first quiz

Reperfusion injury to cells a. results in very little cellular damage. b. results from calcium deficiency in cells. c. occurs following nutritional injury. d. involves formation of free radicals.

C

Allostasis is best defined as a. steady state. b. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. c. the process by which the body heals following disease. d. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

d

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene a. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. b. is more responsive to treatment. c. is more likely to be unilateral. d. occurs at an earlier age.

d

Cancer grading is based on a. local invasion. b. tumor size. c. metastasis. d. cell differentiation.

d

The cellular response indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism is a. hydropic swelling. b. lactate production. c. metaplasia. d. intracellular accumulations.

d

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of a. pain medications. b. angiogenesis. c. loss of ATP production. d. tumor necrosis factor.

d

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Epinephrine d. Insulin

d

ndicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. diaphoresis. b. increased peripheral resistance. c. tachycardia. d. pupil constriction.

d

the effect of stress on the immune system a. is unknown. b. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. c. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

d

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a. produce exhaustion. b. invoke resting state. c. set a new baseline steady-state. d. energy and repair.

d. energy and repair.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, G.P. is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a. selectively kill tumor cells. b. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. c. have minimal side effects. d. kill rapidly dividing cells.

D

17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

a

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis. b. metaplasia. c. atrophy. d. hyperplasia.

a

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a. interrupted blood supply. b. lung tissue damage. c. trauma or pancreatitis. d. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation.

a

Metaplasia is a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c. an irreversible cellular adaptation. d. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. b The cellular change that i

a

Proto-oncogenes a. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. b. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes. c. result from severe mutational events. d. are the same as oncogenes.

a

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. Burkitt lymphoma. b. Hodgkin's lymphoma. c. pancreatic cancer. d. hepatic cancer.

a

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. allostasis. b. resistance. c. alarm. d. exhaustion.

a

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. DNA. b. ribosomes. c. RNA. d. membrane.

a

The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. immune suppression. b. hypoglycemia. c. anorexia. d. inflammatory reactions. a

a

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. a. True b. False

a

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is a. decreased functional reserve. b. diseased function. c. programmed senescence. d. senility.

a

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic a. True b. False

a

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. disease treatment

B. secondary prevention

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. epidemic. b. endemic. c. pandemic. d. ethnographic.

b

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a. Prodromal b. Latent c. Sequela d. Convalescence

b

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. cortisol. b. aldosterone. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.

b

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed a. atrophy. b. hypertrophy. c. metaplasia d. inflammation.

b

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3° F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a. a sore throat. b. streptococcal infection. c. genetic susceptibility. d. pharyngitis.

b

In general, with aging, organ size and function a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. d. is unknown.

b

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in a. stress reduction. b. permanent damage and death. c. movement into the resistance stage. d. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

b

Somatic death refers to death a. of a body organ. b. of the entire organism. c. of nerve cells. d. secondary to brain damage. d

b

the cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is a. anaplasia. b. dysplasia. c. metaplasia. d. hyperplasia.

b

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? a. "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers." b. "Lung cancer is always fatal." c. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." d. "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early."

c

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a. secondary prevention. b. primary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

c

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. b. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. c. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. d. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health.

c

extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. c. decreased blood viscosity. d. crystallization of cellular components.

c