Final Exam Study Quizzes Questions + Answers

Which of these is a pair of isotopes? -O2 and O3 -Cl-35 and Cl-37 -F and Cl -Na+ and Na

-Cl-35 and Cl-37

What is happening that is disturbing the natural nitrogen cycle? -NO3- is being consumed too quickly by plants. -Ammonia is no longer available as a fertilizer. -Excess reactive nitrogen is being added to the atmosphere via NOx emissions. -N2 is being removed from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

-Excess reactive nitrogen is being added to the atmosphere via NOx emissions.

The ANC (acid-neutralizing capacity) value of a lake -predicts how much base should be added to the lake to neutralize the acid rain. -estimates the cost of returning the lake to its optimum pH. -indicates the ability of a lake to resist change in pH when acids are added. -is equivalent to the pH of the lake water.

-indicates the ability of a lake to resist change in pH when acids are added.

How many moles of NaCl are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M aqueous solution of NaCl? -0.30 mol -0.60 mol -1.2 mol -2.4 mol

0.30 mol

Assuming we can isolate a small, finite number of atoms or molecules and weigh them, which would have the greatest mass? -3 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) -10 molecules of water (H2O) -1 atom of uranium (U) -2 atoms of strontium (Sr)

1 atom of uranium (U)

Which list is in order of increasing concentration? -1 % < 1 ppm < 1 ppb -1 ppb < 1 ppm < 1% -1 ppm < 1 ppb < 1% -1 ppm < 1% < 1 ppb

1 ppb < 1 ppm < 1%

Beer is a complex aqueous solution. For example, one liter of a certain beer contains 62 g of ethanol. What is the approximate molarity of ethanol in this beer? -1.3 M -0.6 M -7 M -62 M

1.3 M

How many grams of CO2 are needed to have exactly 3.0 x 102 mol of CO2? -3.0 x 102 g -1.8 x 1026 g -6.6 x 103 g -1.3 x 104 g

1.3 x 104 g

In a tropical rain forest, the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere may reach 50,000 ppm. What is this value expressed as a percent? - 0.5 % -0.05 % -5 % -50 %

5%

How many atoms are in 0.35 mol of CO2? -6.3 x 1023 -2.1 x 1023 -1.7 x 10-24 -5.8 x 10-25

6.3 x 1023

One serving of a snack labeled as providing 150 Cal per serving provides _______ kJ? -280 -150 -630 -36

630

Which statement is correct? -International response to global warming resulted in the Montreal Protocol. -Global warming is an effect observed mainly in the stratosphere. -Eliminating the production of CFCs was an effective remedy for global warming. -A credible consequence of global warming is altered climate.

A credible consequence of global warming is altered climate.

Bond formation always _______ energy; it is an ________ process. -requires, endothermic -requires, exothermic -releases, endothermic -releases, exothermic

releases, exothermic

A solution that has a pH of 6 is -slightly basic. -very acidic. -slightly acidic. -very basic.

slightly acidic

"Like dissolves like" implies that -solvents dissolve solutes that have similar molecular weights. -solvents dissolve solutes that have similar polarity. -ionic salts only dissolve in other ionic salts. -solvents dissolve solutes that contain the same kinds of atoms.

solvents dissolve solutes that have similar polarity.

Which region of the atmosphere contains the "good" ozone that helps to protect us from ultraviolet rays? -troposphere -stratosphere -mesosphere -ionosphere

stratosphere

Which elements are paired correctly with these chemical symbols? S, Si, Au? -silver, silicon, gold -sulfur, silver, gold -sulfur, silicon, gold -sulfur, silicon, silver

sulfur, silicon, gold

Which example is incorrectly paired with its category? -air in lecture room, mixture -smoke from a campfire, mixture -table salt, element -sugar in packet, compound

table salt, element

"Peak oil" refers to -the maximum consumption of crude oil. -any crude oil recovered from mountains. -the time of maximum production of crude oil. -the highest quality crude oil.

the time of maximum production of crude oil.

Which region of the atmosphere contains ground-level ozone, that is, the "bad" ozone? -mesosphere -troposphere -ionosphere -stratosphere

troposphere

Which is not a fossil fuel? -coal -uranium -natural gas -petroleum

uranium

Arrays of photovoltaic cells are essential for space applications, but cannot be used on the surface of the earth. an old technology that has proven to be impractical. used in many countries, including the U.S., to produce electricity. an idea only for the future because of the cost involved in producing the cells.

used in many countries, including the U.S., to produce electricity.

Explosives are chemicals that give off a great deal of heat (and often gas) when detonated. Reactions in which reactant molecules have _________ bonds and product molecules have ______ bonds release the most energy. -strong, strong -weak, weak -weak, weak -weak, strong

weak, strong

A major advantage of a fuel cell over a lead-acid battery is that a fuel cell will not run down like a battery as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. produces more fuel than it consumes. is 100% efficient at generating electricity, but a battery is less than 1% efficient. generates electricity without the need for an oxidation-reduction reaction.

will not run down like a battery as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.

Once initiated by a neutron, the fission of U-235 can proceed by many pathways. One pathway produces Sr-90, three neutrons, and an isotope of the element _____. plutonium (Pu) xenon (Xe) thorium (Th) antimony (Sb)

xenon (Xe)

Which model offers a reasonable explanation for the process of beta decay? -A gamma ray becomes a neutron and a proton. The neutron is emitted, and the proton remains in the nucleus. -A proton becomes an electron and a neutron. The electron is emitted and the neutron remains in the nucleus. -An electron from the nucleus is emitted. -A neutron becomes an electron and a proton. The electron is emitted, and the proton remains in the nucleus.

A neutron becomes an electron and a proton. The electron is emitted, and the proton remains in the nucleus.

How do the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a neutral atom of Ag-109 compare with those of Ag-107? -Both have the same number of protons and neutrons, but Ag-107 has two more electrons. -Both have the same number of neutrons and electrons, but Ag-109 has two more protons. -Both have the same number of protons and electrons, but Ag-109 has two more neutrons. -Both have the same number of neutrons, but Ag-109 has two more protons and two more electrons.

Both have the same number of protons and electrons, but Ag-109 has two more neutrons.

Which country has shown the greatest percentage increase in CO2 emissions in the time period between 1950 and 2000? -United States -China -Poland -Germany

China

The symbol for the isotope that contains 20 neutrons and 17 protons is _______. -Cl-37 -Rb-20 -Ca-37 -Rb-17

Cl-37

The countries generating the highest percentage of their electricity with nuclear power are located in North America. Europe. Africa. Asia.

Europe

Which of these substances can neutralize ammonia? -NaOH -CH4 -SO42- -H2SO4

H2SO4

Sulfuric acid can dissociate (ionize) to release two hydrogen ions. Which equation shows this process? -H2SO4(aq)→ H2O(l) + SO3(g) -H2SO4(aq)→ H+(aq) + H2SO4-(aq) -H2SO4(aq)→ 2 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) -H2SO4(aq)→ 2 H+(aq) + S6+(aq) + 4 O2-(aq)

H2SO4(aq)→ 2 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Which is not a redox reaction? CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)→CO2(g) + 2 H2O (l) Zn(s) + 2 MnO2(s) + H2O (l)→ Zn(OH)2(s) + Mn2O3(s) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 4 Al4(s) + 3 O2(g)→ 6 H2O(l) + 4 Al(OH)3(s)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Which factors should be considered when deciding which greenhouse gases to target for control? I. greenhouse factor II. relative abundance III. atmospheric lifetime

I, II, and III

Gasohol is a mixture of ethanol and petroleum-based products that can be used as an alternative fuel for cars. Which statements are considered disadvantages for increased use of gasohol? I. Ethanol can be produced from renewable resources, such as corn and switch grass. II. Use of corn for fuel may limit the availability of corn for food. III. Complete combustion of gasohol produces greenhouse gases. IV. Decreased dependence on foreign oil.

II and III only

Which process will help reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere? I. increase clear cutting of forests II. car pooling rather than driving individual cars III. using more renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar power IV. generating more electricity with nuclear power

II, III, IV only

Which statement comparing inhaled and exhaled air is true? -Inhaled air contains more oxygen than exhaled air. -Inhaled air contains more water vapor than exhaled air. -Inhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than exhaled air. -Inhaled air contains more argon than exhaled air

Inhaled air contains more oxygen than exhaled air.

Ground-level ozone (in the troposphere) is "bad" for all these reasons except one. Which one? -It can aggravate existing asthma. -It can cause lung cancer. -It can damage vegetation. -It can cause a burning sensation in your eyes

It can cause lung cancer.

Which mechanism(s) help explain how lead ions find their way into drinking water? -Residual lead (lead salts) from "leaded" gasoline that was burned during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s dissolved into the ground water and are still around today. -Lead is leached from the soil as the result of chlorine in the water. The process forms lead chloride salts. -All of these are primary mechanisms for the delivery of lead into drinking water. -Lead in pipes or connections between pipes contaminate city and household supplies.

Lead in pipes or connections between pipes contaminate city and household supplies.

As the lithium-iodide cell, Li + 1/2 I2→ LiI, discharges, lithium is oxidized and iodine is reduced. Which is the correct oxidation half-reaction? Li → Li+ + e- Li+ + e-→ Li Li + e-→ Li+ Li+→ Li + e-

Li → Li+ + e-

Reactive forms of nitrogen such the ammonium ion and the nitrate ion are needed for plant growth. What are the chemical formulas of these two ions? -NH4+ and NO3- -NH3+ and NO32- -NH4+ and NO32- -NH3+ and NO3-

NH4+ and NO3-

Which compound, when present in the troposphere, is involved in the formation of ozone? -CO -CO2 -NO -SO2

NO

Which statement is true about the formation of the pollutant NO2 in the atmosphere? -NO2 is emitted directly to the atmosphere from power plants. -NO2 forms slowly in the atmosphere from the NO emitted by vehicles. -NO2 is emitted directly to the atmosphere from automobile engines. -NO2 forms slowly in the atmosphere from ozone.

NO2 forms slowly in the atmosphere from the NO emitted by vehicles.

Which is the most polar bond? -OH -CH -SH -ClCl

OH

Which statement was considered "very unlikely" in the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)? -Increased carbon dioxide levels are correlated with global warming. -Observed global warming over the past 100 years is due solely to natural climatic variability. -Arctic sea ice thickness has been declining significantly, an indication of global warming. -The 1990s were the warmest decade on record, an indication of global warming.

Observed global warming over the past 100 years is due solely to natural climatic variability.

How are HDPE and LDPE different? One is more highly branched than the other. They are made from different monomers. One is made by addition polymerization, one by condensation polymerization. Only one of these is a member of the "Big Six."

One is more highly branched than the other.

Clear plastic beverage bottles are likely to be made of PET HDPE LDPE PVC

PET

Which is not formed by addition polymerization? LDPE; low density polyethylene PET; polyethylene terephthalate PVC; polyvinyl chloride PS; polystyrene

PET; polyethylene terephthalate

What are polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)? -PSCs are thin clouds that form in the stratosphere, often containing CFCs. -PSCs are very dense clouds that form in the stratosphere, often containing ice crystals, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid. -PSCs are very dense clouds that form only in Antarctica, obscuring visibility because the embedded ice crystals. -PSCs are thin clouds that form in the stratosphere, often containing ice crystals.

PSCs are thin clouds that form in the stratosphere, often containing ice crystals.

Which plastic is least likely to be recycled curbside in the United States? PET PVC All are likely to be recycled HDPE

PVC

Plastic pipes used in building construction are most likely to be PS, polystyrene HDPE, polyethylene PVC, polyvinyl chloride PP, polypropylene

PVC, polyvinyl chloride

Which statement about Pu-239 is correct? -Pu-239 is fissionable, but cannot be recovered from spent fuel rods. -Pu-239 is fissionable and has the potential to be recovered from spent fuel rods and used for weapons. -Pu-239 is not fissionable, but it is useful in hospitals to treat cancer. -Pu-239 is not fissionable so there is no weapons market for it.

Pu-239 is fissionable and has the potential to be recovered from spent fuel rods and used for weapons.

In managing solid waste (such as plastics), which method is preferred? Reducing the sources of the waste Incinerating the waste Recycling and composting the waste Creating landfills for the waste

Reducing the sources of the waste

Which two substances can acidify rain? -CO(g) and NO(g) -SO2(g) and NO2(g) -SO2(g) and O3(g) -NH3(g) and CO2(g)

SO2(g) and NO2(g)

The correct formula and charge for the sulfite ion is _______. -SO32- -SO42- -SO3- -SO4-

SO32-

What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable? Either the anode or the cathode must generate a gas as a result of the electrochemical reaction. The battery must be open to the outside so that internal pressure will not build up. The battery must generate electricity using an acid-base reaction rather than using an oxidation-reduction reaction. The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible.

The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible.

Which is NOT an advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel as compared to fossil fuels? Hydrogen has about 3 times the energy content per gram compared to the best fossil fuels. With current technology, H2 is a renewable resource. Hydrogen gas has very few of the impurities responsible for the production of acid rain. Combustion products are less harmful to the environment

With current technology, H2 is a renewable resource.

In the U.S., the largest non-natural source of a persons annual dose of radiation is radiation from nuclear power plants. X-rays used for medical purposes. fallout from testing of nuclear weapons. consumer products, such as smoke detectors.

X-rays used for medical purposes.

In which of these is energy created by a spontaneous chemical reaction and then converted into electrical energy? a hydroelectric cell an electrolytic cell a solar cell a galvanic cell

a galvanic cell

Which elements are paired correctly with these chemical symbols? Ca, C, Cl, Co? -carbon, calcium, chlorine, cobalt -calcium, carbon, chlorine, copper -carbon, calcium, chlorine, copper -calcium, carbon, chlorine, cobalt

calcium, carbon, chlorine, cobalt

If a hydrocarbon is burned under the conditions where oxygen is plentiful, water vapor and ___________ are the most likely products. -carbon monoxide -soot -particulate matter -carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

Which of these gases is not hazardous to breath in low concentration? -nitrogen dioxide -sulfur dioxide -carbon monoxide -carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

As of 2008, the major end use of crude oil in the U.S. is -making plastics. -home heating oil. -jet fuel. -gasoline.

gasoline

As of 2008, which is the major end use of crude oil in the United States? -jet fuel -gasoline -manufacturing plastics -lubricants

gasoline

The largest percent of the Earth's fresh water supply is found in -the atmosphere as clouds. -the oceans. -ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater. -ground water.

ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater

NO(g) and NO2(g) (collectively termed NOx) are -not found naturally in the atmosphere -important chemicals in the nitrogen cycle of our planet -not involved in acid rain because they are not acids -less reactive chemicals than N2(g)

important chemicals in the nitrogen cycle of our planet

Most of the Earth's fresh water supply is found -in the world's oceans. -as clouds in the atmosphere. -in plant material, such as tree roots. -in ice caps, glaciers, and ground water.

in ice caps, glaciers, and ground water.

Fuel economy of cars and trucks in the U.S. -has been nearly constant since 1973. -increased in the mid-1970s and has held relatively constant since. -has continually decreased since 1973. -has continually increased since 1973

increased in the mid-1970s and has held relatively constant since.

The largest percentage of energy from the Sun comes to Earth in the form of -infrared radiation. -visible radiation. -ultraviolet radiation. -microwave radiation

infrared radiation

Although water evaporates fairly easily, it is not considered a VOC (volatile organic compound) because -it is neither organic nor a compound -it is not organic -it is not volatile -it is neither volatile nor a compound

it is not organic

What type of electrochemical device is used in the standard gasoline-powered automobile shown below? methanol-based fuels fusion-based reactors lead-acid storage batteries photovoltaic cells

lead-acid storage batteries

Which of these substances is expected to have the lowest pH? -lemon juice -sea water -chocolate milk -household ammonia

lemon juice

The primary source of energy in a nuclear power plant is the ________ of uranium. alpha decay beta decay gamma decay nuclear fission

nuclear fission

Which of these is not a natural polymer? spider web silk nylon cellulose

nylon

How many non-bonded electron pairs are on the oxygen atom in the Lewis structure for carbon monoxide, CO? -one -three -two -four

one

Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes everything you discard or throw into your trash. The largest single item in MSW in the United States is paper grass clippings and yard trimmings plastic food materials

paper

Which isotope is not in the natural decay series of U-238? plutonium-239 radon-222 all three are in the natural decay series of U-238. lead-206

plutonium-239

Here is the repeating unit for Dacron is a popular synthetic fabric. What is the name of this class of polymer? polyglycol polyamide polyester polyethylene

polyester

Many popular synthetic fabrics are condensation polymers with this linkage. What is its name? polycarbonate polypeptide polyethylene polyester

polyester

Which incorrectly pairs a polymer with the type of bond that it forms? polyethylene, ester nylon, amide PET, ester protein, amide (peptide)

polyethylene, ester

A lake sample has a pH of 6.45 The [H+] in the sample is between -10-6 and 10-7 M -10-4 and 10-5 M -10-4 and 10-5 M -10-5 and 10-6 M

10-6 and 10-7 M

Which of these types of solar radiation has the least potential for damage to biological systems? -infrared -microwave -X-ray -ultraviolet

microwave

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is highly versatile in its uses as a plastic. Which of these is not a use of PVC? clear plastic shower curtains pipe for plumbing vinyl siding on houses milk jugs

milk jugs

The carbon cycle refers to the -conversion of C6H12O2 (glucose) to CO2 in the process of photosynthesis. -trapping of CO2 in deep ocean waters. -movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the Earth. -mechanism by which CO2 causes global warming

movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the Earth.

Which is a fossil fuel? -ethanol -uranium -wood -natural gas

natural gas

Which is the experimental bond angle in a water molecule? -109.5o -90o -180o -104.5o

104.5

Which is characteristic of a solution? -The solute must be a solid and the solvent a liquid. -Only one solute can be present in a given amount of solvent. -The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by simple filtration. -The solute and solvent are present in equal amounts

The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by simple filtration.

Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes (buckyballs), all forms of carbon, are examples of -catalysts. -isotopes. -allotropes. -structural isomers

allotropes

The air pollutant SO2 is responsible for much, if not most, of the acid rain around the globe. Which statement is false? -SO2 can dissolve in rain to form the acid H2SO3. -An anthropogenic (human) source of SO2 is refining (smelting) metal ores. -Natural sources of SO2 include volcanic emissions and hot springs. -None of these statements are false; all are true.

-None of these statements are false; all are true.

You have a sample of radioactive iodine-131 (half-life = 8 days). If 24 days (3 half-lives) were to pass, then _____ of its radioactivity would remain. 1/8 1/4 1/24 1/3

1/8

Why don't modern fossil fuel power plants operate at or near 100% efficiency? -100% efficiency is impossible; Organized energy is always being transformed into random motion (such as heat) which limits efficiency. -100% efficiency is impossible. One of the driving forces for any chemical reaction is the release of heat energy. -Although 100% efficiency is possible, it is too expensive to design the plant to operate at this level. -Although 100% efficiency is possible, the Law of Conservation of Energy governs the conversion of energy from one form to another

100% efficiency is impossible; Organized energy is always being transformed into random motion (such as heat) which limits efficiency.

Based on the number of electron pairs around the central oxygen atom in a water molecule the predicted H-to-O-to-H bond angle is -180o -120o -90o -109.5o

109.5

The half-life of C-14 is 5470 years. If a particular archaeological sample has one-quarter of its original radioactivity remaining, what is the best estimate for its age? 5720 years 2860 years 11,400 years 1430 years

11,400 years

A chloride ion contains _________ protons, ________ electrons, and has a net charge of ________. -17, 16, 1+ -16, 17, 1- -18, 11, 1+ -17, 18, 1-

17, 18, 1-

Scientists have estimated the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years, based on ice core samples from Antarctica. What do they look at in these samples to make this estimation? -magnetic alignment -layer thickness -CO2 concentration -1H / 2H ratio

1H/2H ratio

Which chemical equation shows the combustion of a hydrocarbon under conditions in which oxygen is limited (i.e., incomplete combustion)? -C6H12O6→ 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 -C2H4 + 3 O2→ 2 CO2 + 2 H2O -2 C8H18 + 17 O2→ 16 CO + 18 H2O -C2H4 + H2→ C2H6

2 C8H18 + 17 O2→ 16 CO + 18 H2O

Which equation shows how acids can dissolve limestone or marble? -2 H+(aq) + CaCO3(s)→ Ca2+(aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) -Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)→ CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) -SO2(g) + H2O(l)→ H2SO3(aq) -HNO3(aq)→ H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

2 H+(aq) + CaCO3(s)→ Ca2+(aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)

Catalytic converters for automobiles were originally developed to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Which chemical equation represents the second function of a modern catalytic converter that is tied to reducing acid rain? -2 CO(g) + O2(g)→ 2CO2(g) -CO2(g)→ C (g) + O2(g) -2 NO(g) + O2(g)→ 2 NO2(g) -2 NO(g)→ N2(g) + O2(g)

2 NO(g)→ N2(g) + O2(g)

A calcium ion contains ______ protons, ________ electrons, and has a net charge of ______. -20, 18, 2- -20, 22, 2- -20, 18, 2+ -20, 22, 2+

20, 18, 2+

If this equation for the complete combustion of ethanol is balanced with whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient for O2? __ C2H5OH + __ O2→ __ CO2 + __ H2O -3 -5 -7 -1

3

Caffeine has the formula C8H10N4O2. How many molecules are in 10.0 g of pure caffeine? (The molar mass of C8H10N4O2 is 194 g/mol.) -1.2 x 1027 -8.6 x 10-26 -3.1 x 1022 -6.0 x 1024

3.1 x 1022

Calculate the energy change associated with breaking all of the bonds in ethanol, C2H5OH. -2883 kJ -2772 kJ -1574 kJ -3239 kJ

3239 kJ

Strontium-90 (atomic number = 38) decays by beta emission. The atomic number of the resulting nucleus is ___________ and its atomic mass is _________. 37, 90 38, 90 39, 91 39, 90

39, 90

The formula for wintergreen is C8H8O3. How many molecules are in 10.0 g of pure C8H8O3? (The molar mass of C8H8O3 is 152 g/mol.) -6.0 x 1024 -6.6 x 10-22 -4.0 x 1022 -9.2 x 1025

4.0 x 1022

In the atmosphere, CO2 is still under 0.04%, but increasing each year. What is this value expressed in parts per million? -0.4 ppm -400 ppm -40 ppm -4 ppm

400 ppm

The half-life of C-14 is 5715 years. If a particular archaeological sample has three-quarters of its original radioactivity remaining, what is the best estimate for its age? 2860 years 1430 years 4290 years 5720 years

4290 years

What is the molar mass of CO2? -14 g/mol -28 g/mol -38 g/mol -44 g/mol

44 g/mol

What is the molar mass of CH3OCH3? -57.02 g/mol -46.06 g/mol -59.45 g/mol -45.35 g/mol

46.06 g/mol

Assuming that no new C-14 was added, after how many half-lives would the level of the radioactivity in a sample of C-14 drop to less than 1% of its initial value? 7 6 5 4

7

If the concentration of H+(aq) in an aqueous solution is 1 x 10-9 M, what is the pH of the solution? -1 -5 -10 -9

9

The U-235 nucleus contains ____ protons and ____ neutrons. 92, 143 235, 92 143, 92 92, 235

92, 143

The nucleus of Pu-242 contains ______ protons and ______ neutrons. -242, 94 -148, 94 -94, 238 -94, 148

94, 148

How much energy will be required to break the bonds in one mole of nitrogen gas, N2? -428 kJ -160 kJ -946 kJ -578 kJ

946 kJ

Which best represents the problem of acid rain? -Acid rain is a somewhat straightforward problem that can be solved by a combination of actions, especially by industry. -Acid rain is a simple problem that can be solved by individual action. -Acid rain is a somewhat complex problem but can be solved in a straightforward manner by not burning coal. -Acid rain is a complex problem and will require many different individual and collective actions to solve

Acid rain is a complex problem and will require many different individual and collective actions to solve.

How do scientists know how concentration of carbon dioxide has changed if atmospheric data from the last several thousand years are not available? -Air bubbles trapped in the sedimentary layers on the ocean floor have been analyzed for CO2. -Ice cores have been analyzed for the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12. -Current measurements are combined with information from magnetic fields in dinosaur bones. -Computer modeling of the composition of primitive atmospheres has produced the data.

Air bubbles trapped in the sedimentary layers on the ocean floor have been analyzed for CO2.

Which do not affect climate modeling and predictions of global warming? -sunspots and solar flares -meteorological factors like wind and clouds -All of these do have an effect. -volcanoes and the dust that they generate

All of these do have an effect.

If somebody stops five people on the street and asks them about nitrogen (or sulfur) emissions, we hope they will report that reducing these is an exceedingly cost-effective investment. Why? -There will be noticeably fewer illnesses and deaths from air pollution. -All of theses (you guessed it!) -There will be better visibility and less haze in many areas -There will be less upset to the nitrogen cycle of our planet.

All of theses (you guessed it!)

Why do we burn natural gas and gasoline as fuels but not H2? There are no known methods for storing and transporting H2 safely. H2 has about the lowest heat of combustion of any potential fuel, much lower than that of natural gas or gasoline. Burning H2 produces significantly more pollutants than burning natural gas or gasoline. Although hydrogen is abundant, pure H2 is not found naturally on Earth. It is expensive and difficult to separate from its common compounds.

Although hydrogen is abundant, pure H2 is not found naturally on Earth. It is expensive and difficult to separate from its common compounds.

Which is true concerning chlorine molecules in water? -Chlorine reacts with cations in water to make it taste better. -Chlorine serves as an inexpensive, easily delivered, and persistent anti-bacterial in water. -Both statements A and B are true. -Chlorine reacts with small, naturally-occurring molecules in water to form halogenated organics.

Both statements A and B are true

How are MCLG (maximum contaminant level goal) and MCL (maximum contaminant level) values related for a carcinogenic drinking water pollutant such as benzene? -The MCL values are regularly lowered, making it impossible to identify any common relationship between the MCLG and MCL values. -The MCL value will be set to zero, but the MCLG value will take into account the technical and financial barriers to meeting health goals, so will typically be somewhat higher. -Both the MCLG and the MCL values must both be set to zero. -The MCLG value will be set to zero, but the MCL value will take into account the technical and financial barriers to meeting health goals, so will typically be somewhat higher.

Both the MCLG and the MCL values must both be set to zero.

In terms of the paper vs. plastic grocery debate, which makes the most sense? Use plastic to reduce the waste stream Use paper because it is a renewable resource Use paper to avoid a petroleum-based product Bring a reusable grocery bag

Bring a reusable grocery bag

Which equation represents cracking, the production of more useful molecular weight fractions from crude oil? -C4H10 + C3H6 + catalyst → C7H16 -CH2CH2 + H2O + catalyst → CH3CH2OH -2 C2H6 + 7 O2 + catalyst → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O -C16H34 + catalyst → C8H18 + C8H16

C16H34 + catalyst → C8H18 + C8H16

Which equation represents the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? -C6H12O6(s) ----> 2 C2H5OH (l) + 2 CO2(g) + heat -2 C8H18(l) + 17 O2(g) ----> 16 CO (g) + 18 H2O (g) + heat -C2H4(g) + H2(g) ----> C2H6(g) + heat -C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) ----> 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O (g) + heat

C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) ----> 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O (g) + heat

Here is the monomer used to make polystyrene. What is its chemical formula? C8H8 . C8H9 C2H3 C8H3

C8H8 .

Which group is found in all monomers that undergo polymerization?

C=C

Consider this information about two greenhouse gases: N2O and CCl2F2. The gas N2O has a greenhouse factor of 160 and an abundance in the troposphere of 3.0 x 10-5%. CCl2F2 has a greenhouse factor of 25000 and an abundance in the troposphere of 4.8 x 10-8%. Which statement is correct? -CCl2F2 is a less effective greenhouse gas, and there is more of it in the troposphere. -CCl2F2 is a less effective greenhouse gas, and there is less of it in the troposphere. -CCl2F2 is a more effective greenhouse gas, and there is less of it in the troposphere. -CCl2F2 is a more effective greenhouse gas, and there is more of it in the troposphere.

CCl2F2 is a more effective greenhouse gas, and there is less of it in the troposphere.

HFCs are being developed to replace CFCs. Which of these compounds is a HFC? -CCl2F2 -CF3CH2F -CH3CFCl2 -CCl3CFCl2

CF3CH2F

Which statement concerning CFCs is true? -CFCs were replaced because they are toxic and flammable. -CFCs can release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere. -All CFCs contain only carbon, fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen. -CFCs cannot be used under any circumstances in the U.S

CFCs can release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere.

Consider the single bond energy values: H-H = 436 kJ/mol; C-H = 416 kJ/mol; N-H = 391 kJ/mol; O-H = 467 kJ/mol. Which molecule would require the greatest amount of energy to break into its component atoms? -H2 -CH4 -NH3 -H2O

CH4

Which equation for the complete combustion of methane is balanced? -2 CH4 + O2→ H2O + 2 CO2 -CH4 + O2→ H2O + CO2 -CH4 + 2 O2→ 2 H2O + CO2 -2 CH4 + 2 O2→ 2 H2O + CO2

CH4 + 2 O2→ 2 H2O + CO2

In the United States as of 2007, air quality standards were set for all of these gases except for which one? -CO -SO2 -O3 -CO2

CO2

Which compound dissolves in water produce an acid? -NH3 -CO -CH4 -CO2

CO2

Which ranks the gasses in the troposphere in order of increasing concentration? -CO2 < Ar < O2< N2 -Ar < CO2< N2< O2 -Ar < CO2< O2< N2 -CO2< Ar < N2< O2

CO2 < Ar < O2< N2

Which equation represents a neutralization reaction? -Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)→ CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) -2 H+(aq) + CaCO3(s)→ Ca2+(aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) -SO2(g) + H2O(l)→ H2SO3(aq) -HNO3(aq)→ H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)→ CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Ions of which atoms and molecules are responsible for hard water? -Ca, Mg, Fe salts of bicarbonate and sulfate -NaCO3, borate, phosphate -All of these ions are responsible for a "hard" water designation -soap ions

Ca, Mg, Fe salts of bicarbonate and sulfate

Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl (aq)→ ______ + 2 H2O(l) -CaHCl(aq) -Ca(OH)2(aq) -CaCl2(aq) -CaCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq)

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear ones? -Clouds absorb ultraviolet light from the sun, and then reradiate this heat energy to Earth. -Clouds are made up of water vapor, a greenhouse gas. -Clouds have a high concentration of CO2, a greenhouse gas. -Clouds reflect light from the moon

Clouds are made up of water vapor, a greenhouse gas.

Which factor helps explain why the concentration of carbon monoxide found indoors can be higher than the concentration found outdoors, even if no one smokes indoors? -Soil or rocks under the house may release carbon monoxide. -Faulty furnaces or space heaters may be emitting carbon monoxide. -New carpets may be releasing carbon monoxide, which is responsible for the "new carpet" odor. -Plants may be emitting carbon monoxide as part of their photosynthetic processes.

Faulty furnaces or space heaters may be emitting carbon monoxide.

Haze in natural areas such as the Great Smoky Mountain National Park is linked to acid precipitation. The haze is caused by aerosol particles that contain -NO2 suspended in water droplets. -water droplets that are pure H2O. -H2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4HSO4, suspended in water droplets. -SO2 suspended in water droplets.

H2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4HSO4, suspended in water droplets.

White translucent plastic milk jugs and the plastic containers to hold household ammonia and vinegar are most likely to be made of PVC HDPE LDPE PET

HDPE

The plastic used for laundry detergent bottles is most likely to be PS, polystyrene PP, polypropylene HDPE, polyethylene PVC, polyvinyl chloride

HDPE, polyethylene

KOH(aq) + ________ → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l) -H+(aq) -KNO3(aq) -NO3--(aq) -HNO3(aq)

HNO3(aq)

Rank these covalent bonds in order of increasing polarity. -H—O < H—S < H—N -H—N < H—S < H—O -H—N < H—O < H—S -H—S < H—N < H—O

H—S < H—N < H—O

Many feel the future will hold an increased reliance on nuclear power for producing electricity in the U.S. Which factor(s) support that view? I. Good safety record in U.S. II. Need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels III. Potential for catastrophic accidents IV. No long-range shortage of fuel for nuclear reactors

I & II

Which factor(s) support the use of nuclear power in the United States? I. excellent record of safety II. concerns about global warming III. rising crude oil prices IV. concerns about long-term storage of waste

I, II, III

Which are advantages of using photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity over using more conventional methods? I non-polluting in operation II low maintenance during operation III modular, so any size PV array can be constructed IV large amount of space needed for a photovoltaic array V quiet while in operation VI high cost of producing the PV cells

I, II, III, and V

Which are advantages to replacing internal combustion engines with hydrogen fuel cells? I. More energy efficient II. No moving parts III. H2 is more plentiful than petroleum IV. Less harmful exhaust gasses

I, II, and IV only

The carbon cycle describes the exchange of carbon between Earth's atmosphere, land, and water. Which processes add carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere? I. deforestation by cutting and burning trees II. deposition of calcium carbonate in the oceans III. combustion of fossil fuels IV. respiration of humans and animals

I, III, IV only

Which equation represents a neutralization reaction? -HCl(aq)→ H+(aq) + Cl(aq) -SO2(g) + H2O(l)→ H2SO2(aq) -Mg2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)→ 2 H+(aq) + MgCO3(s) -KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)→ KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)→ KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Very small mercury "button" batteries have been used in many applications in the past. Why have they now been mostly replaced by other kinds of batteries? Mercury has become far too expensive to use in batteries. Mercury button batteries cannot produce enough current for many modern devices. Mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of. Although small mercury batteries can be made, they are too heavy to use in most applications.

Mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of.

Based on your knowledge of the organization of the periodic table, which is not a reasonable ion? -Rb+ -N- -Br- -Sr2+

N-

Which is not a form of "reactive nitrogen"? -NO, nitrogen monoxide -N2, nitrogen gas -NO3-, Nitrate ion -NO2, nitrogen dioxide

N2, nitrogen gas

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported changes in the concentrations greenhouse gases from the pre-industrial era to the year 2000. The concentration of CO2 increased from 280 ppm to 370 ppm, N2O increased from 0.28 ppm to 0.31 ppm, and CH4 increased from 0.70 ppm to 1.8 ppm. Arrange the three gases in order of their percent increase in concentration. -N2O, CH4, CO2 -N2O, CO2, CH4 -CO2, N2O, CH4 -CO2, CH4, N2O

N2O, CO2, CH4

The correct formula and charge for the nitrate ion is _______. -NO2+ -NO3- -NO2- -NO3+

NO3-

When NaCl dissolves in water the structure of the solution is best described as -NaCl molecules of surrounded by water molecules. -Clusters of Na+ cations surrounding clusters of Cl- anions. -Na+ cations surrounded by the hydrogen atoms of several water molecules, and Cl¯ anions surrounded by the oxygen atoms of several water molecules. -Na+ cations surrounded by the oxygen atoms of several water molecules, and Cl¯ anions surrounded by the hydrogen atoms of several water molecules

Na+ cations surrounded by the oxygen atoms of several water molecules, and Cl¯ anions surrounded by the hydrogen atoms of several water molecules.

Of the salts sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), ammonium nitrate, (NH4NO3), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), and sodium chloride (NaCl), which are soluble in water? -Na2SO4 and NaCl only -NH4NO3 and Al(OH)3 only -Na2SO4, NH4NO3, and NaCl only -Al(OH)3 only

Na2SO4, NH4NO3, and NaCl only

Both the Clinton and G. W. Bush administrations have been unwilling to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. In addition to potential economic effects, what is another U.S. objection to the treaty? -Enforcement of the Protocol would be impossible even after ratification. -The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to stop global warming. -The treaty does not include any provisions for trading emission allowances. -No provisions are in place to limit greenhouse gas emissions for developing countries.

No provisions are in place to limit greenhouse gas emissions for developing countries.

Which statement is false? -Oxygenated additives like ethanol help lower some emissions and raise the octane rating. -Several decades ago, tetraethyl lead was used as a gasoline additive to control engine knocking. -None of the answers are false; all are true. -Gasoline is a mixture of molecules, containing mostly hydrocarbons.

None of the answers are false; all are true.

Based on molecular structure, which of these atmospheric components cannot contribute to global warming? -CCl3F -O2 -CO2 -H2O

O2

Which statement concerning ozone is correct? -Ozone is considered an air pollutant in both the troposphere and stratosphere because of its toxicity. -Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the troposphere but beneficial in the stratosphere because it protects us from ultraviolet light. -Ozone is considered beneficial in both the troposphere and stratosphere because it protects us from ultraviolet light. -Ozone is considered beneficial in the troposphere because it protects us from ultraviolet light but is an air pollutant in the stratosphere.

Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the troposphere but beneficial in the stratosphere because it protects us from ultraviolet light.

The Chapman cycle describes the formation and destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. Which statement is true for this natural cycle? -Ozone is formed in the cycle by the reaction of three oxygen atoms. -Ozone is destroyed by reaction with the free radical Cl•. -Ozone is destroyed by the absorption of an appropriate wavelength of infrared light. -Ozone is formed by reaction of an oxygen molecule with an oxygen atom.

Ozone is formed by reaction of an oxygen molecule with an oxygen atom.

Why is silicon the principal element used in solar cells? Si acts as a semiconductor when hit by a photon of infrared or visible light. Si is abundant. It is found in 25% of the Earth's crust. Si exists as separate, non-bonded atoms, making electron transfer relatively easy. Si is in the same family with C and has four outer electrons.

Si acts as a semiconductor when hit by a photon of infrared or visible light.

Which conclusion is not supported by the data available in a table of bond energies? -Double bonds between atoms are less than twice as strong as single bonds between the same atoms. -A nitrogen-to-carbon single bond is about half as strong as a fluorine-to-hydrogen single bond. -Single bonds between Group VIIA atoms and hydrogen increase in strength as the atomic number of the Group VIIA atom increases. -All of the elements make stronger single bonds to hydrogen than to any other atom listed.

Single bonds between Group VIIA atoms and hydrogen increase in strength as the atomic number of the Group VIIA atom increases.

What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable? The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible. The battery must be open to the outside so that internal pressure will not build up. It must generate electricity using an acid-base reaction rather than using an oxidation-reduction reaction. Either its anode or its cathode must generate a gas as a result of the electrochemical reaction.

The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible.

Which statement best explains why you cannot get a suntan from standing in front of your radio? -The energy associated with a radio wave is not sufficient to interact with skin pigments. -All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have the same energy and therefore radio waves would not cause a suntan. -The energy associated with a radio wave would be sufficient to interact with skin pigments, but the waves are shielded by the radio's housing. -Radio waves have long wavelengths and high frequency. Low frequency waves are necessary to interact with skin pigments

The energy associated with a radio wave is not sufficient to interact with skin pigments.

How do the terms greenhouse effect and global warming differ? -The greenhouse effect is the return of 80% of heat energy to earth. Global warming is the increase in the amount of heat returned to earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. -The terms are not different; they refer to the same thing. -Global warming refers to the return of 80% of heat energy to earth. The greenhouse effect is the increase in the amount of heat energy returned to earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. -The greenhouse effect refers only to processes in a limited region of the Earth's surface. Global warming refers to processes that are global in nature.

The greenhouse effect is the return of 80% of heat energy to earth. Global warming is the increase in the amount of heat returned to earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Which statement about this chemical equation is false? 2 NO + O2 ----> 2 NO2 -The number of atoms in the reactants is equal to the number of atoms in the products. -The number of molecules in the reactants is equal to the number of molecules in the products. -The total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. -No statements is false.

The number of molecules in the reactants is equal to the number of molecules in the products.

This figure depicts polyethylene chains in a plastic strip that is being stretched. Which statement best describes what is happening at the molecular level as the strip narrows and "necks down"? Cross-linking takes place in the necked area, now that there is increased opportunity for additional polymerization to take place. The previously mixed-up molecular chains move. They shift, slide, and become aligned parallel to each other. . Several changes take place in the chemical nature of the polymer chain, caused by the closeness of the previously dispersed chains. Several new branches form in the necked area, leading to a relatively low-density polyethylene in this region.

The previously mixed-up molecular chains move. They shift, slide, and become aligned parallel to each other. .

Hydrogen gas can be made by reacting steam with methane, producing H2 and CO2. Which statement about this process is true? The products are unstable often resulting in an explosion. The reaction is endothermic and must be carried out at high temperatures. The reaction must be carried out using the process of electrolysis, which requires energy. The reaction is exothermic and needs improved catalysts to increase the yield.

The reaction is endothermic and must be carried out at high temperatures.

As of 2008, what happens to spent fuel rods at U.S. nuclear power plants? -The rods are transported by train to the salt mine storage facility in southeastern New Mexico. -The rods are stored on-site in steel-lined water-filled concrete containers or placed in dry cask storage. -The rods are transported by truck and rail to the High-Level Waste federal repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. -The rods are sent to a reprocessing facility, which then returns new fuel pellets to the power plant.

The rods are stored on-site in steel-lined water-filled concrete containers or placed in dry cask storage.

Which statement correctly links biological effects with UV radiation from the Sun? -UV-C is completely absorbed by the surface of the Earth, therefore being unable to cause biological damage. -Both UV-A and UV-B will cause the same amount of biological damage. -The wavelengths associated with UV-A cause the most biological damage. -The wavelengths associated with UV-B cause the most biological damage.

The wavelengths associated with UV-B cause the most biological damage.

What feature makes both methane and carbon dioxide greenhouse gases? -They act as catalysts when struck by microwave radiation. -Their bonds bend and stretch in response to infrared radiation. -Their bonds break upon absorption of ultraviolet radiation. -Their bonds rotate upon absorption of visible radiation.

Their bonds bend and stretch in response to infrared radiation.

Which explains why PET recycling has been successful? Sorting PET from other plastics is unnecessary. All plastics can be recycled into T-shirts and other clothing items. Packing peanuts are a widely used source of PET to be recycled. Once dissolved, the plastic can easily be remolded into useful films such as Saran Wrap. The polymerization reaction in forming PET can easily be reversed by using enzymes. There is a steady supply of soft drink and water bottles to recycle. There also are marketable products made from recycled PET.

There is a steady supply of soft drink and water bottles to recycle. There also are marketable products made from recycled PET.

Which describes a major risk associated more with using coal for energy production than with using either petroleum or natural gas? -There is the potential for harm to the environment as it is recovered and transported. -There is significant danger for workers who labor to recover it from the earth. -Greenhouse gases are produced during combustion. -Depletion of the resource is imminent.

There is significant danger for workers who labor to recover it from the earth.

You have seen images of the Earth that show a large area of dark purple centered on Antarctica. Which statement best explains the purple color in these images? -These are false-color images in which purple represents very high Dobson Unit readings. -These are real-color photographs that represent the UV Index in that region. -These are false-color images in which purple represents very low levels of stratospheric ozone. -These are real-color photographs showing the sky to be purple rather than blue over the poles.

These are false-color images in which purple represents very low levels of stratospheric ozone.

Which is not a general property of bases? -They taste bitter (if dilute). -They release OH- in aqueous solution. -They react with carbonates to dissolve them. -They react with acids.

They react with carbonates to dissolve them.

In a particular country, legislation is introduced requiring vehicles and industry to completely stop emitting pollutants in order to end air pollution. Which statement gives the best analysis of this proposal? -This goal is not attainable, but only because it would require too much money and too much government control. -This goal is not attainable. Even if all vehicular and industrial sources were to stop polluting, there would be other sources of pollutants. -This goal is attainable and requires that the needed regulations and economic incentives be put in place. -This goal is attainable, but only if all other countries in world were willing to make similar sacrifices.

This goal is not attainable. Even if all vehicular and industrial sources were to stop polluting, there would be other sources of pollutants.

World emissions for CO2 in 1995 totaled 6.46 billion tons. Which statement is true about projections for 2035? -Total emissions are expected to rise, with a higher percent of the total coming from the developed world. -Total emissions are expected to rise, with a higher percent of the total coming from the developing world. -Total emissions are expected to fall in both developed and developing parts of the world. -Total emissions are expected to fall, with a higher percent of the total from the developed world

Total emissions are expected to rise, with a higher percent of the total coming from the developing world.

Which federal agency regulates the quality of bottled water in the U.S.? -U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA -U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA -U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA -U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA

Which is a correct statement? -UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C are equally energetic. -UV-A is more energetic than either UV-B or UV-C. -UV-C is more energetic than either UV-A or UV-B. -UV-B is more energetic than either UV-A or UV-C

UV-C is more energetic than either UV-A or UV-B.

A certain brand of skin moisturizer advertises that it contains SPF 15 Sunscreen that protects from UV-A and UV-B rays. Why isn't UV-C mentioned in its product claims? -UV-C radiation is not absorbed by ozone, so it has no connection to the story of increased exposure to UV rays or ozone depletion. -UV-C radiation is extremely dangerous, but it is completely absorbed in the upper atmosphere by oxygen, O2, as well as ozone, O3. -UV-C radiation is not as dangerous as is UV-B radiation, so whether or not we are shielded from it does not matter. -There is no need. UV-C radiation is a natural part of the electromagnetic spectrum, so it only has the same potential for harm as visible light.

UV-C radiation is extremely dangerous, but it is completely absorbed in the upper atmosphere by oxygen, O2, as well as ozone, O3.

Which country has the highest per capita CO2 emissions at this time? -United States -Japan -Canada -China

United States

Which statement about hydrogen is false? It takes a significant amount of energy to separate hydrogen from water. Hydrogen has a high energy density (kJ/g). Virtually no hydrogen is present in the Earth's atmosphere because large quantities are consumed by the sun. There are abundant natural sources of hydrogen in forms other than H2(g).

Virtually no hydrogen is present in the Earth's atmosphere because large quantities are consumed by the sun.

What is the connection between NOx emissions and ozone formation? -NO decomposes in the atmosphere to form ozone -NO2 decomposes in the atmosphere to form ozone -With sunlight, NO2 splits to release O which in turn reacts with O2 to form ozone. -With sunlight, NO splits to release O which in turn reacts with O2 to form ozone.

With sunlight, NO2 splits to release O which in turn reacts with O2 to form ozone.

An aqueous solution is considered basic if -[H+]> [OH-] -[H+]< [OH-] -the pH of the solution is less than 7 -the pH of the solution equals 7

[H+]< [OH-]

When radon-222 emits an alpha particle, a new nucleus is produced. In comparison to radon-222, this new nucleus has ________ mass number and _________ atomic number. the same, a different a different, the same the same, the same a different, a different

a different, a different

An aquifer is -the equipment used by municipal water treatment facilities to purify drinking water. -a collecting basin for recycled water that can be used only for irrigation. -a great pool of water trapped below the Earth's surface in sand and gravel. -a restricted area of surface water used as a resource for municipal drinking water.

a great pool of water trapped below the Earth's surface in sand and gravel.

The plastic that we do not recycle or reuse eventually ends up in neither a landfill nor an incinerator. a landfill or an incinerator. an incinerator. a landfill.

a landfill or an incinerator.

Kevlar is a type of polymer with great resistance to tearing. What happens when these two monomers join to form Kevlar? a molecule of H2O will be released, and an amide linkage will form. a molecule of CO2 will be released, and an ester linkage will form. a molecule of NH3 will be released, and an ester linkage will form. no molecule will be released, and the two monomers will add.

a molecule of H2O will be released, and an amide linkage will form.

Which type of battery or cell would likely be used in this portable drill? a nickel-cadmium battery a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell a lead storage battery a mercury oxide button battery

a nickel-cadmium battery

The structure illustrates nylon, a versatile polymer often used in sporting equipment and clothing. What type of polymer is nylon? a polyethylene a polyamide a polyester a polycarbonate

a polyamide

Polypropylene is formed from the propylene monomer. Propylene undergoes _______ polymerization. Uses of polypropylene include ________. condensation & indoor/outdoor carpeting condensation & wall coverings, upholstery, and shower curtains addition & bottle caps and tough outdoor furniture addition & clear plastic bottles

addition & bottle caps and tough outdoor furniture

What is the major source of the greenhouse gas methane, CH4? -combustion of fossil fuels used for transportation -natural venting from volcanoes -agriculture, particularly cultivated rice paddies -production of electricity by power utilities

agriculture, particularly cultivated rice paddies

Although NOx emissions get less press than CO2 emissions, nonetheless these emissions have huge environmental consequences. Which is not a problem that is related to NOx emissions? -all of these are problems. -formation of ozone (smog) -overloading of ecosystems (fertilizers) -restriction of visibility (haze)

all of these are problems.

What makes rain acidic naturally? -all of these contribute to natural acidity -even tinier amounts of dissolved organic acids, such as acetic acid -tiny amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide -tiny amounts of dissolved SO2 from natural sources

all of these contribute to natural acidity

Which statement about gasoline is correct? -All of these statements are correct. -Gasoline is a mixture of molecules that includes many hydrocarbons. -Oxygenated additives like ethanol help lower auto emissions and raise the octane rating. -"Octane" rating is a misnomer because the substance octane has a terrible "octane rating."

all of these statements are correct

Which statement about nuclear fission is correct? The fission process can be sustained by a chain reaction. All of these statements are correct. Fission is the process used to produce energy both in nuclear power plants and in atomic bombs Fission involves splitting a larger nucleus into smaller ones.

all of these statements are correct

Crude oil is a valuable source of organic molecules, mostly hydrocarbons. Which statement is true? -Oil can be "cracked" to make smaller molecules from larger molecules. -Oil is refined or distilled into various fractions like gasoline, kerosene, and gas oil. -Some of the volatile components are used as feedstocks, sources of other manufactured molecules. -All of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

O2 and O3 are: -isotopes. -allotropes. -isomers. -catalysts.

allotropes

The electrolyte in PEM fuel cells allows H+ ions to flow but blocks the flow of electrons. blocks the flow of both electrons and H+ ions. allows both electrons and H+ ions to flow. allows electrons to flow but blocks the flow of H+ ions.

allows H+ ions to flow but blocks the flow of electrons.

Which chemical formula is incorrectly paired with its name? -hydroxide ion, OH- -nitrate ion, NO3- -ammonium ion, NH3+ -carbonate ion, CO32-

ammonium ion, NH3+

A device in which electrical energy is used to perform a chemical transformation is called an electrolytic cell. an electrochemical cell. a hydrogen cell. a hydroelectric cell

an electrolytic cell

Addition polymerization is often catalyzed by a free radical., that is, a chemical species with one or more double bonds. all electrons paired. all single bonds. an unpaired electron.

an unpaired electron

What is a free radical? -a different molecular form of a compound -one form of an element that differs in number of neutrons from another form of the same element -an unstable chemical species with an unpaired electron -a molecule that breaks apart in UV light

an unstable chemical species with an unpaired electron

The ozone hole is most prominent on Earth over which region? -Europe -Antarctica -Africa -North America

antarctica

Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that -outer electrons are exchanged in nuclear reactions but not in chemical reactions. -energy is not conserved in nuclear reactions but is conserved in chemical reactions. -the energy changes associated with nuclear reactions are typically much smaller than energy changes in chemical reactions. -atoms can change identity in nuclear reactions but cannot in chemical reactions.

atoms can change identity in nuclear reactions but cannot in chemical reactions.

CFCs rise into the stratosphere and -become free radicals that destroy ozone. -react directly with stratospheric ozone to destroy it. -react with other free radicals, removing CO2. -become free radicals that react with O2 to form O3

become free radicals that destroy ozone.

The term acid rain refers to rain with a pH that is -below 7.0 -above 7.0 -above the pH of "normal" rain -below the pH of "normal" rain

below the pH of "normal" rain

By burning coal, what have humans added to the atmosphere that is/are involved in forming acid rain? -CO2(g) only -SO2(g) only -both SO2(g) and NO(g) -NO(g) only

both SO2(g) and NO(g)

The term hybrid most commonly describes a car containing both a conventional gasoline-powered engine and an ethanol-powered engine. both a battery and a conventional gasoline-powered engine. a battery and a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. two different types of batteries.

both a battery and a conventional gasoline-powered engine.

Natural sources of ionizing radiation do not include diagnostic x-rays. cosmic rays. uranium. radon.

diagnostic x-rays

CaCO3 is a major chemical component in limestone and marble, materials that can be damaged by acid rain. What is the chemical name for CaCO3? -calcium carboxide -calcium carbonate -calcium carbonite -calcium carbon trioxide

calcium carbonate

Which is hazardous when present in air because it is colorless, odorless, and can bind to hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen? -carbon monoxide from faulty space heaters -dry cleaning fluid from clothing and upholstery -mold and mildew from dirty air ducts -soot from cigarette smoke

carbon monoxide from faulty space heaters

Which chemical formula is incorrectly paired with its name? -hydrogen ion, H+ -ammonia, NH3 -carbonate ion, CO3- -hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3-

carbonate ion, CO3-

Possible consequences of continued global warming include: -increased deforestation in areas such as the American Midwest. -further destruction of the ozone layer, leading to increased skin cancer. -lowered sea levels, leaving present coastal areas far inland. -changes in agricultural productivity.

changes in agricultural productivity.

Nuclear accidents with significant radiation leaks and many human fatalities have occurred at which location? Nuclear accidents involving significant radiation leaks and many human fatalities have occurred at all three facilities. Three Mile Island Seabrook Chernobyl

chernobyl

Which water treatment method is widely used for disinfecting municipal water supplies, but is not commonly used for treating bottled water? -chlorination -ultraviolet radiation -ozonation -distillation

chlorination

As of 2008 in the U.S. the two energy sources that contribute almost equally to our total energy use are -coal and natural gas. -oil and coal. -natural gas and oil. -natural gas and nuclear electric power.

coal and natural gas

This graph shows the sources of the pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the United States in recent years. Which one contributes the largest amount? -all other sources -industrial processes -coal-fired power plants ("fuel combustion") -transportation

coal-fired power plants ("fuel combustion")

Which human activity contributes the most to SO2 concentrations in the atmosphere? -agricultural practices, such as using fertilizers -industrial sources, such as processing metal ores -combustion of coal in power plants -combustion of gasoline in automobile engines

combustion of coal in power plants

All batteries can be recharged. produce the same amount of current. produce the same voltage. contain both an anode and a cathode.

contain both an anode and a cathode.

Depleted uranium (DU) is not radioactive. contains a higher % of U-238 than its natural abundance. contains a lower % of U-238 than its natural abundance. has no known uses.

contains a higher % of U-238 than its natural abundance.

Which reaction takes place in the catalytic converter of an automobile? -conversion of CO2 to CO -conversion of N2 and O2 to NO2 -conversion of NO to N2 and O2 -conversion of SO2 to S and O

conversion of NO to N2 and O2

A photovoltaic cell uses a chemical fuel to generate electricity contains only an n-type semiconductor. converts light from the sun directly into electricity. is a device meant to store electricity; its use is growing rapidly.

converts light from the sun directly into electricity.

All plastics are made up of long chains of atoms that are held together with covalent bonds. . ionic bonds. peptide bonds. hydrogen bonds.

covalent bonds. .

Today's weather report indicates an UV Index of 3-5, the "moderate" exposure category. Which set of sun protection measures is most appropriate? -stay indoors to totally avoid the sun -reduce time in the Sun between 10 AM and 4 PM, wear a hat and sunglasses, use sunscreen SPF 15+ -cover up, stay in the shade near midday, use sunscreen SPF 15+ -wear a hat and sunglasses

cover up, stay in the shade near midday, use sunscreen SPF 15+

E=hv=hc/y This equation shows that the energy, E, of a single photon is -directly proportional to the frequency of radiation and inversely proportional to its wavelength. -inversely proportional to the frequency of radiation and directly proportional to its wavelength. -directly proportional to the frequency of radiation and directly proportional to its wavelength. -inversely proportional to the frequency of radiation and inversely proportional to its wavelength.

directly proportional to the frequency of radiation and inversely proportional to its wavelength.

For any region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the energy of a photon is -directly proportional to the wavelength. -directly proportional to Planck's constant, h. -directly proportional to the frequency. -directly proportional to the speed of light

directly proportional to the frequency.

Which subatomic particle has the smallest mass? -neutron -They all have the same mass. -electron -proton

electron

To maintain Earth's energy balance, incoming energy from the Sun must equal energy that radiates back into space. Which is the main process that returns energy into space? -change from longer to shorter wavelengths -absorption by the atmosphere -reflection from the surface of Earth -emission from the atmosphere

emission from the atmosphere

The First Law of Thermodynamics says -energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. -energy drives both industrial and economic progress. -heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler object. -the entropy of the universe is increasing

energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

VOCs are volatile organic compounds. What does volatile mean? -reacts easily -condenses easily -evaporates easily -burns easily

evaporates easily

Which is not a problem with moving towards a hydrogen-energy based economy? storing hydrogen safely separating hydrogen from raw materials transporting hydrogen economically finding raw materials containing hydrogen

finding raw materials containing hydrogen

The Law of Conservation of Energy (energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction) is also known as the -driving force for a chemical reaction. -First Law of Thermodynamics. -Second Law of Thermodynamics. -Third Law of Thermodynamics.

first law

Which set of steps is typical for the purification of municipal drinking in the U.S.? -ozonation, distillation, chlorination -ultraviolet light, ion exchange, filtration -distillation, chlorination, ozonation -flocculation, filtration, chlorination

flocculation, filtration, chlorination

Which of these can be involved in forming VOCs (volatile organic compounds)? -gasoline and paint -gasoline, paint, and nail polish -gasoline -gasoline, paint, nail polish, and sugar

gasoline, paint, and nail polish

The energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler object is called -entropy. -temperature. -heat. -potential energy

heat

In the air you breathe, which gas has the lowest concentration? -helium -argon -oxygen -carbon dioxide

helium

Compared to PEM fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at a ________ temperature and are _____________ efficient. lower, less higher, more higher, less lower, more

higher, more

Compared to gasoline made from pure hydrocarbons, oxygenated gasoline has a ______ octane rating, results in ___________ complete combustion, and releases ______ energy per gram? -higher, more, more -higher, less, less -higher, more, less -lower, less, more

higher, more, less

Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation. When compared to ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays have ________ energy and a __________ wavelength. -lower, longer -lower, shorter -higher, shorter -higher, longer

higher, shorter

Acid rain has many different adverse effects. Which incorrectly pairs an item with the effect that acid rain has on it? -human lungs; cancer -vegetation; growth reduction and leaf loss -marble; erosion of the rock -ironwork; increased rusting

human lungs; cancer

What does this Honda FCX car use to generate power? photovoltaic cells hydrogen fuel cells lead-acid storage batteries fission-based reactors

hydrogen fuel cells

H2O2 can decompose into O2 and water. In this reaction hydrogen is both oxidized and reduced. hydrogen is reduced and oxygen is oxidized. hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. oxygen is both oxidized and reduced. no species is oxidized or reduced.

hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Which are applications of metal hydrides? hydrogen storage materials and electrodes for rechargeable batteries photovoltaic devices and reforming catalysts electrodes for rechargeable batteries and photovoltaic devices photovoltaic devices and hydrogen storage materials

hydrogen storage materials and electrodes for rechargeable batteries

Which is not a method used to protect iron from the effects of acid rain? -coat it with polymers -paint it -immerse it in salt water -galvanize it with zinc

immerse it in salt water

More than 60% of the oil used in the U.S. is -from domestic production. -from other sources, such as natural gas liquids. -from the Alaskan North Slope. -imported.

imported

The largest percentage of energy from the Sun comes to Earth in the form of -microwaves. -ultraviolet radiation. -infrared radiation. -visible light.

infrared radiation

The primary reason for drinking water standards in the U.S. is to? -provide inexpensive bottled water. -make water attractive and acceptable. -make soft water available. -insure public access to potable water

insure public access to potable water

When sodium nitrate, NaNO3, dissolves in water, -ions of Na+ and NO3- are formed in the polar solvent. -molecules of NaNO3 are dispersed to the polar water molecules. -ions of Na+, N5+, and O2- are formed in the nonpolar solvent. -molecules of NaNO3 are dispersed in the nonpolar solvent

ions of Na+ and NO3- are formed in the polar solvent.

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere -is double what it was before the Industrial Revolution began (about 1860). -has remained constant for the past century. -plays no role in the average temperature of the Earth. -is now approximately 385 ppm

is now approximately 385 ppm.

U-235 and U-238 are examples of different elements. isomers of uranium. isotopes of uranium. allotropes of uranium.

isotopes of uranium

Some lakes recover relatively quickly once SO2 emissions are reduced. The most likely explanation for this recovery is that these lakes are in regions where -fertilizers are used. -limestone rock naturally neutralizes the acid. -any remaining SO2 in these lakes is consumed by vegetation and animals. -the weather patterns have changed.

limestone rock naturally neutralizes the acid.

What was the Montreal Protocol's main strategy for reversing stratospheric ozone depletion? -improving computer modeling of the upper atmosphere to monitor CFCs -eliminating illegal CFCs from being imported or exported -requiring developing and developed countries to follow the same restrictions on CFCs -limiting the production and use of CFCs

limiting the production and use of CFCs

Which molecular geometry and bond angle describe carbon dioxide? -tetrahedral, 109.5o -linear, 180o -bent, 90o -trigonal planar, 120o

linear, 180o

Acidic rain, fog, and snow all have a pH -equal to that of pure water -lower than pure water -somewhat higher than pure water -much higher than pure water

lower than pure water

What public health concerns are connected with poor air quality? -lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis, and cardiovascular disease -cardiovascular disease, asthma and bronchitis only -lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis only -asthma and bronchitis only

lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis, and cardiovascular disease

Which of these are both hydrocarbons? -hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide -water and steam -carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide -methane and ethane

methane and ethane

Styrofoam cups dissolve in benzene, C6H6, but do not dissolve in water because Styrofoam is a __________ polymer and therefore dissolves in a ___________ solvent such as benzene, but cannot dissolve in a ___________ solvent such as water. polar, polar, nonpolar. nonpolar, polar, nonpolar nonpolar, nonpolar, polar

nonpolar, nonpolar, polar

Fossil fuels -are produced by large farming operations, such as growing soybeans or corn. They are renewable resources. -are carbon-containing skeletons from animals that decayed under high pressures and temperatures. They are nonrenewable resources. -are gaseous carbon-based fuels such as carbon monoxide, natural gas, and carbon dioxide. They are renewable resources. -originated as plant or animal matter 150-300 million years ago. They are nonrenewable resources.

originated as plant or animal matter 150-300 million years ago. They are nonrenewable resources.

In a galvanic cell, electrons travel through the cell from cathode to anode. electrical energy is used to reverse the chemical reaction in the cell. oxidation and reduction take place at the same time at different electrodes. oxidation takes place at the cathode.

oxidation and reduction take place at the same time at different electrodes.

Which is the second most abundant gas that you inhale with each breath? -nitrogen -argon -oxygen -carbon dioxide

oxygen

Reformulated gasolines contain ________ and were developed to meet __________. -MTBE, water quality mandates in California. -dissolved oxygen gas, mandates of the Clean Air Act and its amendments. -oxygen-containing compounds, mandates of the Clean Air Act and its amendments. -both octane and isooctane, the demands of consumers

oxygen-containing compounds, mandates of the Clean Air Act and its amendments.

Which of these gases is not part of the exhaust of an automobile engine? -carbon dioxide -carbon monoxide -ozone -water vapor

ozone

In the United States, the national ambient air quality standard for PM10 is 150 -particulate matter with an average diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers. -particulate matter with a mass of 10 -solids in the air with ten or more hydrocarbons. -the practice of mixing solids in the atmosphere over 10 minutes.

particulate matter with an average diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers.

Over 4.1 billion pounds of high-grade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were produced in 1997, and close to five billion pounds in 2000. What is the major use of this polymer? building material electrical insulation car bodies plastic bottles

plastic bottles

Power plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy stored in chemical bonds. Which lists, in the correct order, the forms that the energy takes to get from a fossil fuel to an electrical outlet? -electrical energy → heat energy → mechanical energy → potential energy -potential energy → mechanical energy → electrical energy → heat energy -potential energy → heat energy → mechanical energy → electrical energy -electrical energy → mechanical energy → heat energy → potential energy

potential energy → heat energy → mechanical energy → electrical energy

Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? -neutrons and electrons -protons and electrons -protons and neutrons -protons, neutrons, and electrons

protons and neutrons

For most people, the largest contributor to their annual dose of radiation is _________. plutonium radon uranium cosmic rays

radon

Which of these is not a general property of acids? -react with carbonates to dissolve them over time -release H+ in aqueous solution -react with other acids -taste sour (if dilute)

react with other acids

Today's weather report indicates an UV Index of 6-7, the "high" exposure category. Which set of sun protection measures is appropriate? -wear a hat and sunglasses, use sunscreen SPF 10+ -reduce time in the Sun between 10 AM and 4 PM, wear a hat and sunglasses, use sunscreen SPF 15+ -stay in the shade near midday, use sunscreen SPF 15+ -stay indoors to totally avoid the sun

reduce time in the Sun between 10 AM and 4 PM, wear a hat and sunglasses, use sunscreen SPF 15+

Reverse osmosis, the process illustrated in this diagram, is a method used to -remove dissolved solids from salt water. -remove dissolved gold from sea water. -purify municipal drinking water supplies in areas with soft water. -produce bottled mineral water, particularly in Europe.

remove dissolved solids from salt water.

The heat energy absorbed or released by a chemical reaction is determined by the difference between the energy __________ to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy ________ upon making the bonds in the products. -released, required -required, released -released, released -required, required

required, released

In what commercial application is this reaction used? PbO2(s) + Pb(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq)→ 2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O (aq) alkaline cells used in calculators storage battery in most automobiles photovoltaic cells for direct conversion of sunlight solar cells at remote power stations

storage battery in most automobiles

One rain sample has a pH of 3.5 and a second sample has a pH of 4.5. The solution of pH 3.5 is ___________ as acidic as the solution with pH 4.5 -one-tenth -twice -ten times -half

ten times

Which statement best explains green chemistry? -research to minimize the use of gasoline and jet fuel. -agricultural program to grow vegetables without the use of pesticides. -the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. -a mandatory program to recycle paper, glass, plastics, and aluminum.

the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

The 1997 Kyoto Conference resulted in an agreement regarding emissions of greenhouse gasses. In this agreement, -all countries would be subject to the same percentage reduction in their emissions. -only the underdeveloped countries would be subject to a reduction in their emissions. -the United States would be exempt from any mandated reductions. -the developed countries would have set goals for the percentage reduction of their emissions.

the developed countries would have set goals for the percentage reduction of their emissions.

Which is not a characteristic of both nuclear power plants and coal-fired power plants? The fuel is combusted. Steam is used to drive a turbine. Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Cooling water is required

the fuel is combusted

The fact that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom shares in eight electrons is known as -the octet rule. -Lewis structures. -resonance forms. -quantized photons.

the octet rule

This reaction represents __________ in an electrochemical cell. Zn (s) + 2 MnO2(s) + H2O (l)→ Zn(OH)2(s) + Mn2O3(s) the overall reaction only the half-reaction of oxidation that cannot occur only the half-reaction of reduction

the overall reaction

This reaction takes place in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. 2 H2(g) + O2(g)→ 2 H2O(l) What occurs at the anode? the oxidation of O2 the reduction of O2 the oxidation of H2 the reduction of H2

the oxidation of H2

In the relationship E = mc2, the letter c represents the Celsius temperature of the nuclear reaction. the difference between the masses of the reactants and those of the products. the speed of light. the speed of the particles emitted in a nuclear reaction.

the speed of light

Which is not a property of an ordinary dry-cell flashlight battery? The voltage increases with the size of the battery. Two specific and different reactions occur: one at the anode and one at the cathode. It has a characteristic electrical potential. It is non-rechargeable.

the voltage increases with the size of the battery

Which of these is not true about proteins? they occur naturally a great variety of different proteins exist amino acids are the monomers of proteins they are addition polymers

they are addition polymers

Which is not a potential problem in burning plastics? the ash may contain toxic metals from the inks used an acidic gas such as HCl may be released the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is a product they have a low energy content compared to oil

they have a low energy content compared to oil

In an electrochemical cell, electrons flow through the salt bridge. from the cathode to the anode. right to left. from the anode to the cathode.

through the salt bridge

Which two sources together account for more than half of all CO2 emissions in the United States? -commercial and residential -utilities and residential -transportation and utilities -industrial and transportation

transportation and utilities

Dose-response curves model the response (such as cancer) to a given dose of ionizing radiation. The linear nonthreshold dose-response curve treats the response as a linear function of exposure, even at very low doses. shows that only high doses can produce a response such as cancer. proposes a threshold of exposure, below which there is no adverse effect. shows that low doses cannot produce a response such as cancer.

treats the response as a linear function of exposure, even at very low doses.

For these three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is the correct order of decreasing energy? -visible, ultraviolet, infrared -infrared, visible, ultraviolet -ultraviolet, visible, infrared -ultraviolet, infrared, visible

ultraviolet, visible, infrared

For these three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is the correct order of increasing wavelength? -ultraviolet, infrared, visible -infrared, visible, ultraviolet -ultraviolet, visible, infrared -visible, ultraviolet, infrared

ultraviolet, visible, infrared

Via a series of chemical reactions that start with uranium ore, enriched fuel can be produced for a nuclear reactor. Which series represents a possible pathway? uranium ore → UF4→ UF6→ UO2 uranium ore→ UO2 → UF6 → UF4 uranium ore → UF4→ UO2 → UF6 uranium ore → UF6→ UF4 → UO2

uranium ore → UF4→ UF6→ UO2

Which lists types of radiation in order of increasing wavelength? -x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, microwaves -microwaves, radio waves, visible light, x-rays -radio waves, infrared radiation, x-rays, gamma rays -visible light, x-rays, infrared radiation, radio waves

x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, microwaves