Final Lab Exam

The stomach is the only part of the alimentary canal with three muscular layers. Why does the stomach need three layers of muscle?

The stomach needs three layers of muscles because smooth muscle can only be striated in one direction, so having three layers allows it do different things, such as peristalsis and the churning motion.

acute lymphocytic leukemia

a form of leukemia characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes

small intestine function

absorption of nutrients

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after tidal volume

P wave

atrial depolarization

bicuspid (mitral) valve

between left atrium and left ventricle

stomach function

chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

breath period

duration of each breathing cycle

salivary amylase

enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

Formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

fimbriae function

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, adhesion to other cells

cecum

first part of the large intestine

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

lymphocyte function

immune response

Eosinophil function

kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

blood plasma

liquid portion of blood (55%)

Breathing rate can be determined by

measuring the breath period (A) and then taking 60 sec/min and dividing it by the breath period (60/breath period).

Liver functions

metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, bile production

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

three pairs of salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

stomach enzymes

pepsin and gastric lipase

small intestine enzymes

peptidase, oxidase

Neutrophil function

phagocytize pathogens or debris

monocyte function

phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissue

greater omentum function

plays a role in the immune system, stores adipose tissue, protects organs and supports blood and lymph vessels in the abdominal cavity.

oxidase breaks down

polysaccharides into glucose and maltose

pancreatic enzymes

protease, amylase, lipase,

peptidase breaks down

proteins into small peptides and amino acids

Basophil function

release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

jejunum

second part of the small intestine

Gallbladder function

store & concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestine

total lung capacity

the amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inhalation

residual volume

the amount of air still in the lungs after a forceful exhalation

vital capacity

the amount of air that can be moved

Chyme

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

The delay between the pulse wave and the R wave of the ECG

the result of the location of where the pulse is being taken.

ileum

third part of the small intestine

Gastric lipase breaks down:

triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

QRS complex

-AV node fires -ventricular systole -ventricular depolarization

T wave

-ventricular diastole -ventricular repolarization

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Explain how exercise would influence tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.

During exercise, tidal volume increases because the depth of the breath and rate of breathing both increase. IRV and ERV would decrease to compensate for the increase in TV.

What is forced expiratory volume and why is it important?

FEV is the amount of air a person can breathe out during a forced exhale. It's important because it is used to show whether or not a person has impaired lung function and therefore used to diagnosed respiratory diseases, such as COPD or asthma.

pepsin breaks down

Proteins- into peptides and amino acids

large intestine function

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food