Flagella Movement, Fimbrae, Pili, and Endospores

25; Nope

Cheetahs can run about how many of their own body lengths per second? Can they maintain these speeds for long?

Brownian Movement or movement of medium that contains the bacterium.

What are a reversible monotrichous flagellated bacterium's only modes of reorientation?

Reversible and Unidirectional

What are the two types of monotrichous flagellar movement?

Nutrient Source

An example of positive chemotaxis.

Stop

Bacteria cannot ___ flagella. Thus, they will keep going until fewer receptors are bound then tumble again.

3-5; 30; peritrichous

Bacteria like E. Coli are about ___ micrometers long and can move through an aqueous environment at about ___ micrometers per second. What type of flagella?

Bound receptors

Bacterial cells can determine the concentration of a chemical based on the number of ___.

Orients; directed/organized

Brownian movement ___ bacteria but this is not in a ___ way.

Chemotaxis; Positive or negative

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus. Can be ___ or ___.

Gene produces the clutch protein that dislodges the c-ring from fli, disengaging the fli from the rest of the flagella. Puts it in neutral. Stops the flagella not by stopping protons but by disengaging the rest of the flagella. Once the bacterium reorients, it removes the clutch protein, allowing the flagella to re-engage.

Describe how unidirectional flagellated bacteria stop?

The flagella are spinning counterclockwise in a synchronized manner, bundling up behind the bacterium.

Describe the "Run" portion of Run and Tumble mobility?

Flagella begin to spin clockwise, meaning that they all stick out all over the place away from the bacterium, causing the cell to tumble.

Describe the "Tumble" portion of Run and Tumble mobility?

No flagella (non-motile) in the lower parts all the way to the bladder, so attaches to lining of cells. Once reaches bladder, bacteria are triggered to produce flagella and can then swim up to the kidneys.

Describe the flagellation of E. Coli that cause UTIs.

Taxis

How do bacteria 'know' where they want to go?

Cell stops. NO, this is the only known flagella stop.

How do unidirectional flagellated bacteria reorient? Is this common?

Fli proteins; tumble to reorient.

If decreasing numbers of receptors are bound during flagellar moevement, then the cell will communicate with the ___ and make the cell ___.

Can make new ones

If flagella are sheared off, what can the bacteria do if they want to?

Fli Proteins.

If increasing numbers of receptors are bound during flagellar moevement, then the cell will communicate with the ___ and make the cell keep going counterclockwise.

Forwards (away from the flagellum);Backwards (toward the flagellum).

In reversible monotrichous flagella, spinning counterclockwise will move the bacterium ___ while clockwise rotation will move it ___.

Clockwise; Forwards (away from the flagellum)

In unidirectional flagellated bacteria, flagella only spin ___, resulting in the bacteria moving ___.

Flagella shear off; no

Most bacteria can only stop if what occurs? Can this be done willfully?

Magnetotaxis

Movement to orient within the earth's magnetic field. One method of bacterial taxis.

Taxis

Movement toward or away from a stimulus.

Getting somewhere; reorienting/ changing direction

Run is for ____. Tumble is for ___

3-4; 50

Salmonella are about ___ micrometers long and can move through an aqueous environment at about ___ micrometers per second.

Brownian Movement; temperature; non-motile

Shaking from being hit by water molecules. Can be used to determine ___, at least to a point. Because of this, even ___ will appear to shake when viewed under a microscope.

Viscous; they are being bopped around by H2O molecules.

The aqueous medium through which a bacterium passes is actually quite ___ for them, meaning what is happening to them?

Protoplasmic Cylinder; Gram negative envelope.

The inner layer of a spirochete flagella. It is a fairly typical ___, composed of a couple of membranes and a cell wall.

Quorum Sensing

The process by which bacteria can sense how many of "themselves" are in an area.

Toxin or Waste; waste products

Two examples of negative chemotaxis. Which is used to help bacteria realize when population is too high and move to a new area?

5; 200

Vibrio (corkscrew shape) are about ___ micrometers long and can move through an aqueous environment at about ___ micrometers per second.

Chemotaxis Receptors; no, bacteria will have their own sets and there will be different types contained in these sets so that the bacteria can respond to different things. (carbon source, nutrient source, nitrogen source, glucose, fructose, etc.)

What do bacteria use to bind to chemicals or whatnot for chemotaxis? Are these all identical?

Too crowded (via quorum sensing)

What is one stimulus that can trigger a bacterium to produce flagella?

Thiovulum Majus; Spiral; 7-8, 450 (615, according to Wikipedia).

What is the fastest known bacteria? Shape? These are about ___ micrometers long and can move through an aqueous environment at about ___ micrometers per second.

Peritrichous

What is the most common form of flagellation?

To change direction

What is the purpose of the "Tumble" portion of Run and Tumble mobility?

Run and Tumble

What type of movement is seen in peritrichous bacteria?

Shimmer/shake

When observing bacterial movement through water, the cells will appear to ___ while moving due to Brownian Movement.

Rigid

Why can bacterial flagella only spin, not whip like eukaryotic bacteria?

Spirochetes; layer

___ are tightly wound spirals, and their flagella have an extra ___.

E. Coli; 95

___ is responsible for causing ___% of urinary tract infections.

95; Counterclockwise

___% of the time, peritrichous flagella are spinning ____. Bigger percentage.

5

___% of the time, peritrichous flagella are spinning ____. Smaller percentage.