Finance 450 Chapter 2

OCF equation

= EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes

What does stockholders' equity represent?

A residual claim against the book value of the firm's assets

CFFA equation

CF to creditors + CF to shareholders

GAAP

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Why is positive net working capital important?

It means the firm should have sufficient cash to meet its current obligations.

assets =

Liabilities + Owner's Equity

Which of the following are classified as liabilities on a firm's balance sheet?

accounts payable, notes payable

A customer has yet to pay the bill for products purchased on credit. The seller records this debt in which balance sheet account?

accounts recievable

Debt vs Equity

amount of assets left for owners if all debt was to be paid off

The short run is

an imprecise period of time

liability

assets, cash

The statement of cash flow explains changes in

cash and equivalents

What a firm owns at a given point in time

its assets

3 important takeaways from balance sheet

liquidity, debt vs. equity, market value vs. book value

high d/e ratio

lots of financial leverage

low d/e ratio

more financially sound

EPS

net income/# of shares outstanding

if CFFA is +

payment of cash generated by assets to creditors and S/Hs

short-run fixed costs

property taxes, rent payments for a warehouse, management services

cash flow identity

CF from Assets = CF to Creditors + CF to Stockholders

cash flow from assets (CFFA)

Operating Cash Flow - Net Capital Spending - Changes in NWC

Income Statement

Revenues - Expenses = Net Income

- NWC

cash received over the next 12 months < cash paid out over the next 12 months

+ NWC

cash received over the next 12 months > cash paid out over the next 12 months

net capital spending

cash spent on fixed assets less cash received from the sale of fixed assets

Change in Net Working Capital

cash spent/received from current assets and current liabilities

variable costs

change

Net working capital (NWC)

current assets - current liabilities

income

revenue-expenses

The short run for a firm is the period of time during which

some costs are fixed, output can vary

true or false: long term liabilities aren't due in the current year

true

The cash flow identity reflects the fact that

-Cash flow from the firms = total cash flow to creditors and cash flow to stockholders -A firm generates cash through its various activities -Cash is either used to produce the product or service, pay creditors or pay out to the owners of the firm

Which of these questions can be answered by reviewing a firm's balance sheet?

-What is the total amount of asserts the firm owns? -How much debt is used to finance the firm?

turning assets to cash (easiest to hardest)

-cash equivalents -accounts receivable -inventory -plant and equipment

cash flow (CF)

-cash in less cash out -how much net cash a firm is generation

liquidity

-the ability to easily convert financial assets into cash without loss in value -liquid firms are less likely to experience financial distress -liquid assets earn a lower return

Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity

CFFA

OCF - NCS - Change in NWC

book value of assets

according to GAAP/balance sheet

Assets=

are value to the company

fixed assets

buildings, trademarks

If CFFA is -

capital raised from creditors and S/Hs to be spent on assets

Networking capital + current liabilities

current assets

The more debt a firm has, the greater its

degree of financial leverage

CF to shareholders equation

dividends-net new equity

Net income is often expressed on a per share basis called

earnings per share (EPS)

change in net working capital equation

ending NWC-beginning NWC

NCS

ending net fixed assets - beginning net fixed assets + depreciation

Operating cash flow includes capital spending and working capital requirements

false

Costs that do not change in the short tun arise because of

fixed commitments

How are assets on a balance sheet listed?

in order of decreasing liquidity

CF to creditors equation

interest paid - net new borrowing

Current assets (inventory, cash, A/R)

life < 1 year

Current liabilities (A/P, accrued interest, payroll)

life < 1 year

Fixed assets (PPE, trademarks)

life > 1 year

Long term liabilities (L/T debt, loans, bonds payable)

life > 1 year

liquid assets vs illiquid assets

liquid: cash, A/R, inventory illiquid: PPE, fixed assets

Whose responsibility is to create value for a firm?

management

The price at which willing buyers and sellers would trade is called ________ value.

market

the ______ matching principle of GAAP states that costs associated with a good or service should be recorded at the same time as revenue fin selling a good/service

matching

CF to creditors

net cash paid to or received from creditors

CF to shareholders

net cash paid to or received from shareholders

Non-cash items are expenses that directly affect cash flow but do not directly affect

net income

income statement includes

non cash items (depreciation)

Book value of assets is generally

not what the assets are actually worth

cash flow from assets (free cash flow)

operating cash flow less nat capital spending less any change in net working capital

Equity (ownership, shareholders)

ownership (retained earnings, stock) Shareholders: owners

Operating cash flow (OCF)

revenue less costs, cash items

period costs

selling, general, and administrative expenses

Who is entitled to the residual value of a firm's cash flows?

shareholders

an official accounting statement that helps to explain the change in cash and cash equivalents is called the

statement of cash flows

depreciation

systematic expensing of an asset based on the assets estimated life

What should you keep in mind examining an income statement?

time and cost, GAAP, cash vs. noncash items

debt equity ratio

total liabilities/total equity

market value of assets

what the firm could sell the assets for