FINAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Which of the following is TRUE related to stress reactivity and resistance? women show more physiological responses to stress all of these are true childhood experiences and genetics are not related to individual levels of stress reactivity social support can make you more resistant to stress
social support can make you more resistant to stress
Which of the following is not true regarding job stress?
social support cannot buffer the effects of stress for women who work and have families
which of the following is NOT one of the flaws with the life events theory?
some life events are inherently stressful and should not be let up to individual interpretation
Which patient is most likely to follow through with a screening procedure?
someone who is older and in pretty good health
According to social learning models what are the best predictors of intentions to quit using a substance? punishment-based and reinforcement-based peers and family views counseling experience and education level susceptibility and perceived control
susceptibility and perceived control
Which of the following is an accurate way to measure patient adherence?
take a urine sample
What are the main factors that motivate people to exercise?
the belief that it is enjoyable and provides social contact
Which of the following is NOT related to predictions of post-traumatic growth?
the degree of growth is unrelated to personal characteristics
Which of the following is not an illness that has been studied and found to have a relationship with stress? Diabetes CHD all of these have relationships with stress cancer
all of these have relationships with stress
What is patient centered care?
an effort on the doctors part to see where the patient is coming from
What are the four main sources of information that help us perceive symptoms?
body info, mood, cognitions, and social aspects
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain? acute pain usually has no identifiable source or cause chronic pain lasts longer than 6 months acute pain is smaller and does not hurt as badly all of these are known differences
chronic pain last longer than 6 months
About 3/4 of all prescription drugs are not taken correctly as prescribed
False
Whether or not people follow through with screenings is not likely related to the type of consultation they received sine consultations are pretty stable across the board
false
parents who are permissive when it comes to sex, especially mother with their daughter, tend to have children who practice unsafe sex
false
Which three self-control variables are likely to influence someones ability for managing stress and the stress appraisal process?
feeling of confidence, feeling of control and a commitment and desire to confront challenges
Which of the following is TRUE of the intention-behavior Gap? -even when people develop specific action plans they are no more likely to act out the behavior -our present behavior may influence our future behavior more so than our cognitions -intention is an accurate and clear predictor of behavior -social cognitions models are good at predicting actual behavior instead of just intentions to change
Our present behavior may influence our future behavior more so than our cognitions
Which of the following is TRUE regarding eating and stress?
People who snack when stressed are more likely to be emotional eaters or people who eat based on external not internal cues
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the social learning models of addiction?
The view that addiction is an illness
Which of the following is TRUE regarding appraisal of the stressor?
These are all true
Which sub-population in AMerica is most at risk for contracting HIV?
gay black men
Dieting actually causes people to binge
True
What are the four stages of substance abuse?
initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse
which of the following is TRUE regarding the way intrapersonal factors influence contraception usage?
internal locus of control is linked to usage of contraception
What are the three stages of L self-regulatory model?
interpretation, coping appraisal
The immune system can be conditioned much like any other behavior where it can learn to react to neutral stimuli after there has been a history of pairing with a drug that causes immunosuppression
True
The main factor that predicts whether a teen will smoke is if their parent does
True
The media is very powerful and has both a positive and negative impact on behavior change
True
Dieting is rarely successful in actual reducing someones weight and any weight loss they see will likely rebound back to pre-diet weight or even heavier
true
Identify all 7 behaviors related to positive health
-moderate to no use of alcohol -being near prescribed weight -sleeping 7-8 hours -eating breakfast -not eating in between meals -not smoking -Regular exercise
According to the Khaw study, the four behaviors most implicated in death from cardiovascular disease and cancer are:
-smoking -not eating fruits and veggies -not being physically active -drinking too much alcohol
About ___ of people in the US engage in light to moderate exercise 5 times a week and about ____people remain completely sedentary
1/4;1/3
Unhealthy foods are given __ times more air time in commercials and other media than healthy foods
2
Why would anyone choose to use an EMI as a behavior change intervention?
All of these are good reasons
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions that make up our illness cognitions?
All of these are part of the makeup of illness cognitions
Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that may influence contraceptive use?
All of these are situational factors that influence our decision to use contraception
What is TRUE regarding rewarding eating behaviors?
All of these are true
Which of the following is TRUE regarding relationship stress?
All of these are true
Which of the following is NOT a type of screening
All of these are types of screening procedures
How do patient expectations influence placebo effects? patients expect to get better because other treatments have made them better in the past all of these are ways that patient expectancies influence placebo effect patient may mistakenly say they are better just because they expect to improve patients may assume any improvement is because of the drug even when it could be the natural course of the illness
All of these are ways that patients experience influence placebo effects
What are the current CDC recommendations for exercising?
All the above
Which of the following TRUE regarding symptoms perception?
Anxiety increases the experience of pain
Which of the following is NOT a part of excessive appetites theory?
Appetitive behavior may be seen as either rewarding or punishing to the individual
Which of the following is NOT part of the excessive appetites theory?
Appetitive behavior may be seen as either rewarding or punishing to the individual
Which of the following is not a part of the excessive appetitive theory?
Appetitive behavior may be seen as either rewarding or punishing to the individual
Which of the following is NOT true of caffeine? caffeine only works to make people mentally sharper in those that already use it more than 80% of the world consumes it everyday caffeine increases blood pressure it has no known withdrawal symptoms
It has no known withdrawal symptoms
For the most part, knowledge alone is enough to change behavior
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the physical benefits associated with exercise?
It helps reduce cravings for drugs or alcohol
Only in Latin/Hispanic population do women have longer life expectancies than men
False
Pretty much all studies show that abstaining from alcohol altogether is the healthiest thing to do
False
Research shows that avoidant coping is generally related to the best health outcomes
False
The best predictor of exercising behavior in college age women was whether they were already overweight and if they drank alcohol
False
The most commonly used drug in the world and in our history is alcohol
False
The stress illness relationship can be described as a one directional where illness leads to stress
False
The younger someone is when they first have sex the more likely they are to use contraception
False
Variability rates of health and illness across the world is explained best by medication. Medications are the only reason we live healthier lives in the US versus other parts of the world
False
studying sexual behavior is similar to studying any other health behaviors, interviews and questionnaires like the one used with other behaviors (diet, exercise) reveal the same type of information when it comes to sex
False
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the stage of change theory?
It has been successfully applied to many addiction behaviors
Which of the following is NOT true regarding studies on body dissatisfaction?
Men do not have body dissatisfaction because its genetically predisposed in women.
How does the family contribute to body dissatisfaction?
Moms who have body image issues tend to have little girls with body dissatisfaction issues as well
Which of the following is related to the DECLINE in immune functioning? fighting spirit humor expressive writing not expressing emotions when stressed
not expressing emotions when stressed
All of the following EXCEPT which are observations that led researchers to understand that psychology was involved in pain process?
organic sources of pain like broken bones
Leventhal's self-regulatory model of illness behavior believes that people approach illness the same way they approach
other problems in their life
The best predictor of future exercises behavior is:
past exercise behavior
Which of the following is TRUE regarding interventions to change illness cognitions?
patient who received face to face consultations seemed to have better outcomes
What is the problem with subjective self-reporting of exercise behavior?
people dont necessarily recall things accurately
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of change in the trans theoretical model?
post contemplation
Which of the following is a good example of how exposure helps to change behavior?
Teaching them how to do something and having them practice the behavior
Acute pain is reliably treated with medication, but chronic pain does not respond the same way
True
Which of the following is NOT an area identified by research as being responsive to placebo effects? cancer pain treatment acne pregnancy
pregnancy
According to the stages of change model and studies of quitting an addictive behavior, people who were more likely to attempt quitting if they were in which stage?
preparation
Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 dimensions of illness beliefs?
prevention
Which of the following is true of primary care?
primary care doctors deal in a variety of symptoms with varying degrees of severity.
If a doctor prescribes exercising as part of someones treatment regimen it is more effective than if the doctor merely recommends they engage in this behavior
True
It is common for people to develop aversions to specific foods after they have eaten the food and gotten sick
True
New-age researchers and philosophers are moving away from the idea that pain reduction should be the final goal of treatment and instead are focusing on teaching people how to learn with pain
True
Not all stress is bad. SOme stress may be beneficial and sometimes good events can cause stress
True
One of the problems with the health locus of control model is that many people have both an internal and external locus of control depending on the day or situation
True
Research has show that the way we think can create symptoms literally out of nowhere
True
Self-help programs like NA and AA are relatively effective in helping people to quit using the substance, most likely this is due to the social support element within this type of group
True
Several studies have shown that intensive health screenings dont make that much of a difference in impacing population risk factors
True
Some research shows that we can become addicted to things other than substance like gambling or exercise
True
Studies show that once they leave the doctors office, the majority of patients cannot recall the name of the prescription or the dosage
True
How is overeating similar to a relapse with drugs and alcohol?
a full-blown relapse may be brought on y black and white thinking about small lapses
Which of the following is one of the principles Marlatt and Gordon's relapse prevention model?
a lapse is likely to occur and isnt the same thing as a relapse
Herold and McNamee's model of contraceptive use looked at all the following variables EXCEPT:
age of first intercourse
What is a contingency?
all are correct
Why might is be good for us as a society to teach young people about sexual pleasure?
all of the above are correct
Doctors show a lot of variability in which of the following domains?
all of these
Which of the following is a technique used in CBT?
all of these answers are correct
The British studies on sex, power relations and the gay culture determined all of the following except:
all of these are correct
What type of social initiatives could we make to encourage people to exercises more?
all of these are options
When are heart attacks most likely to occur
all of these are possible triggers for heart attacks
Which is TRUE regarding rewarding eating behaviors?
all of these are true
How is the media implicated in body dissatisfaction?
all of these are true in relation to the media and body dissatisfaction
Which of the following is true of self-report measures of stress? self-report may be tainted by the persons desire to look a certain way they don't necessarily reflect what the body is doing they are less objective than physiological measures all of these are true regarding self report measures
all of these are true regarding self-report measures
The response to a stressor is called:
any of these may be true
What cognitive variables are involved in pain perception?
attention, meaning and catastophizing
According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion what are the two routes of processing?
central and peripheral
There is a strong link between how stressed people say they are and what their bodies are actually doing?
false
Which of the following is NOT one of the demographic determinants of exercise?
geographic location
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for increasing adherence to medication?
have doctors visually watch each patient take each pill
The doctor's development of a hypothesis is shaped by all of the following factors EXCEPT:
having experienced the disease itself
Which of the following is NOT a factor implicated by young people as making contraception services undesirable?
having to be phyiscally examined
Which type of personality is associated with CHD and other unhealthy behaviors and is more likely to be exhibited in men and those from poor families?
hostility
How does self-affirmation theory work to change behavior?
if people can affirm a positive quality about themselves, they feel less shame and are more open to accepting information about their unhealthy behaviors that are not complementary
Which of the following is NOT a predictor of delay in seeking medical help?
if someone feels that the illness is very severe
Which of the following is NOT true regarding incentives?
incentives are based on the principle of punishment
Which of the following is not true regarding incentives?
incentives don't work as well on habitual behaviors
Which of the following is NOT associated with increases in SES? increased life expectancy reduced infant mortality increase in obesity reduced psychiatric illness
increase in obesity
The Holland study identified sex education in schools as described it as being:
ineffective, impersonal and concerned with biology
Which of the following is true regarding motivational interviewing?
it focuses on creating cognitive dissonance and helping the client resolve that
THe three-process model of pain includes the following variables except:
it includes all of these
Which of the following is a psychological benefit of exercise?
it is an effective treatment for depression
Which of the following is NOT one of the problems with social cognition models?
it isn't empirical
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the disease model of addiction? all the above are true it views addictions as an actual entity it views addiction as a learned behavior it views addiction as being reversible through unlearning
it view addictions as an actually entity
which of the following is NOT true regardingthe views and studies on sex prior to the 1900s?
masturbation was regarded as healthy and a necessary part of sexual development
If cognitive models of condom use emphasize decision making as a product of rational information processing why are so many people choosing not to use condoms despite the well-known risks of HIV?
most people feel invulnerable to the risk
adherence to treatment (according to the perceptions and practicalities approach) is related to what three factors?
motivation, resources, and barriers
Which of the following is NOT a type of event identified as being more likely to result in stress?
natural disasters
Lindemann's three stage model breaks down condom use according to which three stages?
natural, peer prescription and expert
Which of the following is a respondent method for pain treatment? imagery all of these are respondent methods role play reinforcement relaxation
relaxation
What is the problem with implementation interventions?
research doesnt distinguish between action plans and coping plans
Approximately how many people in Florida received a new diagnosis of HIV in the year 2015?
5,000
Which of the following is the best explanation for why people in western countries can live long and normal lives while infected with HIV but in other parts of the world this same diagnosis is a death sentance? access to medications different versions of the virus education people are infected later in life in the western parts of the world
Access to medication
Which of the following is NOT one of the main models that has been used to explain addiction?
Alcoholics anonymous
Which of the following is NOT a health risk associated with inge drinking all are associated with binge drinking fetal alcohol syndrome memory problems car accident STD
All are associated with binge drinking
The theory of planned behavior has been used to assess: all of the above suicidality exercise during pregnancy walking smoking
All of the above
What is one of the biggest problems with the disease model of addiction? all the above are legit problems with the disease model of addiction it encourages life-long abstinence which isn't always feasible it may be too rigid and push people to relapse it doesn't account for or plan for relapse
All of the above are legit problems with the disease model of addiction
Neophobia or the fear of trying new foods is more likely to be found/seen in:
All of these
What is body dissatisfaction?
All of these answers
Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor that would influence health? clean drinking water poor street lighting all of these answers are variables that influence health food availability sedentary lifestyles
All of these answers are variables that influence health
Which is TRUE regarding the different language used by doctors?
All of these are True
Which of the following is NOT one of the specific health benefits of exercise?
All of these are benefits of exercise
What could the government do if it wanted to effectively intervene on smoking behavior? All of these are effective measures make a federal law forbidding smoking indoors ban advertising of cigarettes make cigarettes and tobacco more expensive
All of these are effective measures
When it comes to their own food mothers are more concerned with _______but when it comes to their childs food they are more concerned with __________
Calories; nutrition
What is the most common STD and whom does it affect most?
Chlamydia; young women
What type of control works best for managing childrens food preferences?
Covert control- dont bring the junk food into the house and they wont eat it
Match the distorted cognition with its definition according to CBT
Dichotomous reasoning--seeing things as all good or all bad selective abstraction--focusing on bits and pieces instead of the whole picture magnification--making something out to be more severe than it is overgeneralization--taking a conclusion from one specific situation and applyign across the board personalization--assuming unrelated events are directly related to you
According to the AVE model of relapse prevention which two factors determine whether or not a lapse becomes a full-blown relapse
Dissonance and self-attribution
which of the following is one of the dietary recommendations made by CDC?
Drink fluoridated water
What is binge drinking? drinking to the point of blacking out drinking 4-6 drinks at one time underage drinking drinking more than 2 kinds of alcohol in the same drink
Drinking 4-6 drinks at one time
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining longevity?
Education level
Which of the following is NOT an effective approach to helping people quit drinking? marital therapy behavioral contracting educational programs social skills training
Educational programs
The HAPA model of health behavior change is motivated stage that is composed of all the following factors EXCEPT: emotional/affect variables threat appraisals self-efficacy outcome expectancies
Emotional/affect variables
Which of the following is NOT one of the behaviors discussed as contributing to death by cancer? sexual behavior smoking drinking alcohol exposure to chemicals
Exposure to chemicals
Which of these is NOT one of the three types of coping mentioned in the book?
Externally focused
Adolescents are more likely to eat breakfast if their friends do. This behavior has very little to do with parent modeling
False
All types of social behavior are beneficial you can never have too much social support
False
Allowing people to take time off from work when injured or making them soup and providing them attention may be a form of secondary gains that work to make pain perception worse
False
Almost all cigarette smokers that successfully quit made extensive plans and sought professional help
False
Body dissatisfaction is a sign that there is a eating disorder present. Most normal women do not experience this issue
False
CBT has shown to be ineffective with chronic pain and is est to be used only with psychological problems not those physical in nature
False
Children all over the world are eating unhealthy diets to the point that 174 million children worldwide are grossly overweight or obese
False
Which of the following is NOT an aversion therapy? Putting Hot sauce on kids thumb so he doesn't suck it giving someone money if they can stay sober for a week shocking someone every time they drink take a pill that will make you violently ill if you drink
Giving someone money if they can stay sober for a week
The health model looks at individuals personal perceptions of all the following factors EXCEPT: motivation susceptibility to the illness motivation benefits in changing behavior habitual behaviors
Habitual behaviors
According to Marlatt and Gordon a lapse is more likely to occur is which of the following variables take place?
High risk situation, poor coping skills and a positive outcome expectancy
According to the excessive appetites theory, there are two ways of escalating from normal behavior to an excessive behavior. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways? if the reward seem high and the limits are low the low proportionate effect if the person does other things excessively in their life if the person is attached to the behavior through a history of reinforcement and feels a general negative mood state like anxiety or depression
If the person does other things excessively in their life
Which dimension of the attribution theory is best exemplified by the following: "I got into a car accident because I wasn't paying attention" or "God decided to test me today by arranging a car to hit me"
Internal vs external
In general most people attribute their health to_____ causes and illnesses to ______ causes external, internal controllable, uncontrollable internal, external global, specific
Internal, External
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 approaches to health behaviors? attribution theories self-condemnation theories risk perception theories motivation theories
Self-condemnation theories
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that was discussed in relation to varying rates of illness and mortality rates? gender sexual orientation socioeconomic status location
Sexual orientation
Which of the following is TRUE of smokers? smokers tend to earn less than non-smokers they are morally repugnant and lack character they are more likely to be women than men
Smokers tend to earn less than non-smokers
Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of CBT?
THe idea that the therapist knows what is est for the client
Which of the following individuals is most likely to stick with an exercise program?
Someone who has a history of working out and is highly self-motivated
Which of the following is TRUE regarding coping styles? someone with little time or money will be less likely to use problem focused coping because they won't feel in control children tend to use emotion focused coping more than adults you cannot teach someone how to cop, coping styles are inherent men probably use emotion focused coping more than women
Someone with little time or money will be less likely to use problem focused coping because they wont feel in control
Research shows direct links between diet and all of the following disorders except:
Stroke
Across the world, what area has the highest mortality rates?
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the abstinence violation effect, a laps is more likely to turn into a full-blown relapse if: the person feels excessively guilty they attribute the lapse to environmental situations they have high self-efficacy all the above
The person feels excessively guilty
Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in people's experiences with unrealistic optimism? they are too focused on how other people are reducing their risks they are focused on their risk reducing behavior but ignoring their risk-taking behavior they have no personal experience with the problem they think the problem is preventable
They are too focused on how other people are reducing their risks
Which of the following is NOT one of the problems with social cognition models? it isn't empirical questionnaires may not be neutral or understandable they ignore multiple concepts and variables
They include multiple concepts and variables
Which of the following is NOT a benefits associated with going to the doctor?
They may have to take off un-paid time from work
Anxiety's relationship with chronic pain can best be described as: Chronic pain is not associated with anxiety the way acute pain is chronic pain leads to anxiety about whether it will get better, when it doesn't get better the anxiety increased which increases the perception of pain Chronic pain leads to initial anxiety but once treatment begins and pain is lessened the anxiety goes away anxiety can lead to hyper vigilance which turns chronic pain into acute pain
chronic pain leads to anxiety, about whether it will get better, when it doesnt get better the anxiety increased which increases the perception of pain
The boundary model of eating states the dieters attempt to replace physiological control of their satiation boundary with ______
cognitive control
Countries in the lower income groups have the highest rates of death by ______ whereas in the middle income group its by _____ and in higher income group it is by _______
communicable; injury; preventable diseases
which of the following is NOT a good example of one of the 6 strategies described in the study on condom negotiation?
compromise: "wear the condom this time and next time you wont have to"
The following is an example of what type of interactive theory of placebo effect? Jane's headache started to go away as soon as she walked into the doctors office. Because in the past when she was sick the doctor was able to make her better she now associated the office itself with recovery
conditioning effects
Protection motivation theory considers response effectiveness and self-efficacy as part of the ________ process threat appraisal motivation/self determination social/environmental coping appraisal
coping appraisal
Relapse prevention programs typically include which aspect?
coping skills for high risk situations
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of social support discussed?
coupled coping
Which of the following is NOT one of the negative long-term consequences of having the sympathetic nervous system activated by stress? blood clots damage to the brain increased kidney disease increased blood pressure
damage to the brain
Doctors most likely use _____ reasoning meaning that they ____
deductive; use their hypothesis to search for proof
Dieting can result in all of the following EXCEPT:
development of a rare condition called neoplasmosis
What is NOT true of binge drinking?
drinking does not occur in poorer households
Which of the following is not a general goal of pain clinics?
educating the patient about the opiate crisis
Which age group is the most sedentary during the week?
elderly
Which of the following was NOT one o the products of the masters and Johnson studies on sex?
emphasizing the difference between men and women when it comes to sex
A good person-environment fit results in a increased appraisal of physiological stress
false
All behavior change is effortful. If the person does not make a conscious decision to change their behavior, then no change will happen
false
One study showed that the majority of single peole use condoms for sex
false
The younger someone is when they first have sx the more likely they are to use contraception
false
Which of the following is a "con" of doing stress measurements in the natural setting? the natural environment has fewer variables that could potentially influence behavior the natural environment does not accurately portray how the person responds to daily stress the degree of stressor cannot be manipulated by the researcher the lab is better for studying real stress
the degree of stressor cannot be manipulated by the researcher
Which of the following is NOT related to prediction of post-traumatic growth?
the degree to growth is unrelated to personal characteristics
Social cognition models use all of the following factors to predict condom use, EXCEPT:
the family dynamics
What is an example of unrealistic optimism as it relates to health behaviors? the feeling that I am less likely to come down with a serious illness than the person next to me believing that the disease is not serious even though you have been diagnosed with it the sense that you can beat any illness by drinking tea and using essential oils a necessary outlook for those with terminal illnesses
the feeling that i am less likely to come down with a serious illness than the person next to me
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the gate control theory of pain? messages about the actual injury get sent to the gate the brain sends info about your past experiences and your mood to the gate the gate is located in the cerebral cortex the gate combines suggest an active process of pain perception
the gate is located in the cerebral cortex
Which of the following is not true regarding the gate control theory of pain?
the gate is located in the cerebral cortex
What is the lay referral system?
the informal way we get advice from our friends regarding our illness
Which of the following is TRUE regarding non-interactive theories and the characteristics associated with placebo effects?
the more the treatment looks like a real treatment the more likely placebo effects
Which two systems are activated by stress?
the sympathetic system and the HPA system
Why are visual images more effective at changing beliefs?
they are processed in the brain more rapidly
What type of message is likely to be processed centrally according to ELM?
those that are easy to understand personally relevant and matches the persons current beliefs
What type of message is likely to be processed centrally according to ELM?
those using direct cues and some element of attraction
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting variability in symptoms perception?
trauma
according to Selyes general adaptation syndrome the exhaustion stage is When the person is initially exposed to stressors and begins reacting physiologically when the flight or fight model fails when the person attempts to cope as a response to the alarm stage when the individual is repeatedly exposed to stress and can't cope anymore
when the individual is repeatedly exposed to stress and can't cope anymore
What has the health locus of control been shown to be related to? likelihood of drug use how many tiny a year you see the doctor whether or not you will catch a cold whether or not people will adhere to their doctors' recommendations
whether or not people will adhere to their doctors' recommendations
According to European studies on patterns, which of the following is TRUE?
women tend to heave healthier diets than men
What type of stress is MOST related to alcohol use?
work