FINAL FOR HEMO
Which of the following statements about how smooth muscle differs from skeletal or cardiac muscle are accurate? Smooth muscle: Select all that apply. A) Has dense bodies attached to actin filaments B) Contains sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands C) Contracts more rapidly than skeletal muscles D) Has one centrally located nucleus
A) Has dense bodies attached to actin filaments D) Has one centrally located nucleus
A client with a complete tear of the rotator cuff in the right shoulder was given the choice between surgery and stem cell transplant. The client chose to try the stem cell injection. The client asked the health care provider, "How does this work on my shoulder?" The best response would be: A) Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site. B) The stem cells will circulate through your arterial system and come to rest in any area that is inflamed and in need of repair. C) Stem cell injection is similar to a blood transfusion in that the cells will bring more oxygen and nutrients to the damaged tissue. D) In addition to stem cells, the physician will give you some growth factor to help your body build more muscle mass.
A) Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site.
Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by: A) Bound and transmembrane proteins B) Complex, long carbohydrate chains C) Surface antigens and hormone receptors D) A gating system of selective ion channels
A) Bound and transmembrane proteins
Semen analysis indicates that the client's sperm have decreased motility. Which of the following cellular components may be defective within the client's sperm? A) Ribosomes B) Microtubules C) Mitochondria D) Microfilaments
B) Microtubules
Which of the following processes associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible? A) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm B) Cellular changes as a result of ionizing radiation C) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of free radicals D) Apoptosis
A) Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm
A person eating peanuts starts choking and collapses. His airway obstruction is partially cleared, but he remains hypoxic until he reaches the hospital. The health care providers will be assessing this client for which of the following physiological events? Select all that apply. A) Cerebral infarction B) Coagulation necrosis C) Rapid phagocytosis D) Protein p53 deficiency
A) Cerebral infarction B) Coagulation necrosis
A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of: A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization B) The presence of unexpected cell types C) Ischemic changes in cell samples D) Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field
A) Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
Free radicals damage cells by: A) Destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane B) Altering the immune response of the cell C) Disrupting calcium storage in the cell D) Inactivation of enzymes and mitochondria
A) Destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane
The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is: A) Diffusion of current-carrying ions B) Millivoltage of electrical potential C) Polarization of charged particles D) Ion channel neurotransmission
A) Diffusion of current-carrying ions
During a discussion of different cell types in the body, the instructor mentions that which types of cells renew themselves continuously throughout life? A) Liver cells B) Neurons C) Cells lining the GI tract D) Osteoblasts
C) Cells lining the GI tract
An 84-year-old client's blood cultures have come back positive, despite the fact that his oral temperature has remained within normal range. Which of the following phenomena underlies the alterations in fever response that occur in the elderly? A) Disturbance in the functioning of the thermoregulatory center B) Increased heat loss by evaporation C) The presence of comorbidities that is associated with lowered core temperature D) Persistent closure of arteriovenous shunts
A) Disturbance in the functioning of the thermoregulatory center
Which of the following clients, who have undergone a major surgery to repair a "leaking" colon with associated peritonitis, is most likely to experience enhanced wound healing as a result of his or her presurgery diet history? A client who: A) Eats a high-calorie diet and large amounts of red meat B) Is a vegetarian and who eats organic foods when possible C) Practices carefully calorie control and who avoids animal fats D) Is receiving total parenteral nutrition due to recurrent nausea
A) Eats a high-calorie diet and large amounts of red meat
Which of the following lab results confirm the client has developed an acute-phase inflammatory response? Select all that apply. A) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 175 mm/h (high). B) Red blood cell count (RBC) 3.11 cells/L (low). C) Leukocytes (WBC) 18.7 cells/L (high). D) C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.0 mg/L (high). E) Fibrinogen level 1.5 g/L (normal).
A) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 175 mm/h (high). C) Leukocytes (WBC) 18.7 cells/L (high). D) C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.0 mg/L (high).
A male client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because he lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes. Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose, and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the following processes would best allow glucose to cross his cell membranes? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Simple diffusion C) Secondary active transport D) Endocytosis
A) Facilitated diffusion
Which assessment findings of a client with an elevated temperature would be considered a "normal" finding? Select all that apply. A) Flushed skin B) White, cheesy patches on oral mucous membranes C) Pain when moving joints to sit up in bed D) Unusual fatigue and drowsiness E) Complaining of "spots before the eyes"
A) Flushed skin C) Pain when moving joints to sit up in bed D) Unusual fatigue and drowsiness
A client with poor arterial circulation in the lower limbs has developed areas of inflammation and "weeping" clear serous exudate. Since chronic inflammation lasts for a long time, it has been associated with which of the following changes in physiological response? Select all that apply. A) Formation and development of new blood vessels B) The death of one or more cells in the body within a localized area C) Release of a number of potent inflammatory mediators, altering adhesive properties D) Regulation and modulation of the immune response through synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators E) Release of scavenger cells capable of engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis
A) Formation and development of new blood vessels B) The death of one or more cells in the body within a localized area
Epithelialization, the first component of the proliferative phase of wound healing, is delayed in open wounds until what type of tissue has formed? A) Granulation tissue B) Fibrinous meshwork C) Capillary circulation D) Collagenous layers
A) Granulation tissue
When working with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is receiving peritoneal dialysis, the concept of diffusion can be explained by which of the following statements? A) "If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower." B) "You will need to give yourself a potent diuretic so that you can pull the potassium into your blood stream and filter the potassium out in your kidneys." C) "Your potassium molecules are lipid soluble and will dissolve in the lipid matrix of your cell membranes." D) "If you can get very warm in a sauna, you will heat up your K+ particles, and the kinetic movement of the particles will increase and pass through the cell membranes faster."
A) "If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower."
Which of the following clients is most likely to experience impaired wound healing? A) A client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood sugar control B) A child whose severe cleft lip and palate have required a series of surgeries over several months C) A client who takes nebulized bronchodilators several times daily to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) A client with persistent hypertension who takes a -adrenergic blocker and a potassium-wasting diuretic daily
A) A client with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood sugar control
Which of the following clients have a pathophysiologic process capable of causing fever by inducing the production of pyrogens? Select all that apply. A) A farmer who cut his arm while sharpening his tools coming to clinic because of acute inflammation signs like fever and redness B) A middle-aged obese client complaining of "knees hurting and swelling by the end of the day" C) An older adult recuperating following a myocardial infarction D) A newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma client E) A 30-year-old end-stage renal failure client receiving hemodialysis three times per week
A) A farmer who cut his arm while sharpening his tools coming to clinic because of acute inflammation signs like fever and redness C) An older adult recuperating following a myocardial infarction D) A newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma client
Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy? A) A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation B) A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss C) A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive increase in left ventricular mass D) A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy
A) A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
A client with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol abuse has a distended abdomen as a result of fluid accumulation in his peritoneal cavity (ascites). Which of the following pathophysiologic processes contributes to this third spacing? A) Abnormal increase in transcellular fluid volume B) Increased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure C) Polydipsia D) Impaired hormonal control of fluid volume
A) Abnormal increase in transcellular fluid volume
Which accurately explains the functions of the organelles lysosomes? They: A) Are sacs filled with enzymes that breakdown and remove foreign substances and worn-out cell parts B) Function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum to modify protein end products and package them into secretory granules or vesicles C) Are small particles of nucleoproteins that are involved in the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell as cytoplasmic structural or functional elements D) Are a dynamic system of interconnected membranous tubes that functions as a tubular communication system for transporting various substances from one part of the cell to another
A) Are sacs filled with enzymes that breakdown and remove foreign substances and worn-out cell parts
A client underwent an open cholecystectomy 4 days ago, and her incision is now in the proliferative phase of healing. What is the dominant cellular process that characterizes this phase of the client's healing? A) Hemostasis and vasoconstriction B) Keloid formation C) Collagen secretion by fibroblasts D) Phagocytosis by neutrophils
A) Hemostasis and vasoconstriction
An older adult client has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the client's inflammation? A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces B) Chemotaxis C) Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium D) Phagocytosis of cellular debris
A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
The physiology instructor asks the students, "How does growth factor affect cell proliferation?" Which students have the most accurate responses? Growth factors: Select all that apply. A) Regulate the inflammatory process B) Act as a chemoattractant for many cells like neutrophils and macrophages C) Inhibit the beginning stages of cell changes that can result in cancer D) Stimulate new blood vessel growth E) Inhibit cell proliferation
A) Regulate the inflammatory process B) Act as a chemoattractant for many cells like neutrophils and macrophages D) Stimulate new blood vessel growth
A client has been brought to the emergency department with a large, gaping wound from a farming accident. The client is critically ill and has required blood products and surgery to clean and close the wound. Sharing with a student nurse the steps in wound healing, the nurse discusses the inflammatory phase, stating macrophages: Select all that apply. A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area C) Remove debris from the wound D) Synthesize and secrete collagen E) Proliferate to form the granulation tissue to serve as a foundation for scar tissue to form
A) Release growth factors that stimulate epithelial cell growth B) Facilitate the body's ability to grow new vessels in the injured area C) Remove debris from the wound
Ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumulation of intracellular calcium as a result of: A) Release of stored calcium from the mitochondria B) Improved intracellular volume regulation C) Decreased influx across the cell membrane D) Attraction of calcium to fatty infiltrates
A) Release of stored calcium from the mitochondria
The nurse notes the client has developed a systemic response of inflammation based on assessment findings. Which of the following clinical manifestations support this diagnosis? Select all that apply. A) Temperature of 100.9°F, lethargy B) Pulse rate 130 beats/minute (high) C) Generalized achiness D) Low urine output E) Pounding, throbbing headache
A) Temperature of 100.9°F, lethargy B) Pulse rate 130 beats/minute (high) C) Generalized achiness
Which body tissue exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewal? A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin B) The connective tissue supporting blood vessels C) The skeletal muscle that facilitates movement D) The nervous tissue that constitutes the central nervous system
A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin
A couple has chosen to pay for the harvesting and storage of umbilical cord blood after the delivery of their child to secure a future source of embryonic stem cells. What is the most likely rationale for the couple's decision? A) The stem cells may be able to produce a wide range of body cells. B) The embryonic stem cells allow stable and permanent tissues to enter mitosis. C) The stem cells can change the proliferative capacity of other cells. D) The embryonic stem cells remove cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors from the body.
A) The stem cells may be able to produce a wide range of body cells.
With skeletal muscle contraction, what prevent the development of cross-bridges between the actin and myosin? Select all that apply. A) Tropomyosin attaches globular heads to the myosin filament. B) Troponin covers the tropomyosin-binding sites and prevents the formation of cross-bridges. C) ATP actually plays a role in the positioning of the myosin filaments and actin. D) The concentration of calcium around the myofibrils will prevent the cross-bridges from being formed.
A) Tropomyosin attaches globular heads to the myosin filament. B) Troponin covers the tropomyosin-binding sites and prevents the formation of cross-bridges.
A pregnant client is attending a nutrition class for first-time moms. During the class, the instructor stressed that they should avoid consumption of which food that may cause brain damage from methyl mercury exposure? A) Tuna B) Raw hamburger C) Fresh milk D) Beets
A) Tuna
The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells? A) Metaplasia B) Organ atrophy C) Compensatory hyperplasia D) Physiologic hypertrophy
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
An elderly client asks her health care provider if the reason she has developed aortic stenosis is because she drank so much milk as a child growing up on a farm. Which of the following responses is most accurate? A) "Drinking lots of real milk as a child may have contributed to the damage in your valve." B) "Atherosclerosis is a long process that eventually results in calcification of heart valves." C) "This calcification of your aortic valve is more than likely due to an undiagnosed thyroid problem." D) "More than likely, calcium has left your bones and collected on your aortic valve."
B) "Atherosclerosis is a long process that eventually results in calcification of heart valves."
Which of the following wounds is most likely to heal by secondary intention? A) A finger laceration that a cook received while cutting up onions B) A boy's "road rash" that he got by falling off his bicycle C) A needle stick injury that a nurse received when injecting a client's medication D) The incision from a teenager's open appendectomy
B) A boy's "road rash" that he got by falling off his bicycle
While explaining to a post-surgical knee client about the various forms and function of connective tissue, the nurse gives the example of the client's surgical repair of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is due to: A) A reticular fiber problem that interrupted the framework for capillaries B) A dense regular connective tissue tear that is usually rich in collagen fibers that allows ligaments to join bone to bone C) An irregular, dense connective tissue tear of loose connective tissue that is located in the perichondrium D) Irregular filling of spaces between tissues to facilitate keeping of joints and tendons in their proper place
B) A dense regular connective tissue tear that is usually rich in collagen fibers that allows ligaments to join bone to bone
An elderly client has experienced some hypoxia as a result of chronic respiratory problems. Knowing that oxygen -deprived cells result in an accumulation of lactic acid in the cells, physiologically, the client may experience: A) An increase in fat load B) Altered cell membrane permeability C) Retention of lysosomal enzymes D) Cellular shrinkage and dehydration
B) Altered cell membrane permeability
Injured cells become very swollen as a result of: A) Increased cell protein synthesis B) Altered cell volume regulation C) Passive entry of potassium into the cell D) Bleb formation in the plasma membrane
B) Altered cell volume regulation
A 12-year-old boy's severe wound that he received from a dog bite has begun to heal and currently shows no signs of infection. Which of the following processes occurred first during this process of repair by connective tissue deposition? A) Reorganization of fibrous tissue B) Angiogenesis C) Emigration of fibroblasts to the wound site D) Deposition of the extracellular matrix
B) Angiogenesis
A client with diabetes has impaired sensation, circulation, and oxygenation of his feet. He steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal, and the tissue area becomes necrotic. The necrotic cell death is characterized by: A) Rapid apoptosis B) Cellular breakage C) Shrinkage and collapse D) Chronic inflammation
B) Cellular breakage
Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy to the body by: A) Removing the phosphate bonds from ATP B) Combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water C) Activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm D) Breaking down glucose to form lactic acid
B) Combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water
The basement membrane surrounding a client's foot wound remains intact, a fact that bodes well for the wound-healing process. Which types of substances/cells are responsible for the synthesis of collagen and elastic fibers? A) Prostaglandins B) Fibroblasts C) Lymphocytes D) Glycoproteins
B) Fibroblasts
When explaining the function of glycolysis as it relates to anaerobic metabolism, the faculty will mention which of the following key points? Select all that apply. A) Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen to begin the process. B) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondrion-lacking cells. C) Glycolysis provides the majority of the body's energy needs. D) Pyruvic acid is an end result from a series of reactions that converts glucose.
B) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondrion-lacking cells. D) Pyruvic acid is an end result from a series of reactions that converts glucose.
A nursing student is cleaning and changing the dressing on a client's sacral ulcer. The student has vigorously cleansed the wound bed to remove all traces of the beefy, red tissue that existed in the wound bed. The student has most likely removed: A) Necrotic tissue B) Granulation tissue C) Stem cells D) The extracellular matrix
B) Granulation tissue
A 70-year-old male client has been admitted to a hospital for the treatment of a recent hemorrhagic stroke that has left him with numerous motor and sensory deficits. These deficits are most likely the result of which of the following mechanisms of cell injury? A) Free radical injury B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion C) Interference with DNA synthesis D) Impaired calcium homeostasis
B) Hypoxia and ATP depletion
A febrile, 3-week-old infant has been brought to the emergency department by his parents and is currently undergoing a diagnostic workup to determine the cause of his fever. Which of the following statements best conveys the rationale for this careful examination? A) The immature hypothalamus is unable to perform normal thermoregulation. B) Infants are susceptible to serious infections because of their decreased immune function. C) Commonly used antipyretics often have no effect on the core temperature of infants. D) Fever in neonates is often evidence of a congenital disorder rather than an infection.
B) Infants are susceptible to serious infections because of their decreased immune function.
A client with a history of several previous abdominal surgeries has been admitted to the hospital with several abdominal pains. Knowing that fibrous strands of collagen can form following abdominal surgery resulting in adhesions, the nurse should assess the client for: A) Excess fluid in the abdomen B) Intestinal obstruction causing constipation C) Peritoneal fluid leaking from the umbilicus D) Tight, rigid abdomen caused by bleeding from old surgical sites
B) Intestinal obstruction causing constipation
Which describes the function of the nucleus? A) It is basically the site of protein synthesis in the body. B) It contains the genetic code for the individual. C) It is the transformer of cellular energy. D) It initiates the process of aerobic metabolism.
B) It contains the genetic code for the individual.
A client asks why his temperature is always below 98.6°F. The nurse responds: A) Some people maintain a core body temperature of 41°C and that is normal for them. B) Normal core temperature varies between individuals within the range of 97.0°F to 99.5°F. C) A person's highest point of core temperature is usually first thing in the morning. D) The best way to bring your body temperature up to normal is to live in a warmer climate.
B) Normal core temperature varies between individuals within the range of 97.0°F to 99.5°F.
Exogenous pyrogens (interleukin-1) and the presence of bacteria in the blood lead to the release of endogenous pyrogens that: A) Stabilize thermal control in the brain B) Produce leukocytosis and shivering C) Block viral replication in cells D) Inhibit prostaglandin release
B) Produce leukocytosis and shivering
An elderly client is dressed only in a hospital gown and complains of a draft in her room. Consequently, she has requested a warm blanket while she sits in her wheelchair. Which of the following mechanisms of heat loss is most likely the primary cause of her request? A) Evaporation and conduction B) Radiation and convection C) Conduction and convection D) Convection and evaporation
B) Radiation and convection
The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize? A) White blood cell levels with differential B) Red blood cell levels and morphology C) Urea and creatinine levels D) Liver function panel
B) Red blood cell levels and morphology
Which of the following diseases would be considered to be caused by a lack of a specific vitamin or mineral? A) Anorexia nervosa B) Scurvy C) Sickle cell anemia D) Atherosclerosis
B) Scurvy
A client has arrived in the emergency department with massive blood loss from a lacerated liver. Knowing the physiological principles behind the capacity for cells to regenerate, the client's body will likely: A) Pull fluid from the tissues to maintain a reasonable blood pressure B) Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow C) Activate the tissue cells to start producing stem cells D) Begin a cell cycle so stem cells can undergo numerous mitotic divisions
B) Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow
While sponging a client who has a high temperature, the nurse observes the client begins to shiver. At this point, the priority nursing intervention would be to: A) Administer an extra dose of aspirin B) Stop sponging the client and retake a set of vital signs C) Increase the room temperature by turning off the air conditioner and continue sponging the client with warmer water D) Place a heated electric blanket on the client's bed
B) Stop sponging the client and retake a set of vital signs
Which of the following clients is most likely to be susceptible to developing a neurogenic fever? A client who has: A) Stage II Alzheimer disease B) Sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash C) Become delirious after the administration of a benzodiazepine D) Begun taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of depression
B) Sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash
Which of the following facts underlies the concept of replicative senescence? A) Genes controlling longevity are present or absent in varying quantities among different individuals. B) Telomeres become progressively shorter in successive generations of a cell. C) The damaging influence of free radicals increases exponentially in later generations of a cell. D) Aging produces mutations in DNA and deficits in DNA repair.
B) Telomeres become progressively shorter in successive generations of a cell.
A client cuts herself with a sharp knife while cooking dinner. The client describes how the wound started bleeding and had a red appearance almost immediately. The nurse knows that in the vascular stage of acute inflammation, the vessels: A) Bleed profusely until the body can compensate and start to send fibrinogen to the wound B) Vasodilate causing the area to become congested causing the red color and warmth C) Constrict as a result of "fight/flight" hormone release resulting in pale-colored skin D) Swell to the point of compromising circulation causing the limb to become cool to touch
B) Vasodilate causing the area to become congested causing the red color and warmth
While caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), the client asks why he is always sick with an infection. The nurse responds, "LAD is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in recurrent infections because of the lack of transmigration. This means: A) Your body doesn't make enough white blood cells." B) Your white blood cells are not able to leave the blood vessels and move into the area of infection." C) I don't really understand this, but it sounds like a good question to ask your physician." D) Your bone marrow is damaged and can't put out enough white blood cells to fight off your infections."
B) Your white blood cells are not able to leave the blood vessels and move into the area of infection."
Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the "power plants" of the cell because they: A) Contain RNA for protein synthesis B) Utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy C) Extract energy from organic compounds D) Store calcium bonds for muscle contractions
C) Extract energy from organic compounds
Which of the following clients would be considered a good candidate for hyperbaric oxygen therapy? A) A middle-aged adult who got in a fight and received a laceration above the eye B) A motorcycle accident client with lots of "road rash" requiring scrubbing of the wounds with a brush to remove all the debris C) An older adult with history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower D) A fifth grade student who fell on the playground and broke his femur and developed large hematoma over the injured leg
C) An older adult with history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower
The most reliable method for measuring body water or fluid volume increase is by assessing: A) Tissue turgor B) Intake and output C) Body weight change D) Serum sodium levels
C) Body weight change
A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful "hang nail" on the index finger. There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and pain? A) Serotonin B) Histamine C) Bradykinin D) Nitric oxide
C) Bradykinin
A postsurgical client who is recovering in the postanesthetic recovery unit states that she is "freezing cold." Which of the following measures is likely to be initiated in the client's hypothalamus in an effort to reduce heat loss? A) Opening of arteriovenous (AV) shunts B) Reduced exhalation of warmed air C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles D) Decreased urine production
C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles
A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function? A) Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia B) Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility D) Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest
C) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility
When exercising outside on an extremely warm day, the client can feel his heart pounding very rapidly. Thinking in terms of the ability of the aorta to stretch to accommodate more blood circulating during exercise and the warm environment, this is an example of the function of which fibrous protein? A) Collagen B) Reticular C) Elastin D) Ligaments
C) Elastin
When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible: A) Liver problems as an infant B) Congenital heart problems C) Exposure to lead D) Second-hand smoke exposure
C) Exposure to lead
Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of layers. Which of the following is a correctly matched description and type of epithelial tissue? A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with the intercellular matrix; some do not extend to surface. B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on the basement membrane. C) Glandular epithelium: arises from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue. D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; the deepest layer rests on the basement membrane.
C) Glandular epithelium: arises from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue.
A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this can happen?" Which of the following pathophysiologic processes should the nurse explain to this client? "More than likely, your gangrene is caused by: A) Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means death of your cells." B) Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe." C) Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe." D) Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe."
C) Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe."
Despite the low levels of radiation used in contemporary radiologic imaging, a radiology technician is aware of the need to minimize her exposure to ionizing radiation. What is the primary rationale for the technician's precautions? Radiation: A) Stimulates pathologic cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia B) Results in the accumulation of endogenous waste products in the cytoplasm C) Interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis D) Decreases the action potential of rapidly dividing cells
C) Interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis
A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child Ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent: A) Renal failure B) Seizures C) Liver failure D) Hemorrhage
C) Liver failure
Which of the following cells will likely stay in a permanent resting state known as G0, unless there is a change in nutrients, growth factors, or hormones that trigger cell renewal? A) Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin B) Cells lining the esophagus and intestines C) Neurons D) Cancerous cells
C) Neurons
During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, "Which of the following cells arrives early in great numbers?" The student with the correct response is: A) Basophils B) Lymphocytes C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes
C) Neutrophils
Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation? A) Temperature of 101°F B) Fatigue with listlessness C) Redness and edema at the injured site D) Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hours (low)
C) Redness and edema at the injured site
A client who had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) returns the next week with a fever, chills, and elevated WBC. The physician suspects the wound is infected. If this wound does not respond to antibiotic therapy, the nurse can anticipate the client will undergo: A) Debridement B) Skin grafting C) Removal of device D) Whirlpool therapy
C) Removal of device
Exocytosis allows granular content to be released into extracellular fluid by: A) Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport B) Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances like hormones D) Destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion
C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances like hormones
A client has been diagnosed with a gram-negative bacillus in his blood cultures. The health care providers know these bacteria may produce clinical manifestations such as high temperature, high respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. These manifestations are primarily caused by: A) Disrupting the sodium/potassium ATPase pump B) Interrupting oxidative metabolism processes C) The outer layer of the bacterial membrane acting as an endotoxin D) The bacteria causing a decrease in protein synthesis and function
C) The outer layer of the bacterial membrane acting as an endotoxin
A client arrived in the emergency department following 2 days of general malaise. The temperature is 103.8°F. The nurse administers the prescribed aspirin, an antipyretic. Which of the following statements relates to the rationale for this action? A) Temperatures in excess of 37.5°C (99.5° F) can result in seizure activity. B) Lower temperatures inhibit the protein synthesis of bacteria. C) These medications protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation. D) Most common antipyretics have been shown to have little effect on core temperature.
C) These medications protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation.
A student asks the instructor what it means when the book states, skeletal muscles are syncytial or multinucleated? The instructor responds: A) "Each of the skeletal muscle cells has an apical, lateral, and basal surface." B) "They are closely apposed and are joined by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules." C) "This means that these muscles exhibit cross-striations formed by alternating segments of thick and thin protein filaments, with muscle cells having a branched appearance." D) "If a skeletal muscle is injured and a portion dies, the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber do not die because they have their own nuclear material."
D) "If a skeletal muscle is injured and a portion dies, the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber do not die because they have their own nuclear material."
A client states, "I heard that my healed wound tissue is stronger than my normal tissue. Is that true?" The nurse responds that roughly 3 months after a wound; the wound tensile strength is approximately what percentage from normal? A) 10% of normal B) 30% of normal C) 50% of normal D) 70% of normal
D) 70% of normal
Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in: A) Inadequate sites for protein synthesis B) An inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane C) Insufficient energy production within a cell D) Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
D) Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm
A client has been diagnosed with gram-negative pneumonia of the lower lobe. Knowing that gram-negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on their outer cell membrane, the health care provider should be assessing the client for which pathophysiological end result? A) Damage to cellular mitochondria B) Increased ATP levels C) Activation of the p53 protein D) Apoptosis
D) Apoptosis
A client develops interstitial edema as a result of decreased: A) Vascular volume B) Hydrostatic pressure C) Capillary permeability D) Colloidal osmotic pressure
D) Colloidal osmotic pressure
A mutation has occurred during mitosis of an individual's bone marrow cell. This event may be the result of the failure of which of the following? A) Progenitor cells B) Fibroblasts C) Stem cells D) Cyclins
D) Cyclins
A group of teenagers spent an entire day on the beach without using sunscreen. The first night, their skin was reddened and painful to touch. The second day, they awoke to find large fluid-filled blisters over several body areas. The nurse recognizes the development of blisters as which type of inflammatory response? A) Cellular response B) Immediate transient response C) Continuous response D) Delayed response
D) Delayed response
A group of elderly residents were commenting on how many cell functions decline with age. One resident commented that many of his friends who lived under large electromagnetic towers seemed to experience aging at an accelerated rate in comparison with residents who lived nearby in lakefront housing. This observation is the basis for which theory on aging? A) Theories of genetic influences B) Programmed cell receptor theories C) Insufficient telomerase enzyme theory D) Error theory associated with DNA damage
D) Error theory associated with DNA damage
Which of the following pathophysiologic processes is most likely to result in metastatic calcification? A) Benign prostatic hyperplasia B) Liver cirrhosis C) Impaired glycogen metabolism D) Hyperparathyroidism
D) Hyperparathyroidism
A client has been receiving intravenous normal saline at a rate of 125 mL/hour since her surgery 2 days earlier. As a result, she has developed an increase in vascular volume and edema. Which of the following phenomena accounts for this client's edema? A) Obstruction of lymph flow B) Increased capillary permeability C) Decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure D) Increased capillary filtration pressure
D) Increased capillary filtration pressure
A client has sought care because of recent malaise and high fever. Upon assessment, the client states that his current fever began 2 days earlier, although he states that for the last 2 weeks he is in a cycle of high fever for a couple of days followed by a day or two of normal temperature. Which of the following fever patterns is this client experiencing? A) Recurrent fever B) Remittent fever C) Sustained fever D) Intermittent fever
D) Intermittent fever
The client asks the health care provider to explain phagocytosis. The provider will respond, "Phagocytosis: A) Is a cotransport system that helps with the absorption of the medication." B) Is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration." C) Uses proteins to form an open channel through which the drug can move into the cell." D) Is a process where microorganisms are engulfed and subsequently degraded or killed."
D) Is a process where microorganisms are engulfed and subsequently degraded or killed."
Which of the following individuals most likely has the highest risk of experiencing chronic inflammation? A client who: A) Has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes B) Is a carrier of an antibiotic-resistant organism C) Is taking oral antibiotics for an upper respiratory infection D) Is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
D) Is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by which of the following phenomena? A) Profuse fibrinous exudation B) A "shift to the left" of granulocytes C) Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
A client has an abscess in the mouth with a profuse amount of thick creamy white exudate. The nurse knows that this wound with necrotic cells is classified as: A) Serous B) Fibrinous C) Suppurative D) Membranous
D) Membranous
During lecture on wound care, the instructor mentions the final stage of the cellular response of acute inflammation. Of the following statements, which describes what physiologically occurs in the final stage? A) Leukocytes accumulate and begin migration to the site of injury. B) Chemokines direct the trafficking of leukocytes. C) Mediators are transformed into inactive metabolites. D) Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria/cellular debris.
D) Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria/cellular debris.
To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes a chemical messenger system to: A) Displace surface receptor proteins B) Accumulate within cell gap junctions C) Bind to contractile microfilaments D) Release secretions into extracellular fluid
D) Release secretions into extracellular fluid
A client with a pathophysiologic condition that affects the desmosomes is most likely to exhibit: A) Impaired contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle B) Weakness of the collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular space C) Impaired communication between neurons and effector organs D) Separation at the junctions between epithelial cells
D) Separation at the junctions between epithelial cells
A client has experienced a myocardial infarction with accompanying necrosis of cardiac muscle, a permanent tissue. What are the ramifications of the fact that cardiac muscle is a permanent tissue? A) The cardiac muscle cells will remain perpetually in the G1 stage of mitosis. B) Regeneration of the client's cardiac muscle will be exceptionally slow. C) The necrotic cells will be replaced with muscle cells that have limited metabolism. D) The cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue.
D) The cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue.
Which identifies correctly how the G protein-linked receptors are similar? A) Their cytosolic domain has intrinsic enzyme activity. B) Insulin is an example of the second messenger cAMP, which binds to an enzyme-linked receptor. C) These linked receptors are involved in rapid synaptic signaling between cardiac electrical cells. D) They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
D) They have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor component, which causes changes that activate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
