Final exam

Different facets of Nonverbal communication across cultures

(Thumbs up can mean all right in the US but an insult in Thailand) peace sign= a closed fist= black power or fighting hands ok= in japan mean money or in france means 0

factors and issues for raising bi-cultural/bi-racial children

- children face identity issues and complexity during various stages of their life cycle development -which group to identify with - which dominant majority-group they identify with, which ,minority to identify with -if they synthesize both, disaffiliates which is if they don't affiliate with either

Conflict styles grid and how does it define conflict

-Dominating (or competitive/controlling) style emphasizes tactics that push for one's own position above and beyond the other's conflict interest. Includes aggressive, defensive, and controlling tactics. -Avoiding style involves dodging the conflict topic, party or situation altogether. Includes denying the conflict exists, glossing over the topic. -Obliging (or accommodating) style involves high concern of the other's conflict interest above and beyond one's own conflict position. Includes smoothing over the conflict or giving in to partner's wishes. -Compromising style involves a give-and-take concession approach to reach a mid-point agreement. Includes fairness appeals, trade-off suggestions or other short-term solutions. -Integrating (or collaborative) style involves a high concern for both self-interest and also other person's interest.

what are some of the coping strategies for countering racism

-Ignoring/dismissing: especially for minor offenses -Normalizing: appeal to treat as "normal" couple -Withdrawing: avoid places, people who are hostile -Educating: outreach efforts to help other accept -Confrontation: directly address those who insult -Prayer: rely on prayer, faith to solve problems -Humor: add levity to ease pains of racism

intercultural relationships and intamite (cultural differences and values)

-Intimacy -The core building block of individualism-collectivism lies in its relative emphasis on the importance of the "I" identity and the "we" identity. -Individualists also emphasize personal privacy and relationship privacy issues. -Collectivists also emphasize family and ingroup network connection issues. Intercultural relationship - being in a relationship with someone of a different culture. (e.g., Mexican woman, German Man) Interethnic relationship - being in a relationship with someone of the same ethnicity but different heritage. (e.g., Chinese woman, Japanese man)

what are the interracial couples four stages of racial awareness

-Racial awareness refers to gradual awakening stage to each other's views and societal views on intimate racial relationship matters. -Coping refers to struggles and strategies to gain approval from others. -Identity emergence occurs as they announce their relationship to families and ingroups. -Relationship maintenance refers to continuous hard work as the couple faces new challenges (children, moving, meeting new people).

What are the local customary practices and question for making sound ethical choices

-are you ethically confident and comfortable in defending your action in both private and the public secotrs, -would u want the same sction to be happening to you -what if everyone acted that way, would you be some of the cummalitive harms

what are the three primary perception features of conflict

-conflict involves intercultural perceptions, whcih are filtered through our lenses of ethnocentrism and stereotypes - ethnocentric perceptions add biases and prejudice to our conflict attribution process -our attibution process is further compounded by different culture-based verbal and nonverbal conflict styles (LCC, HCC)

what are the three conflict goal issues

-content goals: practical issues that are external to the individuals involved - relational conflict goals- how individuals define the particular relationship (intamite vs nointimate) or would like to define it in that interactive sitiuation - identity-based goals: means face-saving and face-honoring issues in a conflict situation

What occurs during intercultural intimate conflicts

-is any antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners due, in part, to cultural or ethnic group membership differences. -Interracial couples display obvious visible differences compared to interethnic or interfaith couples, who can choose to reveal their differences to outsiders. -Racism refers to the practice of power dominance of a "superior" racial group over other "inferior" races. -Outgroup members can react in a wide range of ways, from ostracism to complete acceptance. -Family members can also react in these ways

How are verbal and nonverbal communication similar/dislike

-repeat, contradict, substitute, complement, and accent

How can we become an ethical intercultural communicator

. Problem recognition: frame from both lenses (our own/Western and local). 2. Information search: gather multiple facts from different sectors of our own and local cultures. 3. Construction of alternatives: craft culturally inclusive creative alternatives. 4. Decision making choice: create intercultural decision-making committee drawn from both involved cultures and an uninvolved culture. 5. Implementation: emphasis on deciding implementation plans (e.g., top-down or other way, including feedback cycles

What factors contribute to an intercultural relationship

1) Cultural Identity 2) racial identity 3) ethnic identity 4)gender roles 5) individual personalities 6) social class 7) Age 8) roles

what are the guidlines for reducing racism

1) be honest with yourself 2) check yourself for bias when evaluating 3) remember that negative images concerning and out-group will distort perception 4) communicate your feelings assertively if you observe, read, or hear racist remarks

wha are the 3 approaches for studying intercultural conflict

1) differentiation- acknowledge different cultural persepectives in confluct situation 2) expansion- an active search for alternative paths or creative solutions to enlarge the amount of resources 3) compensation- meanings offering exchanges or concessions for conflict issues they value differently

what are some of the obstacles individuals face in relationships

1) encountering prejudice and racism 2) intercultural-intimate conflict 3) visible differences compared to interethnic or interfaith couples, who can choose to reveal their differences 4) family members can make them feel like outgroups

What are the principles of racism

1) feelings of superiority based on biological or racial differences 2) strong in-group preferences and the rejection of out-groups, different in customs or beliefs 3) Doctrine that conveys special advantage to those in power

Examples of racism

1) racial profiling 2) perpetuating stereotypic images 3) hate crimes

what is face and face relation to conflict

1) self-face concern- means we are much more interested in upholding our identities and favorable self-images in our interactions with each other 2) other-face concern- meanings that we are much more interested in providing identity respect and support for other persons interest or need in the face-negotiation process (faceloss- we afe treated in a way that challenges or ignored our identity claims, faceissues- how to reject a request or get out our own request granted)

know the various cross-ethnic and cross-cultural conflict styles as discussed in the textbook

1)Face-negotiation theory helps explain how individualism-collectivism value patterns influence the use of diverse conflict styles in different cultural situations. Individualists Tend to be more self-face-oriented. Tend to use direct-low context style to assert their rights. Collectivists Tend to be more other- or mutual-face-oriented in conflict negotiations. Tend to use indirect, high-context style to maintain other or mutual face and to preserve relational harmony. Independent-self individuals use more competitive/dominating conflict styles and interdependent-self individuals tend to use more avoiding, obliging, integrating and compromising styles. 2)African American conflict styles Black mode of conflict is high-keyed (energetic, nonverbally animated, and emotionally expressive), while White mode of conflict is relatively low-keyed (dispassionate, nonverbally and emotionally restrained). Tend to prefer an emotionally engaged, assertive mode of conflict discussion. This group is influenced by both individualistic and collectivistic values. Asian American conflict styles Strongly influenced by Confucianism which emphasizes core values such as long-term orientation, ordering relationships by status, and collective face saving. Tend to use avoiding or obliging conflict styles, and sometimes use "silence" and third-party help to mediate the conflict situation Latino/a American conflict styles Tactfulness and consideration of others' feelings are considered important facework norms. Avoidance is sometimes preferred over a head-on confrontational style in dealing with minor or mid-range conflict issues. Native American conflict styles Prefer the use of verbal restraint and self-discipline. Tend to be more other- and mutual-face-sensitive in disputes. Verbal restraint and asking a third-party elder for wisdom in resolving the conflict issue is also done, along with deliberate silence to convey displeasure.

How do the different cultures perceive the different forms

1)appearance (plastic surgery) 2) 3) procedures learned for managing expressions 4) some use specific and significant form s of hand gestures and body movement 5) some cultures are against same sex touch, like men holding hands accepted in malaysia, but may not be in another area

what is the perception process

1. Selection 2. Organization 3. Interpretation (selecting cues quickly from the environment, organizing them into coherent pattern, and labeling that pattern, and interpreting that pattern in accordance with expectation)

what are IC relationship decoding issues (Perceived similarity)

1. To minimize initial interaction anxiety, two cultural strangers need proficiency in a shared language and use of everyday slang and idioms. 2. Native language speaker must develop cultural sensitivity including in-depth knowledge of other's cultural values, expectations, idioms, nonverbal moves, and dating rituals. 3. Individualists: low-context direct verbal approach to initiating, maintaining, ending close relationships. Active verbal self-disclosure: "I love you." 4. Collectivists: high-context, indirect approach. Love is in details of attending to other's needs and desires and to offer sacrifice

what causes transformation in global identity

?? media creates stereotypes image that influence people to change their style, food choices, friends, and other relations in the world

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

Ethical absolutism position

Emphasizes principles of right and wrong (good and bad behavior) in accordance with a set of assumed universally fixed standards regardless of cultural differences.

what are the attribution biases and errors that people make

FAE- overestimate negative personality factors to explain a strangers negative event and underestimate situtational facotrs Priciple of negativity- emphaisze negative information about ougroup members favorable self-bias- tendency to facor ouselves and our ingroup in explaining our sucess and to create derogatoru self-effacement bias- remeber our failures more and attribute to the lack of ability

what are the four critical skills for competent conflict management

Facework management- address the core issue of protecting our own communication identity 2) mindful listening 3) Cultural empathy- involves learned ability of the participants to understand self-experiences of others 4) midful reframing- using language change the way each person defines or thinks about experiences and views

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (what is it and how does it work?) (how does it apply to effective communication)

Focuses on cross cultural encounters between cultural in-groups and strangers - also to any situation where differences between people spawn doubts and fears - it is designed to explain effective face-to-face communication - being open to new information - being aware of more than one persepective creating new categories

How does one become a dynamic global leader

Personal: understands, values self Social: engages, challenges others Business: mobilizes one's organization Cultural: values, leverages cultural differences

what is the effects of prejudice on ICC

Prejudice causes an outlook towards other cultures which then causes a blockage to other cultures when communicating

what are some of the procedures for meta-ethical (what are some of the concepts and guidelines)

Rights are what you are entitled to as a human being or citizen of a country. Duties implies obligations and responsibilities Culture-specific aspect refers to standardized norms of a culture in conjunction with role expectations. Culture-general aspect refers to pan-human aspects of responsibility to fellow human beings. Traditions and stories call for reflections in viewing the problematic case as part of the larger history in the cultural milieu. Fairness means equitable treatment on a personal or community-interest level. Justice implies impartial treatment of cases by using a consistent set of standards in dealing with similar cases. Consequences refers to taking into consideration the ramifications that affect all parties who are directly or indirectly involved in the problematic case. Virtues exemplify the commendable qualities of an individual. Ideals are actions that are not required but that you still take because it is the right thing to do. A meta-ethical decision is a discovery process to dig deeper into our own value system to find inconsistencies, resonating points, and creative problem-solving commitments. Consider these two questions in meta-ethical decision making: Can you think of creative solutions other than the ones investigated? Is there a way to prevent similar ethical dilemmas from arising in the future in this culture?

what are the facets of the process

Selective attention, selective organization, and selective interpretation (pick out cues from our cultural landscape, organizing you perception and label it depending of our interpretation, attaching meaning to the data we receive)

How does one use the intercultural discovery model? know the parts

Two stages of ethnocentrism Defensive ethnocentrism refers to having a rigidly-heldmindset and a tendency to create a superior-inferior gap with outgroup members. Ambivalent ethnocentrism refers to confused feelings about outgroup members, still treating them indifferently, but beginning to realize that you may have blind spots. The ambivalent stage is part of an intercultural discovery journey. Functional flexibility stage Can function adaptively in using appropriate verbal and nonverbal styles. May continue to retain your cultural/ethnic value patterns or beliefs. Dynamic flexibility stage Can integrate the best of your ethical, cognitive, affective, and behavioral layers of your identity. Can dance adaptively with your intercultural partner. Can swing comfortably from low-context mode to high-context mode, code-switch from individualistic thinking to collectivistic thinking, hold value sets simultaneously, while seeing both their merits and filters.

Intercultural workplace conflict grid (know the parts and how it works)

Uses two value dimensions (individualism-collectivism and power distance) to form grid with four approaches: a. Impartial approach (individualistic-small power distance) values personal freedom and equal treatment. Denmark, Sweden, Norway. Employee may ask for justification for manager's decisions. b. Status-achievement approach (individualistic-large power distance) values personal freedom and earned inequality. France and some U.S. corporations. Employees can voice complaints, but managers have authority and power. c. Benevolent approach (collectivistic-large power distance) values obligation to others and asymmetrical interaction. Most Latin and South American, Asian, Arab, and African nations. Managers play authoritative parental role. d. Communal approach (collectivistic-small power distance) values authentic connection and genuine equality. Only nation: Costa Rica. Communal decision-making and rotating leadership.

interdependent conflict

a person who views a relation process lens and emphasis on relationship and feeling issues, a win-win relational approach, a being angle and repairs relational trust, there is no clear winner or loser

independent conflict

a person who views conflict from a win-lose approach, a doing angle something is broken and needs fixing, an outcome-driven mode clear action plan or resolution needed

Assimilated and marginal identity in relation to the development of romantic relationship

a- weak ethnic and strong cultural m-weak both ethnic and cultural -they have a greater tendency to date and/or marry out of their own groups

What is the different facets of the e.netizen identity

a. Exclusive: loyal to the Internet community, their main connection to the world. b. Evolved: multifaceted and network-based social group identities, comfortable borrowing identities. c. Explorers: as consumer-based identity, in search of next big thing. d. Emoticon: used in instant, text, and e-mail messaging. e. Entertained: insatiable appetite for entertainment. f. Engaged: group effort at decision making (shared opinions). g. Energized: bored easily, so constant sensory stimulation is needed.

Why should we know the difference between ethnocentrism and ethnorelativism

because then we can identify the difference in characteristics between the two?

How are boundaries used and applied

boundaries are used to separate individuals and are applied in different amount of space. (the way homes or rooms are separate, space between physical contact, space or silence when talking or fighting with partner, understanding time dimension)

how does one go from being ethnocentric to ethnorelativist

by using the functional flexibility stage: can function adaptively in using appropriate verbal and nonverbal styles -may continue to retain you cultural/ethnic value patterns or beliefs Dynamic flexibility stage: - you can imagrate the best of your ethical, cognitive,. affective and behavrioal layers of your identity

how do attributions effect ones communication

causes biases (FAE, negativity (emphasize on negative behavior about outgroup members), favorable self-bias (favor ourselves and explaination for ourselves or others for our success), self-effacement bias (reasoning for our failures and attribute to our lack of ability, attribute to success to personal attributions and bad things to situation factors)

How does E. netizen affect culture and identity

composite identity shaped bny technology, popular culture, and mass media

Prejudice and communication

describes an individuals feelings and predispositions toward outgroup members in a pejorative or negative direction.

What are the four communication process functions

ego-defense mechanism- shield to protect our fragile egos 2) regularity- viewing our views as normal and proper 3) lacking accurate cultural knowledge- faster to ignore the unfamiliar 4) rewards and approval- in-group approval rights and laughs

Ethical Universalism Position

emphasizes the importance of deriving universal ethical guidelines by placing ethical judgments within the proper cultural context.

ethical relativism position

emphasizes the importance of understanding the cultural context in judging conduct

What is the difference between ethnocentrism and ethnorelativism

ethnocentrism- view their own group as better than others ethnorelativism- means to understand a communication behavior from the other persons cultural frame of reference

what are attributions

explanations or reasons for someone's behavior

What are the four explanations of prejudice

exploitation theory- maintaining higher status, and lowering status groups of out-groups 2) scapegoating theory- prejudice people blaming minority groups for failure 3) authoritarian personality approach- rigidly adheres to norms and completely accepts authority 4) structural approach- promotes a pecking order among group members

nonverbal cues

eye contact, gestures, physical proximity, or touching (are our identities, the way we dress, talk, our non verbal gestures)

Attraction

feeling of being drawn toward another and desiring the company of a person

What are the in-group and out-group membership boundaries

ingroup- is those who are close and we feel connected with outgroup-those who are outside of the group and dont have connection with

Relationship Development

initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding

self-disclosure

intentional process of revealing exclusive information about ourself to others that other individuals do not know

Social Penetration Theory

interpersonal information progresses from superficial non-intimate to more deep-layered intimate disclosure

What are the different types of boundaries

interpersonal, environmental, psychological, regulating time

what are the four types of discriminatory practices

isolate discrimination small-group discrimination direct institutional discrimination indirect institutional discrimination

what factors affect global identity

media, culture, language, gender, family, friends

What is nonverbal communication?

message exchange process involving use of nonlinguistic and paralinguistic cues that are expressed through multiple communication channels in a particular sociocultural setting

What is E. netizen

new generation of individuals, wired to the internet via intersecting space, having a

what is the difference between independent and interdependent conflict

one is more self centered and wants the power and other sees all angles and compromises

What are the different forms or types of nonverbal communication

physical appearance, paralanguage, facial expressions, kinesics, haptics, oculesics, and proxemics

Racism

prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position

refers to the cultivation of an ethical way of thinking in our everyday lives that transcends any particular ideological position

interracial relationships

relationships that cross socially constructed racial groups

What does expectancy violation tell us?

tells us that human interaction

Boundary regulation

the amount of space we claim as our own territory

What is intercultural conflict

the implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, outcomes in a communication situation.

Interpersonal space

the need for information privacy or psychological silence between the self and others

interpersonal distance

the physical space that separates two people (20 inches for european american, latin 14-15, saudi 9-10)

face and face negotiation theory

the projected image of one's self in a relational situation

How does culture effect nonverbal communication

the same noneverbal cue can mean different things to different people in different cultures.

Expectancy violation theory

theory that you interpret the messages of others based on how you expect others to behave

How do boundaries communicate

they communicate by the amount of space and privacy we need from others. From whether we like or dislike each other

How do stereotypes influence influence the perception process?

they influence our perception because when we have stereotypes towards individuals, we tend to see them and judge them for what they may or may not be. Causes inflexibility and ingroup favoritism

Bicultural relationship

those who are stong ethnic, strong cultural

How is expectancy violation used?

used to explain how people should behave and if not met, than our attitude changes towards that person

Discrimination

verbal and nonverbal actions that carry out prejudiced attitudes