Final Exam Study Guide AIS 1100

annual round (subsistence cycle)

A seasonal round describes hunting, fishing, and gathering cycle followed by a community each year. This seasonal sequence of activities evolves in response to a number of factors including prevailing environmental conditions that affect travel and access to resources, the relative abundance of specific resources at certain times of the year, and regulatory constraints. While the particular details of a seasonal round vary with each community, the general pattern of a seasonal harvest cycle is followed in all communities that use wild foods.

Matrilineal and Matrilocal

"Matrilineal" means property is passed down through the maternal line on the death of the mother, not that of the father. "Matrilocal" means new families are established in proximity to the brides' extended family of origin, not that of the groom. The Navajo, Tlingit, Hopi, and Iroquois all fall into these two categories.

other-than-human person

(i am not sure) but i think this is referring to a wolf or other animal that can give itself up to a human.

potlatch

A ______ was held on the occasion of births, deaths, adoptions, weddings, and other major events. Typically the _______ was practiced more in the winter seasons as historically the warmer months were for procuring wealth for the family, clan, or village, then coming home and sharing that with neighbors and friends. The event was hosted by a numaym, or 'House', in Kwakwaka'wakw culture. A numaym was a complex cognatic kin group usually headed by aristocrats, but including commoners and occasional slaves. It had about one hundred members and several would be grouped together into a tribe. The House drew its identity from its ancestral founder, usually a mythical animal who descended to earth and removed his animal mask, thus becoming human.

federal recognition

A federally recognized tribe is an American Indian or Alaska Native tribal entity that is recognized as having a government-to-government relationship with the United States, with the responsibilities, powers, limitations, and obligations attached to that designation, and is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Furthermore, federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty) and are entitled to receive certain federal benefits, services, and protections because of their special relationship with the United States. At present, there are 567 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages.

"rich Indian"

A stereotype of Indians with gaming casinos on their land. It argued that the Indians were letting go of their culture by having casinos on their land and using their tribal sovereignty for the sole purpose of getting rich. Indians are viewed as greedy, rich, and corrupt in this stereotype.

Carlisle

Also known as the_____ indian industrial school, it was the first federally funded off reservation Indian boarding school. it was founded on the goal of assimilating Native Americans into white/European culture.

treaty cloth

As part of its continued observance of the Canandaigua Treaty, the United States each year provides $4500 for the annual distribution of cloth to the Six Nations peoples. This annual distribution of cloth is 200+ year old affirmation of the obligations the United States government made in this treaty. The Canandaigua Treaty Day Celebration, held each year on November 11 in Canandaigua, New York, is an event commerating the continued observance of this treaty by the Six Nations people.

historical particularism

Closely associated with Franz Boas and the Boasian approach to anthropology, _________ rejected the cultural evolutionary model that had dominated anthropology until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past.

Kinzua Dam

Construction of the dam condemned 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of the Allegany Reservation, nearly one-third of its territory, which had been granted to the Seneca nation in the Treaty of Canandaigua (signed by President Washington).[8] This resulted in the loss of considerable fertile farmland and the displacement and forced relocation of 600 Seneca from their community within the reservation. In 1961, citing the immediate need for flood control, President John F. Kennedy denied a request by the Seneca to halt construction.

Capt. Richard Pratt

Founder and superintendent of Carlisle Indian Industrial School. He is the mind behind the phrase "kill the indian, save the man". He wanted to Americanize native americans by forced cultural assimilation.

Seminole Tribe v. Florida

In 1988 Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, a statute requiring the states to negotiate with Indian tribes to create compacts governing Indian Gaming. The statute provided that if a state failed to enter into such negotiations, or to negotiate in good faith, the Tribes could sue the state in federal court in order to compel the states to negotiate. If the states still refused, the statute provided that the matter would ultimately be referred to the Secretary of the Interior. Congress had asserted its power under the part of the Commerce Clause relating to commerce with Indians to pass such a statute, abrogating the immunity of states pursuant to its express powers. The Seminole Tribe of Florida requested that the state enter into such a negotiation. When the state refused, the Tribe filed suit, as allowed by the statute, against both the state of Florida and the governor, Lawton Chiles. The District Court declined to dismiss the case, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reversed, holding that the Eleventh Amendment barred the suit, and that the doctrine of Ex parte Young could not be used to force good faith negotiation.

Seminole Tribe v. Butterworth

It allowed the Seminole Tribe of Florida to conduct a gaming enterprise in Florida, and was a major U.S. court case protecting Indian gaming, and helped pave the way for Indian gaming, although it brought up the issue of implicit divestiture, a judicial issue concerning the rights of indigenous sovereignty within the United States federal trust.

Chilocco Indian Agricultural School

Located in north central Oklahoma, its purpose was to provide academic and vocational education to native american students. The curriculum included a lot of hard manual labor and the students were forced to go to christian church once a week.

outing system

One of Pratt's ways of extending cultural assimilation past just the school years, the _______ was the practice of sending indian children to white families in the summer months. This usually resulted in them getting a job as either a house maid or house cleaner and working for as little as 5 dollars a month. Some of the host families would not except the native children and force them to eat by themselves and neglect to give them basic life necessities.

Proposition 5

Specifies terms and conditions of mandatory compact between state and Indian tribes for gambling on tribal land. Mandates Governor to sign compact upon request by tribe. Permits alternative compacts only if consistent with prescribed compact. Permits gambling devices and lotteries at tribal casinos. Amends California law to allow slot machines and banked card games at tribal casinos. Provides for contributions to trust funds benefiting nongaming tribes, statewide emergency medical care programs, and programs benefiting communities near tribes, if tribes retain monopoly on authorized gambling. Provides for reimbursement of state regulatory costs.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

The Act requires federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American "cultural items" to lineal descendants and culturally affiliated Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations. Cultural items include human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. A program of federal grants assists in the repatriation process and the Secretary of the Interior may assess civil penalties on museums that fail to comply.

Mourning Wars

The Native American tribes of North America were in constant conflict with one another up until the 17th century. The mourning wars were wars specifically fought between tribes in the east and mideast of what is now the United States and Canada. Some of the tribes that engaged in these conflicts were the Mahican, Micmac and Oneida tribes. The conflicts were fought with very primitive weapons, which means they saw a very low amount of casualties compared to the conflicts that were going on in Europe around the same time. Most mourning wars were fought over blood feuds. When a member of a tribe was killed by a member of a neighboring tribe, the first tribe would attack members of the second tribe in revenge. Most of the conflicts consisted of kidnappings and small fights, as large battles with many warriors were very rare.

Salamanca, New York

The Seneca Nation opened a gambling casino in Salamanca in May 2004. About 1,000 new jobs were created by the casino operation, resulting in a housing shortage in the small town as new workers entered the city. Under the arrangement with the state, a 25% share of the casino's revenue goes to the city and county, which they can use for needed projects. Revenues for the city increased dramatically (see above).

Two-Row Wampum (Guswenta)

The Two Row Wampum belt is the symbolic record of the first agreement between Europeans and American Indian Nations on Turtle Island/North America. 2013 marks the 400th anniversary of this first covenant, which forms the basis for the covenant chain of all subsequent treaty relationships made by the Haudenosaunee and other Native Nations with settler governments on this continent. The agreement outlines a mutual, three-part commitment to friendship, peace between peoples, and living in parallel forever (as long as the grass is green, as long as the rivers flow downhill and as long as the sun rises in the east and sets in the west).

double bind

This __________ works as follows: indigenous sovereigns, such as American Indian tribal nations, require economic resources to exercise sovereignty, and their revenues often derive from their governmental rights; however, once they exercise economic power, the legitimacy of indigenous sovereignty and citizenship is challenged within settler society.

"special rights"

________ is a term originally used by conservatives and libertarians to refer to laws granting rights to one or more groups that are not extended to other groups. Ideas of ________ are controversial, as they clash with the principle of equality before the law. The __________ argument can be applied to the laws that lets native peoples do things that regular citizens can't (I.E. having a casino of private property etc)

ecologically noble Indian

a stereotype of an indian that assumes that each indian is a conservationist and therefore has to support environmental conservation to actually be considered an indian.

Wampanoag

also called Massasoit[1] and also rendered Wôpanâak, are a Native American people in North America. They were a loose confederacy made up of several tribes. Many Wampanoag people today are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, or four state-recognized tribes in Massachusetts.

moiety

also called dual organization, form of social organization characterized by the division of society into two complementary parts called "_____." Most often, ______ are groups that are exogamous, or outmarrying, that are of unilineal descent (tracing ancestry through either the male or female line, but not both), and that have complementary roles in society. For instance, members of the Raven and Wolf _____ in Tlingit culture traditionally performed certain tasks, such as preparing funerals, for each other.

hunting

an important part of northern Athapaskan life - ______ is there way of providing for themselves and the food they ________ is called indian food. Conservationists try to stop this practice for ecological reasons but Indians have time and time again explained that their need to _____ is rooted in their religion and is their way of thanking the environment for providing for them.

Seneca

are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League (Haudenosaunee) in New York before the American Revolution. In the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes. Two are in New York: the Seneca Nation of New York, with two reservations in western New York near Buffalo; and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Native Americans.

Haudenosaunee

are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the "Iroquois League," and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy," and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722), and later as the "Six Nations," comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples.

gaming compact

are declared necessary for any Class III gaming on reservations under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA). They were designed to allow tribal and state governments to come to a "business" agreement.

residential schools

boarding schools that native american children where forced to go to. Their purpose was to integrate the native children into white/european culture. This was accomplished by removing an Indian culture from the children lives.

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA)

is a 1988 United States federal law that establishes the jurisdictional framework that governs Indian gaming. There was no federal gaming structure before this act.The stated purposes of the act include providing a legislative basis for the operation/regulation of Indian gaming, protecting gaming as a means of generating revenue for the tribes, encouraging economic development of these tribes, and protecting the enterprises from negative influences (such as organized crime).

Public Law 280

is a federal statute enacted by Congress in 1953. It enabled states to assume criminal, as well as civil, jurisdiction in matters involving Indians as litigants on reservation land. Previous to the enactment of _________, these matters were dealt with in either tribal and/or federal court.

northern Athapaskan

is a geographic sub-grouping of the Athabaskan language family spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of North America, particularly in Alaska (Alaskan Athabaskans), the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.

Jessie Little Doe Baird

is a linguist known for her efforts to revive the Wampanoag language. She received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2010. According to Wampanoag prophecy, a Wampanoag woman would leave her home to bring back the language and "the children of those who had had a hand in breaking the language cycle would help heal it." In 1993, Baird began teaching the Wôpanâak language at tribal sites in Mashpee and Aquinnah.

Treaty of Canandaigua

is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington representing the United States of America. It was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy (including the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribes), and by Timothy Pickering, official agent of President George Washington. The treaty established peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Six Nations, and affirmed Haudenosaunee land rights in the state of New York, and the boundaries established by the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1788.

Covenant Chain

is embodied in the Two Row Wampum of the Iroquois. It was based in agreements negotiated between Dutch settlers in New Netherland (present-day New York) and the Five Nations of the Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee) early in the 17th century. Their emphasis was on trade with the Native Americans.

cultural relativism

is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another.

Kennewick Man

is the name generally given to the skeletal remains of a prehistoric Paleoamerican man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, United States, on July 28, 1996. The discovery of the remains led to considerable controversy for more than a decade. The Umatilla people and other tribes have wanted the remains returned to them for reburial under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA).

repatriation

is the process of returning an asset, an item of symbolic value or a person - voluntarily or forcibly - to its owner or their place of origin or citizenship.

salvage ethnography

is the recording of the practices and folklore of cultures threatened with extinction, including as a result of modernization. It is generally associated with the American anthropologist Franz Boas; he and his students aimed to record vanishing Native American cultures.

Peacemaker and Hiawatha

the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy. This is a political and cultural union of five Iroquoian-speaking Native American tribes residing in the present-day state of New York and northern Pennsylvania. The union created a powerful alliance of related Iroquoian peoples around the Great Lakes.

proletarianization

the social process whereby people move from being either an employer or self-employed (or rarely unemployed), to being employed as wage labor by an employer. the boarding school system helped facilitate the ____________ process by equipping native youths with education and vocational skills

luck (in hunting)

there is no such thing as "luck" in hunting. Animals give themselves up to the hunter so seeing an animal is not lucky, and refusing to take that animal is rude and unfair to the animal itself.

mixed economy

this is in reference to native communities that both have jobs with hourly pay like the western european culture and also have hunters that spend their days without a regular pay.

blood quantum

used to regulate who can be labeled as a native american. Different tribes have different qualifications / percentages to classify. A person's _______ (aka BQ) is defined as the percentage of their ancestors, out of their total ancestors, who are documented as full-blood Native Americans. For instance, a person who has one parent who is a full-blood Native American, and one who has no Native ancestry, has a blood quantum of 1/2.

California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians

was a case before the United States Supreme Court on the development of Native American gaming. The Supreme Court's decision effectively overturned the existing laws restricting gaming/gambling on U.S. Indian reservations. If California's regulatory laws prohibited gambling on a criminal basis, then it is likely Public Law 280 would have given the State of California the authority to enforce them on tribal lands. However, if as the Cabazon Band argued, California's laws on gambling were civil regulatory laws, then the tribal lands would not in fact fall under the lawful jurisdiction of the state.

Bryan v. Itasca County

was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state did not have the right to assess a tax on the property of a Native American (Indian) living on tribal land absent a specific Congressional grant of authority to do so. Bryan has become a landmark case that has led to Indian gaming on reservations and altered the economic status of almost every Indian tribe.

Sullivan-Clinton campaign

was an extended systematic military campaign during the American Revolutionary War against Loyalists ("Tories") and the four Amerindian nations of the Iroquois which had sided with the British. The campaign ordered and organized by George Washington[notes 1] and his staff was conducted chiefly in the lands of the Iroquois Confederacy "taking the war home to the enemy to break their morale", and the expedition was largely successful in that goal as they destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages and stores of winter crops, breaking the power of the six nations in New York all the way to the Great Lakes, as the terrified Indian families relocated to Canada seeking protection of the British. Today this area is the heartland of New York State, and with the military power of the Iroquois vanquished,[notes 2] the events also opened up the vast Ohio Country, the Great Lakes regions,[notes 3] Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky to post-war settlements.

Cayuga

was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), a confederacy of Native Americans in New York. The Cayuga homeland lay in the Finger Lakes region along Cayuga Lake, between their league neighbors, the Onondaga to the east and the Seneca to the west. Today Cayuga people belong to the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation in Ontario, and the federally recognized Cayuga Nation of New York and the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma.

Long Time Ago stories

what the creation stories are called. each tribe / group's explanation of the beginning of time can vary.