Final Study (CA)

Effects Inclusive Language

sense of togetherness do not feel excluded "we......"

Communication Competence

the ability to interact well with others

Principles of Relational Communication

-Relationships emerge across interactions -Relationships contextualize messages -Relational types overlap (ex: prof doing shots with student?) -Relational definitions and communication episodes frame each other (SHARED experiences)

flow of communication

1) Sender(Ideas) 2) Message( Encodes) 3) Transmission(Signals) 4) Recipient (Decodes) 5) Receiver (meaning) Feedback the end result

components of a resume

1)Heading 2)Objective 3)Education - The education section of your resume includes information on undergraduate and graduate education, including the degree, major, name of college or university, city, state, and date of graduation. Include your grade point average only if it is favorable (for undergraduates, usually above a 3.0 and for graduate students, above a 3.5). Begin with your most recent education information. You may also want to include relevant coursework especially if you have little or no experience in the field. 4)Work Experience 5)Education 6)Reference

Misconceptions of listening

1)Listening is not my problem. 2)Listening and hearing are the same. 3)Good readers are good listeners.

Distinguish nonverbal communication from verbal communication

1)Nonverbal - facial gestures, posture, clothing, gestures, how close the person stands. Nonverbal is continuous and never ending. The words may stop but the action doesn't. 2)Verbal messages (words, sentences, paragraphs) reach us one at a time. But nonverbal messages bombard us simultaneously from any channels. Example: greeting someone with words such as "Hello, how are you?" Verbal messages are discrete (have a clear beginning and ending). 3)Verbal messages are usually clearer than nonverbal. Nonverbal communication can have many possible meanings. Does a smile always mean friendliness? Does silence always mean the other person is thinking? We are unclear. We need to check out the meaning of the behavior with the other person. Ask them.

Relational Communication

1)Relational communication encompasses communication processes in personal relationships such as romantic relationships, family relationships, and friendships. 2)subset of interpersonal communication that focuses on the expression and interpretation of messages within close relationships. It includes all types of messages and interactions, as long as it is between two people in a close relationship (from vital relational messages to mundane everyday interactions).

Listening obstacles

1)Talking instead of listening. 2)Thinking of what you're going to say instead of listening. 3)Mentally arguing with the speaker. 4)Thinking about something else while the speaker is talking. 5)Getting impatient with the speaker.

Characteristics of effective language

1)Try to simplify your thoughts before communicating your message. 2)You must analyze the intent of each and every message. 3)Consider the overall physical setting whenever you communicate. 4)You must discuss with others, where appropriate, in planning communication. 5)While communicating, be careful of the overtone as well as basic content of your message. 6)Take the opportunity to suggest something of help or value to the receiver. 7)Follow-up your communication. 8)Prepare yourself for transmitting the message in a proper way. 9)Be sure your actions support your communication. 10)Seek not only to be understood but to understand.

Increase non-verbal communication

1)kinesics — messages sent by the body, including gestures, facial expression, body movement, posture, gaze, and gait. 2)vocalics (i.e., paralinguistic) — vocal cues other than words, including volume, rate, pitch, pausing, and silence. 3)physical appearance — manipulable cues related to the body, including hairstyle, clothing, cosmetics, and fragrance. 4)haptics — contact cues, such as frequency, intensity, and type of touch. 5)proxemics — spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other spacing relationships. 6)chronemics — the use of time as a message system, including punctuality, the amount of time spent with another, and waiting time. 7) artifacts — manipulable objects in the environment that may reflect messages from the designer or user, such as furniture, art, pets, or other possessions.

Active Mindfulness

1)open attention on the present. When you're mindful, you observe your thoughts and feelings from a distance, without judging them good or bad. Instead of letting your life pass you by, mindfulness means living in the moment and awakening to experience. 2) heart to heart conversation

Relationship between words and perceptions

1)we can describe what we perceive using words and can also "imagine" what is described to us in words. 2) the way in which the world is construed on particular occasions may have an impact on how language is learned; (2) specific perceptual mechanisms or categories may be prerequisites for the acquisition of specific words or structures.

Dimensions of culture influence communication : Individualism collectivism

All cultures have both individual and collective dispositions. The individual is the single most important unit in any social setting. Independence rather than dependence is stressed. Individual achievement is rewarded. The uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value.

Background Information- (interview)

As the interviewer, you should attempt to gain biographical information during this stage. This stage will last 5-7 minutes. Understand that most candidates will babble during this phase and provide you with details about every job they've every held. When that happens, ask questions or prompt the candidates with questions/statements that will lead them back to telling you about themselves.

Causes of Group thinking

Assests: Greater Sum Total of Knowledge and Information Greater Number of Approaches to a Problem Participation in Problem Solving Increases Acceptance Better Comprehension of the Decision

Diversity influences nonverbal communication

Based on our backgrounds, beliefs, culture, etc., our nonverbal communication reflects what we know, have seen, or learned from our experiences. All of these factors contribute to our personal diversity.

Communication Competence:Conversational Involvement

Behavioral and cognitive activity 1.Responsiveness - knowing what to say, know roles, interact 2. Perceptiveness - be aware of how others perceive you 3. Attentiveness - listen

Beginning : Self-disclosure

Both the conscious and unconscious act of revealing more about ourselves to others. This may include, but is not limited to, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, and dreams, as well as our likes, dislikes, and favorites. Many people attempt to avoid "self-disclosing" too much to coworkers, or when dating for fear of being judged negatively by others. Typically, self-disclosure is done when we initially meet someone and as we continue to build and develop our relationships with people. As we get to know each other, we self-disclose things. If one person is not willing to "self-disclose" then the other person may stop disclosing information also.

Conflict management:Competing

Choosing a competitive style means that a person is putting his or her interest before anyone else's interests. In fact, sometimes people who use the competitive style try so hard to get what they want that they ruin friendships. A lion can be a symbol of a competitive style. The lion's roar helps the lion to satisfy its interests. For example, if the lion's family is hungry and needs food, the lion may use its strength and loud roar to get the food because it is important for the family. However, the lion can also choose to use a compromising or accommodating style when playing or resting with a lion cub.

Conflict management:Cooperative Problem Solving

Choosing a cooperative problem-solving style enables people to work together so everyone can win. Using this style, people try to find a solution that will help everyone meet their interests and help everyone maintain a good relationship. A dolphin usually chooses a cooperative problem-solving style. Dolphins use whistles and clicks to communicate with each other to catch food cooperatively and to summon help. For example, when a dolphin is sick or injured, other dolphins will help it to the surface so it can breathe. Although the dolphin usually chooses to be a cooperative problem solver, it can also choose other styles depending on the situation. For example, if a dolphin has a baby and a shark is in the area, the dolphin will choose to use a competitive style to deal with the shark. Continuing to use its favorite style of cooperation would greatly endanger the life of the baby dolphin.

Rapport Building (interview)

Conversational tone and designed to put you in a relaxed setting. Expect questions like: How is your day going? Did you have a good morning? Were the directions OK? How far did you travel to get here?

As an employment interviewee, (Rapport Building)

Conversational tone and designed to put you in a relaxed setting. Expect questions like: How is your day going? Did you have a good morning? Were the directions OK? This phase typically last 1-2 minutes and transitions directly into the Background Info phase.

Destructive Conflict

Destructive conflicts often seek the defeat of one another. They tend to have a win-lose orientation. The authors caution that the use of voting to settle conflicts can trigger a win-lose mentality, and so may promote destructive conflict.

Deteriorating Relationships

Differentiating - In this stage, partners begin to stress the "me" instead of the "we." In other words, the individuals begin to assert their independence. They may develop different hobbies or Activities. The relationship may continue to dissolve, or this stage may be a warning sign that the couple needs to address their relationship status. Circumscribing - Communication between the couple diminishes during this stage. They tend to avoid certain topics of discussion. Outwardly, the couple appears normal. At this stage, attempts can be made to discuss the relationship and return it to a positive state. Stagnating - During the stagnating stage, the individuals avoid discussing the relationship because they think they know what the other will say. Others begin to take notice that something is wrong. Avoiding - The pair begins to physically separate themselves during the avoiding stage. The individuals try to reduce the opportunities for discussion. Terminating - This is the final stage of the relationship. Termination may come naturally, such as at the end of the semester when roommates move out, or arbitrarily, through divorce. Termination of the relationship can occur positively or negatively.

Ethics involved in avoiding plagiarism

Due to the high volume of information shared via the Internet and other forms of media, it is extremely important that sources are cited and ethical information is provided at all times. The sheer number of people touched or affected by the communication transmitted by media sources makes this a mandatory practice.

phases of group development (2) Storming

During this stage of group development, interpersonal conflicts arise and differences of opinion about the group and its goals will surface. If the group is unable to clearly state its purposes and goals or if it cannot agree on shared goals, the group may collapse at this point. It is important to work through the conflict at this time and to establish clear goals. It is necessary for there to be discussion so everyone feels heard and can come to an agreement on the direction the group is to move in.

importance of appearance in the interview

First impressions are everything. While it goes without saying that your interview clothes should be neat and clean, make sure you give the same care for your shoes. Employers are looking for the entire package and you should dress as such.

phases of group development

Forming Storming Norming Preforming

Advantages of group thinking

Groups are particularly good at combining talents and providing innovative solutions to possible unfamiliar problems, In cases where there is no well established approach/procedure, the wider skill and knowledge set of the group has a distinct advantage over that of the individual. In general, however, there is an overriding advantage in a group-based work force that makes it attractive to Management: it engenders a fuller utilization of the work force. A group can be seen as a self-managing unit. The range of skills provided by its members and the self-monitoring that each group performs makes it a reasonably safe recipient for delegated responsibility. Even if a problem could be decided by a single person, there are two main benefits in involving the people who will carry out the decision. Firstly, the motivational aspect of participating in the decision will clearly enhance its implementation. Secondly, there may well be factors which the implementer understands better than the single person who could supposedly have decided alone.

Dimension of Communication: Emotive Style

High social and high dominance 1) busy and uses gestures 2)Takes the social initiative in most cases. The Emotive is usually the one to shake hands first as well as initiate and maintain the conversation. 3) Expresses emotional opinions 4) encourage familiarity. EX: Talkshow host

Dimension of Communication: Reflective Style

High social and low dominance 1)Controls emotional expression 2)Enjoys a highly structured and organization 3) Disciplined opinions 4) Seems difficult to get to know

Dimension of Communication: Supportive Style

High social and low dominance Listens a lot and resevered Not to much control/power Not a lot of emotions EX:Counselors

Communication Competence:Conversational Management

How communicators regulate their interactions b. Adaptation and control of social situations c. Who controls the interaction ebb and flow and how smoothly the interaction proceeds d. How topics proceed and change

As an employment interviewee- Confirming Requirements

In this phase, the interviewer wants to make sure that you are after the same type of position and work environment as the position you are interviewing for. There are three topics that will preclude you from moving further in the process: geographic preference, type of work, salary requirements.

As an employment interviewee- (Background Information )

In this phase, the interviewer will attempt to gain biographical information about you. Typically, interviewers will ask you to "...tell me about yourself" or for you to "...give me your 2-minute life story" Keep your answer brief, 1-3 minutes. Most candidates have the tendency to babble on here and get into the details about every job or position they have ever held. This is not a recap of your resume, it is meant as an attempt by the interviewer to find out how and where you were brought up and developed. Offer as much detail as you feel comfortable doing. If you are asked a question you know is illegal, do not say "That is an illegal question." Rather, state that you are not comfortable answering the question as you do not understand how it relates to the position. This phase usually takes about 5-7 minutes and flows directly into Confirming Requirements.

stages of relational development

Initiation - This stage is very short, sometimes as short as 10-15 seconds. In this stage, interactants are concerned with making favorable impressions on each other. They may use standard greetings or observe each other's appearance or mannerisms. Experimenting - In the next stage, individuals ask questions of each other in order to gain information about them and decide if they wish to continue the relationship. "Many relationships progress no further than this point." Intensifying - Self-disclosure becomes more common in the intensifying stage. The relationship becomes less formal, the interactants begin to see each other as individuals, and statements are made about the level of commitment each has to the relationship. Integrating - The individuals become a pair in the integrating stage. They begin to do things together and, importantly, others come to see them as a pair. A shared relational identity starts to form in this stage. Bonding - During the bonding stage, a formal, sometimes legal, announcement of the relationship is made. Examples include a marriage, "best friend" ritual, or business partnership agreement. Few relationships reach this level.

Confirming Requirements- (interview)

Interviewers want to make sure that candidates are after the same type of position and work environment as the one they are interviewing for. Discover candidates geographic preference, type of work and salary requirements.

beginning relationships, self-disclosure is characterized

It is a way of gaining information about another person. We want to be able to predict the thoughts and actions of people we know. Self-disclosure is one way to learn about how another person thinks and feels. Once one person engages in self-disclosure, it is implied that the other person will also disclose personal information.

Language reflects culture

Language changes with time to reflect society, and the language of diversity must also evolve.

Dimension of Communication: Director Style

Low social and high dominance. 1)Appears to be quite busy. The Director does not like to waste time 2)May give the impression of not listening 3) serious 4) Voices strong opinions EX: Head coach of football team

Effects of Exclusive Language

Makes people feel like outsiders leads to problems because excluding like discrimination

Five Sources of Conflict

Miscommunication Misinformation Real or perceived differences in needs and priorities Real or perceived differences in values, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and culture Structural conditions

intimate relationships: self-disclosure

Mutual disclosure deepens trust in the relationships and helps both people understand each other more. You also come to feel better about yourself and your relationship when the other person accepts what you tell them.

phases of group development (3) Norming

Once the group resolves its conflicts, it can now establish patterns of how to get its work done. Expectations of one another are clearly articulated and accepted by members of the group. Formal and informal procedures are established in delegating tasks, responding to questions, and in the process by which the group functions. Members of the group come to understand how the group as a whole operates.

Conflict management:Compromising

People choose a compromising style when it is important for them to satisfy some of their interests, but not all of them. People who compromise are likely to say "let's split the difference" or "something is better than nothing." A zebra can be a symbol for the compromising style. A zebra's unique look seems to indicate that it didn't care if it was a black horse or a white horse, so it "split the difference" and chose black and white stripes. However, a zebra may not choose a compromising style for all things. A zebra may choose a cooperative or competitive style like the dolphin or lion depending on the situation.

Group Diversity

People tend to think of diversity as simply demographic, a matter of color, gender, or age. However, groups can be disparate in many ways. Diversity is also based on informational differences, reflecting a person's education and experience, as well as on values or goals that can influence what one perceives to be the mission of something as small as a single meeting or as large as a whole company. Diversity among employees can create better performance when it comes to out-of-the-ordinary creative tasks such as product development or cracking new markets, and managers have been trying to increase diversity to achieve the benefits of innovation and fresh ideas.

Conflict management:Accommodating

People who choose an accommodating style put their interests last and let others have what they want. Many times these people believe that keeping a good friendship is more important than anything else. A chameleon is a symbol of the accommodating style because it changes its color to match the color of its environment. By changing its color to accommodate its surroundings, the chameleon fits quietly into its environment. Although the chameleon may always change its color to accommodate its surroundings, it may choose other styles when it is hunting for food, taking care of its young, or hiding from enemies.

Conflict management:Avoiding

People who choose the avoiding style do not get involved in a conflict. A person choosing the avoiding style might say "you decide and leave me out of it." A turtle is a symbol for the avoiding style because it can avoid everything by pulling its head and legs into its shell to get away from everyone. A turtle also chooses other styles at times. It does not always choose to stay in its shell, because it would miss out on everything from eating to swimming.

Constructive Conflict

Productive conflicts seek a resolution which provides some satisfaction to all involved parties. They often have a win-win orientation. Generally, parties are willing to work through their differences until a mutually satisfactory solution is found.

things an employment interviewee should perform to prepare for an interview

Show your passion during the interview. Develop a highly positive work attitude. A practice or mock interview. Gather company specifics through your network or by interviewing an alum. Dress for success.

Contrived or Emergent Groups

Some groups form spontaneously, such as a group of friends. Other groups are contrived, that is, they are formed for a specific purpose. Organized clubs, social groups, or committees are contrived groups.

importance of communication in the interview-Interview Psych

Spend some time with a friend or family member, telling them why you would be best for the position. Use superlatives galore. The purpose is to put you in the right frame of mind for the interview, so that you truly believe you are the best possible candidate for the job.

Masculinity Femininity

The degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.

Power distance

The extent to which a society prefers that power in relationships, institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally

Selective Perception: stimulation

The first phase, stimulation, can occur only when something is noticed and to be noticed it must first be perceived. As we progress through these four phases, the role of true facts gathered from the stimulation diminishes, while the role of garnering meaning from the stimulation increases.

Dimensions of culture influence communication : Uncertainty Avoidance

The future is unknown. The extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations that they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable; situations that they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.

Relational dialectics

These tensions are a result of the conflicting emotional needs felt by the participants of any relationship. The relational dialectic is the balance between conflicting needs within the relationship. The theory proposed that maintenance of a healthy relationship was dependent upon the members each striving to reach an acceptable balance (happy medium) between their own desires and needs and that of others.

Selective Perception: interpretation

This last phase, interpretation, gives meaning to the stimulation based on both external factors (such as the actual stimulus) and internal factors (such as how the stimulus is perceived to fit the receiver's needs). we become habituated into certain ways of perceiving the facts

Conflict

To come into collision or disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in opposition; clash. The account of one eyewitness conflicted with that of the other. My class conflicts with my going to the concert.

Individual diversity

Valuing individual diversity means reaching beyond stereotypical views of individuals and using the strengths and different perspectives that each person offers as a result of his or her culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, race, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, and age.

Four questions a good employment interviewer should consider prior to the interview

What's your opinion of having an applicant go through a timed writing/problem-solving exercise and asking questions based on the written product? How many questions should I ask in an interview? How would I create questions to evaluate interpersonal skills? I was just hired as a supervisor and will be interviewing soon. How can I come up with the right questions to ask? Would you recommend a structured interview? What type of questions will tell me if a person is detail-oriented? What type of questions will tell me if a person is self-motivated?

Social Groups

While all groups will have both social and task dimensions, some groups are predominantly social in their orientation. Examples of these groups would be families and social clubs. These groups provide for our safety and solidarity needs, and they help us develop self-esteem.

Major function of nonverbal communication: Repeating

a message is given verbally and then a gesture is used to further explain. Emblems are often used here. An emblem is a gesture that has common meaning, such as an OK sign in American culture, or the thumbs up or down.

Communication Competence: Effectiveness

a. Achieving the objectives of the conversation b. Achieving personal goals c. A fundamental criteria for determining competence

Communication Competence:Appropriateness

a. Upholding the expectations for a given situation b. A fundamental criteria for determining competence

Communication Competence: Empathy

a.The ability to demonstrate understanding and share emotional reactions to the situation b. Need not lead to "helping" the other person c. Cognitive understanding d. Parallel emotions

Communication Competence: Adaptability (flexibility)

ability to change behaviors and goals to meet the needs of interaction 1) Social experience - participation in various social interactions 2) Social composure - refers to keeping calm through accurate perception 3) Social confirmation - refers to acknowledgment of partner's goals 4) Appropriate disclosure - being sensitive to amount and type of info 5) Articulation - ability to express ideas through language 6) Wit - ability to use humor in adapting to social situations;ease tensions

self-disclosure

any information you offer about yourself that someone can't get from another source

Influences on Relationship Development: Physical Attractiveness

attracted by people that we find to be physically appealing, good personalities, charming ways, and tend to develop relationships with people who are about as attractive as we are

Connotative meaning

connotations are things associated with the word. eg a rose's connotations are love, valentines.. etc etc

Denotative meaning

denotation is the word's actual meaning.eg a rose's denotative meaning is it's a red flower

importance of communication in the interview-(Show and Tell )

feel free to bring samples or copies of your work to the interview as concrete examples of your capabilities. Use reports, projects, photos, programs, or whatever it is that provides a tangible example of what you have done.

Language reflects individual diversity

from an empowered place of self-determination

Work Groups

function to complete a particular task. In a work group, the task dimension is emphasized. The group members pool their expertise to accomplish the task. Examples of this would be workplaces, campus organizations, or juries. There are several types of work groups: Additive, Conjunctive and Disjunctive.

Major function of nonverbal communication: Complementing

gestures used to add meaning or emphasis to the spoken words. They go together, such as a smile and pat on back while saying, "You did a really good job." Often illustrators are used; these are gestures that need words to go with them to make sense.

Language reflects group

he language of diversity is dynamic—it changes as groups who have been excluded learn to reject rejection

Relationship between power and words

he power of words in any context: written, spoken, printed, or published on the Web. Words are powerful because they enable us to communicate.

phases of group development (1) Forming

his is the initial stage when the group comes together and members begin to develop their relationship with one another and learn what is expected of them. This is the stage when team building begins and trust starts to develop. Group members will start establishing limits on acceptable behavior through experimentation. Other members' reactions will determine if a behavior will be repeated. This is also the time when the tasks of the group and the members will be decided.

Influences on Relationship Development: Proximity

how close you are to others and plays an important role in relationship development. It provides the opportunity to notice others' attractive qualities, learn about you similarities, and develop a relationship

Perception

how one sees things

social penetration theory: self-disclosure

in terms of self-disclosure: each relationship is assessed in terms of rewards and costs, if rewards > costs then intimacy is sought, intimacy is achieved through self-disclosure, self-disclosure most prevalent in beginning, wanes as relationship progresses

Cultural Diversity

institution, or group; the coexistence of different ethnic, gender, racial, and socioeconomic groups within one social unit

Hearing

is the action or process through which it occurs

Listening

is understanding the communication being transmitted

Personalistic self-disclosure

messages expressed because the particular relationship between the communicator and te recipient permits deep disclorse

general self-disclosure

messages sent to almost anyone

Major function of nonverbal communication: Accenting

nonverbal communication that highlights or emphasizes an oral message.

Major function of nonverbal communication: Contradicting

nonverbal communication that is opposite to the oral messages. We call this mixed messages. Example: You smile while you tell me how angry you are. You say you really like to talk to me, but you never call or come by my house.

Major function of nonverbal communication: Regulating

nonverbal communication that regulates the flow of communication. Vocal cues and gestures that let the communicators know whose turn it is to speak.

Influences on Relationship Development: Similarity

people like people who are like them, enjoy the things we enjoy, value what they value, and maybe even share a similar background, but opposites do attract. People determine similarities during the early stages of conversational interaction

Major function of nonverbal communication: Substituting

there are no words, only gestures. there are no words, only gestures. For example, in answer to the question, "How are you doing?" the person only shrugs.

importance of communication in the interview-Proof Positive

this is an ideal way to answer an unanswerable question. Ask the interviewer for time to solve the problem, then take it home, do your research, prepare your results, and present your solution. Then ask for the job.

Influences on Relationship Development

three factors that influence one's attraction to one another and set the stage for relationships to develop

Descriptive intimacy- self disclosure

type of self-disclosure, presents an objective observation "I used to play lacrosse in high school" "I've gone on three dates with him"

Evaluative intimacy: self-disclosure

type of self-disclosure, presents one's attitudes "I like Mozart" "Green beans suck"