final study guide
Incest w/cost
-Edward westermarck;s hypothesis (the origins of human marriage 1887): hereditary predisposition to avoid kin in mate selection -taboo -we were wired to avoid mating with our own kin -the opposite view is that sometimes the cultural spin mood that it is gross to mate with our own kin -when we think about it how would you think about getting with your mother or father this can make a lot of people uncomfortable yet we love our mother and father -Edward said there is something deeply biological about wanting nothing to do with the mating game of your parents, brothers or sisters Vs. solely cultural stigma -there is some evidence that it can be totally biological this incest taboo Evidence against westermarck: genetic sexual attraction among siblings separated by adoption -Edward said there is something deeply biological about wanting nothing to do with the mating game of your parents, brothers or sisters -there is some evidence that it can be totally biological this incest taboo -the evidence is based on genetic sexual attraction happen when sibling separate during adoption -you think this doesn't happen rarely but it actually does happen frequently -people discover in facebook that they look a-lot alike and it turns out that they believe they came from the same hometown and they do a little ancestry before they there DNA they find a way to meet and talk and they find this uncanny attraction with the other person and sometimes they start falling madly in love and start to develop a relationship and when the Ancestry results come back they find out they are brother and sister it causes a huge psychological trauma because they say oh my f**cken god what do we do now! -the argument is regardless is cultural or biological or. A combination May be regulated by genes or Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (body odor preference studies) Genetic cost of incest usually overstated: odds of birth defect if one parent has it are: -the genetic cost of incest is overstated -if your parents are siblings that is if they are brother and sister then odds will 10 percent of you having a birth effect -if parents are related you are more likely to have odd defects on children -3 % if parents are unrelated -4% if parents are first cousins -10 % if parents are sibling -first cousin can get married
cognition and metacognition
-Motoring your own cognition is metacognition -we use to ask yourself if it's worth spending a lot of time and energy on or is it good enough for government work -can just make a quick decision and move on -our metacognition is a very valuable way to monitor our own thinking -it's a second level kind of thinking -it is very mellow
Effects of "enriched" vs. impoverished environments on brain development
-Took rats -One environment (enriched environment) - normal environment with lots of things to play with other rats -Impoverished environment - only given water and a little bit of food. They are living on their own -Killed rats, looked at brains, able to isolate different parts of the brain -Brain growth is dependent on environment
Fixed action patterns & releasing stimuli
-are almost like dances -once it starts it runs all the way to completion -they are patterns of behaviors that are like store up in a tape recorder ones they are trigger they get released they go all the way to completion before they get rewind and then they get replaced if they get re-trigger Triggered by releasers —a releaser stimulus -they use to think fixed action pattern where -they are more flexible -the whole pattern regards itself and gets replayed -that's why it is called modal action Examples Egg retrieval -the mother sits on her egg -if one of the eggs falls out of the doctor takes it out -she keeps on scooping air -until she she scoops the air -she has to finish one before she goes into another one -This a FAP because when the egg is removed while she is moving it, she doesn't stop scooping until she is back at her nest Von Frisch Honey Bee Dance -honey bee go out looking for the nectar source because they bring back some for the queen bee -one of the bees go out and finds the nectar comes back to the hive and after all of a sudden a bunch of bees go out to the nectar source -when the bee sees a nectar source -when the bee comes back it does a dance -the dance encodes the angle from the sun -the dance helps the finding of other bees Yawning -yawning -what is a trigger for yawning, mentioning the concept of yawning -watching a person yawn is a trigger for yawning -we don't know why yawning is so contagious -one of the biggest hypothesis is that sometimes yawning regulates the behavior of animals in a troop -for example if it is almost sleepy time then one or other animal within the troop with start to yawn which will get the other ones yawning and pretty much they will all go to sleep -it helps to regulate the collective of sleep and wake behavior of the troop —this is a fix action trigger it is just like the egg retrieval ones you start a yawn you have to continue -your yawn wants to go to completion
Overall findings from romanian orphans
-biggest human disasters next to hitler third right -this is bad what happened was this near the fall of the soviet union Romania was one of the satellites and the leader was Nicolae Ceausescu and everything as in most communist countries everything under state controls the economy humans don't have individual right your rights from the state and the state takes what's yours and what's not yours -so Nicolae decided that all human must have 5 children with the unwanted children becoming under the rearing of the state the state would take over the children you didn't want you were discouraged from keeping one or two children of your own -nicolae build state orphanages which they were built for child rearing facility for the romanians children and the thing is a lot of the kids even if the Romanians don't require that you give up your children -the leader Nicole Ceausescu -human don't have rights -Ceausescu said they all required 5 children and the govt were to give about the other children he built orphanage as child -the thing is even Romanian you did not want more children because Romania has spent all the money on agriculture which was sold to other countries -what happened was that when the soviet fell people went in and they found these -animal farm and the stranger kids were attacking the weaker -much has aids who were having sex by the caretakers -they gun him down The children were isolated, neglected malnourished and disease-ridden (scabies, AIDS) They were emotionally unresponsive and were often found rocking themselves to sleep in their quarters -just how Harlow monkeys The older children would often attack the young who would attack the sick and weak Many of these orphan were removed to British Columbia and approved by Canadian parents 10 year follow up finding of these adopters compared to controls the Romanian children showed -Lower IQ scores -Lower school achievement sores -More attention problems and learning disabilities -More conduct problems -More parental stress and parental divorcees -Less social support from peer and friends
Cryptic female choice
-biochemical chose her mate -when the oval receive sperm and some species like the chimp goes into fever and mutable chimps jump on her one after another so she has a lot of whole mix of sperm going around in her cervix and her overculpian tubes —which male sperm will get the fertilization? -well it turns out that there is biochemical locking mechanism on the side of each oval in females has created the oval membrane is very picky on which sperm it will let in and it will only let out the sperm that has a certain signature that is a good fit for this membrane signature on the oval -the key provided by the sperm has to lock on the ovalm membrane that is call cryptic female choice -its use to describe some in fertility in couples were couples will try and try no matter what they just can't get pregnant and people have argued that maybe this is a kind of biochemical infrentality that the couples can have even if they are morally compatible behavior compatible, emotional compatible but between their oval and their sperm there's in an incompatibility and there are ways around this with eneutral fertilization
Effects of cloth vs. wire "mothers" and determinants of attachment
-emotional development of children - for a long time people studied monkey to find clues about human beings -there's reasons why that's a good idea reason why its a bad idea monkeys aren't human but in some way they are -one of the people who was very interested in study how infants attach to their care takes to their moms and dads was Harry Harlow was an abuse child -harry harlow had a difficult life -he was a raging alcoholic lived a very hard life -he was interested how abuse affects young infants so he studied infant monkeys -we don't site any evidence about infant printing in humans -you humans seem to develop attachment to care takers over a period of time and there's no critical period that we have not seen -the only critical period we ever see in human is the first 6-7 years in the ability to learn language that's a critical period for learning language people are sponges for languages 5-6 languages non-conflict everything goes in then it gets much harder after the age of 8 and so then you need to go to school and learn. Spanish etc. only evidence for critical period in humans -but what harry harlow tested here was what were the ingredients by which humans get attached to caretakers when we are very young there were two theories he put to the test -one theory he put to the test was the comfort theory the comfort theory was the one favorable by the anthologist the animal behaviorist who said no no no it's the grooving the touching the closeness the warm feeling of security that attaches babies to their caregivers -on the other hand there are the foloderings who said that no its the food the breast it's basically the breast, the kids are attach to the breast the breast gives food that there primer need and whoever provides the food is the one who gets the affection -so he decided to put this two the test he built two surrogate mothers for these infants monkeys -one was rapid in terry cloth and had a sort of monkey face this gave comfort but no food and the other one had a bag with eyes and it was made out of chicken wire this gave food but no comfort -the monkeys prefer way over anything else the terry cloth monkey over the wire mother -which completely demolished the milk as the attachment ingredient theory and supported the animal behavior who said no it's the comfort the warm feeling of security the touch so on -another interesting experiment when they would wash the terry cloth mother the monkey would lose a little bit of their attachment to the cloth mother and it was noticeable they figure out what was happening the baby was slobbering all. over the teary cloth so it was scent marking the teary cloth it was a way of babies saying you're mine and so as a territorial aspect of attachment to the cloth -he built to surrage monkey one had a bag of chicken one gave food one gave comfort -people prefer the terry wire mother -really demolish the milk -when they would wash their cloth mother they would lose their connection -it was scent marking the cloth -it was saying you're mine -we get more attach that would smooch us love-us Contact comfort and attachment -here is what would happen when he would throw paper in the cage the baby monkey would hang to the cloth mother -one the paper was on the floor he would try to see it and go run back to the mom -home base
Personal fitness
-fitness is the ability to get your offspring out there in the next generation Direct reproductive power -having your own offspring Producing offspring
inclusive fitness
-for example when you have your own money you kind of say let me walk you to social service you wouldn't take out hundred money and gave them to them -in the other hand if your family says they need 100 dollars you would do it you wouldn't think about it because they are your kin -the more related to family the more likely you will do it -assisting through your kin you want go get more your genes out there through your kin -in. relationship to your own -genetic self interest altruism is something we can choose -we choose to operate by our own advantage through helping others -it is through others '-tt make sit more moral -fitness is the ability to get your offspring out there in the next generation Assistance of kin's reproduction Leads to cooperative behavior "Altruism" = genetic self interest -Helping yourself by helping others Receptacle altruism -Help unrelated people expect they will help back moral standard
Imprinting & critical (sensitive) periods
-when an animal is born for just a short period(sometimes days, weeks, months) -its like an animal goes into record mode -whatever it see or it is exposed to becomes momma -if a bird hears its own species song it is in record mode it, once it hears the complete song of its species it goes out of record mode and doesn't do anything until it reaches perburity -the song attracts to the women -she wants to mate b/c it think it has the good genes -if it doesn't hear a good tone it starts to produce a song a nerd song that women won't mate with them Triggered in critical period -Typically occurs right after birth a critical point where the newborn learns and then the importing window closes up -example; if the bird does not hear the song in his critical period, once it hits puberty it starts to sing a nerdy song that the women bird would not want to mate. Imprinting examples: -Caravan of european shrews -you don't see importing in all animals, mostly on birds goose -when these babies are born they smell momma and they all gravitate towards momma smell -They start marking tematory towards her milk passage -the strongest little shrews gets the tit of its choice and everyone else sorts themselves -having an imprint of the smell of the mom -where she goes they follow her smell wherever she goes they go Concave he raised geese -cognave he raised geese -when some geese were born if he was the first thing they saw they started to see him as momma they imprinted on him he became momma -if they were hungry they would start making food noises to him Avian (BIRD) Imprinting -this filmed was considered revolutionary -Winged migration described an unbelievable story of birds who migrate seasonally from Canada to down to parts of south America where they would lay eggs and then return to Canada and some of these plots would lose their way and nobody would know why -they thought maybe they could use imprinting to retrain these birds to know navigate roots -this describes efforts to imprint birds to alternate aircraft on their usual paths Olfactory imprinting -A "window" opens and infants learn who their caretaker is by sense of smell
algorithms
A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis -Math formulas ,step by step
Sexual selection
A type of natural selection in which members of one sex compete for reproductive access to members of the other sex The means of competition can be structural or behavioral lead to sexual dimorphism -a substance of natural selection -because the female has to go through so much to produce and ready her eggs for possible fertilization she has to be very picky about where she puts those eggs what she allows to be the mate of those eggs -man on the other egg because they put out millions of sperm everyday so what if they waste a few million they could just move one and fertilize someone else fertilize someone else -males tend to be indiscriminate as females tend to be choosy - we see that in the sexual behavior in females vs males across animals down the line -so who competes for whom - the answer is that the less expensive the males who have all these sperm and really don't care where they go compete for access for females who are really picky about whom they will let have access to their ovas -so males are in this credible competition so they can be the one to have access to a particular picky female Females choose males for -Resources height muscle angular appearance, predictability, gifts, caring during illness, intelligence, sense of humor Males choose Youth, youthful features, symmetry
confirmation bias
Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities
Conservation of number, volume, mass
According to piaget preoperational children lack and concrete operations understanding Fail to understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length and volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects Number -Preoperational children say that 2 rows contain same number of pennies or that second row has more pennies Volume -Preoperational children say that two same sized containers have the same amount of water or that the taller, thinner container has more water Mass -Preoperational children say that two same size balls of clay have the same amount of clay and say that a squashed ball of clay contains a different amount of class than the same size round ball of clay
Key issues in adolescence, midlife and old age
Adolescence -Body reaches puberty -Depends largely on friendship; "form and stress" increased emotional intensity of their conflict with parents: risk-taking behaviors; merge into adulthood more state of mind than condition of body; time of "finding yourself" (identity crisis- concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding): -I am special what is true for everyone else is not true for me -It can't happen to me Midlife -What will i achieve and contribute to my family and society? -Will I be successful? -Turning points= decisions/ choices regarding getting married, having children, changing jobs or moving (new situations require people to assume new roles and change priorities) Midlife transition -Tie when they reassess their personal goals set new ones and prepare for the rest of life (usually become more accepting of themselves and other and less initiated by job stress) -Sometimes responds to divorce, illness death in family. Turning point in career, or some event that makes people question; to feel good in middle age, make good decisions when you are young; productivity in family/career Old age -Sometimes deteriorate rapidly in tellect, coordination, and ability to care for themselves -Deliberately focus their attention on family, friends, and other events that bring them pleasure: retirement decreases stress, but can bring a sense of loss to those who have focused their lives on work; reality of death; dignity and independence
"Nature-nurture" problem
Aka heredity vs environment problem or maturation vs enculturation Environment -Chemical -smoking can affect our lungs cause lung cancer -Drinking exposure the younger we drink the worst outcome, later dementia -Pathogen -The germs we grow up in -We are adapted to certain germs if we don't have those germs we are weaker -Germs are always mutating and trying to get the best of us through generation to generation -We keep shutting our genes in reproduction to try to stay we step ahead -Psychological -Prenatal -If a woman is 6 month pregnant around a flu epidemic she has an added risk of her child being diagnosed with schizophrenia 16-18-20 years later Its because the flu bug will crawl up to the placenta into the fetus scramble itself and you don't see the symptoms of schizophrenia till the mid 18 in males and young adult year 20-25-16 in females -Perinatal -Things that can affect us do to the birth processes -Let's take schizophrenia again babies use to be born with forceipts if they got stuck in the birth canal They put stick it to the head and pull it up The force would cause bruises to the brain if you were born with forceipts you have a higher chance of developing schizophrenia -Post-natal -Everything is were we are today Not either or environment can release the effects of genes and genes can control susceptibility to environment Even if a trait is genetically influenced it is not necessarily fixed (non-plastic) Trait plasticity: how much can the environment affect a trait? In many cases the effect of a gene depends on some aspect of the environment (social support increases shyness in people with one form of a particular gene and decreases shyness in people with different gene) Error is to state the problem as either or -Environments can release effects of genes -so you have genesin your geno that stay silent and they will stay silent until a particular event in the environment comforts you in that case that particular environment can wake up certain genes that genes make them start the active producing protein chain how you act behave think handle food , germs and so on your brain body -Genes can control susceptibility to environment -so the genetic you have will affect the environment as you perceive it -example; colorblind is a certain gene that makes you red/green color blind then traffic lights see very differently then those who have no trouble seeing red and green -Fortunately traffic engineers saw that and made the red always on the top and the green on the bottom so people who are colorblind can now that the top one is red and the green is at the bottom Effects of genes vs environment can rarely be disentangled Trait plasticity: how much can the environment affect a trait? -so what people ask if about the trait plasticity that is not whether is caused by heredity or the environment but how does our programming and the environment interact when do some certain genes turn off when in the environment do they turn on -and what about our genes can make us more susceptible less susceptible certain influences in the environment
Evolutionary explanations of altruism
Altruism -Helping yourself by helping others Receptacle altruism -Help unrelated people expect they will help back -Moral standard Genetic self -interest -If you help a kin to survive and reproduce then you are helping them pass on your genes as well -Inheritance of complex behavior You want to make an altruistic reputation for yourself because you expect altruism in return. Why you would help other people seemingly for no reason Cooperative predation , cooperative mating, cooperative defense , cooperative parenting
external attributions
Based on the situation, including events that would influence almost anyone (also known as situational) An external attribution would be that he walked "because his car wouldn't start"
prototype theories of meaning
Big idea: general idea of concept and fitting things under it from previous examples -When naming items in category, some items are more likely to appear than others -When naming furniture one is more likely to say chair than stool Many categories are best described by familiar or typical examples -Airplanes, bus, car
Stockholm syndrome
Captives feel affection towards hostages after a period of time They are less likely to testify against their hostages
What Darwin learned from Malthus and Lyell
Charles darwin sight was that nature also acts as a selective breeder. If certain kinds of individuals are more successful than others at surviving and reporting- especially reproducing- then they pass on their genes, and the next generation resembles them more than it does the less successful individuals darwin's preferred term was descent with modification but the concept quickly became known as evolution, defined as a gradual change in frequency of various genes from one generation to the next Thomas Malthus what he learned -malthus said first of all the bible had it wrong -but he said it for a medical reason - that there is never a balance for the creatures and the food that exists for those creatures -This is the Malthus thighlama essay on the principle of population 1798 -Malthus theory of population creatures reproduce geometry -the number of creature are going to outnumber the food -the inedible outcome of that is they are going to fight over the food so the world can not be peaceful and harmonious -it is written with conflict from its very nature Charles Lyell principles of geology -second book -pulled out the rug from Charles view of the harness permanent earth -Lyell said conjunctive are not stable conductive aren't always the one that are existing conjunctive rise and fall -they idea that there's a given set of mass lands -Charles Lyell first formulated this amount the impermanent of land mass -Which meant if the land masses are not permanent they are drifting around and rising and falling then how can the animals permanent
Object permanence and how it's measured
Concepts that objects continue to exist even when one does not see, hear or otherwise sense them Piaget argued that infants in first few months lack object permanence
Cryptic ovulation w/rationales
Cryptic ovulation -Estrus replaced by menstruation -Perennial receptivity: partial release from hormonal control -females of nonhuman species are only interested sexual behavior -most of the time female of other species are interested in sexual behavior especially when they are ovulating -and for the rest of the time no interest -but women can have interest in sexual behavior all through their menstruation cycles sometimes obligatory sometimes it gets peak in their obligatory cycle its there all the time -this leads to a female being to choose when she wants to have sex with male free of hormone control -this ridges the question why does menstruation for hormone control will one of the possible reasons humans mature very slowly so for a woman to breed a son or a daughter takes about 30 years -but the frontal lobes don't even mature by age 25-30 -one person doing it alone is a lot of work Hypotheses: (pair bonding vs sneaking f***) -your mate is the key to keep your mate around after the sexual act is done -there are two hypotheses for partial release from hormonal control -one is the pair bonding because he not knowing when she is going to. be fertile means that he has to stay around and engage in sexual behavior with you whenever you are interested regardless of your cycle and you know when your cycle is so your interest to keep him around by offering sex in and out ovaliotory period -also the sneaking f*** hypothesis that's a technical term and its which is you know when you're obligation that you can have your mate who you know it's going to be there for you, to care for you for your morning sickness he's going to bringing resources to the home make you secure from harm while you're parent and so on -so you got him as your steady mate -but when you're obligating let's say you got the hots for brad pitt and you're married to someone nice decent. guy wonderful sweet guys so your on your ovulation period and you can sneak around and mess around with brad pitt and then get pregnant you get your sperm and then your back with your sweet guy and you have this baby might not look like your sweet mate but his going to help mate your baby and your baby is going to have those good genes that going to get him women so you sneaky f***
Vestigial structures (know some examples) and importance to Darwin
Darwin saw the unimportance of some parts of our body and parts that animals have too started to believe GOD was not part of the design but animals naturally changed through environment Structures that are left over from previous stages of evolution Pelvic bones in whales Pelvis in snakes Wings in flightless birds -Like penguins Finger bones in penguin's flipper -Why bones and why five Eyes in blind fish and salamanders -They never go up to the surface and see light they are always underground Humans -Dive and swim reflexes -when we are born we are born with dive and swim reflexes -When we deep our faces and we go under water immediately our heart rate declines did we make it that way -born with a swim reflexes -Newborns can do a great dog paddle -But when they are 8-6 months old baby lose their dog paddling -if they go down they could hold their breath they are amazing swimmers until they are not -we need to teach them once they lose it like they never knew how -it's probably left by an ancestor Human appendix -It's only use is to get infected if we don't get to the er it can kill us Coccyx -coccyx set of bones that fuse together of ancestor tail Crowded dentition w/ wisdom teeth -wisdom teeth being removed because our jaw doesn't have space not intelligent design because of our skull
representativeness heuristic
Deciding that an example belongs to a particular class based on its resemblance to that class for example a bat would be considered a bird to some people even if it's not because it kinda looks like one Usually correct, expect when dealing with unfamiliar categories -examples : john went to costco to buy corn flakes and saw two boxes at the same price Which is he likelier to buy? costco on the right because that's as good as buying kellogg's brand people think It looks like the high quality brand name product
Epigenetic landscape (Conrad Waddington)
Development in canalized deeply-rigid , predestined, no movement Shallowly-flexible, free Explains traits plasticity (development flexibility ) Saids that how tall someone's going to be pretty much predestined or "deeply canalized with no freedom of movement but that how outgoing you are is more flexible or "shallowly canalized" -epigenetic landscape -he said let's imagine two traits -height and outgoing -we know height is pretty much determine by heights of our parents -but outgoing to some degree of our traits of our parents -some degree by the outgoingness of our parents some degree to the outgoingness of our friends -if you said around outgoing people you are more likely to be outgoing find it easier to meet people -if we spend time around people who are always worry well that how we turn out most likely -he said different traits have different canals that they go down -if you stay with outgoing you are more likely to be -he said different traits have different channels that go through -some are deeply canals -when you are height you are very set it is pre -traits that are inherited are deeply conlatize -traits that can be change are -the question is how plastic and how canalize are these traits
Dishabituation studies
Dishabitiaution- what the fxck feeling in infants does what your showing them violate their expectations? So, do they have expectations?
Effects of divorce on children
Divorce -Show a variety of academic social, and emotional problems -Receive less attention and suffer economic less attention and suffer economic hardship -Endure prolonged hostility between parents (show signs of distress) -More likely to get divorced clingy for relationship -reunion fantasies for preadolescence- regression to younger age
Erikson's social development model (general concept, not specific stages)
Erikson divided the human life span into eight stages or ages At each stage people have specific tasks to matter All stages have their own social and emotional problems Failure to master task would have consequences carrying over into later stages
Internal attribution
Explanation for actions Based on someone individual characteristics such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities (also known as dispositional) Example: is saying that your brother walked to work this morning "because he liked the exercise"
change blindess
Failure to detect changes in parts of a scene; a magician exploit this Not paying attention -The two lady in the movie you did not see all the changes that occured
Mating criteria for each sex (also see Reproductive Beh, below)
Female selection of males -Resources -Height -Muscular -Angular appearance (chris hemsworth vs michael cera; especially during ovulation) -Predictability (predict guard during pregnancy) -Gift (willing to share resources) -Caring during illness - Intelligence -Sense of humor Attracted to faces most like their own
Assimilation
Fit practice to theory -An application of an established schema to new objects or problems -Apply old to new Example; a child who observes that animals move on their own may believe that the sun and moon are alive because they seem to move on their own
Accommodation
Fit theory to practice -A modification of an established schema to fit a new objects or problem Example; a child may learn that "only living things move on their own" is a rue with exceptions and the sun and the moon are not alive
Framing bias and "spin"
Framing bias: the tendency to answer a question differently when it is phrased (framed) differently -When the wording of a problems leads us to a decisions it's the same thing just worded differently so people go for the one that seems to be a better judgement -its how we spin the context -they spin the facts a certain way -the way words are worded and have make us feel like it has a better impact on us for example the way they tell you two things but have the same meaning A.)you are more likely to save 200 people from 600 people then choosing b )you are more likely to kill 400 people of out 600 -same outcome but people do not want to think they are going to kill 400 they rather feel better by saying 200 because it is only told that Spin: our attitudes and feelings depend strongly upon the context in which they are frames changing the context in which our attitudes and feeling are solicited can change those attitudes and feelings -cute seals with their family showing love seeing them so cute -They eats fish kill nemo -we have to answer whose in the cycle of life
Origins and purpose of eugenics
Galton as hereditarian Eugenic is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population First posited that most human traits fit a normal distribution Published hereditary genius (1869) -Studied 100 members of 300 families of enemies and concluded that "eminence" runs in families - he concluded that eminence runs in families -if your parents are rich -they send you to the best schools and the best school get you into the best university and the best university get you into wall street -but for him it meant genetic He announced his view that most human traits were much more the results of heredity than environment Coined the term eugenics in 190, stating: " the possibility of improving a race or a nation depends on the power of increasing the productivity of the best stock" -In other words you have to eliminate the emperor spot to increase the power of society Purpose to improve and further human race, served as reason for racial discrimination and social stratification
Galton's anthropometry
Galton believed that sensory abilities predicted intellectual abilities Originated anthropometric- measurement of human characteristics: about 18,000 people were measured in the Galton laboratory from 1880-1900: -Physical abilities like height, girth, fingerprints, head size -Mental abilities like visual, color vision touch discrimination -originated the science of anthropometry measuring of human characteristics -like how tall are you -how much you weight -eye color -he used these databases to which he wanted to derive conclusion about people -the measure fingerprint -how good your vision was your hearing Galton believed that sensory abilities predicted intellectual abilities- his student karl pearson developed a way to measure their correlation -he thought that the white british male was going to have the superior mental acuity of vision, hearing etc -best of everything -and that would be prove that the human British are the top of the species -had his student measure correlation that would measure it was true
Cohort effects
Group of people born in a particular time; compare to people born at different times; many difference between young and old people not due to age but to time of birth A group of people in a particular era is called a cohort and can different from other cohorts in important wars ERA in which you grow up is one of the most important influence on behavior
Effects of drinking and smoking during pregnancy
Growing body receives nutrients from the mother Takes drug the baby gets them to; exposed to harmful chemicals then they can reach the fetus's brain while it is developing and highly vulnerable Decreases brain activity and releases neurons' self-destruct program Drinks -Fetal alcohol syndrome -A condition marked by stunted growth of the head and body; malformations of the face, heart, and ear; and nervous system damage including seizures, hyperactivity, learning disability and mental retardation) -Or milder cases normal but have moderate deficits in language, memory, and coordination -Developing neurons require persistent excitation to survive and alcohol interfere with the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter and facilitates the main inhibitory neurotransmitter Smokes -Babies have health problems early in life or can develop conduct disorder -Discipline problems both and school and home and potentially criminal behavior )
Rationale for sexual reproduction
Hedge against environmental change -No current reason for humans (phylogenetic inertia) or protection against pathogens (red queen hypothesis ) -Pathogens attach to DNA sequences, mixing 2 people's DNA makes a new sequence and the constant change makes it hard for pathogens to attach (RED QUEEN HYPOTHESIS) -Phylogenetic Inertia - argues that vestigial features persist because while they don't benefit the animal, they don't harm it either, so there is no reason for us to evolve out of it
Sexual orientation and possible determinants (also see Reproductive Beh below)
Heterosexualilty: -90 percent of population Gay males -4 percent of population Worldwide lesbian females -2 percent of population worldwide Family relations -Rejecting -Putative father -Weak father, domineering mother -Evidence suggest reversal of cause and effect Early sexual behavior -Seduction -Abuse by older male -Early same-sex play All of these are now discredited
Neoteny
Holding onto youthful characteristic Retention of youthful traits by a slowdown in growth rates -people have been really interested in the baby and shape form of apes and humans -the baby chimpanzee looks more related to humans -Chimpanzees infant skull significantly differs from the adult skill whereas the human infant and adult skill are similar -is it possible for humans to be immature to grow up -baby chimps play -adult child won't play -we develop slowly in the womb -for the human to grow up and leave the parents takes forever -we are very slow -we have retarded and that -perfeiosu of -neoteny- neo means new and teny means holding on to
College "gender gap" and hookup culture
Hook up -Sexual contact ranging from kissing and making out to oral sex and even intercouse with no commitment to future contact -Almost always done under the influence of ETOH (alcohol) In a recent study of 4,000 college students -76% reported engaging in hookups -By senior year students reported having an average of 6.9 hookup and 4.4 traditional dates Women now are greater percent of college enrollments from a ratio of 1:2 females to males in 1960 Female to male ratio projected to be 65:30 by 2025 -UCSB has a ratio already like that Feminism has influenced women to initiate sexual contact more, without as much share or guilt -It is a triumph of feminism and a sign of female sexual liberation. -It is another form of female exploitation that injures esteem and physical health. One study reports women's self that college women are twice as likely to suffer emotionally from hookups as men Consequences -
Identical vs. fraternal twins, and purpose of twin studies
Identical twins (monozygotic twins -Twin who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two , creating two genetically identical organism Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) -Twins who develop from separate fertilized egg -They are genetically no closer than brother and sister, but they share a fetal environment Coined the terms "nature and nurture" to describe the twin influences on traits; her popularized the nature/nurture debate Proposed the study of identical and vs fraternal twins to isolate the effect of heredity, and reported a study of 80-100 twins pairs. This twin method became key early method of studying intelligence and personality traits Purpose of twin studies -Twins provide a valuable source of information for health and psychological research, as their unique relationship allows researchers to pull apart and examine genetic and environmental influences. -Comparisons between monozygotic (MZ or identical) twins and dizygotic (DZ or fraternal) twins are conducted to evaluate the degree of genetic and environmental influence on a specific trait. （MZ 100%， DZ 50%） One experiment: If MZ twins show more similarity on a given trait compared to DZ twins, this provides evidence that genes significantly influence that trait. However, if MZ and DZ twins share a trait to an equal extent, it is likely that the environment influences the trait more than genetic factors. Other experiment: often study separated twins for nurture effects on nature- monozygotic demonstrate more similarity despite separation and different upbringings
Methods of assessing prejudice
Implicit association test -Measures reactions to combination of categories -Measures reaction to combination of categories, such as flowers and pleasant. It suggest that even well meaning people have unrecognized prejudice Example; when you hear a word, you should press with your left finger if it is an unpleasant word, such as death and press with your right finger if it is a pleasant word such as joy
Advantage of sexual reproduction
Increased genetic variation in offspring which increases the likelihood of at least one offspring surviving and passing on your genes If we had asexual reproduction there would be no genetic variety Protection against pathogens (red queen hypothesis) Shuffling the genome, every new offspring might have a chance to be fit against certain diseases no current reason for humans to have sex (phylogenetic inertia )
Evolution by Natural Selection
Is random and contains no internal momentum -humans like to think we are the pingronals of progress -we are the hype of the animals we are divine - we are made of the image of god -but from a Darwin perspective we are one branch from a primate tree -there's nothing biological that is so great of human -we can all be wipe out in a plane, etc -meanwhile the coaches will outlive us Creates organism suited only to the current environment not "more perfect" creatures -so we are the view as evolution in the 1900 century was -there were the lower animals -there was the plants and below the upper monkeys the apes above the apes and between the white British male one step below the British female then came the french then came the Spanish -then came the eastern europeans then came the begonias and at the very bottom came the Nigerians and the negroes were just above the apes (scientific racism) -ironically it was Darwin who blew that open that up with his motion of tree of life (no notion of higher it's just branching out) -all creatures are equally evolve Requires no grand design or grand Designer -it is completed by chance -nature can change -the creatures that last just last -and the ones that happen to have advantages in the climate will perifilate the ones that don't Is not substantiated by evidence of perfect design (the "argument from design") but by existence of useless, vestigial structures and behavior -just because i have a brain that makes me smart doesn't mean that my brain was design for me being smart -Argument from design it was a common argument who said the prove of god is to look at the human eye -when we see the human eye, the human eyes is a design to see just as when we look at a watch we have to think that there's a watchmaker -when we look at the eye we have to think that there's an eye maker a designer who made the eye -so Darwin had to deal with that objection of the argument from design -how did he do that ? -on his research of animals he notice the number of things that were repeated after one after another and that was the existing of completely useless structures -he called them rudiment but people call them vestigial structures
semantic theories of meaning
List of characteristics
Male displays resulting from sexual selection
Male attributes/ competition to win over a female, men try hard to get girls Big useless structures that do not serve many purposes, is more dangerous and handicapping than helpful but shows that they can survive and be strong despite handicap -Big claws for crabs -Color for peacocks Females see he has good genes and is genetically stronger Male behavioral display -Sheep fight -Kangaroo fight -Bird singing
Mate guarding
Male possessiveness Protecting your investment in reproduction by not allowing your mate to reproduce with other individuals. Constant oversight and attention. Behaviors may range from vigilance to violence Restrictions on female behavior -in animal kingdom is mate guarding -the best example is animals after they inseminate a female there last part of their sperm is super sticky like glue -they basically seal the -male possessiveness has no bound Jealousy and violence (most domestic violence episodes initiated by women, but men retaliate and do much more physical damage) -one of the reasons for -women are the cause for high domestic -women are the ones who tend to say -men retaliate more violently
"Correlated variations" with sexual orientation (finger length etc.)
Modern hypothesis -Sexual orientation as a correlated variation of prenatal androgen Females -Exposure to higher level of prenatal androgens may contribute to homosexual orientation -Otoacoustic emission differ with sexual orientation -Right hand 2D:4D finger length are lower (more like male) Male -May be an X- linked trait that promotes fertility in females -No comparable gene isolated for females -Each older biological (not step) brother raises the probability of homosexual orientation by 33% -But men with a homosexual orientation mat have received greater prenatal androgen exposure -More "masculine" auditory evoked potentials -Larger genitalia -More sexual partner than heterosexual men or women of either orientation -Mixed results on right hand 2D:4D finger length Also gay men and lesibasn are 50% likelier to be left-handed than their straight counterparts
Types of mating systems
Monogamy -Pair bonding -only one of them is pair bonding -monogamy -one female to one male -we think of monogamy as one time Polygamy -One animal has many mates - there is an inblance in the number of mates of one sex vs mates of another sex Polyandry -One female mates with many males -polyandry is common incests -you also see it in humans -in humans you see it in cultrals were theres alot of male mortalilty what will happen is brother brother pair if one brother dies then the other brother will step up and resume the role of husband even if he is already married to the role of the women thats been widow -so the women can become pregnant by all of the brothers as the brothers dies out polygyny-(Harem) -One male mates with many females -harem structure -here it is concertante so there not anibuty -with one male mates with many females -very common in human mating -the spin on this is female ban together and apluad a male sexual and protection services it all depends on how you look at it Promiscuity -No bonding arrangement -Every male and female for him/herself -When a person will have sex with a number of partner or a casual baise such as flings or fwb -in which there are no praticular owner ship territortial arrangement no praticular arrangment between males and females -there are simply the ferliation event and there are no other entions, commimets
Taxis w/ examples
Movement toward or against a simple stimulus -tendencies towards or against certain things -for example we see this in animals and plants, animals and plants they typically go towards the light unless their bats -and then there's kinematic where certain animals and plants are drawn towards certain taxises -other where they are against or toward gravity -Bird or roots going toward the ground Geotaxis -towards against the force of gravity or forward , a response to an attraction due to gravity Phototaxis -movement in regards to light Chemotaxis: - movement directed by chemical stimulus
Natural selection
Natural selection acts on brain and behavior, just as it does on the rest of the body for example, the dodo was a large bird in the pigeon/dove family that adapted to life on an island with no mammals. Living without needing to escape enemies, it gradually lost the ability to fly. (they eventually had an advantage by saving energy) also lost fear) so it starts out you have to have some variability some creatures have to have short beaks than other , and some longer ones than other because if they are all the same then they are just cloning each other and nobody has a reproduction advantage Darwin he didn't get it from the flinches but he was ready to accept what happened to the flinches excluding the god explanation which he had to dispose it later he got it from the english countryside because he watched people breed dogs and homing pigeon The differential reproductive success of individuals within a population because of hereditary differences among them how to train pigeon you take them away from your home and you let them go the ones that go back home you breed and the ones that dont they were never yours now after a few generation after generation you create a homing pigeon you just pick the ones that know home
Kin selection
Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival but increase that of their kin Voluntary theory that proposes people are more likely to help out those who are blood relatives because it will increase the odds of gene transmission Biggest that altruism towards close relatives occurs in order to ensure the continuation of shared genes more closely individuals are related, more likely people are to help. Genetic economic; your kins have part of your blood
Schemas (Piaget)
Organized way of interacting with objects in the world Intellectual development is not merely an accumulation of experiences or a maturational unfolding, yet a child constructs new mental processes as he or she interact with the environment Behavior is based on schemas -Infants grasping and sucking A child shows "deferred imitation" when she initiates an action she saw the day before
availability heuristic
Our basing our decision on the most easily recalled example, instance, or case something We recall something easily based on personal experience The tendency to assume that if we easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be common. You remember reports of airplane crashes, than car crashes so you think air travel is more dangerous
Vervet monkeys and calls
Proto-language : vervet monkey -language is the debate whether other creatures have language like humans -do other species have meaning of independent -the vervet monkeys what they do with there chirps and growls -found in kenya -these verets are very chatty never stop talking -when one verte is talking to the others are quiet -it is almost like they are taking turns on the their topics -vertex also seem to have reference to external things -if there's a eagle they have vets they hide on on the bottom of the tree -if there's a snake they go up the tree they communicate -they are trying to -the third thing is the mother have the primary -vertes tend to -so interesting when a verte junior misbehave like all glare at the mother just like in play dates when your kid does something -when one verte weill go chat and another later they have a big ball when one gets in a fight with one relative from another family
Tryon behavior-genetics study
Rat maze experiment Those who did well in the maze were interbred. After a few generation, the two groups (those that did well and those that didn't ) were very divided traits we magnified Even within a few generation, a complex behavior can be bred for or against and magnified Can be implied to human intelligence debate But is is detables if this experiment tests intelligence Maze bright rats tend to be a lot more anxious and cautious and neurosis more likely to be alcoholics
Epigenetic inheritance: mechanisms and implications
Refers to potentially heritable information not contained in the DNA sequences of the genome. -"Epigenetic markers" refer to modifications of DNA sequences (but not the genes themselves) -an environment can lead to a change in a person's epigenetic markers -those new changes will be passed down on to the offspring -giraffe neck passed down to offspring bc of the constantly stretching
nature of expertise
Some people expertise within a given field that enables them to solve problems quickly with a minimum of error, learn to apply appropriate algorithms quickly and recognize which heuristic work in a particular situation and which don't The people develop skills by practicing certain devices -This requires approximately 10 years of intense practice -Developing expertise expands the axon, dendrites and probably cell bodies in the brain areas relevant to that skill Practice of any skill improves performance of that skill, but we have no clear evidence that mental exercises improve performance of skills one has not practices Experts can also look at a pattern and recognise important features quickly
incitement & flirting: female strategies
Spatial location -we see incitement in humans too that is call flirtation -females are the flirters -females are the ones who are silizliz advertisements by the male because the males are advertisers they are advertising their fitness to mate -if they see a male they want to evaluate later interaction they will have to find males where they will be there -"omg i just saw you yesterday omg you have class here" or they find a friend to talk to the person saying i think she'll go out with you something like that Action through intermediaries Intrasexual competition: dress, hair, make up -competition female to female -females say there's no more competition but that a lie -females will complete in dresses, make up ,hair and so on -and the most visual eyes are at the Oscar if two women are wearing the same dress then it's like the albumin sin Flirtation: heterosexual singles-bar studies: ¾ of meetings are initiated by females -flirtation studies -3/4 of meetings are initiated by females -and the way they do that is to pull a substance gaze at their target -when the male catches there gaze they do a hair flip -it requires a male that sort of clueless that picks up
Spectrum (Kinsey) vs. Dual-attraction models of sexual orientation
Spectrum (Kinsey) -The Kinsey scale ranges from 0 for those who would identify themselves as exclusively heterosexual with no experience with or desire for sexual activity with their same sex -To 6 for those who would identify themselves as exclusively homosexual with no experience with or dire odor sexual activity with those of the opposite sex ] -1-5 for those who would identify themselves with varying levels of desire for sexual activity with either sex including "incidental" or "occasional" desire for sexual activity with the same sex Dual- attraction models of sexual orientation
Heuristic
Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess -When guessing the eldest child, guess the tallest -Complicated ingredient is assumed unsafe -City with familiar names considered more populated
Effects of abuse on attachment and resilience
Study by Harlow Deprived were less active stayed in corners Bounded back when put in normal environments If hit with scary stimulus would regress to previous behavior (can be life lasting) Abuse -By caretakers leads to greater attachment/loyalty of abuse victims to perpetrators; clinging of children to abusive parents
longitudinal studies
Study of a single group of individuals over time weakness -People drop out as they get older and difficult to separate effects of age from effects of changing society
Cross-sectional
Study of group of individuals of different ages all at the same time weakness Difficult obtaining equal samples at different ages (20 years vs 60 years old)
map image-scanning studies
Subjects in the study first memorized this map, including the various landmarks ( the hut, the well, the patch of grass, etc.) Subjects then formed a mental image of this map for the scanning procedure. Subjects had to " scan " from one point on their mental image to another point; they pressed a button to indicate when their " mind's eye" had arrived at its destination. Response times in this task were closely related to the " distance" subjects had to scan across on the image, implying that mental images are similar to actual pictures in how they represent positions and distance.
Temperament
Temperament -People's tendency to be either active or inactive outgoing or respond vigorously or quietly to new stimuli -Depends on partly genetic. These tendencies are magnified by the environment that we choose to be in stay consistent through life -Monozygotic twins resemble each other in temperament more than dizygotic -Usually consistent over age
Results of Implicit Association Test
Test suggest that even well-meaning people have unrecognized prejudices Shortcut of IAT 1. People don't usually pay attention to race the experiment between exaggerate people's prejudices 2. Only a few studies have examined the relationship between IAT results and important decisions. Certainly the results of the IAT are not strong enough to predict what any individual will do in a given situation
mental rotation
The ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space Subjects seem to make these judgments by imagining one of the forms rotating unit its position matches that of the other form Viewing a mental image is at least partly like a real vision Perceiving an object is the same, even if viewed from 2 different perspective If people visualize mental images, then the time it takes them to rotate a mental image should be similar to the time needed to rotate it
Herrnstein-Murray "dysgenics" argument
The bell curve (1994)- Richard J herrnstein and charles murray assertions IQ is substantially the result of heredity and not environment -of course it is always both IQ explains success in life far more than social class IQ is not easily changeable by intervention -it is hard to teach them how to raise their Iq The emergence of a "cognitive elite" is unstoppable Since low-IQ people have more children, there is ongoing dysgenesis, in which the elite must shrink as a proportion of the population -it takes a higher IQ to come to college your social class does not matter -the low iq number will outnumber because low iq people will have low iq number The ultimate effect of dysgenesis is more poverty, drug, illness, war
Primacy effects on social impressions
The first information we learn about someone influence us more than later information does. It is more important We form first impressions quickly and more accurately than expected First impression can be self-fulfilling prophecies: expectation that increase the probability of the predicted event -Example of self-fulfilling prophecies suppose a psychologist hands you a cell phone and ask you to talk with someone while showing you a photo supposedly of that person. -Unknown to the person you are talking to, the psychologist might hand you a photo of a very attractive person or a much a less attractive photo -Not surprisingly you act friendlier to someone you regard as attractive -Furthermore, if you think you are talking to someone attractive that person reacts by becoming more cheerful and talkative -In short, your first impression changes how you act and influences the other person to live up to (or down to) your expectations
Sexual dimorphism
The means of competition can be structural or behavioral and often lead to sexual dimorphism -how do males compete -females intersexual competition is huge -heterosexual mating and thats going to be the model we follow through In most of animal kingdom, females are much bigger than males -this is sort of an eye opener for a lot of people -people say well boys are bigger than girls but that is an exception in human One major exception is in species with proportionally large brains -one big exception is us for people with big brains for our body size In those species, males compete for females with displays of strength and prowess -in these species like us males compete for females that display -or morphical displays strength and power like money for example Females choose mates based in part on these displays -females size up males Overt females choice -Come hither " I pick you and not you" Cryptic female choice -biochemically/ ova looks for certain sperm and will not take random one
spreading activation
Thinking about one concept will activate, or prime, the concept linked to it -Related to "priming" -Reading or seeing a word makes it easier to think or recognize a related word -Banana; fruit, yellow, monkey etc
"Gaydar" and sexual-orientation Stereotypes
Thinking someone can determine the sexual orientation of another male by just looking at him and basing his behavior and actions off stereotypes -Way they walk -Dress -Talk and stand Stereotypes -Femininity in males and masculinity in female -Gay people are flamboyant, showy, and feminine -Not always true
Relational and physical aggression
Threatened self esteem genetic factor violence in upbringing no guilt after hurting someone weak physiological response to arousal l smaller prefrontal cortex (less serotonin) history of suicide
Evolution by natural selection: Requirements for natural selection:
Variability Differences among organism (variability of traits 0; traits can be structures or behavior ) -if you didn't have fast runner then there wouldn't have options to choose -for an trait to evolve there has to be difference to begin with Selection pressures -if nobody cared about how fast dogs run than dogs are not going to differ in running speed -expect the vulnerability they bring just by chance -If all of a sudden dog owners cared about how fast their dogs runs they will pick dogs that run faster and the dogs will get bread more and so on and they will have faster dog's generation to generation -Mother nature is the same you have to assume that the creature of all certain ways there has to be selection pressure that lead in the environment to have creature to evolve that way -Mother nature causes species to change Inheritance mechanism - if a dogs running speed did not didn't get communicated to its offspring it advantage would vaporize when it had kids, so there has to be a method of mechanism for transmitting your advantage to your kids otherwise your gains and your likes are lost -For Darwin: Lamarckism( use-inheritance) -the habits you acquire in your life that change you and change your kids -his example is giraffe because giraffes reach for the higher leaves they would stretch their necks and over time there neck would get longer by stretching and that would stretch would get communicated through your offspring After darwin: genetics
Basic rationale of implicit association test
Was introduced in 1998. "The race IATA" supposedly measures unconscious racism Used people's reaction times to put words into categories Are you especially slow choosing "happiness" as belonging to "pleasant" when "pleasant" is close to "black"? Then for many IT advocated, you're racially prejudiced IAT advocates have sought to push the use of the Race IAT to diagnose "unconscious racial prejudice" in education, government, and business The race IAT has become very controversial. Several separate "meta-analyses" (surveys of all research) show that the IAT: -Is unreliable (the results on any one person fluctuate too much to be considered a trait like "prejudice") -Correlates very poorly with real-world behavior -Accounts for case of discrimination no better than simply asking people about their prejudices Useful for real implicit biases at the group level Moreover, training to reduce "implicit bias" has shown no effect on subsequent behavior The implicit-association test (IAT) is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's automatic association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory. Procedure: Picture Result: In the Black/White-Pleasant/Unpleasant example, a participant will be able to categorize more quickly when White and Pleasant are paired together than when Black and Pleasant are paired if he or she has more positive associations with White people than with Black people (and vice versa if Black and Pleasant are categorized more quickly). IAT is the test that useful and reliable to the group. Not for individuals. Problems with the IAT: The Race IAT become very controversial. Several separate " meta-analyses" show that the IAT: *Individuals' result may change dramatically every time they attend the test. * Is unreliable ( the results on any one person fluctuate too much to be considered a trait like "prejudice.) * Correlates very poorly with real-world behavior * Accounts for cases of discrimination no better then simply asking people about their prejudices
Continuous vs. stage theories
We grow in stages, not a smooth line (continuous)
genos and impossible figures
We have a vocabulary of shapes of shapes -Geometrical "checklist Geneos - Basic blocks of all objects we see (we recognize objects by recognizing their component) -Cylinder, cube funnel, etc -Objects comprised of these genos; telephone , lamb etc Impossible figures -The failure of our brain to comprehend non-geno figures -The shape in not match to the code of shapes. Brain try to follow the rules -Images that can exist with forced perspective but never in real life -M.C escher's use of impossible figures (you can't tell where something starts) -Cheese grater -Rectangular cube -Cylinder -Cone with top off -Macaroni noodle
Outbreeding drive and MHC findings
We seek to mate with people out of our kin Seek parents who are optimal for reproduction Mating with unrelated partners maximize different allele mixing and creating new allele combination Evidence against westmark: genetic sexual attraction (GSA) among sibling separated by adoption The mate choose avoid kin may be regulated by genes of (MHC) The MHC molecule enables immune system surveillance of the population of protein molecules in a host cell and greater MHC diversity permits greater diversity of antigen presentation
overconfidence
When people overestimate their abilities and knowledge Some reasons for errors the tend to look for evidence that confirms their hypothesis instead of evidence that might reject it. They answer the same questions differently when it is framed differently. They sometimes take unpleasant actions to avoid admitting that previous actions were a waste of time or money Those who are more confident in making prediction/ answers are usually less correct -Positive example Highly confident people tend to get good job offers and promotions. Highly confident politicians win elections. If you act certain of winning a fight, a stronger opponent may back down. -Negative example Overconfident leaders often blunder into costly mistakes. If the stronger opponent doesn't back down, you could find yourself in an unwinnable fight.
Incitement and "female choice" in mating
When the female makes the first move Sends out signals to the male that she is interested
Evolutionary explanation of sex roles
Women have little chance to pass on their genes (one to two egg per time ) so they have to be selective about who they mate with Men are the complete opposite willing to have sex and pass down their gene (millions of sperm everyday) Plasticity of sex roles Emancipation from hormonal control Enhanced role for learning
Darwin's finches adaptive radiation :
cued discovery of natural selection he thought all finches has migrated from one species from south America to golic coast found out the bird with hard large beaks where only in places that had a lot of nuts for cracking nuts the small beaks were for seeds for food intermediate food selection he had a choice of two explanations of this either god put these different finches on the gold coast to match its beaks or the birds beaks somehow grew to the available food for them in each island he did not have any evidence to suggest divine creation or intelligent design of the bird vs some kind of evolution of beaks so he wrapped his head on how to tell this design or selection of nature which he then call natural selection They come from same place, however because the difference of environment they have different beak he eventually decided on natural selection
base-rate information
data about how common two categories are Decide whether something belongs in one category or another you should consider the base-rate information When placing an item into a category this is the likelihood of each category being the correct one. Often overlooked when people apply representativeness heuristic -Psychologists interviewed 30 engineers and 70 lawyers. One of them, Jack, is a 45-year-old married man with four children. He is generally conservative, cautious, and ambitious. He shows no interest in political and social issues and spends most of his free time on home carpentry, sailing, and solving mathematical puzzles. What is the probability that Jack is one of the 30 engineers in the sample of 100?
Helen Fisher's phases of love and related neurochemicals
helen fisher is a biological anthropologist she believes that the phases of attraction of love are consider for mono control Lust -Love seeking -Driven in both sexes mainly by testosterone and estrogen -seeking for potential people -driving by both sexes mainly by testosterone and -male secure10 times the testosterone ten to one ratio -men 10;1 ration -women 1;10 ratio Attraction -Love- struck: fixating on the "target" -Loss of sleep and appetite -Driven mainly by dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine -love stuck -you can't think of anybody but that person - you become obsessed -sometimes you dream about that person -you lose your appetite -if you start thinking about that person you start getting butterflies -if you see that person it's hard to get a sentence that makes sense -this kind of phrase is drive by dopamine and norepinephrine epinephrine in the brain our neurotransmitter are in a war Attachment -Developing a bond: lessening of attraction and lust -Attraction phrase that's something after you have experience things with that person -what happens you start to develop this bond -there's a lessening of attraction and lust -being to be a feeling of confront -and you start to use the pronoun we rather than the pronoun you and I -you start to feel like you belong to each other that you care for each other Driven mainly by oxytocin ( released during orgasm and to baby through mothers milk) and vasopressin, which show higher levels in monogamous animals -if you engage in sexual behavior it's replace by tenderness love feeling of fulfillment when you engage in sexual behavior -this is mostly driven by oxytocin is released by organism moms release it to their babies through mother's milk -oxytocin drives bonding -oxytocin and vasopressin show higher levels in monogamous animals bonding animals
Aspects of human mating system
monogamy/ some polygyny -In the aspect of cross-cultural sample (186 cultures) Most human cultures allow polygamy -In those cultures polygyny is restricted to the well-to-do minority, and most men in these cultures have only one life -In every society studied to date, female extramarital sex is considered an offense against her husband -Male greater preference for sexual variety than females Male -More diverse arousal patterns -Fetishes -Exhibtionism -criminal patterns; rape, child abuse
Corvid intelligence w/examples
most intelligence birds there use of tools -they play fetch -you would only think dogs can do Corvids: bird family that includes crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers Considered the most intelligent birds and among the most intelligent of all animals, as demonstrated in feeding skills, memorization ability, use of tools, and group behavior (e.g games) Demonstrate self-awareness in mirror-spot tests (european magpies) along with the great apes, dolphins, "killer whales" (orcas) and elephants -only few species do this -they pass the mirror test -the test indicates that they are self awareness -there is a few fights -it is an inrigits -it wasn't how big your brain was but proportion to the brain to your body weight Brain- to body mass ratio equal to great apes and cetaceans, and only slightly lower than humans -on that basis alone we can suspect they are intelligent
Premises of natural selection
natural selection had more evidence , organism battle for survival Those organism that possess favorable characteristics in that environment will reproduce more i.e they are fitter -example; if you have a beak that is going to get you seeds on an island with nut you are going to die out and all of your kind -so if you have a beak for that environment you and your kind is going to preliterate(reproduce) and other kinds are going to die out Because of this differential reproduction, characteristics that are favorable in that environment will proliferate, whereas those that are unfavorable will decrease -proliferate-expand out Reliable trends in natural selection constitute evolution by natural selection -creatures let say who have medium ish beaks on an island just get seeds now a few of those will survive and so the ones with thinner beaks thinner longer beaks among those that manage to survive are going to be superior survivors generation after generation you are going to get -produces a change
Natural selection: Artificial selection
saluki are unusual breed natural selection came from artificial selection is the intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits. In organisms that reproduce sexually, two adults that possess a desired trait — such as two parent plants that are tall — are bred together. natural selection if you start by a longer neck you will reproduce more long necks than short necks
Stroop effect and automatization
the interference between automatic and deliberate ways of thinking The observation that people take much longer to name the color of a stimulus when it is used in printing an incongruent word than when it appears as a solid patch of color after being taught something it is "hardwired" and becomes an automatized cognitive function Tendency to read a word instead of saying the color of ink in which it is printed Stroop interference -Scan down the left column, saying out loud how many items are in each row. Now do the same with the right column. Here the task is more difficult because of the strong tendency to read the numeral than counting them # # 4 4 ? ? ? ? 2 2 2 2
Effects of deprivation of attachment
they would sometimes be -when they would put money together they were cling to each other -while usually monkeys are jumping all over each other -he said is there anything we can do for these babies he decided he would take them one by one into a conile -he would take a snake and the baby would get more more fetali -he observed the baby would open more and more and by a few month it was hard to tell the baby who was expose the study -expect when you through a snake you could tell which one is depress abuse they would go back -with lot of support you could live a happy life but wit a situation it can trigger ` -he was interested in amendment depression -he saw that one he remove the mother cloth the baby would just crawl -he often felt people who had depression felt like they were at the bottom of the tint
James's view on capabilities of newborns and overall research findings
vision/hearing -Newborns stare at some patterns longer than others -Habituate to repeated sounds -Habituate to a slightly different sound, indicating that they hear a difference Memory -Increase or alter their rate of sucking if a particular pattern of sucking turns on a specific recorded voice and suck more vigorously to turn on a recording of their own mothers voice than some other woman's voice indicating that why recognize the sound of their mother's voice -Infants just 2 months old learn to kick and move a mobile and can do it several days later Useful responses are eye and mouth movement Recognize pictures/ see difference habitation / dishabitation -Hear difference between 2 sounds, change responses based on previous experience The infant's world was "nothing more than a blooming, buzzing confusion" Infants developed knowledge about people, objects, and physics very slowly, and only through considerable experience.
