Final: Humanities 1301 Chapter 1-15

Plotinus

(ca. 205-270 CE) Greek scholar of Platonic thought who also studied Hinduism & Buddhism; believed in the existence of an ineffable and transcendent One, from which emanated the rest of the universe as a series of lesser beings; thought human perfection & absolute happiness was attainable in this world through philosophical mediation (2:215) (3:217)

Faust

12,000 line verse play based on a sixteenth-centrury German legend about a traveling physician who, bored with his station in life, sold his soul to the devil, a character named Mephistopholes, in return for infinite knowledge

Myth

A story accepted as true by the culture it belongs to; often stories that explain mysteries, natural phenomena and/or embody cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors

Catharsis

According to Aristotle's "Poetics," this is what the audience undergoes when watching a tragedy; the cleansing, purification, or purgation of the soul

Daedalus

According to Greek mythology, he is the chief craftsperson who assisted the Minoan queen in her plan to attract the Minotaur and also the chief architect of the labyrinth to cage the Minotaur; father of Icarus

Patrick

According to an ancient legend, this saint created the first Celtic cross by making the mark of a Latin cross through the circle on an ancient standing stone monument (answer: Patrick-this was removed from the first edition of the textbook, but I think it is important enough to include here)

Architecture

Among the French during the 17th century, which of the arts was designed to convey the absolute power of the monarchy?

Gabriel

Archangel who delivered the recitations from God to Muhammad that later formed the scriptures of Islam; commanded Muhammad to declare himself "Seal of the Prophets" and final prophet in the series of prophets from Abraham and Moses to Jesus (2:132) (3:135)

Caravaggio

Baroque artist known for his revolutionary painting and public scandals including murdering a referee in a tennis match, carrying weapons illegally, throwing artichokes at a waiter, and street brawling; frequently dramatizes the moment of conversion through the use of tenebrism

Japan

Because of a deep suspicion of Western religion and isolationist foreign policy, this country essentially sealed itself off from foreign influence from 1641-1853

Pepper

Because of its flavor and value as a preservative, this spice was "literally worth its weight in gold" at the time of Zheng He's first voyage to Calicut with the Treasure Fleet

Four Noble Truths

Buddha's enlightenment consited of these: life is suffering, the cause of this suffering is ignorance; ignorance can be overcome and eliminated; the way to overcome ignorance it to follow the eightfold path

Four Noble Truths

Buddha's revelation and 1st teaching after receiving enlightenment beneath a fig tree where he'd meditated 6 years: life is suffering, suffering's cause is ignorance, ignorance can be overcome & conquered by following the 8-fold path (2:111) (3:114)

Pi Sheng

Chinese alchemist who invented moveable type in 1045

Qian

Chinese word for heaven and the creative male principle

Chivalry

Code of honor and conduct that guided a knight: courage in battle, loyalty to lord, courtesy/reverence toward women (2:153) (3:155)

Hadith

Collection of Muhammad's sayings and writings about his life that was handed down orally and not written down until about 100 years after his death; all of these "narratives" and "records" combine to provide an important source of Islamic tradition (2:133) (3:138)

Florence Nightingale

Credited with having established nursing as an honored profession during the Crimean War in the 1850s

Don Quixote

Depicting the greatest hero of the picaresque tradition in Spanish literature, this tale uses everyday speech in dialogue; creates vivid and complex portraits of the main and subordinate characters, and presents the narrative in a solemn style free from affectation

Jupiter

Disguised as a cloud, this Roman god appeared to Io in the painting commissioned by Federico Gonzaga of Mantua

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Dressed in armor and carrying a lance and with the intention of helping the sick and wounded, this woman, along with 300 other like-minded women, accompanied her husband, King Louis VII, into battle during the Second Crusade. King Louis VII ultimately had his marriage to her annulled and she then married the soon-to-be King Henry II of England; she bore eight children, two of whom later became English kings: Richard the Lionhearted and John; together with her daughter, Marie, Countess of Champagne, she moved to Poitiers, France, and they established that city as the center of a secular culture and literary movement celebrating the art of courtly love (2:166) (3:169)

Literati

During Song Dynasty in China, this class of cultured intellectuals restored Confucianism to dominance and added elements of Daoism and Buddhism to strengthen it.

Portugal

European nation that introduced gunpowder and firearms to Japan in approximately 1543

France

European nation that sought to thwart piracy in the Mediterranean by adding Tunisia, much of West Africa, and Madagascar to its colonies by the 1880s

Denis Diderot

French encyclopedist who said "Men will not be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest?"

Aristophanes

Greek comic playwright who wrote "Lysistrata," the story of women from all over Greece who take over the treasury in Athens and go on a sex strike until their husbands agree to stop going to war

Diogenes

Greek cynic / philosopher who roamed the streets of Athens in search of an honest man and who rejected worldly possessions and lived in a barrel (2:231) (3:235)

Arete

Greek term that is often translated as "virtue," and which can be interpreted as "reaching one's highest potential" or "diligence in the pursuit of excellence"

Ichthus

Greek word for fish; also Christian symbol that is an acronym of the Greek letters that stand for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior (2:122) (3:124)

Labyrs

Greek word that can be translated as "double ax" associated with the maze of the mythic Minotaur

Vulgate

Hebrew Bible and the Greek books of the New Testament were translated Latin to form this (2:123) (3:126)

Dharma

Hinduism and Buddhism use this word when referring to good and righteous conduct reflecting the cosmic moral order that underlies all existence

Virgin Mary

Iconic figure in the early Christian church whom the troubadours celebrated as Queen of Heaven and after whom many cathedrals were named; seen in medieval times as the spiritual equivalent of the lady of chivalry; the love of woman celebrated in medieval romance and troubadour poetry was equated with love of her; she is recognized as the all-compassionate mediater between the Judgment seat and the horrors of hell (2:168) (3:171)

Bodhisattva

In Buddhism, a person who is very near total enlightenment and, before crossing over to nirvana, vows to help others strive toward nirvana (2:126) (3:114)

Satan

In Dante's "Inferno" traitors who have betrayed their leaders, including Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius, are ripped to shreds and eaten by this figure (2:197) (3:198)

Brahman

In Hinduism, this is the divine source of all being that was split among three gods: Brahma, the creater, Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

Horus

In ancient Egyptian religion, the child of Isis and Osiris who ultimately avenged his father's death and assumed the throne as pharaoh; pharaoh was believed to be the personification of this god

Japanese Prints

In the mid 1800s, these flooded both European and New York art markets and produced an avalanche of images that fascinated, inspired, and strongly influenced Monet, Mary Cassat, and Vincent van Gogh

Venice

In the sixth or seventh century, invading Lombards from the north forced local poulations of the Po River delta to flee to the swampy lagoon islands that would later become this city; the lion was symbol of this republic; home of the cathedral housing St. Mark's relics (2:234) (3:237)

England

In which of the following regions did an agricultural society LAST develop?

Ashoka

Indian emperor (273-232 BCE) who spread the teachings of Buddha and pursued an official policy of nonviolence, prohibited the unnecessary slaughter or mutilation of animals, built hospitals for both people and animals, and banned sport hunting (2:111)(3:115)

UPANISHADS

Inidian mystical text that argue that all existence is a fabric of false appearances and that what appears to the senses is entirely an illusion

Quran

Islam's holy book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God; poetic verses; translations are problematic because they alter the direct word expressed in the original Arabic (2:132) (3:135)

Haiku

Japanese form of poetry consisting of seventeen syllables in three lines

Tabula Rasa

Literally means "blank slate"; John Locke claimed that the human mind at birth is a blank slate and that our environment--what we learn and how we learn it--fills this slate

Alexander The Great

Macedonian king who took control of Greece after his father was assassinated in 336 BCE; he conquered Egypt, defeated Darius III, looted and burned Persepolis, the Persian capital, marched his soldiers 11,000 miles through Afghanistan, Pakistan, and into India without defeat, thereby creating the largest empire the world had ever seen; ushered in the Hellenistic period; tutored by Aristotle

Incas

Mesoamerican culture that capitalized on the Andean beasts of burden--including llamas and alpacas--to forge trading networks that eventually united the southern highlands and the northern coastal lowlands under their rule

Sistene Chapel

Michelangelo's ambitious painting project that depicted nine scenes from Genesis surrounded by prophets, Sibyls, the ancestors of Christ, and other scenes from the Bible predating the law of Moses; since its completion, it has served as the meeting place of the conclave of cardinals during the election of new popes (2:226-7) (3:228-9)

Istanbul

Modern name for Constantinople

Penelope

Odysseus' wife who was renowned for her faithfulness and wit?

Exodus

Old Testament book from which Emperor Leo III drew support for his assertion that God had prohibited religious images in the Ten Commandments (2:130) (3:133)

Ramadan

One of the five pillars of faith in Islam; fasting for a month, which means that there is a ritual obligation for all healthy Muslims to abstain from food, drink, medicine, tobacco, and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sundown each day (2:132) (3:135)

Isis

Osiris's wife and sister, goddess of fertility who composed "The Book of the Dead" to resurrect her murdered husband

Artemisia Gentileschi

Painted five separate versions of the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes, was a follower of Caravaggio, and was one of the first female artists to receive international acclaim

Henri Matisse

Parisian painter who called

Mesopotamia

Part of the Fertile Crescent that was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Socrates

Plato's teacher who was ultimately arrested and put on trial for subversive behavior, corrupting young men, and introducing new gods

Andy Warhol

Pop artist associated with a series of paintings of Campbell's Soup cans

Charlemagne

Pope Leo III crowned him emperor on Christmas Day, 800 CE, in return for his Christianization of much of Western Europe, creating what would later be known as the Holy Roman Empire (2:150-1) (3:153)

Iconoclasm

Practice of destroying religious images because of the dictate in Exodus forbidding the worship of graven images (2:130) (3:133)

Crusades

Presented by Pope Urban II as Holy Wars, ostensibly undertaken to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims and motivated by religious zeal, desire to extend land holdings to disenfranchised nobility, revenge for atrocities committed by the Muslims when they overtook Jerusalem, and to squelch the conflict between Europe's feuding aristocrats; nearly 100,000 young men signed on to fight (2:164) (3:167)

Music of the Spheres

Pythagoras's theory that each planet produced a musical sound, fixed mathematically by its velocity and distance from Earth, which harmonized with those produced by other planets and was audible but not recognized on Earth (2:224) (3:226)

Primogeniture

Refers to the feudal custom by which the eldest son inherited all of its property; because of this system, large numbers of aristocratic younger borhters were disinherited and left to their own devices, which, in turn, led to feuding with one another and raiding other people's land; the Crusades organized these disenfranchised men with the promise of monetary and spiritual reward (2:164) (3:167)

Mystery Cult

Religious group with secret initiation rites; popular among Romans and contributed to many Christian rituals and holidays as well (2:126) (3:129)

Vitruvius

Roman architectural historian who believed the circle and square to be the ideal shapes that originated from the ideal human figure + mirrored the symmetry of the body and the proportional coherence of all its parts (2:223-4) (3:226)

Bushido

Samurai feudal code of conduct based on fidelity to one's superior, contempt for death, and total selflessness

Dhyana

Sanskrit word for meditation; Chan and Zen both originate from this word

Hamlet

Shakespearean character representing a new idea of character who is no longer a unified, coherent being, but rather an individual who questions whether he can know anything fully and truly; prone to self-examination and self-absorption

Kami

Shintos believe that these spirits are embodied in natural materials, such as trees, rocks, water, mountains, clay, wood, stone, etc.

Frankenstein

Subtitle of this Mary Godwin Shelley novel is "A Modern Prometheus"; quintessential novel of Gothic horror

Salvador Dali

Surrealist artist expelled from a fine arts academy for refusing to take his final exam, claiming he knew more than the professor who was to eamine him; practiced what he called „paranoiac critical method" that was a brand of self-hypnosis allowing him to hallucinate freely

Salvador Dali

Surrealist artist who had been expelled from an arts school for refusing to take his final exam because he claimed to know more than the professor; his paintings are dreamscapes that often confront the dark side of sexuality and frequently include ants, which are a symbol of death; by the mid-1930s, the Surrealists parted ways with him over his admiration for Hitler and his lack of support for the Spanish Civil War; in 1938, he was formally expelled from the Surrealist movement

Groundlings

Term used to describe the theatergoers to Elizabethan theatres who had paid the one-penny base price of admission, stood throughout the performance, and wandered in and out at will

What does Gustave Courbet say about his groundbreaking work, The Stonebreakers and A Burial at Ornans?

That it is a complete expression of human misery.

Palestine

The Romans changed the name of the province of Judea to this, which literally means "land of the Philistines," the ancient enemies of the Jews (2:120) (3:122)

On the Misery of the Human Condition

The message of this document was that humans are worthless and wretched; it was adopted as official doctrine of the Western Catholic Church:

Which of the following is/are true of Emerson's idea of transcendental thought?

The sense of self is at the center of experience., In the direct experience of nature, the individual is united with God, thus transcending knowledge based on empirical observation., The integrity of your own mind is sacred

Doge

Venetian Republic's leader who was elected for life and who consolidated religious and political centers unlike most other Italian cities where church and state were physically separated (2:235) (3:238)

Sigmund Freud

Viennese neurologist who developed theories concerning the human psyche and its subconscious functions as well as developing such psychoanalytic techniques as dream analysis and free association; famous for his theories of infantile sexuality, penis envy, and the notion that the greatest impediment to human happiness was aggression, which was the basic instinctual drive that civilization was organized to control

Nicaea

Where Constantine convened the first ecumenical (worldwide) council of Church leaders in 325 CE in order to unify the Church behind a prescribed doctrine and creating an orthodox faith (2:123) (3:126)

Toledo

Where Umayyads established the School of Translation responsible for spreading translations of classical Greek literature and philosophy throughout the West (2:139) (3:142)

To tell the stories of the Bible

Which of the following is considered the chief purpose of the stained-glass programs in all Gothic cathedrals?

Cimabue and Giotto

Which of the following pairings is an example of the teacher being surpassed in skill by the pupil?

Hector

Who is the Trojan prince and warrior who killed Patroclus in the Iliad?

Christine de Pizan

Who is the author who became the first female professional writer in European history?

Minos

Who is the legendary ruler of Crete's ancient capital, Knossos?

Fluxus

Yoko Ono belongs to this movement of artists, composers, and designers who popularized the Zen philosophical practice of posing riddles, known as koans, as a way to lead students to enlightenment

Claude Monet

a "plein air" (open air) artist whose painting "Impression: Sunrise," played a significant role in "giving Impressionism its name"; in 1888, he began using a different series format than before, paiting the same subject at different times of the day and in different atmospheric conditions.

Picaresque

a genre of novel that narrates, in a realistic way, the adventures of a roguish hero of low social rank who is living by his wits in a corrupt society

Kiva

a partly underground ceremonial enclosure with a hole in the floor symbolizing the emergence of people from the underworld

Sojourner Truth

a slave who was sold four times before she was 30 and who ultimately became an abolitionist, a suffragette, and a preacher who promoted God's truth and salvation

Origin Myth

a story that describes the birth of one culture out of another

Bourgeoisie

a term that refers to the capitalist or merchant middle class comprised of shopkeepers, businesspeople, and others who reap the profits from the labor of the working class

Conversation Piece

a work of art designed to invite discussion of its meaning

quixotic

adjective meaning "idealistic and impractical" that came into being in response to Cervantes' picaresque hero who had a penchant for "tilting at windmills" (fighting illusory battles)

Mandorla

almond shaped oval of light signifying divinity, a motif imported to the Western world from the Far East, through Byzantium, and one widely used by Romanesque artists (2:162) (3:164)

Linear Perspective

also called "scientific" perspective, which allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface as a means of creating naturalistic respresentations of the physical world (2:212) (3:214)

Social Contract

an agreement by which a person gives up sovereignty over him- or herself and bestows it on a ruler

Social Darwinism

an extension of the theory of evolution positing that nations and societies advance according the the rule of "the survival of the fittest"

Krishna

an important incarnation of Vishnu, a charioteer featured in the Mahahbarata, who argues that since he is a member of the warrior class, he is freed from the Hindu sanction against killing and that by fighting well and doing his duty, he can free himself from the endless cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation, moving toward spiritual union with Brahman; this incarnation of Vishnu is also renowned for seducing many of his devotees, symbolizing the mortal soul's quest for union with divinity

Osiris

ancient Egyptian god who ruled the underworld and was god of the dead

Delphi

ancient Greek city-state that was home to the Sanctuary of Apollo and whose oracle was one of the best known from ancient times

Mycenae

ancient citadel city that was known for its cyclopean masonry and massive Lion's Gate

Dog

animal sleeping on white sheets in Titian's "Venus of Urbino"; in Renaissance art, it symbolizes lust and fidelity (2:238) (3:241)

Jaguar

animal that the Mayan Palenque kings are most closely associated with

Bull

animal that the inhabitants of Crete associate with male virility and strength; Minoan art depicts men and women in the act of leaping over this animal

Dada

anti-art movement

Babylonian

army that captured Jerusalem, destroyed its temple, and deported many of the Hebrews

Fauvism

art movement known for its

chiaroscuro

art term that in Italian literally means "light/dark"; use of slight gradations of light and dark to create special depth and volumetric forms

Mark Rothko:

artist associated with large-scale paintings that feature "monochromatic bands of hazy, semi-transparent color," as seen in Green on Blue

Michelangelo

artist commissioned by Florence to create a freestanding statue of the Biblical hero David using a huge cracked block of marble that all other sculptors had abandoned (2:225) (3:227)

Edouard Manet

artist was considered a flâneur and determined to shock the bourgeoisie, as he accomplished in his Le Déjuner sur l'herbe

Donatello

artist who created the first life-sized freestanding male nude sculpted since antiquity (2:214) (3:216)

Georges Seurat

artist who depended on a pointillist style to paint "A Sunday on La Grand Jatte," which depicts a crowd of Parisians enjoying an island in the Seine River

Guild

association or gorup of people with similar, often occupation-based interests, which exercised power over their members; controlled the governments of both Siena and Florence in the late twelfth century (2:192) (3:191)

Henry VIII

at first a devout Catholic, he later split with the Catholic Church when the pope refused to annul his eighteen year marriage to Katherine of Aragon, which he'd requested because she failed to give him a male heir; established the Church of England a.k.a. the Anglican Church

Rene Descartes

author of "Discourse on Method" who is considered a founder of deism, radical skepticism, and analytic geometry; with his "cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) he concluded that the only certainty of one's own individual existence could be found in the idea that we must actually exist in order to generate thoughts about or own consciousness

Dante Alighieri

author of "The Divine Comedy," which records the travels of the Christian soul from Hell to Purgatory and finally to Salvation; the protagonist of this trilogy is named after the author (2:197) (3:198)

Langston Hughes

author of "Weary Blues," which describes listening to a blues singer in a Harlem club; many of his poems were inspired by the jazz rhythms he heard in the clubs where he was a busboy and dishwasher

Homer

author of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey"

Summa

authoritative summary of all that was known on a traditional subject; the ultimate aim of every highly educated man (2:183) (3:186)

Ammit

beast known as "Eater of the Dead" comprised of hippopotamus, crocodile, lion/large cat whose job it was to eat the deceased person's heart if it did not balance with the ostrich feather of truth and justice in the ancient Egyptian ritual of "last judgment"

Dragon

became the favorite motif used by Ming artists because it symbolized the emperor

Pop Art

beginning in the early 1960s, this art style represented reality in terms of the media—advertising, television, comic strips—imagery of mass culture and consumerism

Navel

body part of the Willendorf Venus figurine that was not carved but was a natural indentation in the stone

Great Wall

ca. the 3rd century BCE, the Chinese government built this to protect the peoples of the Central Plain from intrusions from the north.

Cromlech

category of megalithic structure that includes Stonehenge

Chartres

cathedral that claims as its relic the tunic the Virgin Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ; considered the "spiritual center" of the cult of the Virgin Mary during the 12th and 13th centuries (2:160) (3:160, 177 in chapter 6)

Akhenaten

changed his name from Amenhotep IV, moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes to what is now Tell el-Amarna, established a new style of art known as Amarna style, and abolished the pantheon of Egyptian gods to establish monotheism devoted to Aten

Tutankhamun

changed his name from Tutankhaten, returned the Egyptian capital to Thebes, and reinstituted polytheism and worship of Amun as the chief sun god.

Thomas Jefferson

chief drafter of the American Declaration of Independence and chairman of the committee that prepared the document (who, in our own times, would probably be sued for intellectual property violations due to his "lifting" much of the language for the Declaration verbatim from John Locke)

Masada

citadel fortress high above the Dead Sea where the last Jewish rebels held out against the Romans but ultimately committed mass suicide rather than submit to the Romans (2:120) (3:121)

Friedrich Engels

co-author of _The Communist Manifesto_ and author of _Conditions of the Working Class in England_, wherein he issued a "scathing indictment of industrial life" by publishing

Karl Marx

co-author of _The Communist Manifesto_ and author of _Das Kapital_, which was a forceful critique of the effects of the free market and which, in turn, became an influential factor in advancing reforms in working conditions, as well as providing higher wages and greater social equality

Simile

compares two things that are similar by the use of words such as "like" or "as" (example: hair like a lion's mane)

Lancelot

considered an excellent example of the "medieval romance"; the story of a knight and his courtly-love-inspired relationship with Queen Guinevere, which exemplifies the metaphorical quality of the medieval romance that equates the knight's love of his lady with the Christian's love for Christ (2:167) (3:171-2)

Lao Zi

considered the author of the Dao de jing""The Way and Its Power," which is Daoism's primary philosophical treatise; his name literally means "the Old One"

Council of Trent

convened by the pope in 1545 in response to the threat of the Protestant Reformation and to outline a path of reform for the Church; intended to set the proper path for pious followers; spearheaded the Catholic Counter-Reformation; forbade the selling of Church offices (simony) and religious goods; insisted on the use of religious imagery in art.

Ariadne

daughter of Minos who provided Theseus with a weapon and thread to help him kill the Minotaur and return safely from the labyrinth

Carpet Page

descriptive term referring to the resemblance between illuminated manuscript pages and Turkish or Islamic carpets (2:149) (3:151)

Black Death

disease that began in December 1347 and ultimately wiped out between 1/3 and 1/2 of Europe's population; name given to the bubonic plague because of the color the lymph nodes turned; severe outbreaks of the plague erupted again in 1363, 1374, 1383, 1388, 1400 (2:174) (3:199)

Minoan

distinctive culture that flourished on Crete ca. 1900-1375 BCE; peaceful, unfortified, no weapons, prolific traders, probably matriarchal; ultimately deforested their environment with massive building projects

Abelard

distinguished University of Paris lecturer who said, "By doubting we come to inquire, and by inquiring we arrive at truth; taught using the dialectical method and fell in love with and impregnated his student, Heloise, whose uncle hired thugs to castrate him (2:182) (3:185)

Perspectival

drawing that conveys a sense of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface

Moguls

early sixteenth century group of Turko-Mongol Sunni Muslims who established a strong empire in northern India

Feudalism

economic system based on the Roman custom of patronage that was an agriculturally economic system in which the tenant was obliged to serve the nobleman and pay him with goods or produce in exchange for a piece of land and the nobleman's protection; essentially this economic system is based on land tenure and the relationship of the tenant and landowner wherein the landowner loans land to the tenant, who in turn pledges allegiance to the landowner (2:146) (3:148)

Immanuel Kant

eighteenth century philosopher who defined the pleasure we derive from art as "disinterested satisfaction," by which he meant that contemplating beauty, whether in nature or in a work of art, put the mind into a state of free play in which things that seemed to oppose each other--subject and object, reason and imagination--are united.

Bayeux Tapestry

embroidered work that documents the Norman invasion of England in 1066; escaped destruction in French Revolution in 1789; used by Napoleon in his propaganda campaign as he prepared to invade England (2:159) (3:160)

Culture

emcompasses the values and behaviours shared by a group of people, developed over time, and passed down from one generation to the next; manifests in laws, customs, ritual behavior, and artistic production common to the group.

Duke Ellington

enjoyed a five-year engagement at Harlem's Cotton Club and performed It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) to introduce the term "swing" to jazz culture

Baron de Montesquieu

essayist; author of "The Spirit of the Laws," which argued for the separation of powers, dividing government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches

No Exit

existentialist play that includes a scene in which "a Valet greets Monsieur Garcin as he enters the room that will be his eternal hell"

Imperialism

extension of one nation's authority over another by the exercise of its military, economic, and/or political power

Mannerism

exuberant style of art that arose in Italy in the last half of the 16th century; style in which the Classicizing tendencies of the High Renaissance were rejected in favor of exaggeration and distortion

MURASAKI SHIKIBU

female author of a long book of prose (over 1000 pages) that many consider the world's first novel

Mary Cassatt

female figure painter who was one of the most successful of the American expatriate painters in Paris; she moved to Paris in 1874 and was befriended by Edgar Degas, one of the founders of Impressionism; her art focuses almost exclusively on women in domestic and intimate settings.

Prometheus

figure from Greek mythology who served as the model of the "all-suffering but ever noble champion of human freedom" gave fire to humanity; referred to in the subtitle to the novel "Frankenstein"

Double Entendre

figure of speech in which a phrase can be understood in either of two different ways; this duality, the simultaneous expression of intellectual wit and erotic sensuality, is fundamental to the Venetian style (2:242) (3:245)

Theogony

first literary work to tell detailed stories of the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses

Humanism

focus on the actions of human beings, especially political action; study of art and literature of Roman and Greek cultures in order to cultivate one's own unique talents and abilities

Francis Galton

formed a theory of eugenics that "focused on eliminating undesirable and less fit members of society by encouraging the proliferation of intelligent and physically fit humans"?

Cartoons

full-scale drawings used to transfer a design onto another surface (2 & 3:232)

Francisco Franco

general who led the forces that defeated the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War (that continued from 1936 to 1939), and then ruled Spain in a totalitarian manner until 1975

Shogun

general-in-chief of the samurai

Hundred Years War

generally dated at 1337-1429, this conflict went back to 1216 when the English Normans finally lost control of their possessions on the continent of Europe; in early 14th century, the French throne was increasingly contested, and the English king proclaimed himself rightful heir to the throne; fought entirely on French English outnumbered by as much as 3:1, they were victorious because of the invention of the longbow, which could pierce the chain-mail of armor and introduction of gunpowder and cannons , which were devastating to the enemy (3:205) (since this important information isn't in the 2nd edition, here's the answer: Hundred Years War)

Gustave Courbet

groundbreaking Realist artist who painted The Stonebreakers and A Burial at Ornans

Yang

hard, bright, dry, and warm (associated with the masculine principle) in the Chinese belief system

Asmat

headhunters on Papua New Guinea who believed that in displaying the head of an enemy warrior on poles, they could possess that warrior's strength

Francis Ferdinand

heir to the Austrian throne

Desiderius Erasmus

humanist scholar from Rotterdam who compared the people of Bruges to the citizens of Athens during its Golden Age; one of Martin Luther's teacher who wrote "In Praise of Folly

Homo Sapiens

hunter-gatherers who evolved about 100,000-120,000 years ago and can be distinguished from earlier homininds by the lighter build of their skeletal structure and larger brain; used cleavers, chisels, grinders, hand axes, and projectiles that used flint spearheads

Constitutional Convention

immediately upon convening, this group declared France a Republic and mandated the following reforms: slavery was banned in all the French colonies, the king and queen were eliminated from the deck of playing cards, France was "de-Christianized"

Communist Manifesto

important political treatise that argues that class struggle characterized all past societies and that industrial society institutionalized the class struggle between the bourseiosie and proletariate, the haves and have-nots, and ultimately calls for revolution against existing social conditions that lead to such class divisions

Kuleshov effect

in film, the phenomenon that occurs when shots acquire meaning through relation to other shots; this effect contributed to the use of montage to intensify reliance on contextual content for meaning

Polyphony

in music, 2 or more lines of melody; earliest form was called organum (2:164) (3:167)

Book of the City of Ladies

in this text, Christine de Pizan, an early feminist) attacks male misogyny (hatred of women) by recounting the accomplishments of women throughout the ages in an allegorical debate between herself and Lady Reason, Lady Rectitude, and Lady Justice (2:203) (3:204)

Philosophes

influential Parisian thinkers of the Enlightenment Era who frequented the salons and dominated the intellectual life fo the French Enlightenment; turned their attention to secular and social concerns; most of this group were alienated from the Church and were committed to the abolition of the monarchy, which they saw as intolerant, unjust, and decadent

Cultural Syncretism

intermingling of cultural traditions; marks the Americas and Africa but was resisted by Asia and India when Europeans arrived

Printing Press

invented between 1435 and 1455; cast individual letterforms,which could be composed into pages of type and then printed; allowed for the spread of knowledge throughout Europe

Stupa

kind of burial mound, first built as reliquaries for Buddha's remains, which were divided into 8 parts; form is deeply symbolic, consisting of hemispheric dome built of rubble, dirt, and stone, evoking the Dome of Heaven

Hammurabi

king responsible for having introduced the principle of talion (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) to Mesopotamian culture

Petrarch

known as the Father of Humanism; rediscovered the forgotten works of Cicero; had over 200 classical texts in his library; Italian sonnet form named after him (2:205) (3:201)

Proletariat

laborers and wage-earners who lack both ownership of the means of production--tools and equipment--and control over the quality and price of their own work

TAO TE CHING

literally means "The Way of Life"; the primary philosophical treatise of Daoism; written in verse

Tabula rasa

literally means "blank slate"

Mandala

literally means "circle" and signifies the Buddhist diagram of the cosmos; used for mediation

Kaaba

literally means "cube" in Arabic; shrine containing a sacred Black Stone that fell from heaven; located in Mecca, it is the center point to which all Muslims face to pray (2:136) (3:138)

Alexander Pope

master of the heroic couplet, as illustrated by his "Essay on Man"

Golden Section

mathematically, the most beautiful of all proportions, a ratio of approximately 8:5 or more precisely, 1.618:1

Memento Mori

means "reminder of death" (2:163) (3:166)

Primavera

means "spring" or "first truth" in Italian; painted by Botticelli to celebrate love in both a Neoplatonic and physical way; based on Greek mythology; metaphorical (2:216) (3:219)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

most influential tract of the abolitionist movement that describes the different fates of three slaves from Kentucky; written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; a derogatory term derived from this narrative refers to anyone who is servile or deferential to white people

Vishnu

most popular of the Hindu deities; god of benevolence, forgiveness, and love (both spiritual and erotic); believed to be able to assume human form more often than the other gods due to his great love for humanity.

Dada

movement that developed among European artists and writers as a result of disillusionment with World War I; its founders claimed that it meant nothing, just as, in the face of war, life itself had come to seem meaningless; this word means various things including "the tail of a sacred cow" to the Kroo, "a cube and a mother" in certain regions in Italy, "hobbyhorse, a children's nurse, and double affirmation in Russian and Romanian; Romanian poet Tristan Tzara claimed to have invented this movement

Israel

name given by God to Jacob, namesake of a land that would have Saul as its first king ca. 1000 BCE

Satyr

named for mythic creatures half goat, half man, this sort of satirical, sexually explicit comedy was based on irreverent farce

Austria

nation where the Willendorf Venus discovered

Il Magnifico

nickname of Lorenzo Medici, who said, "I find relaxation in learning and who invited Michelangelo to live in the Medici palace (2:216) (3:218)

Aryans

nomads from the north who invaded the Indus Valley ca. 1500 BCE, conquering its inhabitants and making them slaves; this group instigated class-based societyal divisions that became ingrained as the Indian caste system

Ernest Hemingway

novelists who served as a

Nine

number that sounds like the Chinese word for "everlasting"; believed to be the extreme of positive numbers, the maximum of the singular, reserved for emperor

Polytonal

occurs when two or more keys are sounded by different instruments at the same time

Gothic

originally a derogatory term, adopted in 16th century Italy to describe the art of northern Europe, where, it was believed, classical traditions had been destroyed by Germanic invaders (2:173) (3:175)

Paul Gauguin

painter who studied with Paul Cezanne and Camille Pissarro and who left France in 1891 to live several years in Tahiti where he became a prolific painter; suffered from heart disease and syphilis and died in 1903

John the Baptist

patron saint of Florence (2:194) (3:192)

Shaman

person believed to be able to communicate with the spirit world

Essay

personal style of writing invented mid-16th century by Michel de Montaigne; in French, this word means to attempt or to try out

What is the photographic process called that fixes negative images on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals?

photogenic drawing

Walt Whitman

poet who worte _Leaves of Grass_; he wrote, "I am the poet of the woman the same as the man,/And I say it as great to be a woman as to be a man ..." and "I am large, I contain multitudes..."; revolutionized American literature by linking the Romantic, Transcendental, and Realist movements

Agora

portion of an ancient Greek city-state that served as a public meeting place, marketplace, and civic center

Feng Shui

practice of positioning objects according to certain principles that govern positive and negative effects; used to construct the Forbidden City

Leucippus

pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who conceived of an atomic theory in which everything is made up of small, indivisible particles and empty space

Protagoras

pre-Socratic philosopher responsible for one of the most famous of all Greek dictums: "Man is the measure of all things"

Dogma

prescribed church doctrine (2:123) (3:126)

Lillie Devereaux Blake

president of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association who said, "In erecting a Statue of Liberty embodied as a woman in a land where no woman has political liberty, men have shown a delightful inconsistency which excited the wonder and admiration of the opposite sex."

John Calvin

proposed the concept of the Elect and the Damned in "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

Ziggurat

pyramid-shaped temple structure that has outside staircases leading to a shrine at the top; staircases are also used for "reverential climbing"; the best preserved of these Sumerian temple structures is at Ur in Iraq

Moses

recognized as the original human author of the Hebrew Torah

Theocracy

refers to a state ruled by a god or by the god's representative

Vernacular

refers to everyday language spoken by people; in a literary sense, the term "romance" comes from an Old French term "romans" that refers to this everyday language as opposed to Latin; medieval romances were designed to entertain a broad audience with stories of adventure and love (2:167) (3:170)

Red Terror

refers to the historical moment when the Bolshevik party received less than 1/4 of 1% of the votes in free elections in 1918, Lenin dissolved the government, eliminated all other parties, and put the Communist party into the hands of 5 men, a committee called the Politburo, with himself at its head; systematically eliminated his opposition by having his secret police arrest and execute over 280,000 people between 1918 and 1922.

Hieratic Scale

refers to the pictorial convention in which the most important figures are represented in a larger size than the others

Hinduism

religion that has no single body of doctrine nor standard practices; defined by the diversity of its beliefs and deities (there are over 300 deities in this religion)

Deism

religious ideology embraced by most "philosophes" and America's founding fathers; branch of faith that argues that the basis of belief in God is reason and logic rather than revelation or tradition and does not believe that God is actively involved in the day-to-day workings of the universe but does believe in God the Creator

Hebrews

residents of Mesopotamia who became the only monotheistic group in the region

Eightfold Path

right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration (2:111) (3:113)

Indus

river associated with ancient India

Existentialism

school of thought based on the idea that humans must define their own essence (who they are) through their acts/what they do.; denies the existence of any eternal truth for us to discover; postulates that the only true certainty is death.

Galileo Galilei

scientist who improved the telescope through which he saw the craters of the moon, the phases of Venus, and the moons of Jupiter banned by the pope from publishing and teaching and put under house arrest in 1615

Jonathan Swift

served as the dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin and created the Yahoos

Beatrice

serves as Dante's guide through Paradise; in real life, she was the unrequited love of Dante's life whom he first saw when she was 9 and he was 8; inspired much of his work; symbol of love and beauty (2:200) (3:199)

Paul Revere

silversmith who engraved "The Bloody Massacre"

Tolkien

sirname of the modern author who played an important role in securing the reputation of Beowulf as an important literary document (2:148) (3:150))

Sect

small, organized group that separates itself from the larger religious movement because it asserts that it alone understands God's will and therefore it alone embodies the ideals of the religion; as a result, it usually creates strongly enforced social boundaries between its members and all others; many times, members view themselves as good and all others as evil (2:119) (3:121)

Yin

soft, dark, moist, and cool (associated with the feminine principle) in the Chinese belief system

Monophonic

songs for one or many voices singing in a single melodic line with no harmony (2:156) (3:158)

Mana

spiritual substance that Pacific Islanders believed to be the manifestation of gods on earth

Motte and Bailey

style of castle constructed by the Normans to defend themselves against the Saxons; had a raised earth mound and enclosed courtyard at its base (2:157) (3:159)

War and Peace

subjects illustrated in the two main panels of the rectangular box known as the Standard of Ur

Salvador Dali

surrealist artist expelled from

Shinto

sword, mirror, and jewel are all symbols in this religion

Yin-Yang

symbol of harmonious integration, perpetual interconnectedness and interplay; symbolizes the union of heaven and creative male principle and the receptive female principle

Mudra

symbolic hand gestures performed by Buddha

Oak

symbols of this tree are used throughout the Sistine Chapel as symbols of the pope's patronage (2:228) (3:231)

Foreshortening

technique that creates the illusion of greater space by making it seem as though forms are sharply receding; allows artists to make ceilings seem larger than they actually are; used to exaggerate depth

Absolutism

term applied to strong centralized monarchies that exert royal power over their dominions, usually on the grounds of divine right; principle rooted in man/god kings of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt

Idols

term used by Francis Bacon to describe four categories of false notions based on these errors in reasoning developed through our unwitting adherence to the false notions that every age has worshipped.

Rational Humanism

the belief that through logical, careful thought, progress is inevitable

Goodness

the form that Socrates claims to be "the universal author of all things beautiful and right"; akin to God.

Tonality

the organization of a musical composition around a home key or tonal center

Liturgy

the rites prescribed for public worship (2:123) (3:126)

Globe

theatre most closely associated with Lord Chamberlain's players and Shakespeare's plays

Maori

these Polynesian warriors tattooed their faces

Courtesans

these sophisticated, intellectual women were among Venice's most educated citizens and functioned as high class prostitutes; many of their poems transform the cliches of courtly love poetry into frankly erotic metaphors (2:241) (3:244)

Willendorf Venus

this 4 inch figurine dates back roughly 20,000 years, was originally painted in red ochre, and was found in Austria

Dulce et Decorum Est

this poem's title is a quotation

Louis Armstrong

trumpeter that formed two studio bands, The Hot Five and The Hot Seven, and recorded Hotter Than That, which features "scat"

Revenge

type of play that Hamlet is considered to be

Qin

under the leadership of the "First Emperor" this dynasty was characterized by an administrative skillfully organized bureaucracy and bult massive road systems, watchtowers, & the Great Wall as well as standardizing the written language, a system of weights and measures and unified coinage to facilitate trade

Vladimir Lenin

utopian idealist and Marxist revolutionary; headed the Bolsheviks, the most radical of Russian post-revolutionary groups; dreamed of a dictatorship of the working class; believed that all poverty should be held in common, that every member of society should work for the benefit of the whole and would receive, from the state, goods and products commensurate with their work

Vladimir Lenin

utopian idealists

Thomas More

was Henry VIII"s chancelor who was ultimately executed for treason

Hegemony

word meaning socio-economic, cultural, and/or ideological control by a dominant group

Andre Breton

writer known for his artistic

Class Division

your author claims that this is at the heart of Martin Luther's call for reformation

Kabbalah

Brand of mystical Jewish thought that seeks to attain the perfection of Heaven while still living in this world by transcending the boundaries of time and space

Chan

Buddhism better known as Zen in the West; taught that one can find happiness by achieving harmony with nature

Mandala

Buddhist diagram of the cosmos; used for meditation (2:112) (3:115)

Eightfold Path

Buddhists believe that this is the way to overcome ignorance by following these guidelines: right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration

Celibacy

Cluniac order insisted on this for its monks and nuns because the Lord was their only lord and spouse; it was not the rule elsewhere until it was officially imposed on Catholic priests in 1139 (2:163) (3:166)

Ming

Chinese Dynasty that means "bright" or "brilliant"; overthrew Mongol rule and restored rule by Chinese; one of the most despotic governments in Chinese history; imposed restrictions on artistic freedom

Forbidden City

Chinese Imperial Palace complex laid out according to feng shui principles along a north-south axis, covering 240 acres, walled by 15 miles of fortifications, composed of 9,999 buildings and rooms, constructed with nine nails per row; its balance and symmetry mirror the harmony of the universe; believed to be situated in the middle of the world

Zhou

Chinese dynasty in which the "Yi Jing" was actually written down and the yin-yang was actually codified; this dynasty ushered in a period of cultural refinement and philosophy; compiled a collection of 305 poems/song lyrics from the countryside that expressed the feelings of the people.

stamp act

1765 British imposed this legislation on American colonists, which taxed all sorts of items, from legal documents to playing cards, calendars, liquor licenses, newspapers, and academic degrees; a contributing factor to the revolution that followed.

Shang

Chinese dynasty in which the yin-yang and "Yi Jing" (considered the world's oldest oracle) originated; this dynasty belived their leaders were the sole conduit to the heavenly ancestors

Han

Chinese dynasty that inaugurated over 400 years of intelletual and cultural growth; installed Confucianism as the offical state philosophy; in this dynasty, the arts flourished and map-making began; during the rule of this dynasty inventions such as the wheelbarow and horse collar were invented

Yuan

Chinese dynasty that included the Mongols under Kublai Khan and his descendants

Daoism

Chinese mystical school of thought that represents a spiritual desire to transcend the material world; its central outlook is that enlightenment lies neither in the visible world nor in language, although to find the "way" one must pass through and use both

Zhu Dl

Chinese ruler who commissioned an authoritative 11,095-volume encyclopedia of Chinese learning; undertook the construction of an Imperial Palace compound called the Forbidden City, which stands as an architectural symbol of his rule; conceived of a treasure fleet to extend Chinese influence throughout the 4 corners of the world.

Qi

Chinese term for the unifying principle in all nature, which can only be understood by those who live in total simplicity.

Kun

Chinese word for the earth and receptive female principle

Stupa

A type of burial mound which were erected by the emperor Ashoka and which served as reliquaries for the Buddha's remains (2:112) (3:115)

Zen

Akin to Chinese Chuan Buddhism, this branch of Buddhism emphasizes self-discipline and self-denial, relies on intuitive understanding unmendiated by intellectual reasoning, & contains principles and ethics at home with Daoist philosophy.

Narmer

Ancient Egyptian leader who ruled ca. 3,000 B.C.E. and is credited with unifying both Upper and Lower Egypt

Mesiah

Annointed one or savior who was expected to usher in the postapocalyptic world after the coming of God on the day of judgment (2:120) (3:121)

Paul

Apostle who had once persecuted Jews in Judea before converting to Christianity in 35 CE; his letters are the earliest writings of the new Christian faith in which he argues the nature of religious truth and interprets the life of Christ (literally means Anointed One), which was his preferred name for Jesus; his writings emphasized sexual chastity, which inspired the Church's insistence on celibacy for clergy (2:120-121) (3:123-124)

Islam

Arabic word for "surrender" or "submission" (2:132) (3:135)

Allah

Arabic word for God (2:132) (3:135)

Isaac Newton

Author of Principia, which asserts that the universe is an intelligible system, well ordered in its operations and guiding principles

Idols of the Tribe

Bacon's category of false notions that includes common fallacies of all human nature, derived from the fact that we trust, wrongly, in our senses

Idols of the Theater

Bacon's category of false notions that includes the false dogmas of philosophy

Idols of the Cave

Bacon's category of false notions that is derived from our particular education, upbringing, and environment, and would include an individual's religious faith

Augustine

Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and the City of God; prolific writer & thinker, renowned teacher; believed humankind is capable of understanding true ideas only when they are illuminated by the soul of God (2:141) (3:129-30)

Islam

Dominant religion practiced by India's leaders during most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Aquinas

Dominican monk whoinitiated the most important theological debates of the age, inaugurating a style of intellectual inquiry that we associate with higher learning to this day; addressed questions about how true believers come to know God--through heart or mind or both, and do we come to know truth intuitively or rationally; he became one of the prominent spokesmen for Scholasticism; wrote the "Summa Theologica" where he argued that there are five ways to know God's existence (2:173, 183) (3:175, 185)

Birmingham

During the 1960s, this Alabama city was considered the center of the civil rights movement; where in April 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr. was jailed for leading a march of 50 people in defiance of a court order banning civil rights marches in the city

William Tyndale

English translator who translated the Bible and the works of Martin Luther into English; he was arrested in Antwerp by the imperial authorities, who strangled him and then burned him at the stake

Song of Roland

Epic Medieval tale embodying the values of feudalism, celebrating courage and loyalty and duty to Charlemagne, his lord, and by extension, duty to the Christian God in the battle against Islam (2:151) (3:154-5)

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish Baroque painter renowned for his pictorial approach through lifelike allegory; known for painting women with dippled flesh and fleshy folds draping across their bodies; the beauty of his female subjects rests in the sensuality of their bodies shaped by the self-indulgence and excess of the elite; his scenes are characterized by exaggerated diagonal movement

Laissez Faire

French for "let it happen as it will"; economic policy that argues that people should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves; associated with the invisible hand of free market capitalism

Jean-Paul Sartre

French philosopher who argued that "existence precedes essence," meaning that humans must define who they are through their acts; existentialist who believed that it is the struggle with life that defines us and that there is no meaning to existence and no eternal truth to discover.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who wrote, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"; author of "The Social Contract"; notorious for outbursts of temper and erratic behavior; placed each of his 5 children in an orphanage soon after birth yet ironically writes of his belief in the natural goodness of humankind, a goodness corrupted by society and the growith of civilization; believed that a new social order was needed to foster virtues like unselfishness and kindness

Andre Breton

French writer, poet, and theorist who wrote the 1924 "Surrealist Manifesto" in which he credits Freud with encouraging his own cretive endeavors.

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician who challenged the traditional belief that the orbits of the planets were spherical, showing that the five known planets moved around the sun in elliptical paths

Martin Luther

German monk and humanist scholar bent on religious reform; although he is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation and was ex-communicated by the Church for posting his 95 theses on the cathedral door, he considered himself a devout Catholic; supported the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than by works, in opposition to official Catholic doctrine

Dionysus

Greek god of immortality who promised followers life after death; god of wine

Apollo

Greek god of reason, poetry, music; symbol of enlightenment (2:230) (3:234)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who believed that we can only understand the universe through the careful study and examination of the natural world (2:231) (3:235)

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who claimed that happiness could be attained through the pursuit of pleasures of the mind and body (2:230) (3:234)

Plato

Greek philosopher who wrote the "Allegory of the Cave" (book 7 of "The Republic") to explore the difficulties the psyche faces on its journey out of ignorance and into enlightenment

Logos

Greek word that designates a Form or Guiding Force that guides the cosmic flux, a concept that later informs the Gospel of John in the Bible (where this word is often mistranslated as "Word")

Archaiologia

Greek word that literally means "knowing the past"

Eudaimonia

Greek word with many meanings that can be translated different ways, including "the good or flourishing life" or "activity of the soul in accordance with complete excellence" or simply "happiness"

Which of the following is/are true of Henry David Thoreau?

He was a devoted and vocal abolitionist., He lived in a small cabin in the woods and taught the virtue of simple living in harmony with nature., He resigned from his first teaching position because he refused to inflict corporal punishment on his students., He was jailed for refusing to pay a poll tax supporting slavery.

Jihad

Impassioned religious struggle thought to be a religious duty by Muslims; the lesser of these struggles is holy war whereas the greater of these struggles is self-control over the lowly human appetites (2:133) (3:138)

Machiavelli

In "The Prince" he argues that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved; proposes that the prince's chief priorety and principal duty is to wage war; options available to a prince to control a state he's conquered include devastating it, living in it, and allowing it to keep its own laws (2:234) (3:236)

Hadrian

In 135 CE, after one of many Jewish revolts, this Roman emperor rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city, which Jews were forbidden to enter. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed or sold into slavery, their land and property was confiscated, and the survivors fled (2:120) (3:122)

Giordano Bruno

In 1600, this astronomer asserted that the universe was infinite and without a center and that other solar systems might exist in space, for which he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.

Shiva

In Hinduism, this god is portrayed as "Lord of the Dance" and embodies the Hindu belief that creation follows destruction; this deity takes what Brahma has made and embodies the world's cyclic rhythms

Flying Buttress

In a Gothic church, this structure was built against an exterior wall to provide support by spreading the weight of the vaultes over more supporting stone, allowing the walls to be thinner but till support as much weight as earlier thicker walls; this structure also helped brace against strong winds (2:178) (3:179-80)

Mihrab

In a traditional mosque, the feature that commemorates the spot at Medina where Muhammad planted his lance to indicate the direction in which people should pray (2:136) (3:139)

Ka

In ancient Egyptian religion, this aspect of the self was comparable to an enduring "soul" or "life force"

Quadrivium

In medieval universities, the mathematical arts including music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, all fields dependent upon proportion and universal harmony (2:181, 204) (3:184)

Trivium

In medieval universities, the part of the liberal arts including the language arts of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (2:181, 204) (3:184)

ostinato

Italian for "obstinate"; continuous variation of the same musical rhythmical pulse

Noh

Japanese theater intended to create a world of sublime beauty based on the Zen ideal of yugen, or that which lies beneath the surface of things; incorporates music, chanting, dance, poetry, prose, mime, and masks; means "accomplishment"; refers to the virtuoso performance of the main character; W. B. Yeats, Bertolt Brecht, and T. S. Eliot all wrote a play of this type

Torah

Jewish holy book that is the equivalent of the first 5 books of the Old Testament, which are the five books of Moses (2:119) (3:121)

Essenes

Jewish philosophical sect that included a group of Jews who lived at Qumran and are associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls; they abandoned their coreligionists to seek salvation on their own and never engaged in the Jewish political struggle and withdrew completely from Jewish society (2:119) (3:121)

Sadducees

Jewish philosophical sect that, according to Josephus, included priests and high priests associated with the aristocracy:

Pharisees

Jewish sect (whose name means deviant or separatist) that was a scribal group associated with the masses who were in opposition to the temple cul; they believed in resurrection of the dead; considered the Jerusalem Temple & its priests corrupt; believed in strict adherence to Jewish law (2:119) (3:121)

Vitruvian Man

Leonardo da Vinci's drawing in which he placed the human figure at the center of a perfect circle inscribed over a square to demonstrate the harmonious physical proportions of man to those of architecture, which reflect their divine creator (2:224) (3:226)

Mayan

Mesoamerican culture that depended on an elaborate calendar system that included a 260-day calendar as well as a 365-day calendar, which was based on cycles, the last of which ends on Dec. 21, 2012; probably collapsed because of overpopulation, ecological degradation, and political competition

Akbar

Mogul ruler of India; enforced an official policy of religious tolerance; believed that a synthesis of the world's faiths would surpass the teachings of any one of them; invited Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, and others to his court to debate with Muslim scholars. Banished the practice of immolating surviving wives on the funeral pyres of their husbands.

Tombs

Much of what we know about early Chinese culture comes from what remains of its written language and its rulers' ________.

Jacques-Louis David

Neoclassical artist whose career spanned pre-Revolutionary Paris through the turmoil of the Revolution and its aftermath and across the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte; painted "Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard" idolized Napoleon as his hero

Voltaire

Parisian philosophe who was known for his voluminous writing including plays, novels, poems, and history; he was imprisoned in the Bastille for satirizing the monarchy and spent much of his life championing freedom of thought and challenging the philosophical optimism that characterized many of his fellow philosophes.

Buffalo

President Andrew Jackson and General Philip Sheridan urged white settlers to undercut the Native Americans by slaughtering these animals; consequently, white men who were meat hunters for railroad construction gangs, hide hunters, and tourists obliged by killing over 4 million of them.

Latin

Proficiency in this language was mandatory for students in a medieval university where they read the works of ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Euclid in Latin translation (2:182) (3:184)

School of Athens

Raphael's painting (also known as "Philosophy") that features Plato and Aristotle as the central focus; mirrors unified humanist philosophical tradition; illustrates classical characteristics of illusionistic architectural setting based on Roman baths and naturalistic depictions of the human form (2:230) (3:234)

Caliphs

Refers to Muhammad's series of successors who assumed political and religious authority following the death of the Prophet (2:137) (3:139)

Nirvana

Refers to a place or state free from worry, desire, pain, and the external world ((2:112) (3:113)

Bismillah

Refers to a sacred invocation found in many Muslim texts and is translated as "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, Ever-Merciful" (2:132) (3:130 &135)

Madrasas

Refers to teaching colleges that were attached to mosques (2:137) (3:140)

Hajj

Refers to the Muslim's obligation to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca in the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar (2:136) (3:135)

Minerva

Roman goddess who is the traditional patron of those devoted to the pursuit of truth and artistic beauty as well as goddess of wisdom (2:231) (3:235)

Virgil

Roman poet who authored the "Aeneid"; character who guided Dante through Hell and Purgatory but is unable to enter Paradise because he is a pagan; in Dante's "Divine Comedy" he is considered the embodiment of rationality and incapable of allowing faith to triumph over reason, whcih is a prerequisite for entering Paradise (2:197) (3:198-99)

Las Meninas

Spanish Baroque group portrait that used competing focal points to demonstrate complexity-- the light focuses on the princess Infanta Margarita but the title implies that the real subjects of the work are her attendants; the mirror focuses attention on king and queen, and the artist's self-conscious inclusion in the painting makes it to some extent a self-portrait

Diego Velazquez

Spanish court painter to Philip IV; studied in Venice, Florence, and Rome; disliked the paintings of Raphael because he found their linear style cold and inexpressive; painted Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) that elevated the portrait to a level of complexity almost unmatched in the history of art

Shahadah

The first of the five pillars of faith in Islam; efers to the Islamic creed, "There is not God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" (2:132) (3:135)

Yi Jing

This book of wisdom was the world's first oracle as well as the first classic of Chinese literature; it literally means "The Book of Changes"; its wisdom is based on the idea that order derives from balance

Utopia

Thomas More's treatise on the perfect society whose narrator is an explorer who has discovered an island culture in which people share goods and property, where war is held in contempt, personal vanity despised, education available to all (except for slaves), and where people work six hours a day for the common good, assuming personal responsibility for social justice.

Normans

Viking warriors from Scandinavia who invaded France mid-ninth century; these Viking invasions fragmented the former empire and caused nobility, commoners, and peasants to attach themeselves to anyone who might offer protection. In France, they besieged Paris in 845, and in 915, the Norse leader Rolf, or Rollo, became the first duke of Normandy; in 1066, they invaded England (2:156-7)) (3:159)

Abraham

Which of the following figures is NOT included in the traditional Tree of Jesse?

Saturn

Which of the following is NOT among the Saxon gods from whom the English names for days of the week are derived?

Kachinas

Zuni Pueblo people consider deified spirits who manifest themselves in performance and dance

Madame Bovary

a novel that is a fictionalized account of the life of Delphine Delamare, the adulterous wife of a country doctor who died of grief after deceiving and ruining him

Romanticism

a reaction against the Enlightenment and classical culture of the eighteenth century; this movement was a revolution in human consciousness where the objective world mattered less than the subjective experience of it; this movement focused on nature, beauty, and imagination and engendered an abiding sense of individual cultural identities associated with nationalism

Camera Obscura

an instrument that works by admitting a ray of light through a small hole that projects a scene, upside down, directly across from the hole

Action Painiting

art that sought the depiction of a mental landscape where the canvas becomes an arena in which to act and is no longer a picture but an event.

Pablo Picasso

artist who painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon," which became notorious as an assault on the idea of painting as it had always been understood and which depicts five prostitutes in a brothel in Barcelona

Théodore Géricault

artist who served in the Royal Musketeers; assigned to protect the future Louis XVIII from Napoleon

Vincent Van Gogh

artist who used the artistic technique of impasto to create "Night Cafe"

Leonardo da Vinci

artist who; saw connections among all spheres of existence; studied practically everything including natural phenomena such as wind, storms, and water; military engineer, inventor, artist, musician, mathematician, geologist, astronomer, etc. (2:220) (3:222)

Hieronymus Bosch

artist whose paintings are minutely detailed yet brutally imaginative with a sense of doom; painted the triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delight"

Atmospheric Perspective

artistic device based on observation that distant elements appear hazy, less distinct and bluish in color; gives paintings a sense of naturalism (2:213) (3:216)

Cubism

artistic movement born out of a collaboration between Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque; art style noted for its geometric form, its fragmentaiton of the object, and its abstraction

Impasto

artistic technique of layering paint to create an effect of dashes of thickly painted color

Tenebrism

artistic technique used in painting that makes use of large areas of dark contrasting sharply with smaller brightly illuminated areas

Buon Fresco

artistic technique where the artist paints on wet plaster by applying a rough, thick undercoat of plaster to a wall and transferring a full-size drawing of the work to the wall (2:204) (3:

John Locke

author of "Essay on Human Understanding," which contends that people are perfectly capable of governing themselves

Thomas Hobbes

author of "Leviathan," a political philosophy treatise which asserts that humankind's only hope is to submit to a higher authority; popular comic strip charater was named after him

Francis Bacon

author of "Novum Organum Scientiarum"who became the leading advocate of the empirical method of scientific investigation

Chaucer

author of "The Canterbury Tales", a framed collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims traveling from London to the shrine of Thomas of Becket, who had been murdered in the cathedral by followers of King Henry II in a dispute over the rights and privileges of the Church; both characters and narrators are fully developed and the pilgrims portray a broad range of social types (2 & 3:202)

Henry David Thoreau

author of _Walden, or Life in the Woods_, which was "dedicated to teaching the satisfactions and virtues of living simply and wisely in communion with nature": educated at Harvard; resigned his first job as a school-teacher in Concord because he refused to inflict corporal punishment on students; became one of the nation's most vocal abolitioinists; briefly jailed for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that tolerated slavery.

The Rite of Spring

ballet performed at the Theatre des Chaps-Elysees in Paris, which ws based on a pagan ritual welcoming spring and culminating in human sacrifice; the musical score reflects the brutality of the pagan ritual with savage dissonance

Platonic Love

based on Plato's insistence on seeking truth, goodness, and beauty; the ideal spiritual (never physical) relationship between 2 people; term coined by Marsilio Ficino (2:215) (3:217)

Beijing

became the new capital and seat of Kublai Khan's rule, which he transformed into a walled city constructed on a grid plan

el greco

born Domenico Theotokopulos; trained as icon painter in Crete; moved from Venice to Rome to Spain; wedded Mannerism with Byzantine iconographic style; painted to convey an intensely expressive spirituality; often utilized strong verticality to elongate figures

Confucianism

canon of teachings developed during the Zhou dynasty that seeks to define the proper way to behave and promotes traditional Chinese values of self-control, propriety, and virtuous behavior; named after China's greatest philosopher and teacher, Kong Fu Zi.

Lascaux

cave containing a painting depicting a human figure wearing a birds-head mask

Achilles

central character of the Iliad; common epithet for him is "swift-footed"; considered the greatest warrior among the Greeks battling against the Trojans; known for his pride and his brawn rather than for his wit and brains; beloved friend of Patroclus; enemy of Hector

Siddhartha Gautama

child of ruler Shakya, this prince becomes known as Shakyamuni Buddha, which means "sage of the Shakyas" and is the first Buddha; troubled by human suffering, he abandoned the luxuries of the palace to live in the wilderness; meditated for 6 years and achieved complete enlightenment

London

city of 1666 Great Fire that resulted in bans on wood construction in favor of brick and stone, introduction of new sewage systems, and law dictating that streets must be at least 14 feet wide; the Great Fire left 100,000 homeless and businesses demolished and/or bankrupt; plague had killed some 70,000 in this city a year earlier

Florence

city that commissioned Michelangelo to create a freestanding statue of the Biblical hero David; city where Girolamo Savonarola organized troops of children to collect what he considered the city's "vanities"--including cosmetics, books, and paintings--so he could then burn these items in bonfires (2:225) (3:227)

Troubador

class of poets that flourished in the 11th-12th centuries in southern France and northern Italy; important source for spreading news far and wide; accompanied themselves on a lyre or lute; are said to have strongly influenced our notions of romantic love along with the conventions and vocabulary associated with it (2:166) (3:169)

Igor Stravinsky

composed the music for the ballet "The Rite of Spring," which on premiere night evoked derisive laugher, hissing, booing, and catcalls, and ultimately contributed to the riot that broke out in the theatre during its perofrmance

Cluny

founded around 910; a reformed Benedictine monastery and Romanesque pilgimage church; the order of monks associated with this abbey reported directly to the pope and answered to no feudal, ecclesiastical, or secular ruler and also practiced celibacy which was not officially imposed on Catholic priests until 1139 (2:163) (3:166)

Adam Smith

free trade economist who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" and claimed that a laissez-faire (literally "let it happen as it will" or in other words let the chips fall where they may) economic policy is best

Atonality

lack of a musical tone to center the composition

English

language into which William Tyndale translated the Bible

Daimyo

largely uncultured samurai swordsmen who ruled the country independent of shoguns

Crete

largest island of the Aegean Sea; home of the Minoans; maintained trade routes with Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Scandanavia from whom the island imported copper, ivory, amethyst, lapis lazuli, carnelian, gold, and amber

Cimabue

leading painter in Florence who painted "Madonna Enthroned with angels and Prophets," which began a tradition of large-scale altarpieces; his painting shows strong Byzantine iconic influences but also a concern for spatial volume and human figures with naturalistic expressions; tutored Giotto, who then surpassed his teacher (2:196) (3:194-5)

Benito Mussolini

led Italian terrorist squads (called Black Shirts), gained dictatorial powers, and declared himself Il Duce

Cortes

led the Spanish expedition that invaded/conquered the Aztec empire of Mexico in the first quarter of the 16th century

Pasiphae

legendary Minoan queen who gave birth to the Minotaur

Gilgamesh

legendary Sumerian king who was the protagonist of the first epic poem; ruled Uruk ca. 2700-2500 BCE

Sophists

literally means "wise men"; this word also refers to the group of philosophers who were known for teaching students to argue both sides of an argument; asked not "What do we know?" but rather "How do we know what we think we know?" and "How can we trust what we think we know?"; this group concentrated not on the natural world but instead on the human mind

Satire

literary genre that conveys the contradictions between real and ideal situations

Epic

long narrative poem, usually using stilted language and about people of high position who are legendary or heroic

Indulgences

loosely defined, these "get out of purgatory free" cards were issued by the Church and were the first use of the printing press in Europe; Martin Luther's protest against these launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany

Sfumato

means smokiness; hazy effects creating a half-waking dreamlinke quality; achieved by building up color with many layers of transparent oil paint (glazing) (2:222) (3:225)

Polytheistic

means that a religion includes many gods and goddesses often associated with natural forces and realms

Tennis Court

meeting place of the Third Estate once they withdrew from the Estates General on June 17, 1789, and King Louis XVI banned them from their usual meeting place

Dialectical

method of argument that juxtaposes different points of view and seeks to reconcile them; method used by Abelard; this systematic style of teaching originates in the Socratic method but unlike Socrates' method of reasoning administered by the wise teacher who questions and is questioned by pupils, this method presumed no such hierarchical relationship (2:182) (3:185)

Empirical

method of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experimentation

Inductive

method of reasoning by which, through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature as a whole

Deductive

method of reasoning that begins with clearly established general principles and proceeds to the esablishment of particular truths

Napoleon Bonaparte

modeled his government on ancient Roman precedents, 1802 became First Consul of the French Republic for life with the power to amend the constitution as he saw fit; crossed the Alps into Italy (as did Hannibal and Charlemagne); crowned himself emperor

happening

multimedia event in which artist and audience participated as equal partners

Dixieland jazz

musical genre in which the trumpet carries the main melody, the clarinet plays off it with a higher countermelody, and the trombone plays a simpler, lower tune

Polyrhythms

musical technique in which different elements of an ensemble might play different meters simultaneously

Dragon and Phoenix

mythical creatures found on the jade disc known as "Pi"

Russia, British, US, second French empire, or qing dynasty

nation with which China was involved in the Opium War

Giotto

painter who was later said by the 16th century historian Vasari to have set "art upon the path that may be called the true one, learned to draw accurately from life and thus put an end to the crude Greek [i.e., Byzantine] manner (2:197-8) (3:194-5)

BODHISATTVAS

persons very near total enlightenment who vow to help others achieve buddhahood before crossing over to nirvana; literally means "those whose essence is wisdom"

Heraclitus

philosopher from Ephesus who argued that, on one hand, everything is in a constant state of flux/change, which is the basis of reality whereas, on the other hand, there is an underlying Form or Guiding Force that guides the process

Timaeus

philosophical dialogue wherein Plato discusses the origin of the universe and argues that the circle is the image of cosmic perfection (2:230) (3:234)

Neoplantonism

philosophy that recast Platonic thought in contemporary terms and proposed that human perfection was attainalbe in this world through philosophical meditation (2:215) (3:217)

Limbo

place of sorrow without torment believed to be the first level of Hell that is populated by virtuous pagans, great philosophers and authors, unbaptized children, and others unfit to enter heaven (2:197) (3:198)

Nirvana

place or state free from worry, pain, and the external world

Ode on a Grecian Urn

poem includes these lines: "'Beauty is truth, truth beauty—that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know"

The Second Coming

poem with an opening image

Liberalism

political theory that argues that people are by nature free, equal, and independent and that they consent to government for protection but not by surrendering sovereignty to a ruler

Ludwig Van Beethoven

popular 19th century composer who regretted not setting Goethe's "Faust" to music; was plagued by deafness in his later years; his music was personal and autobiographical; his groundbreaking composiitons expressed emotion through long, sustained crescendos, sudden key changes, and repetition of theme; strongly influenced Romantic composers who succeeded him (Edmund Morris, in his biography of this musical genius, relays the story the neighbors told of a young child whose father would force him to practice different instruments and music theory relentlessly day after day, and if he resisted his father would flog him, lock him in the cellar, or deprive him of sleep, sometimes waking him at midnight to begin his daily music lessons. The remember him weeping as he played.)

Song

prosperous Chinese dynasty that developed movable type, allowing them to print books on paper--approximately 400 years before Gutenberg introduced his movable type printing press in the West

Syncretism

reconciliation of different rites and practices into one single philosophy or religion (2:125) (3:128-9)

salon

room designed especially for social gatherings as well as the social, usually intellectural, gathering itself which was generally hosted by an aristocratic woman

Vedas

sacred hymns to the Aryan gods that were written in Sanskrit (the language of the Aryans) ; together with the Upanishads, these mystical books became the basis for Hinduism

Mithras

secret mystery cult originating in Persia, perhaps as far back as Neolithic times, that was popular with Roman soldiers in Palestine at the time of Christ; had 7 stages of initiation, one of which was baptism; Zoroastrian sources suggest that this "God of Light" was sent to earth by a divine bull and that all life sprang from the bull's blood when this god sacrificed his father, the bull. His birthday was celebrated on December 25 each year (3:129)

Indulgences

sold as remissions of penalties to be suffered in the afterlife, especially release from pergatory sooner than would have occured otherwise; Julius II financed the building of the New Saint Peter's (2:224) (3:227)

Prophet

someone who serves as a deity's messanger; in Hebrew, this word indicates someone who has visions and serves as a mouthpiece for Yahweh's message and purposes

Theseus

son of King Aegeus of Athens who killed the Minotaur and who had promised his father that upon his successful return, he would raise the white sail. (Failing to do so,he would sail home under the black sails of the sacrificial ship, and when his father saw his black sailed ship approaching, in dispair, he threw himself into the sea that then took his name--the Aegean Sea.)

Solomon

son of King David and also built the magnificent temple in Jerusalem

Ashoka

son of Vindusara; established Buddhism as the official state religion; denounced violence and force of arms and adopted nonviolence as the official policy; forbade the slaughter or mutilation of animals; banned sport hunting; promoted vegetarianism; built hospitals for people and animals; preached humane treatment of all living things; regarded all subjects as equal, regardless of politics, religion , or caste

Beowulf

story of a Scandinavian warrior who rids a community of monsters that have been ravaging it; oldest English epic; 3000 lines of poetry written b/w 700 & 1000 CE (2&3:150)

Postmodernism

term used to describe the collision of art, literary, and musical styles and forms that followed, and often deviated from, those of modernism; works of this style often have multiple meanings and are open to interpretation

Humanism

term used to refer to the revival of Greco-Roman culture that would come to define the Renaissance; the recovery, study and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome; application of classical principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts; promotes the value of the individual (2:205) (3:201)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

the author of _Nature_, which became the "intellectual beacon" for the "Transcendental Club" (made up mostly of local ministers); in his essay "Self-Reliance" he stated, "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist....Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind."

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the author asserts, "Western powers had established cultural, political, and economic hegemony over much of the world." Which of the following factors motivated these Western powers?

the humanitarian desire to "improve the lot" of indigenous peoples, economic and strategic self-interest, belief in the superiority of Western culture

Irony

the use of words to say one thing explicitly but implicitly mean another

Caves

where prehistoric art was found in Chauvet, France; Lascaux, France; and Altamira, Spain. This art was first believed to be associated with the hunt but because 60% of the animals depicted were rarely or never hunted, the art is now believed to be associated with beliefs in the afterlife or calendars of migration patterns.

Metaphor

word or phrase used in place of another to designate a similarity between the two (example: her eyes were fiery sapphires)

Epithets

words or phrases that are used to characterize a person (example: Enkidu, protector of herdsmen)

Teresa of Avila

wrote "The Way to Perfection," which describes the ascent of the soul to union with the Holy Spirit; her ecstatic union of body and spirit God is immortalized by Bernini in his famous statue housed in the Cornaro Chapel in Rome

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

wrote his 1st original composition at 6; his music was at the time generally regarded as overly complicated and too demanding emotionally and intellectually for popular audiences to absorb; died at age 35; Emperor Joseph II commented on his music: "Too many notes!"; (today, there is an "effect" named after him with lots of disagreement and conflicting data about whether it is or isn't true)