Fire Apparatus Driver Operator (Tiller) q
To be considered an aerial fire apparatus as defined by NFPA 1901, the apparatus must include, at a minimum, a ____________ total complement of ground ladders that are supplied and installed by the manufacturer.
115 ft
The average hydrant takes ______________turns to open; however some may take considerably more turns before they are fully opened.
12 to 14
Because the primary function of this fire apparatus is to supply a certain type of equipment for the incident, it is required to have more compartment space than the other types of fire service apparatus. NFPA 1901 states it must have a minimum of __________of enclosed, weather-resistant compartment space for storage of equipment.
120 ft3
A minimum of ________of supply hose equipped with hydrant connection threads on one end and pump intake connection threads on the other with compatible couplings, or _______of hard suction.
15 ft, 20 ft3
Because the quint has a fire pump, hose is a necessity, consisting of a minimum of ________ of supply hose equipped with hydrant connection threads on one end and pump intake connection threads on the other with compatible couplings, or __________of hard suction hose with strainer.
15 ft, 20ft
In summary, water is the primary substance used to extinguish a fire for the following reasons: ■ Water turns to a vapor (steam) when it comes in contact with a fire. The volume of water vapor is ___________ times greater than that of an equal amount of liquid water; as a consequence, water displaces oxygen and effectively smothers the fire. ■ Water absorbs heat and cools the smoke, air, and room and its contents, thereby reducing the ignition temperature and decreasing the amount of fuel available for continued combustion. ■ The water molecules in steam vapor carry the elements of smoke with them as the steam is ventilated from the area.
1700
Water pressure requirements differ, depending on how the water will be used. Generally, the water pressure ranges from ___________ psi to ___________psi at the delivery point. Driver/ operators must understand their water distribution systems and typical operating pressures; however it is recommended that hydrants have a minimum operating pressure of ____________ psi.
20 to 80 20
On the other end of the heat spectrum, water begins boiling at ____________ at sea level (184.4 ° F [84 ° C ] at an altitude of 14,000 feet [4300 m]).
212 ° F (100 ° C)
The first elevated streams were water towers mounted on wagons and pulled by horses. When raised, these elevated streams could raise ___________ in the air.
30ft
Water at ________is almost one-half pound per cubic foot heavier than water at __________. Water begins freezing at __________.
32 ° F (0 ° C) 100 ° F (38 ° C) 32 ° F (0 ° C)
Equipment storage on a mobile foam fire apparatus must include a minimum of __________of enclosed weather-resistant compartment space.
40 ft3
Like the pumper, the quint must have a minimum of ___________ of enclosed weather -resistant compartment space for storage of equipment.
40 ft3
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. population consumes________ gallons of water per day.
408 billion
Fire hydrants may be placed a certain distance apart, about every ___________ in residential areas and every _____________ in high-value commercial and industrial areas.
500 ft 300 ft
The mobile foam fire apparatus shall be equipped with one or more foam concentrate tanks that meet the NFPA requirements and have a minimum capacity (combined if applicable) of ________.
500 gal.
The portable pump can be hand-carried or transported by an off-road vehicle to the water source. Such pumps can deliver up to______________ of water .
500 gpm
Class Flow Available at 20 psi (140 kPa) Color Class C Less than ___________ Red Class B ___________ Orange Class A ____________ Green Class AA _____________ Light blue
500 gpm 500 to 999 gpm 1000 to 1499 gpm 1500 gpm and higher
Approximately_____________ percent of the earth's surface is covered by water.
70 to 75
The mobile foam fire apparatus, as defined in NFPA 1901, shall be equipped with a fire pump that has a minimum rated capacity of________ or an industrial supply pump that meets the requirements of NFPA 1901.
750 gpm
Fire hydrants should be installed at an appropriate height above the ground. The outlets should not be so high or so low that the fire companies have difficulty connecting hoselines to them. NFPA 291 requires a minimum of ____________from the center of a hose outlet to the finish grade.
8 inches
Water in its liquid form weighs__________ pounds (3.79 kg) per gallon, adding 6248 pounds [3.124 tons (2839 kg)] of weight to the chassis of an engine with a 750-gallon (2840-L) tank—1 L of water weighs 1 kg, and 1000 kg = 1 metric ton (or tonne).
8.33
The quint shall carry a minimum total complement of ____________of ground ladders.
85 ft
In 1830, ____________an English fire fighter, created the first _____________.
Abraham Wivell, fly ladder
In 1916, ___________ used pneumatics to raise the ladders.
American LaFrance
______________uses sensors mounted on each wheel to control brake application in the event of a sudden or emergency stop. The brake application applies the correct amount of brake to each wheel to prevent the wheels from locking up and placing the vehicle in a skid.
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
NFPA 1901 states that, at a minimum, the following ladders shall be provided: ■ One attic ladder ■ Two straight ladders (with folding roof hooks) ■ Two extension ladders
Ariel Apparatus
_______________________operates in conjunction with the vehicle's ABS system using the same wheel speed sensors and brake application devices. The __________ detects situations in which the vehicle may enter into a skid and applies precise amounts of braking to help the vehicle maintain traction in slippery road conditions, thereby allowing the driver/ operator to maintain steering control of the vehicle.
Automatic traction control (ATC)
_______________ successfully patterned an ______________hand-cranked aerial ladder.
Daniel Hayes, 85-ft
_________________essentially use an electrical current to create a magnetic force that slows the rotation of a driveshaft or axle.
Driveline retarders
These systems are designed to assist the driver/ operator with the safe operation of the apparatus by maintaining the straight orientation of the vehicle in an effort to prevent rollover collisions. Steering wheel positioning sensors, lateral positioning sensors, and accelerometers work in conjunction with the ABS system to determine when the vehicle is approaching a rollover threshold and then take action by depowering the engine and apply the appropriate amount of braking.
Electronic stability control (ESC).
_____________, also known as compression brakes, open valves in the cylinders of diesel engines to divert compression from the cylinders to create drag that slows the vehicle.
Engine Brakes
___________________restrict exhaust flow from the engine; the compression held in the engine limits the movement of the piston and, in turn, the crankshaft, thereby slowing the vehicle. The excess compression is forced through the exhaust brake, which absorbs the energy.
Exhaust retarders
________________ is the forward pressure measured at a discharge opening while water is moving. When a stream of water flows out through an opening (known as an orifice), all of the pressure is converted to _______________. When a fire hydrant is opened and water flows freely into the street, the flow pressure can be measured to determine ______________.
Flow pressure kinetic energy the actual volume of water flowing.
__________________takes place when two dissimilar metals are immersed in water. An example is the stainless steel piping and the cast pump casing. This essentially creates an electrical charge, and an electrical current will flow between the two metals. _______________ prevent or limit the flow between the two metals, thus limiting the erosion or pitting of the metals.
Galvanic corrosion Sacrificial anodes
To operate a Pitot gauge, follow the steps in SKILL DRILL 4-4 : 1 Remove the cap from a hydrant port, preferably the 2 ½ inch (65-mm) discharge port. ( STEP 1 ) 2 Measure the inside diameter of the discharge port, and record the size . ( STEP 2 ) 3 Fully open the hydrant and allow water to flow. ( STEP 3 ) 4 Hold the Pitot gauge into the center of the flow and place it parallel to the discharge opening at a distance one-half of the inside diameter of the discharge port. ( STEP 4 ) 5 Record the pressure reading. ( STEP 5 ) 6 Close the hydrant valve fully and replace the cap.
How to operate a pitot gauge
1 Remove the cap from the hydrant port, open the hydrant, and allow water to flow until it runs clear. Do your best to avoid property damage with the flowing water. ( STEP 1 ) 2 Close the hydrant valve. ( STEP 2 ) 3 Install a cap gauge on the port. ( STEP 3 ) 4 Open the hydrant valve fully to fill the barrel. No water should be flowing. ( STEP 4 ) 5 Note the pressure reading on the gauge; this is the static pressure of the system. ( STEP 5 ) 6 Close the hydrant fully. 7 Bleed down the pressure. 8 Remove the cap gauge and replace it with the hydrant cap. ( STEP 6 )
How to record static pressure
At least 200 ft (60 m) of 2 ½-inch (65-mm) or larger supply hose must be available on the mobile water supply apparatus.
If the mobile water supply apparatus is equipped with a fire pump, 400 ft (120 m) of 1 ½-inch (45-mm) or 2-inch (52-mm) attack hose and two combination spray nozzles with a minimum capacity of 95 gpm (360 L/ min) are required.
If the mobile water supply apparatus is equipped with a fire pump, then a minimum of 15 ft (4.5 m) of supply hose equipped with hydrant connection threads on one end and pump intake connection threads on the other, or 20 ft (6 m) of hard suction hose with a strainer is carried.
If the mobile water supply apparatus is equipped with a fire pump, then a minimum of 15 ft (4.5 m) of supply hose equipped with hydrant connection threads on one end and pump intake connection threads on the other, or 20 ft (6 m) of hard suction hose with a strainer is carried.
The initial attack fire apparatus is equipped with a fire pump as defined in NFPA 1901 . The fire pump must have the minimum rated capacity of 250 gpm (1000 L/ min). The apparatus' water tank must have, at a minimum, a certified capacity of 200 gal (750 L).
Initial Attack FA A minimum of 15 ft (4.5 m) of supply hose equipped with hydrant connection threads on one end and pump intake connection threads on the other, or 20 ft (6 m) of hard suction hose with a strainer must be carried.
Initial Attack FA The following fire hose and nozzles are required by NFPA 1901: ■ 300 ft (90 m) of 2 ½-inch (65-mm) or larger fire supply hose ■ 400 ft (120 m) of 1 ½-inch (38-mm), 1 ¾-inch (45-mm), or 2-inch (50-mm) attack fire hose ■ Two combination spray nozzles with a minimum capacity of 95 gpm (360 L/ min)
Initial Attack FA the initial attack fire apparatus needs storage compartments. NFPA 1901 mandates a minimum of 22 ft3 (0.62 m3) of enclosed weather-resistant compartments, A 12 ft (3.7 m) or longer combination or extension-type ground ladder is carried on the initial attack fire apparatus.
Both mechanical and electronic devices are available to measure the lateral acceleration of a vehicle . Although these devices will not prevent a rollover, they can be used effectively as a driver training tool to indicate when the vehicle is approaching the rollover threshold and as a reminder to the driver that excessive lateral acceleration can lead to a rollover event.
Lateral acceleration alert device
________________ requires warning light systems to include two modes: (1) a mode that makes the apparatus visible to other drivers in order for them to yield the right-of-way to the responding apparatus, and (2) a mode for use on the emergency scene that makes the apparatus visible while on scene, especially while blocking at roadway incidents. The blocking mode shuts off all forward-facing white lights and may shed additional warning lights on the sides and rear of the apparatus once the vehicle's parking brake is set.
NFPA 1901
The ______________ used eight extensions countered by weights and balances.
Scott-Uda design
Many custom fire apparatus manufacturers offer cabs outfitted with supplemental restraint systems for some or all riding positions, including front air bags, side air bags, and curtains. This equipment is usually combined with seat belt pretension devices and suspension seat pull-down devices. Such protective devices can reduce injury during a rollover as long as the occupants are seated and belted.
Supplemental restraint systems
_____________________divert transmission fluid through a retarder chamber, which causes resistance to be applied to the driveline with the energy dissipated through heat transfer to the vehicle's cooling system.
Transmission retarders
_______________is a pressure surge or wave caused by the kinetic energy of a fluid in motion when it is forced to stop or change direction suddenly.
Water hammer
-Selecting a driver/ operator candidate can be difficult, so the selection process is based on a candidate's knowledge, ability, and willingness to pursue the challenge. -Next on this list of preferred driver/ operator qualities is mechanical ability. -Finally, attitude is a key consideration for the driver/ operator.
When selecting a candidate for driver/operator
This loss is further defined as the drop in pressure while the water maintains its speed (velocity). The result of the interaction between the hose or pipe and the flowing water is_____________ . The ___________ the water must flow through the hose or pipe, the _____________ the friction loss will be.
a reduction in pressure at the point of discharge farther, greater
Control valves installed at intervals throughout a water distribution system____________. These valves are used when a water main breaks or when work must be performed on a section of the system.
allow different sections to be turned off or isolated
Substances dissolved in water are referred to as __________. Class A foam dissolves in water, which reduces the water's surface tension and allows it to saturate the fuel.
aqueous
Later additional aerial devices were developed that included articulated booms and ladder towers. The ________________provided greater flexibility in operating in areas filled with electrical wires and other obstructions. The ________________ provided a solid platform at the end of a boom. It gave fire fighters a platform to work from, a device to use for rescue that eliminated the need for the victims to navigate down a ladder, and a platform to provide water tower equipment.
articulated boom ladder tower
Most fire apparatus manufacturers utilize crash testing to ensure the crashworthiness of their designs. It should be noted that while commercial and custom cabs are both subjected to rollover crash testing, only _______________ are subjected to frontal impact testing.
custom cabs
Some water distribution systems may have ,________________ which supply water from only one direction.
dead-end water mains
Principle 2: Pressure in a fluid acts ___________ . For example, when filling a fire hose with water, the pressure inside is equal in all directions and fills the hose to the shape of the container—that is, the cylindrical hose
equally in all directions
Principle 3: Pressure applied to a confined fluid from without is transmitted ____________.
equally in all directions.
When water is flowing through hoses, pipes, and fittings, the water is slowed by the contact it has with the walls of the hose or pipe, which results in _____________.
friction loss
The drain is _______________when the hydrant valve is __________ . When the hydrant valve is fully opened, the drain closes, which prevents water from being forced out of the drain when the hydrant is under pressure.
fully open fully shut
The first _____________ fire apparatus to discharge water was a unit called a _________. This small truck carried a large _____________ and 50 ft (15 m) or more of small hose (booster line size). It also carried a supply of double-jacked cotton hose, a short ladder, and a running board on which the fire fighters would ride. Small fires were extinguished with the soda acid device, while larger fires used the hose connected directly to the hydrant.
gasoline powered engine chemical wagon soda acid extinguisher
A ___________ provides water flow to a fire hydrant from two or more directions and establishes multiple paths from the source to each area.
grid arrangement
-Another effect that water has on pump maintenance derives from its _________ . -The amount of dissolved ________&_________, which increases the mineral content within water, determines the water's level of hardness. -The surface tension of "hard water" is __________ than that of pure water, which in turn allows for more minerals to be present. The presence of these minerals may ultimately affect the operation of fire pumps, valves, and piping. -As the ____________ collects in equipment over time, it starts breaking down the seals; when not regularly exercised, the valves begin to stick.
hardness calcium and magnesium lower calcium
-water is able to absorb heat because of its ______________characteristics. -The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a substance is known as its _____________. -Water has one of the highest specific heat indexes of any known chemical compound. -Water absorbs almost more heat than sodium bicarbonate.
hydrogen-bonding specific heat index five times
The ________________ fire apparatus is a smaller version of the pumper that is designed to be more maneuverable than the pumper, especially in off-road terrain . This apparatus is usually equipped with four-wheel drive and used to fight fires in urban and rural settings.
initial attack
The second leading cause of fire fighter fatalities is ____________. According to the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), 17 fire fighters died while responding to or returning from a call in 2012.
injuries sustained while responding or returning from a call
Water is ____________as a solid than it is as a liquid. The ________ of water when frozen causes ice to float —a very unique property. With a few exceptions, most other substances are denser when in solid form compared to their liquid form. In addition, water freezes from the_______ as it gradually cools. Open lakes, for example, freeze from the top down and the ice thickens over time.
less dense molecular geometry top down
Technically, pure H2O has a relatively ___________ to conduct electricity. Thus the ability of water to conduct electrical current actually depends on the __________in the water. Salt water, for example, is __________.
low ability amount of dissolved solids highly conductive
The _________ is a fire apparatus with a permanently mounted fire pump, foam proportioning system, and foam concentrate tank( s) whose primary purpose is use in the control and extinguishment of flammable and combustible liquid fires in storage tanks and other flammable liquid spills
mobile foam fire apparatus
Principle 1: Fluid pressure is exerted ___________ to any surface on which it acts. This means that the pressure of the water acts at right angles on its container.
perpendicular
Water that is not moving has ____________. When the water is moving, it has a combination of potential energy and kinetic energy.
potential energy
-Larger mains, known as _____________, carry large quantities of water to a section of the town or city. -Smaller mains, called _____________, distribute the water to a smaller area. -The smallest pipes, called ______________, carry water to the users and hydrants along individual streets.
primary feeders secondary feeders distributors
Principle 4: The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is __________ of the liquid.
proportional depth to the depth
Principle 5: The pressure of a liquid in an open container is ____________ . Different liquids have different densities, so the pressure they exert at the same elevation also differs . For example, mercury is much denser than water. It would take a column of water 13.6 inches (345 mm) tall to exert the same pressure as a column of mercury only 1 inch (25 mm) tall
proportional to the density of the liquid
____________ are sacrificial metal pieces intended to prevent corrosion of the pump components and piping.
pump anodes
A quint has five functions associated with it: .
pump, water tank, fire hose storage, aerial, and ground ladders
when you open a hydrant and start to draw large quantities of water out of the system, some of the potential energy of still water is converted into the kinetic energy of moving water. However, not all of the potential energy turns into kinetic energy; some of it is used to overcome friction in the pipes.The pressure remaining after this loss is subtracted while the water is flowing is the ________________ . Residual pressure is an important measurement because it _______________. The __________ water that is flowing, the ______________ residual pressure there is. In theory, when the _____________ amount of water is flowing, the residual pressure is _________, and there is no more potential energy to push more water through the system . In the fire service, _____________ is considered the minimum usable residual pressure, as this level reduces the risk of damage to underground water mains or pumps.
residual pressure provides the best indication of how much more water is available in the system more, less 20 psi
If you know the ___________ , ____________ in gallons (liters) per minute, and the _____________, you can calculate the amount of water that can be obtained from a hydrant or a group of hydrants on ____________.
static pressure, the flow, residual pressure the same water main
-This ______________ allows water to flow, puddle, and remain together even after leaving a nozzle. -It is not until ___________ acts upon the water stream that it starts to break up into smaller droplets. -Likewise, as water is heated, the surface tension ___________. -The ___________ allows the water to soak into an object with which it comes into contact, rather than just skating over its outer surface. -The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water is so strong that water ________________.
surface tension gravity decreases lower surface tension dissolves more substances than any other liquid.
Do not leave or replace the caps on a dry-barrel hydrant until you are sure that the water has completely drained from the barrel. If you feel suction on your hand when you place it over the opening, ________________.
the hydrant is still draining
Atmospheric pressure changes depending on _______________. Atmospheric pressure drops as altitude increases, and this drop in pressure causes pumps to work harder to generate the same pressures at lower altitudes. Atmospheric pressure decreases approximately 0.5 psi (3.4 kPa) for every 1000 ft (305 m) that the geographic location rises above sea level.
the location of the pump as compared to sea level
For the driver/ operator , elevation refers to ______________.
the position of the pump (above or below) as it relates to the nozzle
While the design and features of the vehicle are important to safe driving, the most important aspect of crash prevention is _________________. The driver/ operator's attitude, training, experience, and qualifications, and the application of those qualities, are the most important elements in crash prevention.
the skill and experience of the driver/ operator
Shut-off valves are located at the connection points where _______________.Shut-off valves control the flow of water to ________________.
the underground mains meet the distributor pipes individual customers or to individual fire hydrants
A municipal water system consists of three components:__________,__________,& __________ .
the water source, the treatment plant, and the distribution system
If pressure is applied to a confined liquid, that pressure is _____________.
transmitted to every point within the liquid without reduction in intensity
-The amount of particulate matter suspended in water is known as ____________. -The _____________ is directly related to the level of turbidity present. -Limestone turns water ___________, whereas iron compounds turn water ____________, copper compounds create an intense _____________, and algae commonly color the water __________. -Turbidity also affects the care and maintenance of the fire pump. As the particulates settle in the pump housing and water tank, they start to cause a breakdown of valves, gaskets, seals, and piping, which can lead to leaks and operational deficiencies.
turbidity color of the water turquoise, reddish-brown, blue color , green.
Principle 6: Liquid pressure on the bottom of a container is _____________. Only the distance between the top and the bottom of the liquid— not the shape or size of the container— has any effect on the pressure.
unaffected by the size and shape of the container
As water passes through or moves by a substance, the positive and negative charges of the molecule take the various chemicals, minerals, and solvents along with it, thus earning water the title of ____________.
universal solvent
If two or more hydrants on the same dead-end main are used to fight a fire, the _______________will have more water and water pressure than the ____________.
upstream hydrant, downstream hydrants
vehicle data recorders record information such as ___________________. VDR data is controlled data, and the driver/ operator and crew do not typically have access. (TQ '16)
vehicle speed acceleration and deceleration data engine speed throttle position braking system status seats occupied and seatbelt status the use of audible and visual warning devices time and date