in detail. 6. When you present the speech, don't start talking too soon.

What are the four causes of poor listening?

1. Not concentrating. 2. Listening too hard. 3. Jumping to conclusions. 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance.

What are some of the similarities between public speaking and conversation?

1. Organizing your thoughts logically. 2. Tailoring your message to your audience. 3. Telling a story for maximum impact. 4. Adapting to listener feedback.

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Antithesis

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to Novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Appeal to Tradition

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Appreciative Listening

Which of the following words is the most concrete and specific?

Apricot

What is still considered the most important work on public speaking and many of its principles are followed by speakers (and writers) today?

Aristotle's Rhetoric

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

Articulation

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Attitude

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Audience-Centerdness

When Sophia attended the first discussion section for her math class and heard her instructor begin speaking with an unfamiliar accent, she immediately decided, "I won't learn anything from this teacher." Sophia failed to uphold which guideline for ethical listening?

Avoid prejudging the speaker.

Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for ethical speechmaking?

Be fully prepared for each speech.

When does audience adaptation occur?

Before and during the speech.

The means by which a message is communicated.

Channel

What is the first step in speechmaking?

Choosing a topic

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

Clutter

At the dedication of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, Barack Obama gave a speech praising King's leadership of the civil rights movement. According to your textbook, Obama gave a(n) ......

Commemorative Speech

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Comparison

What two factors is credibility affected by?

Competence and Character

When preparing a speech introduction, you should usually ......

Complete the introduction after the body of the speech.

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

Comprehensive Listening

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Egocentrism

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Either-or

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

Empathic Listening

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Ethical Decisions

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethics

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Ethnocentrism

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Ethos

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.

Event

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Evidence

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Example

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Expert Testimony

What are the two major kinds of testimony?

Expert Testimony and Peer Testimony

According to your textbook, the type of delivery in which you plan your speech in detail and learn it well without trying to memorize the exact wording is called?

Extemporaneous

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Extemporaneous Speech

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Extended Example

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Eye Contact

An error in reasoning.

Fallacy

According to your textbook, which of the following is a demographic characteristic of a speech audience?

Gender

The broad goal of a speech.

General Purpose

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

Gestures

Francesca began her speech about electronics addiction by talking about her cousin Neil's failing grades that resulted from the countless hours he spent on video games. In her conclusion, Francesca mentioned how much better Neil was doing now that he had received counseling. According to your textbook, referring back to the introduction during a speech conclusion is an excellent way to .....

Give the speech psychological unity.

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.

Global Plagiarism

The three kinds of plagiarism discussed in your textbook are...

Global plagiarism, Patchwork plagiarism, and Incremental plagiarism.

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Goodwill

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

Graph

As a member of the City Council, you have been invited to address the city's bicycling club about the mayor's plan to create additional bike routes. The most important demographic factor you should consider when analyzing your audience is probably its .....

Group Membership

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Hasty Generalization

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.

Hearing

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Hypothetical Example

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

Impromptu Speech

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

Inclusive Language

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Incremental Plagiarism

Changes in the pith or tone of a speaker's voice.

Inflections

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

Informative Speech

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Initial Credibility

Jerome found several excellent sources for his informative speech. He pulled key information from them, blended those ideas into his own perspective, and cited his sources when he presented the speech. Which of the following statements best describes this situation?

Jerome is ethical because he cited his sources and used them to develop his own slant on the topic.

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

Kinesics

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

Line Graph

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Logos

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

Monotone

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequences are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.

Object

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

Pause

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Peer Testimony

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.

Personalize

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Persuasion

You are giving a speech on a community building project to a local service organization at its monthly luncheon. Dessert dishes are being cleared away as you walk into the overcrowded, overheated room. The most important situational factor to consider when adapting to your audience would probably be the .....

Physical setting for your speech.

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

Pie Graph

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

Plagiarism

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Plan

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

Positive Nervousness

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Practicality

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Preliminary Bibliography

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

Preparation Outline

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Preview Statement

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Solution Order

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result of product.

Process

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Quoting out of Context

In the words of a report from the Brookings Institute, _________________________ may be "the most defining and impactful characteristic of the millennial generations.

Racial Diversity

The speed at which a person speaks.

Rate

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Reasoning

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning from Principle

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Red Herring

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Reference Work

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

Repetition

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Research Interview

Which of the following is a correctly worded main point for a speech preparation outline?

Research shows that there are both advantage and disadvantages to day care.

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after they have forgotten everything else in a speech.

Residual Message

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud.

Rhetorical Question

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

Rhythm

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Scale Questions

When Tami introduced the new university president to a group of distinguished alumni, she closed her remarks by saying, "You folks are really going to like this new Prez." Afterward, the event organizer told Tami that in the future she should use more formal language when speaking on such an occasion. Which of the following statements best describes Tami's error?

She did not use language appropriately.

According to your textbook, in addition to reinforcing the central idea, a speech conclusion should also .....

Signal the end of the speech.

According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective? So, first, to what extent will you be protected by wearing a seatbelt?

Signpost

"Just like an iceberg, the most important dimensions of culture are below the surface" is an example of ....

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Simile

"A voter without a ballot is like a soldier without a bullet" is an example of ......

Simile and Parallelism

The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Situation

According to your textbook, you should always combine demographic audience analysis with __________ audience analysis.

Situational

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Situational Audience Analysis

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Slippery Slope

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

Sponsoring Organization

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

Stage Fright

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Stereotyping

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

Strategic Organization

A listener's ethical obligation to avoid prejudging a speaker means that a listener should..

Strive to understand the speaker before criticizing his or her ideas.

A speaker introducing the president of a university to an audience of prospective students and their families will best accomplish this goal by .....

Summarizing the president's major accomplishments at the university.

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Supporting Materials

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Target Audience

A speech about the equipment used in the sport of ice hockey should probably use __________ organization.

Topical

For his first speech, Peter is organizing his ideas around three holiday customs that were passed down by his Polish grandparents. According to your textbook, Peter's speech will most likely be organized in __________ order.

Topical

Here are the main points for an informative speech about the accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci. I. As a painter, da Vinci produced the Mona Lisa and other masterpieces. II. As an inventor, da Vinci drew plans for a parachute and a flying machine. III. As an astronomer, da Vinci concluded that the earth revolves around the sun. These main points are arranged in __________ order.

Topical

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Topical Order

What kind of pattern of organization do informative speeches follow?

Topical Pattern

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Transition

True False: The United States is a multiracial, multiethnic country of unmatched diversity.

True

True or False: A speaker's meaning must be immediately comprehensible.

True

True or False: According to a 2012 study, 62% respondents said they were terrified of speaking in public, while only 43% said they were afraid of dying.

True

True or False: As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.

True

True or False: Avoid ethnocentrism when giving a speech.

True

True or False: Connotative meaning gives words their intensity and emotional power.

True

True or False: Connotative meaning is more variable, figurative, and subjective. It includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that a word touches off in different people.

True

True or False: Denotative meanings describe the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers to.

True

True or False: First impressions are important.

True

True or False: Good public speakers are audience-centered.

True

True or False: In classical Greece and Rome, public speaking plated a central role in education and civic life.

True

True or False: Librarians are experts in their own field, trained in library use and research methods.

True

True or False: Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar.

True

True or False: Most nervousness is not visible.

True

True or False: Most people are poor listeners.

True

True or False: Posture, personal appearance, facial expression, gestures, and eye contact also affect the way listeners respond to speakers.

True

True or False: Speech delivery is an art, not a science.

True

True or False: Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases.

True

True or False: Students generally have great leeway in selecting topics.

True

True or False: The Supreme Court has held that public speakers have an almost unlimited right of free expression.

True

True or False: The connotative meaning of a word is what the word suggests or implies.

True

True or False: The meanings attached to gestures, facial expressions, and other nonverbal signals also vary from culture to culture.

True

True or False: The oldest known handbook on effective speech was written on papyrus in Egypt some 4,500 years ago.

True

True or False: There can be gray areas when it comes to assessing a speaker's goals --- areas in which reasonable people with well-defined standards of right and wrong can legitimately disagree.

True

True or False: Throughout history people have used public speaking as a vital means of communication.

True

According to your textbook, a common mistake students make when developing their first speech is?

Trying to cover too much material.

When does global plagiarism usually occur?

When a student puts off his or her assignment until the last minute.