FINAL PSYCHOLOGY

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar: A) Piaget. B) Freud. C) Vygotsky. D) Pavlov.

Piaget

What is homeostasis? A) an innate need to seek an optimal level of stimulation B) a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions C) the psychological representation of a need D) a complex behavior that is a result of operant conditioning

a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are: A) authoritarian. B) permissive. C) authoritative. D) uninvolved.

authoritarian.

Recall Erikson's stages of socioemotional development that occur during childhood. Which stage is CORRECTLY matched with its age range? A) industry versus inferiority - 3 to 6 years B) autonomy versus doubt - 1 to 3 years C) trust versus mistrust - 6 years to puberty D) initiative versus guilt - birth to 1 year

autonomy versus doubt - 1 to 3 years

With respect to the concept hierarchy, the _____ level is used MOST often to identify objects in everyday life. A) superordinate B) ordinate C) basic D) subordinate

basic

The activation of the ventromedial hypothalamus of an animal: A) does not affect the animal's response to feeding-related stimuli. B) increases the appetite of the animal. C) does not affect the energy balance of the animal's body. D) causes the animal to stop eating.

causes the animal to stop eating.

Mental representations of categories of objects, situations, or ideas that share common features are called: A) prototypes. B) concepts. C) heuristics. D) images.

concepts.

Schizophrenia is associated with a(n): A) decrease in the size of the brainstem. B) thickening of the cerebral cortex. C) decrease in total brain volume. D) increase in the size of the corpus callosum.

decrease in total brain volume.

Complex behaviors that are innate, fixed, and universal within a species are called: A) drives. B) reflexes. C) instincts. D) motives.

instincts

Which factor is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified at the beginning of the chapter? A) encoding B) perception C) storage D) retrieval

perception

Intrinsic motivation is driven by: A) consequences found in a situation. B) personal satisfaction. C) reinforcers in the environment. D) praise offered by others.

personal satisfaction.

The number of words young children hear at home is: A) correlated with the language(s) that their parents speak. B) negatively correlated with family income. C) positively correlated with family income. D) not related to income or native language(s) spoken.

positively correlated with family income.

Socioemotional development involves changes in one's: A) intelligence. B) problem-solving abilities. C) decision-making abilities. D) overall disposition.

problem-solving abilities.

Major depressive disorder is a set of distressing, disabling cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. Major depressive disorder is a _____ disorder. A) genetic B) pathological C) physiological D) psychological

psychological

People with schizophrenia demonstrate a severe and chronic loss of contact with reality called: A) psychosis. B) neurosis. C) dysthymia. D) mania.

psychosis

Extrinsic motivation is driven by: A) personal satisfaction. B) interest in a subject matter. C) personal curiosity. D) reinforcers in the environment.

reinforcers in the environment.

The duration of short-term memory is about: A) 10 seconds. B) 30 seconds. C) 2 minutes. D) 3 minutes.

30 seconds.

About 95% of the population has an IQ score between _____ and _____. A) 70; 130 B) 85; 115 C) 90; 110 D) 55; 145

70; 130

Which psychologist is MOST likely to have said, "Penis envy is really power envy"? A) Karl Jung B) Karen Horney C) Abraham Maslow D) Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

_____ is the WEAKEST sense in newborns. A) Sight B) Hearing C) Touch D) Smell

Sight

_____ is a mental activity associated with coming to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief. A) Thinking B) Erudition C) Tomography D) Chaining

Thinking

The MOST commonly used IQ test in the United States is the: A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. B) WAIS-IV. C) Spearman G Scale. D) Terman Intelligence Battery.

WAIS-IV.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) _____. A) heuristic; algorithm B) algorithm; heuristic C) prototype; algorithm D) heuristic; prototype

algorithm; heuristic

A person with _____ disorder is aggressive, ruthless, and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing. A) generalized anxiety B) obsessive-compulsive C) antisocial personality D) dissociative identity

antisocial personality

In any given year, the most common type of psychological disorder diagnosed is: A) mood disorder. B) anxiety disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) substance disorder.

anxiety disorder.

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is MOST likely that of a proponent of the _____ theory of motivation. A) instinct B) drive-reduction C) arousal D) extrinsic

arousal

Parents who set strict boundaries and show little warmth reflect a(n) _____ parenting style. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

authoritarian

Recall the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook. Which "D" is CORRECTLY matched with its definition? A) distress - the extent to which a behavior falls outside society's standards or rules B) dysfunction - the extent to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships C) deviance - the extent to which behaviors or emotions cause an individual to become upset or uncomfortable D) disability - the extent to which a person loses the insight to recognize that a problem exists

dysfunction - the extent to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships

In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ consists of a pool of primal psychic energy. A) subconscious B) id C) ego D) superego

id

The MOST complicated and persistent of the dissociative disorders is dissociative: A) fugue. B) psychosis disorder. C) identity disorder. D) amnesia.

identity disorder.

According to Hans Eysenck, a quiet and careful person who enjoys his or her time alone is most likely high in: A) psychoticism. B) conscientiousness. C) introversion. D) neuroticism.

introversion.

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that: A) thought produces language. B) language influences thought. C) language is uniquely human. D) languages share a universal grammar.

language influences thought.

The textbook describes a study in which researchers tracked 144 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder for more than 40 years. Recall the research designs used in developmental psychology. Skoog and Skoog's study exemplifies _____ research. A) longitudinal B) correlational C) cross-sectional D) experimental

longitudinal

Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to the processes whereby the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use. A) memory B) learning C) intelligence D) sensation

memory

When an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget termed: A) object permanence. B) conservation. C) formal operations. D) reversibility.

object permanence.

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experiences. A) precede B) occur simultaneously with C) follow D) are unrelated to

occur simultaneously with

Which attachment style describes an infant who is disturbed at his mother's departure in the Strange Situation, but who is easily soothed on her return? A) secure B) difficult C) avoidant D) ambivalent

secure

Walter has an intense fear of public speaking. Because he can engage only in one-on-one interactions, he has been passed over for promotions. Walter's case illustrates: A) social anxiety disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) panic disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

social anxiety disorder.

A _____ is a negative attitude about groups of people based on certain shared traits or characteristics. A) script B) schema C) stereotype D) stigma

stigma

Cannon and Washburn (1912) demonstrated the involvement of the _____ in producing feelings of hunger. A) pancreas B) hypothalamus C) stomach D) liver

stomach

The distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors seen at a young age make up one's: A) character. B) disposition. C) temperament. D) personality.

temperament.

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. Thus, Ashley is interested in: A) the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience. B) how behavior changes as a result of experience. C) obtaining, using, and converting knowledge. D) the ability to generate valuable and original solutions to problems.

the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion proposes that: A) a stimulus initiates a physiological reaction or a behavioral reaction before people feel an emotion. B) the experience of emotion is the result of physiological arousal, followed by a cognitive label for that physiological state. C) emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. D) emotion is the result of the way people appraise or interpret interactions they have in their surroundings.

the experience of emotion is the result of physiological arousal, followed by a cognitive label for that physiological state.

The primacy effect refers to the fact that: A) the most important items in a list are more likely to be remembered than are less important items. B) the first-presented items in a list are more likely to be remembered than are items in the middle of the list. C) those items in a list that have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall. D) the items presented most recently in a list are more likely to be remembered than are items presented earlier.

the first-presented items in a list are more likely to be remembered than are items in the middle of the list.

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were: A) the instinct approach, then the self-determination theory. B) the self-determination theory, then the drive approach. C) the drive approach, then the instinct approach. D) the instinct approach, then the drive approach.

the instinct approach, then the drive approach.,

Which sign is MOST likely indicative of Alzheimer's disease? A) the presence of amyloid plaques B) an increase in brain size C) the birth of new brain cells D) an increase in the ability to perform high-end manual calculations

the presence of amyloid plaques

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans is known as _____ chromosomes. A) acrocentric B) the sex C) the body D) telocentric

the sex

Critical periods suggest that: A) personality is altered by relationships and experiences during life. B) there are specific time frames in which an organism is sensitive to environmental factors. C) personality is generally stable over the life span. D) development is gradual and continuous, without definite stages.

there are specific time frames in which an organism is sensitive to environmental factors.

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage. A) initiative versus guilt B) autonomy versus doubt C) trust versus mistrust D) industry versus inferiority

trust versus mistrust

In Freud's view, the _____ mind contains material that is virtually impossible to retrieve, whereas the _____ mind contains material that is outside awareness, but that can be retrieved fairly easily. A) subconscious; preconscious B) unconscious; preconscious C) unconscious; subconscious D) preconscious; unconscious

unconscious; preconscious

In psychology, the first step in problem solving is: A) recognizing obstacles that block the path to a solution. B) dextermining a way to decrease the distance between the goal and the current status. C) understanding the problem. D) overcoming emotional barriers.

understanding the problem.