Final Review Pathology

Autosomes

44 chromosomes other than X and Y

Papilloma

A benign epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an inner mucous membrane (polyp)

Syndrome

A condition characterized by a group of signs, symptoms, and disease processes.

chronic

A condition that develops slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time.

acute

A condition that develops suddenly and lasts for a short period of time.

Manifestations

A set of characteristics known as signs or symptoms resulting from the disease process.

Profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections is characteristic of:

AIDS

Edema

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

Hematoma

Accumulation of blood trapped within body tissues

The immediate response the body tissue has to a local injury is ________________

Acute Inflammation

Mutation

Alteration in the DNA structures that may become permanent hereditary change

Dominant gene

Always produces an effect

Grading

Assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

Morbidity

Describes any condition that isn't healthy whether it be a physical or mental illness

Mortality

Describes the number of deaths caused by an illness or event over a specific period of time.

Hemorrhage

Escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

Staging

Extensiveness of tumor at the primary site or the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs

Hypoplasia

Failure of normal cell development resulting in small organ/tissue size

Immunoglobulin

Form in lymphoid tissue

A hazy, perihilar, granular infiltrate spreading to the lung periphery is the early radiographic finding of:

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

Bacteremia

Potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels

Morbidity

Rate that an illness or abnormality occurs

Atrophy

Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

Incidence

Refers to the number of individuals who develop a specific disease or experience a specific health-related event during a particular time period.

Prevalence

Refers to the total number of individuals in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time, usually expressed as a percentage of the population.

Mortality

Reflects the number of deaths by disease per population

Which of the following characterizes generalized edema?

a. Pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body b. Fluid tends to accumulate in ankles and lower legs of ambulatory patients c. Occurs most frequently in patients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and some renal diseases. d. Fluid tends to accumulate in the lungs, lower back and of nonambulatory or sedentary patients.

When a vaccine or toxoid is used to counteract an antigen, it is considered:

active immunity

In the acute inflammatory response as hyperemia develops, the venules and capillaries become abnormally permeable. A permeable membrane __________________________. _____________________________.

allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location

Hypotension and vascular collapse with urticaria, bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema are characteristics of:

anaphylactic reactions.

Symptoms suggestive of esophageal or stomach cancer are:

anorexia and dysphagia

The body has the ability to combat antigens by forming _____ in the lymphoid tissue.

antibodies and immunoglobulins

As a result of inflammation, there are four overlapping sequential responses. The four responses are:

b. Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium of injured tissue. d. Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability e. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation f. Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements

Tumors closely resembling their cells of origin in structure and function are called:

benign

Chondroma

benign cartilaginous tumor

Adenoma

benign epithelial neoplasm that grow in glandlike patterns

Angioma

benign tumor composed of blood vessels

Lipoma

benign tumor consisting of soft fatty tissue

Fibroma

benign tumor of fibrous tissue

Myoma

benign tumor of muscle

ecchymosis

bruise or subcutaneous hematoma measuring greater than 1 to 2 cm

Which of the following are the basic components for all tumors? (select all that apply)

c. the supporting stroma (supporting tissue), made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and possibly lymphatic vessels d. the parenchyma (organ tissue), made up of proliferating neoplastic cells

When tumor cells flourish, causing the patient to become weak and emaciated, this condition is referred to as:

cachexia

The term derived from the Latin term for "crab" is:

cancer

Using a combination of cytotoxic substances to kill neoplastic cells is called:

chemotherapy

The final event in the acute inflammatory response is the repair of injured tissue. Which of the following are 2 possible outcomes?

development of a fibrous scar & reconstitution of normal anatomic structure and function

A gene always producing an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous is named:

dominant

The most common hereditary abnormality is:

enzyme deficiency.

calor

heat

In the earliest phase of the acute inflammation response, the arterioles, capillaries, and venules dilate resulting in a dramatic increase in blood flow in and around the injury site. The dramatic increase in blood flow is referred to as_________________ and results in __________ and ____________.

hyperemia; heat; redness

Ischemia

interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ, depriving the organ's cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients.

Phagocytosis is the process by which_________________________________.

leukocytes engulf and enzymatically digest infecting organisms and cellular debris

Squamous cell carcinoma

malignant tumor cells resembling stratified squamous epithelium such as the lung, head and neck regions.

Adenocarcinoma

malinancy of glandular tissues such as breast, liver, pancreas, and cells linig the GI tract.

Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses may result in alterations in the DNA called:

mutations

The Latin word for "new growth" is:

neoplasia

Collateral vessels

provide an alternative method of blood flow in the event of an occlusion and can develop when a slow developing occlusion occurs.

rubor

redness

tumor

swelling

necrosis

tissue death frequently the result of loss of blood supply to the tissue

Volvulus

twisting of an organ that can result in infarct

The modality of choice to demonstrate the multiple manifestations of AIDS in the central nervous system is:

MRI

Lymphatic spread

Major route by which carcinoma metastasizes

Carcinoma

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

Metastasize

Malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites

Hematogenous spread

Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli

Recessive gene

Manifests when a person is homozygous for the trait

signs

Measurable or objective manifestations which can be identified or observed by another person.

Petechiae

Minimal hemorrhages of the skin, mucous membranes or serosal surfaces

Malignant

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures

Diffuse Spread

Occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity. (Seeding)

Diagnosis

The identification of the nature of an illness or the precise disease process affecting the patient.

disease

The pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

Prognosis

The predicted or expected outcome for the patient.

pathology

The study of disease that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various systems.

Idiopathic

The underlying cause of the disease is unknown.

Etiology

The underlying cause of the disease.

Pyogenic Bacteria

Thick, yellow fluid called pus containing dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, and bacteria.

Anaplastic

Undifferentiated cell growth—without form (bizarre)

Neoplasia

Ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells

Dysplasia

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

Anasarca

Generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues through the body

Hereditary process

Genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell passed to the next generation

A combination of young developing capillaries and actively proliferating fibroblasts which produce connective tissue fibers (collagen) that replace dead tissue refers to ___________.

Granulation tissue

benign

Growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function

The retrovirus known to contribute to AIDS is:

HIV

asymptomatic

Having a disease without evidence of the disease; no symptoms.

Sarcoma

Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Hypertrophy

Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

infarct

Localized area of ischemic necrosis with a tissue or organ produced by occlusion or either its arterial supply or its venous drainage.

Elephantiasis

Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema

Abscess

Localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid resulting from a pyogenic infection occurring beneath the skin or in a solid organ.

purpura

Slightly larger hemorrhage than petechiae

Epidemiology

Study of determinants of disease events in given populations

oncology

Study of neoplasms (tumors)

symptoms

Subjective manifestations as described by the patient

Iatrogenic

Symptoms resulting from the physician or treatment.

The study of neoplasms or tumors is called:

oncology

dolor

pain