Final Exam
Describe the Affective domain and what it entails.
Attitudes and Behavior - Receiving, valuing, responding, organization, characterization Examples: desire/dislike, accepts, chooses, identifies with, responds
What kinds of questions should be avoided during an interview and application process?
Avoid topics discriminatory in nature unless it is relevant or pertinent to the job itself Examples: - Martial status - Nationality - Sexual orientation - Physical/Mental disabilities - Pregnancy
State the characteristics of social interaction as a teaching method and give an example.
Problem Based Learning (PBL)/ Cooperative Learning - can be also include guided inquiry (combo method) - learn through solving a complex problem - instructor is the facilitator - can be done alone and in groups Example: Group case studies, discussions
State the requirements of CLIA waived tests.
Registration and Certification of Waiver -Simple, low risk of harm if improperly performed -No written procedures -No personnel standards -Follow manufacturer's instructions
Delegation is the process by which:
Responsibility for specific tasks is given to others
How is net income/profit calculated?
Revenue - expenses = profit (or loss)
Describe the planning function of management.
Setting a direction for the organization - vision and mission - strategizing - goals + objectives
Explain the STARK method for behavioral interviewing.
Situation - background and context Task - describe problem/challenge(s) Action - explain what you did Resolution - how actions fixed the issue, benefits and impact Knowledge - what did you learn from the experience
What are the roles of an instuctor?
The Expert The Authority The Facilitator The Personal Model The Legal Defender/Delegator
What is the purpose of the TJC?
The Joint Commission Surprise inspection, TRACER methodology (3 yrs) - inpatient and outpatient Laboratory Focus -Audit of specimen collection, testing, reporting, instrument records, technologist competency records -Time to report critical values (time performed to verified ~10 - 20 min) -Critical tests: always report if pos or neg (rapid HIV) -What do you monitor (TAT, etc.)? What have you done to improve?
An employee's evaluation should be related to what?
Their job description
Explain McGregor's X Theory
Theory X (dominant theory - traditional view) The average worker is.... - lazy - lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, likes to be led - self centered, indifferent to organizational needs - reistant to change - gullible, not very bright, easily manipulated Requires active intervention by managers - activities must be directed, controlled, monitored, rewarded and punished - resistance by employees, not good outcomes, enforces X beliefs, negative cycle
Explain McGregor's Y Theory.
Theory Y (What McGregor believed) The average worker..... - can work hard and enjoy it - self direction and self-control - seek responsibility - high intellect Focuses on: - encouraging creativity, meeting goals, achievement - satisfaction as a reward
What kinds of topics are appropriate for interviewing and the application process?
Topics related to the job and its responsibilities Examples: - professional certification - eligibility to work in the U.S. - emergency contacts - previous employment/experiences
A rural hospital employs 8.25 FTEs. In order to budget for next year's salaries for these employees, the laboratory manager needs to submit which figures for the laboratory's projected annual budget?
Total (paid) hrs
According to CLIA '88, calibration materials should be appropriate for the methodology and be:
Traceable to a reference method and reference material of known value
Explain Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.
Two Main Principles: 1) people have a variety of needs that motivate them 2) we are motivated to meet our basic (lower level) needs before we pursue higher order needs
How are staffing needs determined?
Volume Organizational Needs
A new clinic in the area is sending a very large number of additional chemistry tests to the laboratory. The existing chemistry instrument is only 2 years old and works well; however, there is a need to acquire a high throughput instrument. Which one of the following is the appropriate "justification category"? New service Volume increase Replacement Reduction of FTEs
Volume Increase
Matching the content and the requirements of the task with the skills, abilities, and needs of a worker is a function of: a.Job Design b.Rewards Systems c.Recruitment d.Leadership
a.Job Design
Which of the following topic areas can be discussed with a potential employee during a job interview? a.Have you ever been arrested? b.Previous employment that the applicant disliked c.If they are a US citizen d.Number of dependents
b.Previous employment that the applicant disliked
Which of the following can legally be asked on an employment application? a.Is your wife/husband employed full-time? b.Do you have any dependents? c.Are you eligible to work in the US? d.What is your date of birth?
c.Are you eligible to work in the US?
During an interview, an employer may request the following from a a.Age of children b.Marital status c.Professional Certification d.Arrests for DUI
c.Professional Certification
Legal pre-employment questions on an application are: a.Medical history of an employee b.Place of birth c.Felonies unrelated to job requirements d.Name and address of person to notify in case of emergency
d.Name and address of person to notify in case of emergency
The laboratory manager receives a complaint from the ICU about turnaround times for coagulation tests. The first step in problem solving should be:
gather data on current times by shift
What is the definition of Certification?
the action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting to a status or level of achievement - knowledge level, skill level -Organizations (eg, labs [via CLIA in VA]) -Individuals (eg, MT[ASCP])
What is the definition of Licensure?
the state or condition of having a license granted by official or legal authority to perform medical acts and procedures not permitted by persons without such a license -Organizations (eg, hospitals, labs [not in VA]) -Individuals (eg, doctors, nurses)
State the characteristics of guided inquiry as a teaching method and give an example.
working through solvable, complex problems/assignments Example: homework, guided reading, CAI (computer assisted instruction)
Explain the use of the fishbone diagram.
Cause and Effect - brainstorming possible ideas - sorting ideas in categories
Describe the Certifications applied by CLIA.
Certificate of Compliance -Apply directly to CMS -Inspected by state health departments Certificate of Accreditation -Apply to "Deemed" organization -TJC, CAP, AABB, AALA, AOA, ASHI, COLA
Explain the influence of ASCP in the lab.
Certification of laboratory professionals (BOC exam) with continuing education (CE credits)
What is CLIA and why was it established? What does it control?
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments - All clinical laboratories in the U.S. - establish quality standards, strengthen federal oversight, ensure accurate/reliable test results - Based on test complexity - administered by CMS
Explain the influence of CLSI in the laboratory.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - lab testing standards - set and uphold the standards that drive quality test results, enhance patient care delivery, and improve public health around the world. - Lab standardization
What are the three domains of objectives?
Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain
What is a direct cost? Give some examples.
Costs that can be directly identified with a given product or activity - Reagents - Controls - Tubes
What is an indirect cost? Give some examples.
Costs that cannot be identified with a given product or activity. - IT support - Electricity - Environmental Services - Management/Administration - Dietary - Telephone - Travel
What is a variable cost?
Costs that change alongside changes in product volume/output
What is a fixed cost?
Costs that do not change alongside product volume/output
Disciplinary policy is generally developed as a series of steps with each step more strict than the previous. Normally, the first step of the process is to:
Counsel the employee verbally
What is credentialing?
Credentialing refers to ways in which professional competence is ensured and maintained.
Explain the use of CPT codes in reimbursement and billing.
Current Procedural Terminology - codes set for medical, surgical, and diagnostic services - uniformity across services, physicians, and coders - always select most accurate service provided - maintained by AMA
The most important aspect of supervision is: Writing accurate job descriptions Performing technical procedures Balancing the budget Dealing with people
Dealing with people
Explain the organizing function of management.
Delegating in order to achieve goals - Delegating - Decision Making - Organization Design - Culture
Explain how DRGs are used for billing and reimbursement.
Diagnostic Related Groupings - medicare and other insurance companies - covers all charges associated with an inpatient stay from the time of admission to discharge Based on: - Principal diagnosis - Secondary diagnosis(es) - Surgical procedures performed - Comorbidities and complications - Patient's age and sex - Discharge status
Name the four general teaching strategies.
Direct Instruction Social Interaction Guided Inquiry Experimental Learning
State the characteristics of direct instruction and give an example.
Dissemination of information by authority (instructor) - student sit and absorb material - best for large groups and large amounts of info in limited time Example: Lecture, Demonstrations
Explain the instructional role as the Legal Defender/Delegator.
Enforcing rules and policy both over students and to protect them - be familiar with policies and rules of your organization - passive watchfulness; role enacted when infractions occur - FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE
Explain the controlling function of managers.
Establishing and implementing processes to ensure objectives are achieved. - Evaluation - Feedback - Performance Appraisals - Quality Control
Explain how the FDA plays a role in labs.
Food & Drug Administration 1) Blood Bank 2) In-vitro diagnostics and reagents - lab developed tests - analyte specific reagents 3) Manufacturing - blood and blood products - medical devices
What organizations have an influence on the CLS curriculum?
Government Professional Organizations Accrediting Organizations Certifying Organization University (Academia) VCU Health/Hospitals (clinicals)
What is the definition of accreditation?
Granting credit/recognition, especially to an educational institution that maintains suitable standards. - necessary to any person or institution in education that needs to prove that they meet a general standard of quality. Organizations only - TJC, CAP, AABB, ASHI
Describe HIPPA and its regulations/purpose.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - Protects health care coverage for workers and families when they change or lose their jobs - Establishes standards for electronic health care transactions - Protects privacy and security of health care data
Name the four IPEC competencies.
IPEC defines Interprofessional Collaboration through the following 4 competencies: 1) Values/Ethics for Interprofessional Practice 2) Roles/Responsibilities 3) Interprofessional Communication 4) Teams and Teamwork
Which of the following is an indirect cost? Equipment rental Office supplies IT support PT material
IT support
Explain the leading function of management.
Influencing employees and their behaviors to achieve organizational objectives - communication - managing teams/groups - inspiring people - influencing behaviors
Explain the instructional role as The Personal Model.
Instructors and students are human: find shared interests, attributes, and feelings = connections! - A fine line: can become innapropriate - relating to students
Explain the instructional role as The Authority.
Instructors are placed in a role of FORMAL authority - responsible for all of the education process - establish guidelines/policies, structure and course content, grading system, control of lab/classroom
Explain how ICD-10 is used in reimbursement.
International Classification of Diseases - Coding system to translate disease and procedures into numeric codes - co-chaired by the National Centers for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) - changes made yearly in Oct. - mandated by HIPPA (must read!)
State the characteristics of experimental learning as a teaching method and give an example.
Learners put in challenging simulations safetly Example: Clinicals
What are the three levels of objectives? What does each involve?
Level I - Knowledge Level II - Application/Comprehension Level III - Problem Solving
Describe how CLIA violations are sanctioned.
MILD -Direct plan of corrective action -Restrict or limit testing -Suspend testing and revoke certificate -Civil sanctions and fines up to $10,000 per violation of non-compliance -Suspend Medicare participation of a facility SEVERE
List and Define the 4 major activities of MBO.
Major purpose of a MBO is to achieve goals 1) Set Goals - what we are trying to accomplish? 2) Develop Action Plans - define course of action to achieve goals 3) Review Progress - periodic review; ensure action plan is working 4) Appraise/Evaluate Performance - evaluate if goals are met (individuals and departments)
What role does OSHA play in labs?
Management responsible for providing a safe working environment 1) Chemical Hygiene Plan -Written plan, warning labels, MSDS, training, storage, monitoring, disposal, CHO 2) Infectious Agent Exposure Control Plan -Written, training, universal precautions, engineering and work practice controls, PPE, immunization, housekeeping, waste disposal
Explain the informational role of management.
Managing by information - establish and maintain an informational network 1) Monitor - seeks and maintains current info to stay informed 2) Transmitter - transmits current info to others, both inside and outside the organization, who can use it 3) Spokesperson - transmit info to outsiders through various forms of communication
Explain Herzberg's Theory of Motivation.
"Two Factor Theory" 1) Hygiene Factors = Prevent Dissatisfaction - needed to ensure reasonable satisfaction, extreme dissatisfaction and demotivation if not present - physiological, social, safety needs 2) Motivational Factors = Satisfaction - include: achievement, recognition, promotion, growth, responsibility, and work - directly motivate to work harder - controlled and communicated with employees
You manage a small clinic lab. Your lab charges $20 for a rapid flu test. You test 100 patients in October. What was your lab's billed revenue for flu tests in the month of October?
$2,000
Explain the decisional role of management.
Managing through action - manager must make a choice and take action 1) Entrepreneur - initiation of change toward future goal/vision 2) Mediator - resolving conflicts 3)Allocator - assigning people, time, equipment, money, and resources to achieve goals 4) Negotiator - represents a team or department's interest when negotiating issues
Explain the interpersonal role of management.
Managing through people - relationships with others and human skills 1) Figurehead - ceremonial and symbolic activities - represents organization formally Leader - relationship with subordinates - motivation, communication, influence Liason - development of info sources inside/outside the organization
What is the use of a Gnatt chart?
Monitor projects
How can changing management affect employees?
Motivate them
Explain the instructional role as The Expert
Must be knowledgeable about what they teach Knowledge -> Credibility -> Respect Don't be afraid to say you are not sure, look up later and answer!
What is the NQS and what is the purpose of the six priorities?
Organization to create a blueprint to focus public and private efforts to create a high value healthcare system
What are the four functions of management?
Planning Organizing Leading Controlling
Explain the instructional role as The Facilitator.
Present information in a way it is understandable to learners. - exercise and raise learner's level of thinking - perceive, identify, and address learning difficulties
Describe Provider Performed Microscopy(PPM) tests under CLIA.
-Moderate complexity -Personally performed by provider during patient visit -KOH, Gram stain,, urine sed exam
State the requirements of high complexity testing under CLIA.
-More stringent Personnel Standards -Written procedures -QC, QA, QI, PT -Test validation -Safety -On site inspections q 2 yr
Describe the requirements of moderate complexity tests under CLIA.
-Personnel Standards -Written procedures -QC, QA, QI, PT -Test validation -Safety -On site inspections q 2 yr
What actions should be taken (in order) when solving a problem?
1) Define Problem 2) Obtain the facts/info 3) Consider options 4) Monitor progress 5) Analyze if issue has been resolved
State the steps in problem solving.
1) Define the problem 2) Problem Analysis 3) Identify possible solutions 4) Decide on Strategy/Solution 5) Monitor the outcome
Name the six NQS priorities.
1) Health and Well-being 2) Prevention and Treatment of Leading Causes of Mortality 3) Person and Family Centered Care 4) Effective Communication and Care Coordination 5) Patient Safety 6) Affordable Care
What are the three roles of management?
1) Interpersonal 2) Informational 3) Decisional
Name Maslow's Needs in Order with examples
1) Physiological needs - good paycheck, bathroom, breaks 2) Safety - keycards, lit parking, cameras, health coverage 3) Social - Activities, Socializing After Work, Sports 4) Esteem - Praise, raises, perks, bonuses, celebrations 5) Self-Actualization - Training, Special Projects, Freedom to Innovate
Give an overview of the educational process.
1) Program Curriculum 2) Competencies 3) Stated Objectives 4) Instruction 5) Learning - recall, comprehension, problem solving 6) Testing 7) Evaluation 8) Recycle
According to CLIA '88, satisfactory performance for ABO, Rh, and compatibility tests requires a scores of:
100%
The number of hours used to calculate the annual salary of a full-time employee is:
2,080
What is the purpose of a lesson plan?
A written document that organizes the components of a lesson into logical sequence to achieve stated objectives.
Explain how CAP plays a role in the laboratory.
Accrediting Agency - proficiency testing and lab visits
Describe the cognitive domain and what it entails.
Acquisition of knowledge - knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation Example: cite, count, recall, describe, calculate, compare, assess, evaluate
