FINAL INR2002

Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunisia, doused himself in gasoline and set himself on fire in December 2010 to protest police harassment and unwittingly started

Arab Spring.

What is the significance of the Lima Accord?

. It is the first time all nations, including the United States and China, agreed to cut greenhouse-gas emissions.

Which of the following is NOT likely to explain why a state takes action to protect human rights in another state?

. The human rights violations have not reached the scale of genocide.

Over the last 50 years, how has the growth in world exports compared to the growth in world GDP?

. The volume of world exports has increased at a faster rate than world GDP.

Overexploitation of natural resources tends to be a problem for what kind of good?

. common good

If a state can voluntarily withdraw from the confines of international law, it is described as

. low obligation.

With respect to support for protectionist measures, the American public is

. more supportive of protectionism than economists.

Public goods are

. nonexcludable and nonrival.

What is a policy we would expect a country undergoing import-substituting industrialization to pursue?

. provision of loans to firms at below the market's interest rate

Which is a policy associated with the Washington Consensus?

. trade liberalization

Which of the following is a nontariff barrier to trade?

...

Where are most of the world's poorest countries located?

Southern Hemisphere

According to the World Bank, what proportion of the world's population had access to a mobile phone in 2013?

2/3

What is transnational justice?

A change in international human rights law that places a greater emphasis on amnesty and reconciliation rather than punishment.

What was the "Battle of Seattle"?

A clash between protestors and police over the future of the World Trade Organization.

What does the Heckscher-Olin theory predict about exports?

A country will export goods that use its abundant factors of production.

What makes an international law like the Geneva Conventions most effective?

Its wide acceptance by states around the world; it has been ratified by all 193 members of the United Nations.

In general, what is the relationship between per-capita income and environmental performance?

As income increases, performance increases.

Why are the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) two separate documents?

Because during the Cold War the United States and its allies wanted human rights law focused on political and civil rights while the Soviet Union and its allies wanted human rights law focused on economic, social, and cultural rights.

What is absolute advantage?

being the first country to start producing a particular good

How do domestic institutions affect a country's economic growth?

Biased and undemocratic institutions generally stifle growth.

The law of diplomatic immunity is an example of a(n)

customary international law.

Which theorist is most closely associated with comparative advantage?

David Ricardo

How does the Heckscher-Ohlin model explain international migration?

Developing countries export labor, which they have in abundance, to developed countries where labor is in greater demand

Who delivered the speech launching the He For She campaign?

Emma Watson

What is the clash between development and environmental protection?

Environmental protection makes development more difficult.

Which of the following is an example of foreign direct investment?

Firestone builds a plant in Liberia

Why do states typically follow international law?

Following it offers additional rewards of further cooperation.

What is the relationship between gender equality and economic development?

Gender inequality decreases as a country develops economically.

______________ can be defined as the establishment and operation of social institutions capable of resolving conflicts, facilitating cooperation, or, more generally, alleviating collective action problems in a world of interdependent actors.

Global governance

Which European Union member states have received the largest share of immigrants from Africa and the Middle East since 2014?

Greece and Italy

How has the role of the International Monetary Fund changed over time?

It was originally concerned primarily with managing exchange rates and monetary relations but is now more focused on managing international finance.

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines is best described as a(n)

transnational advocacy network.

In general, how has global income inequality changed since 1985?

Income is less equally distributed.

How does the Heckscher-Olin theory explain increasing investment in emerging markets?

Loans are made to countries where capital is scarce.

Which of the following countries does NOT currently possess nuclear weapons?

Iran

What does the Kyoto Protocol do?

It attempts to limit greenhouse-gas emissions by establishing a carbon-trading system that privatizes costs and eliminates externalities.

How has the United States participated in the Kyoto Protocol?

It has failed to ratify the treaty.

How has the spread of information technology affected national sovereignty?

It has made it more difficult for governments to assert sovereignty and retain control of their populations.

Why is the concept of comparative advantage important?

It implies all countries can benefit from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.

How does international investment differ from investment in domestic economies?

It is more risky, because foreign governments can take actions that undermine the value of the investment.

Why is the Responsibility to Protect significant?

It limits the sovereignty of states.

What is the effect of import-substitution industrialization?

It replaces imported goods with domestically made goods.

How has the United States reacted to the International Criminal Court?

It signed the treaty creating the court, but later withdrew its signature.

The idea that people are by nature free and equal and therefore possess certain basic rights that are not contingent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular society or government was first articulated by

John Locke.

How do regional trade agreements influence human rights?

Many directly link good human rights practices to trade benefits.

Which of the following is not a condition if nuclear deterrence is to succeed?

Nuclear countries must promise to only attack non-nuclear countries

Which organization is an example of a commodity cartel?

OPEC

What is NOT a reason that cooperation on ozone layer depletion has been relatively effective?

The United States has provided subsidies to nations who commit to reducing their CFC output.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between geography and development?

Poor countries tend to be located in the tropics and suffer from less favorable weather and higher rates of infectious disease than wealthy countries.

How do primary and secondary rules differ in the context of international law?

Primary rules regulate behavior while secondary rules produce the structure for making primary rules.

What does the Stolper-Samuelson theory predict regarding a country's economy?

Protectionism benefits industries that use scarce factors of production.

__________ is a central organizing principle for groups like the World Trade Organization, which holds that concessions granted by one government are met by concessions from the others.

Reciprocity

What does it mean to state that provisions of international law are "not self-executing"?

That the law's provisions do not become enforceable domestically until enacted in domestic law by the national legislature.

which of the following accurately describes the relative economic and military power of the United States and China?

The United States and China have similarly sized economies, but the United States spends much more on its military than China.

How is voting power within the International Monetary Fund distributed?

The United States has enough power to veto any proposal.

Which document, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, defined a "common standard of achievement for all people" and is widely viewed as the foundation of modern human rights law?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

What is one obstacle to international cooperation on climate change?

The costs of global warming are largely unknown.

What is the status of fair trade production today?

The fair trade floor price has encouraged an overproduction of commodities, and many fair trade products are sold on traditional markets at below fair trade prices.

Which statement best describes the success of international environmental cooperation?

The international community has addressed the hole in the ozone layer more successfully than it has addressed climate change.

What assumption is generally necessary for the theory of comparative advantage to hold true?

The transaction costs must be relatively low.

How has human rights law evolved since the 1990s?

There is a greater focus on noncriminal and nonjudicial forms of reconciliation

Why are countries reluctant to impose economic sanctions?

They are costly.

In the context of human rights, what are TANs?

transnational advocacy networks

How do common pool resources differ from public goods?

They are rival in consumption.

Globally, how have human rights practices changed over the last 20 years?

They have not changed noticeably

What is the effect of trade barriers?

They make imports more expensive.

What does comparative advantage imply for countries?

They should specialize in the goods they make most efficiently.

Which statement best describes international trade in cotton and other agricultural commodities?

Trade is distorted by massive subsidies offered by the United States and other developed countries to protect their farmers.

Which of the following statements regarding labor movement patterns is most accurate?

Unskilled workers are attracted to developed countries.

What does history and theory suggest about the rise of a new major power like China?

War becomes more likely because the rising power seeks to change the status quo while the existing powers seek to prevent it.

The key international organization governing global commercial relations between states today is the

World Trade Organization.

What is the Group of 77?

a coalition of developing countries

Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation?

a company that owns production facilities in multiple countries

What is an externality?

a cost imposed on other actors by someone undertaking a particular action

What are nuclear powers asked to do under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?

assist non-nuclear states with peaceful energy programs

What two elements make an agreement "fair trade"?

a floor price and a price or social premium

A law that is high obligation, precise, and delegates enforcement to third parties tends to be

a hard law.

An example of concessional finance is a government giving another government

a loan below the market rate.

Which of the following is an example of sovereign lending?

a private firm lending money to a government

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, what affect would concluding the Doha Round have on the global economy?

a reduction in trade costs by as much as 9 percent, generating nearly $400 billion in welfare gains

International law is

a set of expectations for state behavior

What is a tariff?

a tax on imports

Compliance constituencies

a. make international law more effective.

When a country can produce a good more efficiently than any other country, it is usually said to have a(n)

absolute advantage.

The 2001 Doha Round of World Trade Organization talks broke down as a result of differences between developed and developing countries in all of the following areas EXCEPT

access to pharmaceuticals.

Where does most foreign investment occur?

advanced economies

A bilateral investment treaty

affords protections to investors between the two countries.

When did the push for the international protection of human rights gain the most traction?

after World War II

What are primary products?

agricultural goods and raw materials

Which of the following is an example of a bilateral investment treaty (BIT)?

an agreement between two countries that protects investors from expropriation without compensation

What is the International Monetary Fund?

an international organization that addresses financial crises

What is the World Bank?

an organization that engages in concessional finance

Comparative advantage explains how countries can

benefit from specialization and exchange.

Most foreign direct investment is regulated by

bilateral treaties.

Which of the following is an example of a public good?

clean air

What is the most widely traded fair trade commodity?

coffee

What is not a cause to which people have rallied in opposition to economic globalization?

communication issues

According to Raul Prebisch and the Economic Commission for Latin America, the value of the raw materials and agricultural goods tend to ______________ relative to the value of the manufactured goods exported by developed countries

decrease

The process of granting third parties like courts, arbitrators, mediators, or others the authority to implement, interpret, and apply rules, to resolve disputes over rules, or to make additional rules is usually referred to as

delegation.

A severe downturn in the business cycle, typically associated with a major decline in economic activity, production, and investment, a severe contraction of credit, and sustained high unemployment is usually referred to as a(n)

depression.

The Stopler-Samuelson theorem would predict that, in the United States, organized labor would generally oppose free trade agreements with which of the following?

developing countries with abundant supplies of inexpensive labor

Accusations that producers in a country might sell their goods on global markets at prices below the true cost of production in order to drive out competitors are generally referred to as

dumping

What is not a dimension of international law?

durability

The US approach to addressing the rise of China over the past twenty years can best be described as a strategy of

engagement.

Colonial and postcolonial political institutions in North and South America developed differently because

extreme economic inequality in South America translated into political inequality.

What does it mean to default?

failing to repay a loan

The failure of the European Union's immigration strategy provides an example of the

free-rider problem

To date, China's trade relationship with the United States has

generated a massive trade surplus for China and a trade deficit for the United States.

The most frequent and deadliest form of violence in global politics today is by

governments against their own citizens

Which of the following is NOT normally a solution to the collective-action problem that plagues environmental questions in international relations?

grant one power the authority to make all decisions

The World Trade Organization generally pushes for

greater trade openness and liberalization

A treaty calling for states to create favorable conditions for trade is best described as

imprecise.

How has the number of intergovernmental organizations changed over time?

increased.

Norms entrepreneurs tend to be

individuals.

Customary international law

is a slow, evolving process.

The boomerang model

is an indirect way in which TANs can push their agenda.

The repeated interactions between governments that produce a continuing relationship that incentivizes cooperation in international trade talks is often referred to as

iteration

Declining terms of trade were expected to disadvantage what group of countries?

less developed countries

Which issue has proved to be the biggest stumbling block for concluding the Doha Round?

liberalization of trade in agriculture

Nongovernmental organizations like Amnesty International play an important role in enforcing human rights standards around the world by

naming and shaming governments that violate human rights

What is the primary mechanism for implementing international environmental agreements?

national laws and policies

If England produces wine it cannot use those same resources to produce cloth. This exchange is usually referred to as

opportunity cost.

What is a characteristic of a public good?

nonexcludability

The overall relationship between income and environmental protection is

nonlinearly positive

MAD theory is most closely associated with which of the following?

nuclear weapons

What is an oligopolistic industry?

one in which a few companies dominate

In which area has there been successful international effort to address a global environmental concern?

ozone depletion caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following is NOT a type of infrastructure important for development?

political infrastructure, such as legislatures and bureaucracies

What is not a type of international norms?

prescriptive

Which would be an example of protectionism?

putting taxes on goods that are manufactured in other countries

Austerity simply means

reducing government deficits but cutting government services.

What are nonderogable rights?

rights that can never be suspended

Unlike the Stolper-Samuelson model, the Ricardo-Viner model focuses on

sectors in which factors of production are employed.

What are portfolio investments?

situations in which investors do not directly manage their investment

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argues _________ best promotes economic growth.

specialization

What do the Ricardo-Viner and the Stolper-Samuelson models attempt to explain?

support for trade liberalization

The Responsibility to Protect, the obligation of the international community to both prosecute crimes against humanity and protect at-risk populations through military means as necessary, was ratified by the UN Security Council in response to what international crisis?

the 1994 Rwandan genocide

Which of the following agreements permits individual petition to an international court?

the European Convention on Human Rights

What is one effort LDCs have made to improve their level of economic development?

the New International Economic Order

What is comparative advantage?

the ability to produce one good more efficiently than other goods

What is democide?

the attempt by a state to prosecute its citizens for human rights abuses in another country

What sparked the World Trade Organization's Doha Round?

the breakdown of trade talks in Seattle and the perception that the WTO was too focused on liberalization of trade in manufactured goods

Historically, which countries have been the largest polluters?

the developed states in Europe and North America

What is an example of the coercive disarmament of weapons of mass destruction?

the threat of military invasion for developing chemical weapons

In general, what type of state most frequently ratifies human rights treaties?

those with poor human rights practices

Why did OPEC restrict the supply of oil in 1973?

to increase the global price of oil

What is the primary goal of the He For She campaign?

to motivate men to participate in the struggle for gender equality

Decision making in the International Monetary Fund is made on the basis of

weighted voting system based on financial contributions to the organization.

What is most-favored-nation status?

when a country gives all signatories to an agreement the same benefits of trade

What is the resource curse?

when the discovery of natural resources paradoxically gives rise to poverty

What is factor price equalization?

when wages become more similar across countries as trade increases