Final Study
Galileo was among the first to suggest that:
a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
According to Hume, the mind is:
a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects ____.
a social judgment
For Adler, feelings of inferiority can act either as ____ or as ____, depending on one's attitude toward them.
a stimulus for positive growth; a disabling force
Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
absolute threshold.
According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?
Anxiety and responsibility
Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?
Anything natural is good.
What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?
Anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.
Apollonian
At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:
Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies.
Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve?
Approach-avoidance
When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?
Approach-avoidance conflict
Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus?
Aristarchus of Samos
Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.
Aristotle's; Galileo's
Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
La Mettrie believed that:
accepting atheism and materialism will lead to a more humane world
According to May, exercising one's freedom means:
acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions
For Müller, the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive is known as ________.
adequate stimulation
According to Kierkegaard, in the ________ stage, people are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose.
aesthetic
Psychoanalysis was the dominant form of therapy _____.
after World War II
The concept of ________ refers to the mind's realization that it exists apart from the Absolute.
alienation
The law of Prägnanz asserts that _____.
all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment
According to Spencer, the best government is one that:
allows free competition among all its citizens.
For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:
allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized.
Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:
an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts.
The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called:
an exaptation
The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:
an imbalance of the four bodily humors
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:
an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction.
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.
animal spirits
Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.
animalistic; good
The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that:
animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is an incentive to do so
Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called:
animism
Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called:
anomalies
The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:
anthropocentrism
In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior.
anthropology
Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.
anxiety; guilt
According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:
anything of which a person was aware at any given moment
The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:
apparent movement
Leibniz's term for awareness was:
apperception.
According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending.
apperceptive mass
Münsterberg's efforts did much to create:
applied psychology
Within psychology in the United States, interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.
applied psychology
Herbart was one of the first to:
apply a mathematical model to psychology.
According to the Gestaltists' idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to:
approach the white card
Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist:
are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence.
Descartes believed that innate ideas:
are revealed by God
Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.
are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance
Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined to form the field of:
artificial intelligence (AI)
For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:
association
Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:
association reflex
Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and psychologists.
associationism
The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:
assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior
Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive.
authoritarian
Who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease?
Averroës
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:
Bacon
Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism than was Pavlov's research on secretion?
Bechterev
Which type of therapy did Watson and Jones create when they helped cure Peter of his fear of rabbits?
Behavior therapy
What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party?
Both psychological needs and quasi-needs
Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis") respectable within the medical community?
Braid
According to Leibniz, how can monads become clearer?
By actualizing their potential
The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was the:
California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?
Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy.
Which students of Wundt were most interested in individual differences and applied psychology in the United States?
Cattell, Hall, and Witmer
Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment?
Chiarugi
Which statement best describes Locke's philosophy toward education?
Children should be allowed to feel discomfort to prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life.
The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Hans phenomenon.
Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:
Conceptualism
Largely due to this man's efforts, Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and documents.
Constantine
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
Controlled passion
What did the Stoics consider to be the highest virtue?
Courage in the face of danger
As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____.
bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
be free of any preconceptions
According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:
be perceived
According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will:
be rejected or at least will not be understood.
Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:
behaviorist
Which school of psychology most strongly believes that we can learn a lot about ourselves by studying nonhuman animals?
behaviorists
According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as:
being-beyond-the-world
During the Renaissance, people with mental illness were generally thought to be _____.
bewitched
According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
biological inheritance
Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was:
bloodletting
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:
bored.
Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:
both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits
La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:
both human and nonhuman animals are machines
Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of:
both objectively real facts and imagined facts
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
The ideas of the Enlightenment:
brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge
Hall believed that masturbation ____.
can harm the quality of eventual offspring
For Popper, a nonscientific theory
can still be useful
For Popper, a nonscientific theory:
can still be useful
One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it:
cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences
According to Galileo, secondary qualities:
cannot be measured objectively
The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to:
catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions
A clinical psychologist has determined that if a patient takes a particular drug, then that patient will cease having a particular troubling symptom. This psychologist has identified a _____.
causal law
According to Hebb, a system of interrelated neurons that reflects recurring environmental events is called a(n) _____.
cell assembly
For Skinner, "mental events" are:
certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels
According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:
changes the rate with which a response is made
The tension between pure, scientific psychology and applied psychology:
characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so
Jean Piaget's major contribution to the field of psychology was:
characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience
Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as:
child analysis
The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who ________.
claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth
According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved.
cognitive disequilibrium
When a person has incompatible ideas that motivate him or her to change beliefs or behavior, _____ exists.
cognitive dissonance
Gestalt psychology has much in common with _____.
cognitive psychology
In the 1970s, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:
cognitive science
The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:
collapse of the Roman Empire
According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is:
compatible with the apperceptive mass
Adler believed that through ____, a person could adjust to a weakness in one part of his or her body by developing strengths in other parts.
compensation
Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.
compound association
Pavlov's dogs learned that the sound of a researcher's footsteps meant that the dogs would soon be given meat powder. What used to be a neutral stimulus (the sound of researchers footsteps) then caused the dogs to salivate. Salivating at the sound of a person's footsteps is an example of _____.
conditioned response (CR)
According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):
conditions of worth
According to May, the person experiencing neurotic anxiety ____.
conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices
Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:
connectionism
Hebb's speculations regarding how cell assemblies and phase sequences develop has led to a new research area called:
connectionism
In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:
conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts
Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that:
consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter.
Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:
consequences
For James, the spiritual self:
consists of the person's states of consciousness
With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the:
constancy hypothesis
Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next.
constant stimuli
Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.
constructive association
According to Kelly, people are similar when they:
construe the world in similar ways
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
contemporary cognitive psychologists
The study of the structure and function of information-processing systems is _____.
cybernetics
Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:
deductive
In their research on group dynamics Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly productive and friendly.
democratic
Hume considered ________ as the only type of knowledge that can effectively guide our conduct in the world.
demonstrative knowledge
The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:
denying the existence of a causal mind
Bain's goal was to:
describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena
The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes.
determinist
Wundt was a(n):
determinist.
It is generally agreed that an article by Allen Newell, J. Shaw, and Herbert Simon in 1958 marked the transition between artificial intelligence and information-processing psychology by claiming they had _____.
developed computer programs that solved problems the way humans do
The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in:
discouraging a search for psychological causes of mental illness
Broca is best known for:
discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder.
The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:
distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children.
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities.
Watson and Lashley cooperated in "sports" research on archers showing that ____ enhanced performance more than ____ (Lashley, 1915).
distributed practice; massed practice
The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:
diversity of the field
Hobbes believed that people________.
do not have free will
The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
double aspectism
According to Aristotle, the energy of the baker who creates magnificent wedding cake is the _____ cause of the cake.
efficient
Empedocles assumed that perception results when:
eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood
The Gestaltists were reacting against _____.
elementalism
No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as:
elementism
A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called:
emergentism
With their research on the infant named Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated that:
emotions could be displaced to a stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions
In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:
emphasize the uniqueness of humans
Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
empirical observation
Science has two major components:
empirical observation and theory
Occam's views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of:
empirical philosophy
Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
According to the principle of conservation of energy, ____.
energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another
Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full potential was reached.
entelechy
For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence is to:
enter into a personal, emotional union with God
For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.
environmental events
Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
epiphenomenalism
The study of knowledge is called:
epistemology
Lashley's observation that any part of a functional area of the brain could perform the function associated with that area was called:
equipotentiality
According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:
escape from that freedom
According to Kierkegaard, in the ________ stage, people accept the responsibilities of making choices, but use as their guide ethical principles established by others.?
ethical
Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:
every individual strives to be all that he or she could be.
Panpsychism is the belief that:
everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
Reid viewed faculties of the mind as:
everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.
evolutionary
Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of:
excitation and inhibition
Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____.
excitatory; inhibitory
Thorndike's law of _____ stated that the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced.
exercise
According to Helvétius, the contents of the mind were controlled by ________.
experience
According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:
experiences of pleasure and pain.
Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing. In so doing, he created the field of:
experimental aesthetics.
Pavlov found that if he brought excitatory and inhibitory tendencies into conflict, the research subject's conditioned behavior would break down, resulting in what he referred to as:
experimental neurosis
From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that:
experimental psychology must stress selective attention.
Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior.
external stimulation
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.
extinction
The "Burt scandal" was based on the accusation that Burt ____.
fabricated data
Largely because of its relationship with phrenology, _____ came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.
faculty psychology
The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:
faculty psychology and the mind-body problem
The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.
faith above reason
According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with:
faith.
Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:
family resemblance
The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as:
fear of the mentally ill
Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:
feelings of pleasure and pain
Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____.
field theory; Newtonian physics
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point for Gestalists is that _____.
fields of brain activity transform sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess
If the reason why a bicycle was created was to transport a person from point A to point B, that purpose of a bicycle is its _____ cause.
final
Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:
first-signal system
Seligman has found that:
for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others
In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized:
forces external to physical events
Due to Münsterberg's interests and work, he is known as one of the first:
forensic psychologists
According to Aristotle, the particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause.
formal
The belief that educational experiences can be arranged so that they strengthen certain faculties of the mind is called:
formal discipline.
May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:
free
According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to:
free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh
According to Vaihinger, the fiction of ____ is at the heart of such concepts as morality and jurisprudence.
freedom
Hebb's rule are based on associative laws of ____ and ____.
frequency; contiguity
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional
Condillac felt that Locke:
gave the mind unnecessary innate powers
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:
genetic influences
Bouchard and his colleagues found that the most important determinant of a person's religious interests, attitudes, and values is:
genetics
For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality.
geographical; behavioral
Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise:
geometrically.
The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults.
According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:
gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others
According to Spinoza, finding clear ideas ________.
gives us pleasure
Lashley's work:
gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists
Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.
habit strength
According to Anaximander, the physis was something that:
had the capability of becoming anything
In today's terminology, perceptions that do not correspond to the perceptions of other members of the community are called _____.
hallucinations
Kant stated that a mind without concepts would:
have no capacity to think.
Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:
he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number.
Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:
he believed the APA was too friendly towards Apply topics.
Estimates show that about 70% of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as _____.
health care providers
Hobbes' theory of human motivation was:
hedonistic
For Hering, space perception results from information from the retina about ________.
height, left-right position, and depth
Copernicus argued for the ________ theory.
heliocentric
According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it:
helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life
For Jung, dream analysis:
helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters.
What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?
historical development approach
A person who makes a love potion using a lock of the desired person's hair is using _____ magic.
homeopathic
According to Seligman, an association's place on the preparedness continuum determines _____.
how easily an animal will learn that association
May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:
human dilemma
According to St. Augustine, evil exists because:
humans chose it
Mach believed that:
humans could be certain only of their own sensations
Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of creative self, in which he claimed that _____.
humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance
Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:
humans do not share the same ideas
Watson's final position on instincts was that:
humans have no instincts
According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is to develop a mental representation of the environment. This mental representation is called a(n) _____.
hypothesis
According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.
id
For James, ____, but for Münsterberg, ____.
ideas cause behavior; behavior causes ideas
According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:
identification with the aggressor
According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the:
idols of the cave
According to Bacon, the biases that result from being overly influenced by the traditional meanings of words constitutes the:
idols of the marketplace
According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the:
idols of the theater
According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the:
idols of the tribe
According to the Turing test:
if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think
Xenophanes believed that:
if animals could convey their impression of gods, those gods would have animal characteristics
Hebb's rule states that:
if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:
ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction
According to Aristotle, ____ is explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience.
imagination
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
in physiology
Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:
inclusiveness
Because of the principle of closure, _____.
incomplete figures are seen as complete
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes:
incongruent
Kraepelin thought that most mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, were _____.
incurable because they were caused by constitutional factors
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):
indeterminist
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
individual brain areas have specialized functions.
According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life.
individuation
Bacon relied primarily on ________ to develop his theories.
induction
Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.
inductive definition
Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:
inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"
Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the:
information-processing psychologists
According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms can only occur in individuals who are:
inherently predisposed to hysteria
Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____.
inheritance; experience
Lashley:
initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence
According to Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge, all knowledge is:
innate
Kant believed that the categories of thought are:
innate.
For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.
input; output
Early Protestantism ________.
insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone
A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.
instincts
The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
instinctual drift
Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
intelligence is largely inherited.
As an example of how U.S. psychologists were making a mistake in their widespread acceptance of operationalism, Köhler pointed to the operational definition of _____ in terms of _____.
intelligence; intelligence tests
The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:
interactionism
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Sperry was a(n):
interactionist
For Watson, thinking is:
internal speech
The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:
introversion and extroversion
According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior.
involuntary; voluntary
For Spinoza, free will:
is a fiction.
For Watson, speech
is a type of overt behavior
For Watson, speech:
is a type of overt behavior
According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:
is likely to bias one's observations
For Aristotle, sensory experience:
is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:
is reinforcing to the punisher
Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:
is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Presentism maintains that:
it is important to understand the past in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards
Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:
it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow.
According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:
it made common sense to do so.
Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:
it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality
A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:
its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
just noticeable difference.
Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.
kinesthetic
Gilbert Ryle is famous for his distinction between ____ as it applies to human reasoning.
knowing how and knowing that
Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:
language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
Learning that has occurred but is not translated into behavior is called _____.
latent learning
Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.
liberty
The vitalists maintained that _____.
life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical properties alone
Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the:
limen.
The two cultures described by C. P. Snow consisted of:
literary intellectuals and scientists
Neobehaviorism combined behaviorism and _____.
logical positivism
Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support?
"Science is a highly subjective enterprise."
Giordano Bruno would most likely agree with which statement?
"The sun is divine."
Which of the following phrases best captures the spirit of Renaissance humanism?
"We the people have the power to bring great change to the world."
Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wear distorted lenses, they:
make perceptual mistakes at first but then adapt and perceive normally.
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
make postdictions rather than predictions
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.
manifest; latent
According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:
mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
The idea that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex (more than the location of the destruction) is called _____.
mass action
Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.
materialism
If you are a monist with regard to the mind-body question, which of the following does your position most likely represent?
materialism
Pythagoras and his followers applied _____ to almost every aspect of human existence.
mathematical principles
As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.
meanings; specific words
Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.
mechanical
Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:
memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.
memory process; memory trace
Brentano's concept of intentionality is the contention that ______.
mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves
John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others.
mental chemistry
Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:
mental orthopedics.
For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are:
mental phenomena.
If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:
metaphysical nonsense
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.
Dasein
Witmer is credited with which of the following?
Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals
Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called?
Descriptive behaviorism
Sahakian marks the beginning of the school of functionalism with the publication of:
Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology"
Who was given the nickname "Cynic," and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous life?
Diogenes
Why is it important to study the history of psychology?
For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes
Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.
Freud
Which statement accurately describes a common theme among functionalist research?
Functionalists wanted psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal adults.
According to Freud's theory, what is an anal-expulsive character like?
Generous, messy, or wasteful
Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?
George Miller and Jerome Bruner
Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of:
Gestalt psychology
There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?
Gestalt psychology
According to deism:
God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it
Pico argued that:
God had granted humans a unique position in the universe.
According to Aquinas, predestination maintains that:
God has preordained which people will be granted salvation
Pantheism is the belief that:
God is everywhere and in everything.
According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:
God perceives it
Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition?
God sacrificed his son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God.
Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:
God will not deceive us
Rousseau supported Protestantism because:
God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings.
During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being ____-centered.
God; human
Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?
Goethe
Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.
Guthrie
According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?
Habit
With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment?
Having the best adaptive features
In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence?
He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100.
Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education?
He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning.
Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?
He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's health.
Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?
He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.
How did Tolman feel about Watson's and Thorndike's explanations of learning?
He disagreed with both of them.
Which of the following did Hebb accomplish?
He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance.
Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"?
He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
What was an important discovery of David Ferrier?
He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex.
Hebb proposed that childhood learning is best explained:
Hebb proposed that childhood learning is best explained:
A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:
Hebb's rule
Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:
Helmholtzian physiologists.
Who suggested a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious, and proposed a conflict model of the mind according to which ideas struggle for conscious expression?
Herbart
What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?
Heritability
How did Galileo's work cause a major philosophical shift concerning man's place in the world?
His work caused people to consider human experiences as inferior to the natural world.
Who made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children?
Hollingworth
What important epistemological question was raised by Heraclitus' philosophy?
How can something be known if it is constantly changing?
According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth?
How effectively the idea is communicated
Who created a hypothetico-deductive theory of learning?
Hull
Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?
Humans consists of nothing but matter.
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?
Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
The Enlightenment gave birth to _____.
modernism
The Gestaltists took a _____ approach to studying consciousness.
molar
For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.
molar behavior; purposive behavior
Leibniz proposed that the universe was made up of an infinite number of life units called ________.
monads
Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:
no longer challengeable
In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:
no organic cause could be found for its symptoms
The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n):
nondeterminist
Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?
nondeterminist and soft determinist
Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should:
not be allowed to reproduce.
The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.
not believing in anything
According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:
not yet disconfirmed
The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called:
occasionalism
According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:
of the remnants of sensory experiences
Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:
of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology
Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes is about 60 ms, it appears that _____.
one light is moving from one position to the other
According to Bacon, science should utilize:
only the direct observation of nature
During the 1920s and 1930s when several schools of thought existed in psychology, there was:
open hostility among members of the various schools
Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:
operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
organismic valuing process
Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
original law of effect
Wertheimer discovered the phi phenomenon when investigating the idea that _____.
our perceptions are different from the sensations that comprise them
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
overt behavior
St. Jerome was very concerned about the influence of________
pagan writings on Christians
In Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents. These are called:
parapraxes
Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important.
parent and child
Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis.
passion
What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
passions
Unlike perception, which is, ____ apperception is _____.
passive and automatic; active and voluntary
Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin, it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms. These are known as ____ ideas.
pathogenic
According to St. Agustin, ________.
people are free to choose between good and evil
St. Augustine believed that ________.
people could be forgiven for sin through confession
Benjamin Rush argued that:
people with mental illness should experience fresh air
If a shadow falls on a white piece of paper, we still perceive the paper as white and not gray. This scenario illustrates _____.
perceptual constancy
Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.
perspectivism
Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.
phallic; oral
A group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated is a(n) _____.
phase sequence
For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.
phenomenological experience
To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:
phenomenological methods.
Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
philosopher-kings
According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth?
philosophers
According to Russell and Medawar, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed _____ rather than_____.
philosophically; scientifically
The work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier demonstrated localized brain function, which was somewhat similar to the predictions made by ________.
phrenologists
Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n):
physical monist
Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called:
physiognomy.
Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:
physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought.
Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Müller stressed:
physiological mechanisms.
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
physis
Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind?
pineal gland
Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their:
play activities
According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of:
pleasantness-unpleasantness.
Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:
polar opposites.
Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:
positivism
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called
postdiction
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:
postdiction
While studying artificial somnambulism, Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:
posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia
The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives.
postmodernist
Sechenov:
postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain
The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is
precise
The belief that all things, including human behavior, can be explained by employing religious dogma is called _____.
premodernism
According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?
primary quality: size; secondary quality: color
Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages:
problems, theories, and criticism
For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience:
proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)
By using the ego defense mechanism of ____, one sees the causes of failure and undesirable urges as "out there" instead of in one's self.
projection
According to the sociobiologists, the strategy typically used by males to project copies of their genes into the next generation is ____, whereas for females, it is ____.
promiscuity; the careful selection of an adequate mate
Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience:
provides illusion
The Psy.D. degree:
provides professional training for clinical psychologists
When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
proximity
When psychologists began performing psychotherapy following World War II, they came into competition with:
psychiatrists
According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology.
psychic determinism
Herbart's notion that ideas had the power to attract or repel other ideas is known as ________.
psychic mechanics
The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior.
psychical determinist
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.
psychological
Koch believes that it is more realistic to refer to the discipline of psychology as ____ rather than as ____.
psychological studies; the science of psychology
Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:
psychologist.
Kant believed:
psychology could not become an experimental science.
According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:
psychophysical isomorphism
The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called:
psychophysical parallelism
On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:
psychophysical parallelism.
Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):
psychophysical parallelist.
For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:
publicly observable
Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward.
pure phenomenology
The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:
purposive
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
As the influence of _____ diminished, there arose a resurgence of interest in internal causes for behavior, such as the psychobiological research done by Karl Lashley.
radical behaviorism
According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.
radical empiricism
Postmodernism has been described as _____.
radical relativism
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
rationalism and empiricism
Which of the following labels does NOT accurately describe Hobbes?
rationalist
For James, tender-minded individuals were ______.
rationalistic
A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
reaction formation
According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
reaction potential
The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:
realism
According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:
realize that one's life is finite
A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.
reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience
According to Spinoza, behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are not.
reason; passion
According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at something _____ for a considerable time and then looks away, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.
red; green
Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:
reduce uncertainty
According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always:
reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences.
Skinner's basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____ on ____.
reinforcement; response rate
Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined:
relative to the experiences of an average person
According to Kierkegaard, the ________ stage consists people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God.
religious
According to your text, the mind-body problem:
remains one of psychology's persistent problems
According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
remembering; recall
Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.
repressed; expressed
While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:
resistance
For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.
respondent; operant
The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included:
rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths
By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:
retention curve.
During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:
rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline
A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the:
role of free will in religion
Wundt believed that _____ might be explained as a breakdown of the attentional processes.
schizophrenia
The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:
scientific psychology
According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:
scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"
Kimble (1984) administered a scale that measures where psychologists fall on the ____ continuum.
scientific-humanistic
According to John Stuart Mill, ________ create variations in observable phenomena that cause predictions to be probabilistic rather than certain.
secondary laws
At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the:
seduction theory
For Skinner, the environment is important because it:
selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies
Which statement below accurately describes a tenet of both existential and humanistic psychology?
Humans must be studied and understood as a whole person.
Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences?
If they are important, they should be measured.
Which of the following is true?
In 2005, 72% of new Ph.D.s in psychology were obtained by women.
According to Jerre Levy, which of the following is true?
In normal people under normal circumstances, the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable.
What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?
Information theory
What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system? Group of answer choices
Information theory
The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?
Irrational feelings
____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.
Irrationalism
According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology?
It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on.
How did the Church react to Descartes's writings?
It banned his books.
Which of the following was true of Aquinas' theology?
It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable.
Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant?
It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.
Which of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology?
It demonstrated the organizational nature of perception.
Why did Aristotle's work put the church in a difficult position?
It emphasized reason.
What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory?
It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order.
Which of the following statements accurately describes a criticism of humanistic psychology?
It is overly critical of behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and scientific psychology in general.
Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?
It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has, therefore, lost its identity.
Which of the following is true of Averroës' philosophy?
It was basically Aristotelian
Which of the following is true of Averroës' philosophy?
It was basically Aristotelian.
Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system?
It was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe.
Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology?
It was useless in understanding higher mental processes.
Which of the following is considered a reaction to the Enlightenment belief in abstract universal principles?
James's radical empiricism and pragmaticism
Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?
Jerry Fodor
In 1917, G. Stanley Hall founded the _____, which was the first journal in the United States devoted to problems of business and the measurement of vocational aptitudes.
Journal of Applied Psychology
According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.
Kant
Schopenhauer's philosophy was based on the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by:
Kant
Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?
Kenneth Clark
What factor most influenced Kepler's acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony.
Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche
Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
Kinesthesis.
Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions?
Kraepelin
Whose theory of color vision was based on evolutionary theory?
Ladd-Franklin
The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:
Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain
Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?
Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder
Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"?
Law of contiguity
Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was:
Liébeault
Leibniz's first work was a rebuttal of whose philosophy?
Locke's
Who believed that so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels?
Nominalists
According to Müller, we are directly aware of:
sensory impulses.
Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:
sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent.
For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____.
sensory systems of the body; brain
According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:
sentiments
According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover:
sets nature in motion and does little else
According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:
seven +/- two
In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:
seven internal senses
The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the libido. Freud saw the libido as ____,while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____.
sexual energy; a creative life force
Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her PhD in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
she was a woman.
Yerkes believed that immigration ____.
should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused.
James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:
simple ideas
Jesus can be best thought of as a(n):
simple man with focused goals
During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:
sinfulness and witchcraft
William of Occam sided on the side of nominalists, arguing that _________.
so-called universals were nothing more than verbal labels
Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:
social Darwinism.
Albert Bandura's _____ was a new brand of behaviorism that was more compatible with cognitive and social psychology.
social learning theory
The main influence of evolutionary theory upon psychology came through:
sociobiology
Buss disagrees with sociobiologists and argues that behaviors were selected in our evolutionary past because those behaviors _____.
solved problems
Mach demonstrated that:
some perceptions are independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements
The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.
species-specific behavior
According to Wilson's leash principle, _____.
species-specific behaviors can only evolve so much over time
The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with:
speech articulation.
Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined:
spontaneous activity and hedonism
If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:
spontaneous recovery
For Titchener, if a person allowed the meaning of an object to influence his or her introspective analysis of that object, then a _____ had occurred.
stimulus error
According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n):
stream of thought
Searle's "Chinese Room" supports the position that _____.
strong AI is false
Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of:
sublimation
According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by:
subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination.
In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
suggestion.
For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are:
supermen.
Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.
systematic experimental introspection
Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:
teleological
For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of:
the Absolute.
Perhaps the closest psychology has ever came to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:
the Middle Ages
Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.
the Russian physiologists; Thorndike
Titchener defined the mind as ____.
the accumulated experiences of a lifetime
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
the age of the earth.
In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:
the behavioristic movement
Direct realism is________.
the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it
Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that:
the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races.
Because Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved following the emotional release that came from expressing a pathogenic idea, his treatment is called:
the cathartic method
Pearson devised _____.
the coefficient of correlation (r)
The information-processing psychologist uses ____ as his or her model while studying humans.
the computer
For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.
the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain
The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called:
the contagion effect
According to Buss, the sociobiological fallacy refers to:
the contention that we merely live to pass copies of our genes into the next generation
According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.
the daimonic
Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that:
the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates:
the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans
After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was:
the fact that he doubted
Who created the field of cybernetics?
Norbert Wiener
What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits?
Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.
According to Jung, the anima provided ____.
the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females
Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that:
the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different
Rousseau's concept of ________ refers to the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans.
the general will
The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized:
the generalization of behavioral tendencies
According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called:
the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is:
the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems
Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by:
the law of Prägnanz
According to Jung, the animus provided ____.
the masculine component of the female personality and a framework within which females can interact with males
According to Avicenna, the active intellect was:
the mechanism by which humans enter into a relationship with God
According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:
the mind itself.
Historicism refers to the belief that:
the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
Kant and Helmholtz agreed that:
the perceiver transforms what the senses provide.
Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that:
the phi phenomenon occurs in two directions at the same time
Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:
the postponement of death.
Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in:
the power we let others have over ourselves
Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called:
the principle of contemporaneity
According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?
the principle of falsifiability
According to the Spencer-Bain principle, ______.
the probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome
Köhler said that the brightness constancy exists because:
the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant
Zeitgeist means:
the spirit of the times
Historiography is:
the study of the proper way to write history
Tolman defined performance as _____.
the translation of learning into behavior
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.
the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:
the will to power.
According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes:
the will to survive.
Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:
their biological foundations
According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because:
their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses
According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the highest stage of development used ________ to understand the world.
theological arguments
According to Wittgenstein, disputes among philosophers and psychologists typically occur when:
there are debates over linguistic practices
According to Darwin, there is a struggle for survival because _____.
there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment
Newton believed that ________.
there are no exceptions to natural laws
According to Leibniz's law of continuity:
there are no leaps or gaps in nature.
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
thesis
Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:
they fear death.
To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:
three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors.
Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:
thrownness
For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:
to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan
Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea of the absurd, which is that _____.
to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile
Skinnerian principles have been used to create _____ in a number of institutions to help reinforce desirable behavior among patients.
token economies
In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized:
traditional associationism
When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____.
transference
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the time when humans _____.
transitioned from a nomadic life to building villages and cities
Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions.
transpersonal
Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called:
transposition
Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:
treat then as small adults
In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is:
trivial
Watson learned from Loeb that plants and simple animals, because of their biological makeup, respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli. This automatic orienting response is called a(n) _____.
tropism
Placing meat near a hungry dog will increase the dog's saliva flow. This is an example of a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus
Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:
unconscious.
Kimble's data found that:
undergraduate psychology students showed a slight inclination toward accepting humanistic values
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:
understand animal consciousness
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that:
unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
According to humanistic psychology, we have to ____ as a frame of reference in order to realize our actualizing tendency.
use our own valuing process
Goethe viewed science as:
useful but limited.
Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with?
One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.
Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology?
Our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up.
Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the "universal spirit"?
Paracelsus
According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:
using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes
Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?
People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.
McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three?
Perception
Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:
Philosophical Studies.
What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?
Physical monism
Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order?
Physiological → safety → belonging and love → esteem → self-actualization
What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century?
Physiology
Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?
Piaget
Galileo can best be described as ________.
Platonic
Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for:
Plotinus
After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States?
Poyen
Barash wrote the book The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?
Predispositions to act in certain ways
Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:
Protestantism
What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot?
Psychological disorders can cause physical problems.
What was one effect of World War I on the field of psychology?
Psychometric tests were used for the evaluation of soldiers.
What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
Psychophysics
According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?
Puzzle-solving activity occurs.
Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt?
Rationalism
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
Recapitulation theory
Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?
Rejection of introspection as a research tool
Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?
Relate new material to what has already been learned.
Which of the following is true concerning monads?
Relate new material to what has already been learned.
What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms?
Repression
Which of the following statements describes a basic tenet of humanistic psychology?
Research should seek to uncover information that will help people.
Which theory maintains that the tiny fibers on the basilar membrane of the inner ear are stimulated by different frequencies of sound, with shorter fibers responding to higher frequencies?
Resonance place theory
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
A major problem with the animal research performed by was that it depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing.
Romanes
The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:
Rousseau
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
Salivating when a bell is rung
Which of the following did Comte believe?
Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences.
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
Self-psychology
Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following is NOT one of the three inherited emotions?
Shame
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She developed the paired-associate technique.
Galileo used experiments to do which of the following?
Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science.
Which famous psychologist later adopted Bacon's approach to science?
Skinner
Which field depends heavily on inclusive fitness in their explanation of human social behavior?
Sociobiology
Who had a huge influence on Plato's thinking in different stages of his life?
Socrates and the Pythagoreans
Which of the following has been a common element found in all forms of psychotherapy through the centuries?
Some form of ritual
Wundt believed that feelings are:
various combinations of three attributes.
For Socrates, essences were:
verbal definitions
Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:
vibratiuncles
During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called:
vicarious trial and error
According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:
view things differently
According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be:
viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts
Yuki believes that living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects, and living things can never be reduced down to mechanical laws. Which school of thought best reflects Yuki's ideas.
vitalism
According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of:
volitional processes.
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:
voluntarism.
Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:
was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics
Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?
St. Anselm
During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true?
Stage One: moral and mental philosophy
During which stage of intellectual philosophy did psychology become a separate discipline?
Stage Two: intellectual philosophy
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern.
During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was true?
Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy
According to Jung's theory, meaningful coincidence means approximately the same as which of the following?
Synchronicity
In 1925, why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?
The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry.
Which statement below accurately describes the social division in ancient Greek religion?
The Greek nobility were more likely to follow the Olympian religion whereas the peasants were more likely to follow the Dionysiac-Orphic religion.
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
What is radical behaviorism?
The belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type
Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve?
The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
Gall believed which of the following?
The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties.
What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole.
Lashley's search for the engram:
was unsuccessful
According to Kant:
we are forever ignorant of the true physical reality.
Kant agreed with Hume that:
we can never experience the physical world directly.
In Rousseau's opinion, if people surrendered their individual will to the general will, ________.
we could have a utopian society
Which of the following best describes the views of U.S. industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie regarding survival of the fittest?
The development of large corporations and the elimination of smaller ones simply demonstrates survival of the fittest and is not evil, but rather the result of the application of the laws of nature.
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?
The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement.
Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy might be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud?
The forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us
Petrarch believed in which of the following?
The human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions.
What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?
The importance of subjective experience
What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?
The laws of association
Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
The mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy
What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind?
The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
What was true of Comte's proposed utopian society?
The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized.
In dream analysis, displacement is when:
we dream of something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event
Popper considered Freud's psychoanalytic theories to be _______ because no matter what happened, the psychoanalyst could claim that the observed behavior supported the theory.
weak
According to proponents of _____, computer programs can only simulate human cognitive abilities.
weak artificial intelligence
Both Skepticism and Cynicism ________.
were critical of other philosophies
Freud believed that his major mistake was concluding that the childhood seductions reported to him by his patients _____.
were imagined rather than real
When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:
were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success.
Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:
what does not kill me, makes me stronger
According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by:
what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior
Philosophy began:
when logos replaced mythos
Insightful learning occurs:
when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present
According to Wundt, sensation occurs _____.
whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain.
Describing a stimulus in terms of _____ defines the modality of the stimulus, rather than its intensity.
whether it is visual or auditory
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
why
The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:
will.
The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only:
women
Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because:
women are culturally inferior to men
For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:
world-design
According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child?
worldview → guiding fictions → lifestyle
According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is the tendency for _____.
young males to desire their mothers and be jealous of their fathers
What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one?
Two-point threshold
Which of the following situations best illustrates regression toward the mean?
Very tall parents tend to have children that are not quite as tall as they are.
According to Clements (1967), which Renaissance humanist is correctly paired with their area of great influence?
Vives and psychology
According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?
A child's natural interests
Searle concluded which of the following?
A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?
A criticism of the organized church and science
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
A motive or need
What does ethology focus on?
A specific category of an animal's behavior in its natural habitat
In 1937, members of the clinical division of the APA paired with the ACP (Association of Consulting Psychologists) to create the ____.
American Association of Applied Psychology
Clinicians began to create their own professional organizations when they did not receive recognition and status within the APA. What was the first organization of this type?
American Association of Clinical Psychologists
In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:
American Psychological Society (APS)
In 1946, the APA published a new journal as the voice of a new, unified psychology. What was this journal?
American Psychologist
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm
Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?
Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies.
Which statement best reflects Kuhn's views of the 14th and 15th centuries?
Anomalies began to arise with the Christian paradigm.
Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory?
Wallace
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
Watson
When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:
Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper
Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?
We strike a person and then become angry
James believed that the single most informative thing you could know about a person was his or her:
Weltanschauung
Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?
Weyer
When does neurotic anxiety arise?
When the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id
The founder of sociobiology was:
Wilson
Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?
With only a few exceptions, psychology has always been cognitively oriented.
Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?
Without them, societal living would be impossible.
Who developed the concept of "language games"?
Wittgenstein
Hull's theory can be seen as an elaboration of the "O" in ____ S-O-R conception of psychology.
Woodworth's
Gestalt psychology incorporates the ideas of all of the following famous figures EXCEPT:
Wundt
Who, of the following, most opposed applied psychology?
Wundt and Titchener
Which statement would Gilbert Ryle most likely agree with regarding the mind-body problem?
You should not look at the brain to find the mind.
Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence.
Young
The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:
Zoroastrianism
Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?"
a biological determinist
Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by:
a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain
Those supporting the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) argue in favor of:
a clinical degree modeled after the Doctor of Medicine degree (M.D.)
The Gestaltists viewed the brain as
a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information
Plato's analogy of the divided line illustrates:
a hierarchy of understanding
For Rousseau, a noble savage was ________ referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):
a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society
According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:
a matter of choice.
The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is steering and using the brakes exemplifies:
a mental set and a determining tendency.
According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is:
a multiparadigmatic science
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:
a paradigm
According to the idea of evolutionary associationism, _____.
a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not
According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by:
a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination
James defined self-esteem as ______.
a ratio of things attempted to things achieved
For Wittgenstein, language:
creates reality
Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.
0.50; 0.50
Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about:
0.70
During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is:
1/40.
Titchener concluded that there are about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which are related to the sense of ____.
40,000; vision
According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision?
Achromatic vision → blue-yellow sensitivity → red-green sensitivity
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?
Aesthetic → ethical → religious
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
Eclectic
Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?
Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.
Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?
Empathic understanding
Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?
Empiricists used induction via a "bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach
Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title, "Destroyer of Religion"?
Epicurus
What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
Eugenics
Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?
Evolution just happens.
Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?
Explicit learned behavior
What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?
Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change.
Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists?
Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain.
During Witmer's time, what were the prevailing attitudes toward applied psychology?
First came rigorous, scientific training; second came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems.
During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a:
neuroanatomist
Who was one of the first Western philosophers to make a comprehensive review of both Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholars' interpretations of them?
Magnus
____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.
Maimonides
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
Which of the following is true of the relationship between Darwin's work and the work of his contemporaries?
Malthus's ideas about competition for limited resources was elaborated on by Darwin.
Who is usually recognized as the person most responsible for making humanistic psychology a formal branch of modern psychology?
Maslow
Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?
Matarazzo
What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared?
Mesmer's proposal was rejected.
Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?
Methodological behaviorists
Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:
Montaigne
Who was the first to demonstrate retroactive inhibition?
Müller
Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:
Negative sensations
What was Kant's categorical imperative?
The principle that should govern moral behavior
What does phrenology examine to determine the strength of a person's faculties?
The protrusions and depressions on the skull
In which of Piaget's stages of development do infants develop associations between sensations and actions?
The sensorimotor stage
What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?
The study of human consciousness
With the fall of the Roman Empire, how did the treatment of mental illness change?
The supernatural approach returned.
According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
The tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?
The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete.
Which element of the Dionysiac-Orphic religion influenced Judaism and Christianity?
The transmigration of the soul
Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
They are creative.
What was true of the British empiricists?
They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.
Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?
They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness.
Which of the following is true of neural networks?
They process several sequences of information simultaneously.
What was one important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig?
They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the opposite side of the body.
How did Renaissance humanists see Aristotle's philosophy?
They thought the Church had embraced Aristotle's philosophy too much.
Who stated that, "All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero?"
Thomas Kuhn
Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and:
Tinbergen
What is the ego's job?
To match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment
What was a goal of St. Thomas Aquinas?
To strengthen the position of the church through reason
Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?
Tolman
Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?
Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.
What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?
Trepanation
The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.
Tuke
The founder of artificial intelligence was:
Turing
According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____.
create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart
Contagious magic was based on the principle of _____.
contiguity
The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.
contiguity
Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
corpus callosum and optic chiasm
Bessel used personal equations to:
correct differences in the reaction times among various observers.
A researcher notices that there is a relationship between stress and sleep such that as stress increases, sleep decreases, but the researcher doesn't know if lack of sleep causes more stress or if higher stress levels cause people to sleep less. The relationship the researcher identified can best be described as a _____.
correlational law
Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the:
correspondence theory of truth
Pavlov described the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment with the term _____.
cortical mosaic
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people.
If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred.
countertransference
According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a(n) ____ is formed in one-trial.
movement
The compliant type uses the major adjustment pattern of:
moving toward people
Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato's philosophy.
mystical
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:
naive realism
Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity.
nativism
Chomsky's explanation of language is basically:
nativistic
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.
natural selection
Many psychologists see psychology's diversity as:
necessary, given the complexity of humans
According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what:
need or drive is present
Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they:
need to learn to perceive.
Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:
neural network
