Final Exam SS (ch. 11-14)

Reciprocity and liking

*Most important trait: trustworthiness -ex. mimicking behavior such as taping foot. one sided love: if someone has a crush on you first you feel flattered and like it then if you decide not to like them you feel guilt and it becomes awkward

William Jankowiak

-"Romantic Pasion: A Universal experience?" passionate love is not merely a product of Western culture. -Western culture has regarded it as an important part of life. passionate love may seem like a form of temporary insanity. how people experience it and how they regard it depends on culture.

Difference between men and women when meeting others

-women reacted to meeting a desirable man by increasing their commitment to their current partner, such as by tolerating his faults more, thinking more positively about him, or increasing their commitment to him. -men became more critical of her. meeting a new partner makes men entertain the possibility of a new relationship instead of the one they have, whereas women try to defend their current partner. -for marital satisfaction: woman's looks matter more than mans' . the man's looks had little to do with the woman's satisfaction. -when off the pill women find their attractive partners more attractive, if their partner isn't attractive they then find them less attractive.

Two themes of interpersonal rewards

1. do favors for someone: buying dinner, sending flowers, buying gifts 2. prasie: compliment them. Unless people see the praise as manipulative or insincere they may discount it.

propinquity

Nearness -people like those who are familiar to them -mere exposure effect: people come to hold more positive attitudes toward familiar stimuli than towards novel, unfamiliar ones. -shared experiences increase liking -social allergy affect: a partners annoying habits become more annoying with repeated exposure.

stereotype: "women as closer to nature and men as closer to culture"

WRONG - both nature and culture have an influence on sexuality. -erotic plasticity: the degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural and situational forces. -high plasticity indicated that culture can shape the person's sex drive to a great extend, whereas a more" natural" and inflexible sex drive would have low plasticity. -women have higher plasticity than men. go through many changes in their sexual feelings and desires whereas men remain much more constant through life. -switching between heterosexual and homosexual behaviors is more common in women. -male sexuality is actually close to nature and women is less biological and more closely tied to social and cultural meaning.

stereotype: "men can operate sex an love more than women"

WRONG -men accept sex without love whereas women accept love without sex. -"Love and sex are two different things: more women agreed to than men

stereotype: "women as the gatekeepers who restrict sex and decide whether and when it will happen"

_TRUE -"reluctant virgins" those who had a dating partner and wanted to have sex but were not having it because their partner did not consent. this was almost entirely men.

Loneliness is primarily determined by the ______ of relationships a. quality b. quantity c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

a. quality

Over the years, people in happy relationships say that their relationship __________; in fact, it _______ a. is improving; does improve b. is improving; stays the same c. says the same; does stay the same d. stays the same; improves

b. is improving; stays the same

What is the main difference between lonely and non-lonely people? a. lonely people are less attractive b. lonely people are less emotionally sensitive c. lonely people are less intelligent d. lonely people are less socially skilled

b. lonely people are less emotionally sensitive

In the TV show average joe, Melana based her choice of partners on ___________ a. personality b. physical attractiveness c. wealth d. all of the above

b. physical attractiveness

Passionate love is an aspect of a Eastern culture b. Western culture c. both Eastern and Western cultures d. neither Eastern nor Western cultures

c. both Eastern and Western cultures

If you live next to someone, what outcome is most likely? a. you will become friends with that person b. you will become enemies with that person c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

c. both a and b

Being excluded, rejected, and ignored by others is what social psychologists call _______________ a. propinquity b. loneliness c. ostracism d. bad apple effect

c. ostracism

In the triangle theory of love, what does companionate love stem from? a. commitment b. intimacy c. passion d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Nathan DeWall

parallels between social and physical pain -taking painkillers like aspirin or Tylenol would reduce suffering from social rejection. -Painkillers reduced the response to being rejected and ostracized. -rejection interferes with cognitive processing: rejection makes people temporarily stupid. they are less effective at processing complex information such as reasoning. -Rejection undermines self0regulation: people become more impulsive more inclined to do something they will regret later. rejected people may blow their diets by eating a giant cake or large serving of ice cream. -link temperature with rejection. being rejected is cool. lonely people seem to feel physically cold. -those rejected showed to be more creative

Social Categorizing

process of sorting people into groups not embassies of characteristics they have in common. -makes it easier to make sense of a complicated world. -easy way to fill gaps -the view that prejudice and stereotyping are morally wrong is a product of modern Western culture.

Warren Jones

researched loneliness -"I have never met anyone who didn't want any friends" Everyone needs somebody.

Paternity uncertainty

the fact that a man cannot be sure that the children born to his female partner are his. "mothers are more fond of their children than fathers because they are sure that they are theirs"

Charivari (French) or Shivaree (english)

the whole village would gather together at some crucial place such as outside the house of the offender and bring pots and pans making loud noises and shouting or chanting insults humiliating the offender. -was used to punish adultery usually only of the man. -if a women had sex with another man it was still blamed on the man -those married to unfaithful partner have a lower self-esteem.

romantic rejection

women refusing dates: seemed to be internal tot he man and stable. there was something wrong with him as she saw it. his deficit was viewed as relatively permanent (stable). reasons women gave the men for refusing the date were external and unstable. people are often surprised when the romance-seekers come around again but its natural under those circumstances.

Daryl Bem EBE theory

-"exotic becomes erotic" -based on Schanchter's theory of emotion. -emotions arise when people have a bodily response of arousal and then put a label on it. -a specific gene for homosexuality does not exist but proposed that genes do contribute to temperament. -boys other boys are familiar whereas girls are different and "exotic" -homosexuals typically play with the other gender tare than their own: when these boys reach adolescence girls seem familiar whereas other boys seem exotic. -girls have more regular contact with playmates of both genders so they are more likely to be bisexual. *the labeling of nervousness: labeled as sexual arousal: not yet backed by research

Types of attachment

--Phillip Shaver -ambivalent/anxious: clinging types: want to be as close as possible who ideally would like to experience a complete merger with someone and whose problems stem form the fact that others don't want to be as close as they do. -avoidant: those who are uncomfortable when others want to get too close and who try to maintain some distance between themselves and relationship partners. -in the middle of those two are secure individuals: secure attachment is comfortable balance. happy to become close and intimate with others and does not worry about being abandoned or hurt. the secure attachment style produces the best outcomes.

Attachment

-John Bowlby: observed how the children dealt with operations on the basis he began to formulate a theory about different styles of attachment. -thought that how adults relate to other, romantic partners, work colleagues would copy or repeat the style of interactions they had learned in childhood. -today the weight of opinion does not favor his view, many people change and delve new styles of relating.

cultural theory of jealousy

-Margaret Meads work Coming of Age in Samoa -jealousy is a product of social roles and expectations. Western societies have made men believe that women are their property so men are jealous and sexually possessive of women. *All cultures have sexual jealousy.

Passionate v. Companionate love

-Passionate: strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person. (romantic love). makes people want to spend as much time as possible together, to tough each other and engage in other physical intimacies, to think about each other and feel joy merely open seeing each other *high levels of phenylethylamine (PEA) that enables information to travel from one brain cell to another. produces emotional feelings, including those "tingling" sensations of excitement and euphoria. High intensity of sexual desire. -Companionate: (Affectionate love) less strongly emotional; it tends to be calmer and more serene. Perceiving the other person as your soul mate or special partner. Signifies a high level of mutual understanding and caring and in many cases a commitment to make the relationship succeed. What makes people want to say things like my wife is my best friend. *there is a physiological, biochemical different between the two kinds of love.

bad apple effect

-a bad apple can spoil the whole barrel because the rot that infects one apple can spread -one person who breaks the rules can inspire other people to follow his or her example. -the threat of being kicked out of a group seems to be an important force in producing good behavior.

Evolutionary theory

-asserts that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms therefore tend to be innate. -women are by nature more cautious about their mating partner, because pregnancy is such an investment. -men can make a baby with a few minutes of pleasure and walk away. (less choosey) -the most effective strategy for women would involve being cautious and choosy before consenting to sex.

Communal relationships

-based on mutual love and concern; people do things for each other without expecting to be repaid. -ex. two sisters who help each other rout during difficult times by giving emotional support and even money without expecting that the other will pay it back . -more mature and desirable. couples who pool their money together are more likely to stay together and to get married than cohabitation couples who keep their relationship on an exchange basis with separate accounts. -make people feel safe and secure and provide a haven where others care for you regardless of how much you achieve. most couples try to have a mix of both types of relationship. -create a greater sense of unity and shared identity, so the relationship feels more solid.

Exchange relationships

-based on reciprocity and fairness; each person does something for the other mainly in the expectation of getting some direct benefit in return -The relationship between a family doctor and regular customer is an example of a long-term exchange relationship. -can be more powerful for driving progress and increasing wealth. promote achievement, increase wealth, and ultimately drive progress.

causes of jealousy

-both the person and the situation -most suspicions of jealousy were justified. -only 10% of wives' suspicions and 13% of husbands were mistaken. -paranoid jealousy is fairly uncommon -in dating relationships a large number of them were unaware of their partners genuine infidelities.

socail constructionist theories

-cultural forces and socialization shape how people assign meaning to their lives with the result that sexual attitudes and behaviors vary widely based on culture. -aligned with feminist theory which viewed that women's sexuality was shaped by how men had long sought to control and oppress women

Kip Williams

-frisbee in the park story -Cyberball virtual game that was used to reproduce the situation of the excluded Frisbee player Ostracism: being excluded, rejected and ignored by others. -Ostraka: pieces of pottery that were broken and put in one large contained allocated in public places if someone had behaved offensively. if someones name was written 6000 times community agreed to give that person the silent treatment for 10 years.

thinking styles of couples

-happy couples partners seem willing to give the partner the event of the doubt most of the time. Attributing any unwanted behavior to external factors. When the partner does something pleasant the happy couple viewed this as proof of what a good person the partner is. (inner qualities) *Relationship enhancing style of attribution: internal attributions for good behavior, external for bad -unhapy couple did opposite. If they did something good they tended to think it was due to external factors. if the partner did something bad they would think it's just typical. *distress-maintaining style of attribution This is why its so hard to make an unhappy couple happy its more than just their actions

not belonging

-higher risk of death, health problems. -suppresses the immune system and its ability to recover from illness

Lisa Diamond

-humans form relationships based on two separate systems, which can reinforce each other or be in conflict. -Attachment system: this is an urge to connect and form close social bonds with a few individuals. gender neutral -Sex drive: based on mating. focus on the opposite gender. -love comes from your attachment drive and that drive is independent of gender. you can love both your mother and father. A gay gene would stipulate sexual orientation. Attachment can lead to sexual desire which is why sometimes people find themselves attracted to someone of the "wrong gender"

Caryl Rusbult

-long term relationships -investment model: three factors 1. satisfaction: do you like your partner? are you glad you have this relationship? do you enjoy spending time together? 2. quality of available alternative: decision depends on if you could be happier with someone else 3. how much the individual has invested: "sunk costs" the person has put time, effort, emotion into a relationship and cannot get them back out.

Sandra Murray and John Holmes

-measured global overall appreciation -support the idealization view -people who saw each other in the most positive fashion had the happiest relationships and most durable ones. -the idealization seemed to be the crucial cause. Having a very positive view of the other peons led to a happier relationship later. But a happy person at time 1 did not predict a positive opines of the partner at time 2.

William Swan

-measured very specific features of the self. -people desire others to see them as they see themselves. When dating people were most intimate with partners who viewed them most favorably. Whiting marriage people were more intimate with partners who saw them as they say themselves. People with low self-esteem were more intimate with partners who viewed them relatively less favorably than with partners who thought highly of them.

stereotype: men want sex more than women

-men have a stronger sex drive. -they think about sex more often, desire more sex partners, and desire more different kinds of sex acts than women. -men initiate sex more and refuse sex less than women. -men take more risks and expend more resources to get sex. men want sex more often and earlier in a relationship. *Coolidge effect: refers to the sexually arousing power of a new partner. males were more rapidly and more aroused by the new partner than by the familiar one.

evolutionary perspective of jealousy

-men know that their wives can only have a few children and normally just one at a time. A major threat to the man's reproductive goral is the possibility that another man might make his wife pregnant. -for women: if her husband has sex with another woman he has only expended a small quantity of sperm and there is plenty more. The woman may depend on the man to provide her with food and other resources as well as provide for her children. if he becomes involved with another woman he may bestow some of his resources on her which would leave the wife and her children in a poorer position. men are aware that women seek men who have resources and this influence their behavior. the greatest threat is that the man will become emotionally involved with someone else and withhold crucial resources. *would it be worse for your partner to have a one-time sexual encounter with another person without any emotional involvement, or for the person you love to have a lasting, emotionally intimate relationship with a member of your gender but did not include sexual intercourse? -60% men objected more strongly to the sexual infidelity -women objected more to the emotional infidelity

gender differences for loneliness

-men who are a part of a university team or big corporation team but doesn't have close friends will not feel lonely but a woman in the same situation probably will. women tend to care more about close relationship with family and friends than men do.

Stanely Milgrims lost letter technique

-milgram dropped self-addressed stamped envelopes around a college campus and counted the number of lost letters that were mailed. People mailed more letters addressed to socially desirable groups (medical research ) than to undesirable groups (communist organizations).

differences between online and more conventional dating

-online dating greatly expands the range of potential partners and the ease of meeting them. College students can meet single people in classes around campus but after leaving the amount of eligible partners decreases. The online supply can seem almost limitless. -online dating enables people to communicate via computer before they meet in person, and in some cases these contacts ca be excessive. This enables you to get to know much about the partner make preliminary evaluation and build some degree of relationship before you are ever int eh same room together -online serves offer to help you search out the best partners from your database. They use formulas and logarithms that select the people who will match up with you the best. 81% of the dating profiles contained lies about height, weight, or age. Men tend to overestimate their height and women to understate their weight.

outgroup v. ingroup

-outgroup "them" people who belong to a different group. -ingroup: "us" those who belong to the same group most people assume that outgrip members are more similar to each other where in group members are more unique. -easier to identify people of your own racial group -outgroup members are easier to identify than in-group members. angry members of another group may pose a major threat so the human mind automatically pays close attention to them. -we don't have as much exposure to outgrip members as we do to in-group members. the lack of exposure can have several negative consequences.

effects of rejection

-pain, illness, depression, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, helplessness, promiscuity. self esteem suffered and they feel worthless. -REJECTION SENSITIVITY: personality trait where people expect rejection from others and to become hypersensitive to possible rejection -The body reacts the same in social rejection than with physical pain, and deadens the body to pain. -looking at a picture of an old lover contracts the same pain as physical pain.

loneliness

-painful feeling of wanting more human contact or connect than you have -do not lack social skills though they fail to use them as much as others. -main defieciency: lonely people are poorer at figuring out other people's emotional states. the lack of emotional sensitivity can cause loneliness. -lonely people may spend plenty of time with people but it is not deep and meaningful. -sleep is not as refreshing and may feel chronically tired. take longer to recover from stress, illness, or injury. poor coping with stress

reinforcement theory

-people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded more than other behaviors. applied to the issue of interpersonal attraction, this theory predicted that people would mainly like others whoa re rewarding to them-those who benefit them or make them feel good..

what is beautiful is good effect

-people assume that physically attractive people will be superior to others on many other traits -happiness, sexual warmth, popularity, and even intelligence and success. -South Koreans place more value than North Americans on honesty and compassionate concern for others. South Koreans also are more likely to think that attractive people will rank higher than average on those traits. research: college student set up on dates hypothesis: those who are most similar to each other would enjoy their dates the most. results: the dating partners attractiveness was the strongest predictor of how much people enjoyed the date -attractive children and more popular, babies prefer more attractive faces, good looking people do better in interviews

earning trust

-people earn trust by having good self-control, which is the basis for moral behavior. -people with low self control chose people with high self control. judging people by moral traits, not friendliness

devaluing alternative

-people in relationships rated attractiveness of several potential dating partners. people in the most committed relationships gave these potential partners low ratings, especially when the other person was attractive and would actually have been available as a possible dating partner. -those most threatening were devalued more. -people in doomed relationships found other people appealing and even increased their attraction to them over time. -participants who were in relationships rated photos of young opposite sex persons as less attractive than did people who were not in relationships. only potential alternative partners were devalued.

Matching hypothesis

-people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive. This is especially true among lover, but also among friends. -people who preferred to form bonds with people very different from themselves might leave behind fewer offspring than people who attached themselves to others like themselves. -matching is driven by rejecting dissimilar others than by liking similar people. -even in a "diverse" world people tend to pick their friends and lovers from those who are similar to themselves.

trust

-people who trust their partners can take more responsibility for conflicts (accepting blame) because they are confident that the partner will act in their best interests in general. - in high trust relationships people's memories showed something much like the relationship-enhancing style of attribution: they remembered the partner's misdeeds less often and rated them less severe. -in low trust relationships partners misdeeds remained sharp and painful. -happy couples tend to exaggerate how happy and good their relationship is. When problems arise they see them as isolated instances.

loving yourself

-people with low self-esteem engage in behaveiors that undermine relationships. skeptical or distrustful when their partners express love or support and act as if they expect their partner to dump them. -self love: narcissism: high self-love. unstable love they are selfish approach relationships in a game-playing spirit of having fun or getting what they want. seek out successful beautiful admired people to date because they think they are similar to them. less committed to love relationships. -self-acceptance: minimal form of self-love. simply regarding yourself as being a reasonable good person as you are. -having a negative critical attitude toward yourself can interfere with capacity to love. someone with secure appreciate of self without being conceited may be the most romantic partner.

Stalking

-persisting in romantic or courtship behavior or other behaviors that frighten and harass the rejector in the relationship -women are more the victim of stalking.

behavioral effects of rejection

-repeated experiences of rejection or social exclusion can create aggressive tendencies. -aggression can lead to rejection. young children tend to exclude and avoid other children who start fights.

double standard

-shows men control of women's sexuality -this is done by women: more women condone men's wrongful sexual infidelity as better than women's. *reverse double standard: condemned men more than women for the same sexual behavior. weaker argument than assumed.

two dimensions of attachment

-single-dimension: running from anxious/ambivalent to secure to avoidant) -two dimensionsl: anxiety and avoidance. -one dimension anxiety: refers to attitudes toward the self and the other dimension (avoidance) refers to attitudes toward the other person. Both of these dimensions should be understood as a continuum.

Benefits of commitment

-stronger relationship -respond less aggressively to each other's provocations and misdeeds. -makes people more sensitive and vulnerable to relationship problems in the short run but made them more resilient to these problems in the long run. -couples that spend more on the wedding ad the ring had higher rates of divorce. -women whose parter valued them for their bodies had high satisfaction with the relationship than other women if they also valued other traits. being valued for her body by a man whose commitment was low or failed to appreciate other qualities lowered the women's satisfaction.

Edward E. Jones

-studies what people actively do to try to make people like them (ingratiation) -People seem to have an intuitive knowledge of what fosters attraction, and they use that knowledge to get other people to like them. People like good-looking, friendly people who are simliar to themselves in important ways, and they like people who're nice to them.

what is beauty?

-symmetry: those who are more symmetrical are more beautiful -typicality: people who look different from others are generally regarded as less attractive. Immanuel Kant: the ultimate most attractive faces are not really averages of everyone but rather averages of the faces that are high not eh other indices of beauty such as youth and health. -the hungry men preferred plumper women than men who were full from dinner

Jim Dabbs

-testosterone -high-testosterone men are more exciting but less reliable. They are restless in many ways. Exploring new places and meeting new people but also makes them less prone to stay at home and take care of their families. -testosterone is better for finding mates than for maintaining stable families. -reaches its peak around 20 and declines steadily afterwards. -the right circumstances help turn it on, those who just stood by a woman waiting in line had higher testosterone. -testosterone drops after becoming a father. -promotes sex drive, more violent and sexual passion -lower testosterone: more trustworthy, kinder and more affectionate.

self-monitoring

-the ability to change one's behavior for different situations -those who are high in self-monitoring seek to maximize each social situation, whereas those low in that trait pay more attention to permanent connections and feelings rather than fluctuating ones. -high self monitoring would prefer to play tennis with the best tennis player of the group whereas the low self-monitor would prefer to play with his or her best friend regardless of tennis ability.

need to belong

-the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals -without this motive people might just live alone -drives people to commit and relate and remain together "lets just be friends" -breaking off a relationship goes against basic human characteristics.

Sternberg's triangle

-three different ingredients -passion: romantic attraction, physical attraction and sexual interest. Largely an emotional state and characterized by high bodily arousal. makes people want to be together and want to kiss and hold hands. -intimacy: common core of all love relationships. feeling close to the other person. a sense of understanding and mutual concern for each tower's welfare and happiness. emphasize communication about their lives, feelings, and problems -commitment: conscious decision than to a feeling. remain constant. *Not three kinds of love but each love relationship can mix those three ingredients. passion arises quickly and leaves quickly, intimacy arises more slowly but continues increasing for a long time and remains high.

social reality of jealousy

-you will be more upset if you are the last one to know about the affair than if you are the only one who knows. -may make you feel incompetent unable to control or please your partner. *social reality: public awareness of some event. if something happens but nobody knows about it it does not have much social reality. if other people know about it it is harder to ignore it or put it behind you.

ABC's of Intergroup Relationships

1. Prejudice: evaluating a person or multiple persons based on membership in a group or category of people. involved attitudes toward categories of people, which can be used to judge individuals without being based on the individual's actions or personal traits. -best known form is racism: having a negative attitude towards people based on race. aversive racism: holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races. racial faulty but also feel uncomfortable around minorities. 2. Discrimination: unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. ex. keeping Native Americans on reservations. Can occur without prejudice. ex. requiring police officers to be 6 ft tall 3. Stereotypes: beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits. what we believe or think about various groups. can be good or bad. difficult to change. -subtype: exceptions to a stereotype. ex. man meets a woman who doesn't fit the stereotype of the warm and nurturing the he can discard his stereotype or put her into a subtype. A: Affective component is prejudice B: the Behavioral component is discrimination C: the cognitive component is stereotyping

What leads to social rejection?

1. aggressive children are rejected because children do not like violence and will avoid bullies. 2. children withdraw from contact with others and they in turn are rejected by other. the avoidance of withdrawn, isolated children escalates into adolescence therapy creating a particular problem for people who move toward adulthood. 3. deviance leads to rejection. children who are different in any obvious fashion who look different, act different or seem different. Handicapped, racial minority, speaking different, not knowing local favored style of music or clothing. this reaction against those who are different is automatic. Groups reject insiders more than outsiders for the same degree of deviance

2 ingredients to belongingness

1. people want some kind of regular social contacts. (fighting doesn't satisfy it, but even neutral interactions like watching tv together help) 2. people want the stable framework of some ongoing relationship in which the people share a mutual concern for each other. *having either of these without the other produces partial satisfaction. *people who have the stable context without the frequent interactions also suffer from the lack of face-to-face contact, even thought they may treasure the relationship.

four styles of attachment (dimension0

1. secure attachement: low on anxiety and low on avoidance (favorable attitudes towards oneself and others) good at closer relationships, they trust their partners share their feelings, provide support and comfort and enjoy their relationships. more strong, durable, satisfying and intimate relationships 2. preoccupied attachement: (anxious/ambivalent) low on avoidance, want to merge nd cling but worry their partners will abandon them because their partners will discover their faults and flaws. seek closeness and can be perceived as overly controlling. provide large amounts of comfort, support and care to others. 3. dismissing avoidant attachement: see themselves as worth adequate individuals (low anxiety) but seek to prevent relationships from becoming too close. view their partners as unreliable and unavailable and uncaring. seek to rely on themselves rather than others. relationships have more distance, lower commitment and lower enjoyment. partners see them as withdrawn or reluctant to open up. provide less care and support 4. fearful avoidant attachement: high anxiety and high avoidance. low opinions of themselves and keep others from becoming close. they view potential relationship partners as untrustworthy, uncaring, and unavailable they worry that they are unlovable.

Social acceptance

a situation in which other people have come to like you, respect you, approve of you, and include you in their groups and relationships.

What personality trait is associated with grandiose, inflated view of the self? a. Narcissism b. Self-acceptance c. self-efficacy d. self-esteem

a. Narcissism

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________ is to_____ a. affect; behavior b. affect; cognition c. cognition; affect d. cognition; behavior

a. affect; behavior

Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously hold egalitarian values and experience negative feelings when interacting with minority groups? a. aversive racism b. contact hypothesis c. discontinuity effect d. social dominance orientation

a. aversive racism

Individuals who see themselves as worth and adequate but seek to prevent relationships from becoming too close have what type of attachment style? a. dismissing avoidant b. fearful avoidant c. preoccupied d. secure

a. dismissing avoidant

Waldo believes that premarital sex is acceptable for men but unacceptable for women. This belief illustrates ____ a. double standard b. erotic plasticity c. revers double standard d. social construction

a. double standard

social exchange theory:

analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other. -sex is a resource that women have and men want. -men therefor have to give women other resources in exchange for sex. this could include one, attention, respect, love and commitment. -male sexuality is not seen for having a lot of value for social exchange. -economic view on sexuality -at school where men outnumber women: the price is high: people have relatively little premarital or extramarital sex and men must usually make a serious commitment before they can have sex. When women outnumber men the price of sex drops and women cannot usually demand much from the man in exchange for sex .If she refuses sex he can just move on and get it from someone else. -as the number of women increases on campuses the cost for sex goes down. The commitment level and readily availability

attraction

anything that draws two or more people together, making them want to be together and possibly to form a lasting relationship

Based on attraction research, which of these proverbs is most accurate? a. "the early bird gets the worm" b. "birds of a feather flock together" c. Opposites attract" d. "Out of sight, out of mind"

b. "birds of a feather flock together"

Most people seem to think that having about ______ close relationships is enough. a. 1 to 3 b. 4 to 6 c. 7 to 9 d. 10 to 12

b. 4 to 6

According to the what is beautiful is good affect, attractive people have a number of other desirable traits. Which of the following is not one of these traits, at least in Western cultures? a. Happiness b. Honesty c. Intelligence d. Popularity

b. Honesty

People want their partner to see them ______ in the little things and to see them ____ in general a. accurately; accurately b. accurately; positively c. positively; accurately d. positively; positively

b. accurately; positively

People who have a distress-maintaining attributional style make _______ attributions if their partner does something good, and ________ if their partner does something bad. a. external; external b. external; internal c. internal; external d. internal; internal

b. external; interna

What attachment style is associate with high levels of anxiety and high levels of avoidance? a. dismissing avoidant b. fearful avoidant c. preoccupied d. secure

b. fearful avoidant

when men outnumber women, the price of sex _______ a. decreases b. increases c. increases then decreases d. stays the same

b. increases

Becca is a store clerk. While she is shopping at another store on her day off, she runs into a very rude store clerk and a very rude manager. Decca will probably conclude ____ a. most store clerks and managers tend to be rude b. most store clerks but not necessarily managers tend to be rude c. most managers but not necessarily store clerks tend to be rude d. neither most store clerks nor most managers tend to be rude

c. most managers but not necessarily store clerks tend to be rude

In order to have a happy long-term relationship with a significant other, it helps to have a ___ view of one's partner. a. negative b. neutral c. positive d. realistic

c. positive

exchange relationship is to communal relationship as ____ is to _____ a. concern; reciprocity b. passion; concern c. reciprocity; concern d. reciprocity; passion

c. reciprocity; concern

The need to belong has two parts to it, ____ and ______ a. business contacts; pleasure contacts b. female contacts; male contacts c. regular social contacts; an ongoing relationship d. all of the above

c. regular social contacts; an ongoing relationship

What personality trait is formed as a result of repeated rejection? a. extraversion b. introversion c. rejection sensitivity d. self-monitoring

c. rejection sensitivity

which theory proposes that sexual attitudes and behaviors are the result of cultural forces and socialization? a. attachement theory b. evolutionary theory c. social construction theory d. social exchange theory

c. social construction theory

One reason why people hold on to their stereotypes - even in the face of refuting evidence - is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions" which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create_______ a. biases b. prototypes c. subtypes d. typologies

c. subtypes

People who feel passionately in love high heigh levels of a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. epinephrine d. phenylethylamine

d. phenylethylamine

Passionate love is to companionate love as ____ love is to _______ love. a. affectionate; romantic b. committed; intimate c. married; single d. romantic; affectionate

d. romantic; affectionate

Bjorn loves his wife, but he discovers that she has been unfaithful to him. To make matters worse, everyone knows she has been unfaithful to him. The common knowledge that Bjorn's wife has been unfaithful to him is called _______ a. double standard b. reverse double standard c. social construction d. social reality

d. social reality

extradyadic sex

sex outside of marriage or the relationship -about 1 out of 3 or 4 husbands and 1 out of 9 or 10 wives have sex with someone else while married. -people often view their infidelities as a result rather than a cause of the problem in their relationship. the partners infidelities however, are seen as an important cause leading directly to the relationship problems. -it is a risk factor for divorce but doesn't necessarily cause it. dating relationships -71% of men and 57% women experienced this either by doing it or having their partner do it. -most people expressed low tolerance and negative attitude towards it. self-serving bias was present as people found it bad but engaged in it anyways. -when asked if it caused pain 9% of men and 14% of women said they hurt their partner a great deal. 45% of men and 30% women said that their partner hurt them. people seem more willing to make excuses for their own misbehavior.

unrequited love

situation in which one person loves another but the other does not return that love. -the rejected lovers experience a kind of emotional roller coaster, in which they alternate between hopeful, exciting, passionate feelings and insecure despair. -the rejector tends to think that there was nothing good about the episode and they are more likely to wish the whole thing had never happened. tend to feel guilt

the interloper

the third person who has sex with one member of a romantic couple has an impact on how jealous people get -the worse jealously occurs when the partner becomes involved with someone whose abilities exceeded their own in the same area. ex. you'd be more jealous if you were an athlete and your partner cheated on you with another athlete than with a medical student. -men are less jealous if their woman has sex with a woman than with a man. -women were less upset if their boyfriend has sex with another woman than with a man. both object more to a male interloper.