Fluency

Which of the following scenarios describes incidental vocabulary learning?

A student visits his grandparents and listens as his grandfather reads interesting articles from the newspaper aloud. This describes incidental vocabulary learning. In this scenario, the student is acquiring vocabulary simply by listening to his grandfather read the newspaper.

Students are reading a nonfiction article about the events leading up to WWII. Which of the following graphic organizers would most likely help them comprehend the article?

A time line

An English teacher notices that her students are struggling with visualizing a story as she reads it aloud. Which of the following strategies could she implement to help students improve in this area?

After reading a section of the story out loud, the teacher asks the students to draw what they "saw" in their minds on a blank piece of paper.

I tried to throw a surprise party for my mom, but my dad let the cat out of the bag when he left the event reminder pulled up on their shared computer. What type of figurative language is included in the above example?

An idiom

A fifth-grade teacher has decided to repeat a novel she taught the year before but is hoping to improve the way she structures instruction with the first portion of the book. The first chapter contains long paragraphs that describe the setting and introduce many characters, and this seemed to frustrate and confuse her class. It wasn't until the characters and conflict were well established that they enjoyed the book. The teacher would like to minimize the negative initial responses this year. Which of the following activities may help her students get off to a better start?

Ask the students to draw visual representations of the setting and/or characters described in the first chapter.

A sixth-grade teacher had decided to use literature circles with her class to work through a new fiction text they're reading. She will provide the groups with guided questions and discussion ideas to complete during and after their reading sections. Which question stem would encourage students to cite textual evidence to support a prediction for the next chapter of the reading?

Because the character said _____, I believe s/he will _____. This stem requires students to support their prediction with evidence from the text.

How can a teacher best use reading to foster cultural awareness in their classroom?

Deliberately choose reading materials that explore a wide variety of cultures.

A student needs to be able to fluently read a text in order to refocus their attention on which of the following tasks?

Determining the main idea

Every day, midmorning, the teacher gives her class an opportunity to walk around the room and visit with friends for 3-4 minutes, often telling them to "get it out of their system." After hearing the phrase a few times, a student comes up to ask what she means by that sentence. What should the teacher do to best support her student's understanding of this idiom?

Explain the meaning in a more literal way. Idioms often do not make logical sense and can be confusing if you haven't heard them over time and inferred their meaning based on their usage. Since the teacher has been using it regularly, it would be best for her to explain the concept of both idioms and this particular idiom's meaning to the student.

A fourth-grade student loves to read, but typically only picks graphic novels that are written below grade level. Which of the following best explains one reason the teacher might suggest more variation in his independent reading?

Greater variety in reading level and genre will support greater vocabulary development. It is important to have varied reading experiences in order to grow vocabulary.

Ms. Ader reads a book aloud to her students. She introduces unfamiliar words during the reading and wants to promote the students' vocabulary development after the reading. Which of the following activities would best support Ms. Ader's goal?

Have students draw a picture that illustrates the definition of unfamiliar words.

A second-grade teacher wants to develop her students' skills in understanding new texts. Which of the following activities would best help students develop an understanding of a new text?

Have students record mental images that are generated from reading the story. This is the best strategy because when readers create mental images, they engage with the text in ways that make it memorable to them.

Students in a sixth-grade science class are studying biomes across continents. What would be the most appropriate instructional strategy to help students recognize types of biomes, plants and animals in each biome, and vocabulary words associated with each?

Have students take virtual field trips using video clips of biomes and complete a cloze activity using a graphic organizer.

Paula is an ELL student from Mexico. Her mother, Natalia, is a fluent English speaker and is concerned with Paula's reading fluency. She asks Mrs. Dilbert, her ESL teacher, about the different ways that she can help Paula to practice at home. Mrs. Dilbert recommends all of the following except:

Having Paula read "frustration level" texts, or texts that she can read at less than 90% accuracy, at home to challenge her.

A new science unit is being introduced and has many unfamiliar words. During introductory activities, the teacher reads a passage and pauses to have students repeat vocabulary words. They practice pronunciation and discuss the meaning before moving on. This method is referred to as:

Interactive Reading

Mrs. Thorpe is an English teacher who is working with her students to promote their vocabulary. One of the activities she assigns her students is to create a self-made dictionary from the weekly vocabulary list. What is the greatest advantage of a student self-made dictionary over a standard dictionary?

It is composed of definitions that the individual is more likely to recognize and remember.

A first-grade teacher plans her reading lessons so that they always include time for the teacher to read at least part of the text aloud to students. What is one way in which teacher-modeled reading can benefit students' fluency skills?

Listening to the teacher read will help students learn to develop prosody in their own reading.

Mr. Brand is wanting to promote the vocabulary development of his students. Which of the following strategies would best align with current research on promoting vocabulary development among students?

Mr. Brand should introduce new vocabulary words by incorporating them into multiple aspects of instruction and in various contexts.

Which of the following is most important in promoting reading comprehension across all content areas?

Oral Reading Fluency

When students take turns reading appropriate-level texts with a fellow student, which of the following strategies is being used?

Partner Reading

A kindergarten teacher is preparing to teach a unit about trees. Which of the following strategies will help students to gain background knowledge before beginning the unit about trees?

Prepare a sensory table with leaves, bark, branches, and pinecones to teach new words and parts of trees.

Henrique is an ELL student from Mexico. He really wants to improve his reading fluency. His parents ask his teacher for advice, and she informs them that while Henrique has strong reading accuracy and a fast reading rate, he is struggling a bit with his use of intonation and phrasing in reading. He thinks that Henrique would benefit from some additional practice with his:

Prosody

A teacher's goal in a vocabulary lesson is to have the students learn some particularly challenging words that will be key to their understanding of a challenging whole class reading assignment. Which of the following activities best addresses the goal?

Provide a graphic organizer, such as a concept map, and ask students to complete one for each word.

Mrs. David wants to teach her students to ask and answer literal, inferential, and evaluative questions. Which of the following would best support Mrs. David's class in asking and answering these types of questions?

Read a text as a group and then use Bloom's Taxonomy pyramid to help form different kinds of questions and answer them in the group. This activity provides support for students to create questions by using Bloom's Taxonomy and allows students to craft answers to the questions. This is the best activity to support students asking and answering literal, inferential, and evaluative questions.

Mr. Mather is approached by a parent about how to encourage reading and improve reading skills for their child at home. Which of the following is the most effective recommendation for Mr. Mather to make?

Read aloud books with child at home

Mr. Blaschke wants to develop his students' fluency while reading. Which activity would best help him achieve this goal?

Read short excerpts of poetry, demonstrating how to pause and add proper inflection.

A third-grade teacher is facilitating literature circles for her class with books that tie into their current social studies unit. The class will be allowed to choose a title from a set of books that she has pre-selected. The teacher introduces each option by showing the front cover, reading the title, and reading the back of the book. Once students choose their book and begin reading it, they will be given opportunities to meet with other students who are reading the same book. All group members are encouraged to use direct quotes from the text to support the ideas they share with their group. Which of the following describes a reason the teacher encourages her students to read aloud from the text instead of allowing them to paraphrase the relevant information?

Reading aloud is shown to positively impact reading fluency.

Which is an accurate statement about effective reading instruction?

Reading comprehension is increased when reading fluency is increased.

A fourth-grade student is an avid reader and is constantly asking to go to the library to pick out new books. The student only chooses fiction adventure stories to read independently. Which of the following best explains one reason the teacher should encourage the student to explore other genres?

Reading various genres will improve vocabulary by exposing him to different words, and it will help him become a stronger reader of all genres.

A third-grade teacher has been reading one chapter aloud to her class each day from a book that occasionally includes challenging vocabulary. One morning, as she reads the day's chapter, the teacher realizes that many of her students do not understand the use of the word "hysterics" in the book. Which of the following would best support the student's future vocabulary development while also clarifying their understanding of the day's reading?

Revisit the sentence in the text and facilitate the use of context clues to infer the word's meaning. Provide an opportunity to compare their inferred meaning with a denotative definition.

A third-grade teacher would like to provide practice with structural analysis for her students. In which of the following sentences is structural analysis most helpful to determine the meaning of the italicized word?

She was distrustful of the dog ever since it bit her foot.

Before beginning a new unit, a teacher provides her class with a list of new vocabulary terms they will encounter. Other than defining the words as they are used and front loading lessons with new vocabulary, which activity would help students successfully identify and understand the words in context?

Sorting words based on similarities in structure, meaning, or parts of speech.

Before beginning a new unit, a teacher provides her class with a list of new vocabulary terms they will encounter. Other than defining the words as they are used and front loading lessons with new vocabulary, which activity would help students successfully identify and understand the words in context?

Sorting words based on similarities in structure, meaning, or parts of speech. Categorizing and sorting the vocabulary words based on these similarities will provide students with repeated exposure to the terms, making it easier to recognize them in context.

Mrs. Spears wants to incorporate regular silent reading into her weekly schedule. Which of the following ways should Mrs. Spears incorporate this practice to provide the best conditions for the students to improve their individual reading skills?

Students have scaffolded silent reading for 20 minutes every day while Mrs. Spears consults with individual students about their reading progress.

Which of the following statements best aligns with research-based vocabulary instruction practice?

Students should learn a selected amount of age-appropriate vocabulary words in multiple contexts. Students should learn a selected amount of words in multiple contexts so they can understand the variety of the new words. Learning new words in context makes remembering the new words easier for students.

A teacher reads a non-fiction passage aloud to her class. She occasionally stops and asks questions that relate the text to concepts taught in the previous week. The students are using the skill known as:

Synthetizing

Which of the following is a reason that paired student discussion of a text would improve their reading comprehension of the text?

The student must clarify their own understanding in order to explain it to someone else.

When administering an oral reading fluency assessment, which of the following behaviors would indicate that a student has difficulties in the area of rate?

The student reads slowly and deliberately.

A reading teacher has designed a lesson focused on skimming and scanning texts for significant features. What is the purpose of developing this skill?

This skill will help students locate information more quickly.

For a student just beginning to learn English, what would be the advantages of using visuals and having the student point to pictures or act out vocabulary words?

This strategy allows a student who cannot yet speak English to learn vocabulary and gain confidence.

For a student just beginning to learn English, what would be the advantages of using visuals and having the student point to pictures or act out vocabulary words?

This strategy allows a student who cannot yet speak English to learn vocabulary and gain confidence. These are the advantages to using this strategy.

Which of the following is a developmentally appropriate objective for an average second-grade student?

To identify the main idea of the text

For a warm-up activity each morning, a teacher will post a word in front of the class. In response to the word, the students must write a synonym and an antonym, provide a student-created definition, and use the word in a sentence. Which of the following skills is the teacher most likely trying to promote using this warm-up activity?

Vocabulary

A fifth-grade teacher is planning a vocabulary lesson for her class. Which of the following describes the best source for these vocabulary words?

academic or topical vocabulary from their upcoming unit

Which of the following is least important for reading comprehension?

accuracy when required to read aloud to class

Fluency is measured by which three criteria?

accuracy, prosody, and speed Fluency is measured by accuracy, prosody, and speed.

A teacher wants to create a vocabulary list from the magazines and newspapers students use during instruction. Which of the following would be the most effective method to create the vocabulary list for students?

asking students to identify words they do not know during their first reading of the article

A third-grade class is working on an Earth Science unit. The teacher has students read a series of articles on topics that will be covered throughout the unit. Within the articles are bolded vocabulary words the students will be tested over at the end of the semester. In order to help students familiarize themselves with these words, the teacher tells them to make a Frayer model in their notebooks for each word they are expected to know. The teacher creates the following model with the students while introducing the activity:

asking them to define words in multiple ways. This Frayer Model asks students to define words in multiple ways, with a definition, picture, synonyms, and a sentence. This helps students learn the meaning of the word in question.

A third-grade class is working on an Earth Science unit. The teacher has students read a series of articles on topics that will be covered throughout the unit. Within the articles are bolded vocabulary words the students will be tested over at the end of the semester. In order to help students familiarize themselves with these words, the teacher tells them to make a Frayer model in their notebooks for each word they are expected to know. The teacher creates the following model with the students while introducing the activity: Frayer models such as the one above help students learn vocabulary words by:

asking them to define words in multiple ways. This Frayer Model asks students to define words in multiple ways, with a definition, picture, synonyms, and a sentence. This helps students learn the meaning of the word in question.

A fourth-grade teacher is beginning a unit on grammar and parts of speech that contains vocabulary not regularly used by students. To best draw on students' experiences in a manner that helps them develop a deeper understanding of the unit's terms, the classroom teacher should:

build a language rich environment.

A third-grade class visits the library weekly. Approximately once a month, one student checks out her favorite book, along with other new books. She has now taken this book home for independent reading many times. How can the teacher best support this student's fluency development?

by allowing the student to continue periodically checking out and rereading the book she loves

Mrs. Radcliffe, a first-grade teacher, wants to support her students' vocabulary development. Which of the following activities would best support her students' vocabulary development?

have students listen to a fictional story and an informational text that use the same vocabulary

Mrs. Radcliffe, a first-grade teacher, wants to support her students' vocabulary development. Which of the following activities would best support her students' vocabulary development?

have students listen to a fictional story and an informational text that use the same vocabulary Providing multiple contexts for new words allows students many ways to scaffold the new word into their vocabulary.

(1) Have you ever seen a homeless person? (2) Chances are, you have. (3) Homelessness is an issue that has become an epidemic, affecting people of every age and in every country. (4) This issue is especially evident in societies where people live a hand-to-mouth existence, living from paycheck to paycheck. (5) If you walk down the street in many big cities in the United States, you might notice people sleeping on the sidewalk or begging for food or money. (6) These individuals are very visible to passersby, and it is difficult to ignore them. (7) However, there are also homeless people who do not sleep on the streets. (8) They are not as visible to the public eye, but they are also homeless. (9) These people often spend their nights sleeping in shelters, which provide food, rooms, and often a variety of social services (like daycare). (10) We might not see these people on the streets, but it does not mean that they aren't suffering. Which of the following is the best definition of the expression "hand-to-mouth" as it is used in sentence 4 of the selection?

having nothing to spare The author uses the phrase "living from paycheck to paycheck" as a context clue to help the reader understand the colloquial expression.

A teacher wants to develop reading fluency in his first-grade class. Which of the following would be the most effective activity to enhance the students' reading fluency?

having students reread stories that were used during a guided reading activity

A sixth-grade teacher presents the class with the following description of a fictional confrontation between a middle school principal and a middle school student: The student was sent to the office due to a dress code infraction. The secretary provided the student with a different pair of shorts to wear for the remainder of the day. The student refused to wear the shorts, explaining that she did not believe her shorts were too short or inappropriate. The principal and the student discuss, disagree, and the student ends up receiving an after school detention. The teacher then randomly provides each student with either the email that was sent to the parent of the student or the text message that the student sent to her parents after school. The students are placed in pairs to evaluate how the content of the principal's email varies from the student text message. This activity is most likely designed to teach the students:

how an author's point of view can impact the account of a particular event.

An upper-elementary-grades teacher writes the morpheme audi on the board, says it correctly, and says that audi comes from the Latin word for "hear." The teacher asks students to call out words that begin with or have audi as part of their spelling. As they respond, the teacher makes the graphic organizer below. This activity develops students' vocabulary skills by showing the students:

how to use prefixes and suffixes to assist with spelling and defining words. Creating this type of graphic organizer would help students develop their vocabulary skills and improve their knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.

A fourth-grade teacher has recently finished teaching a list of 20 vocabulary words associated with the short story they are studying. She breaks the class into five groups and assigns four vocabulary words from the list to each group. Each group chooses a word to act out in front of the class while the other groups sit silently watching the presentation. The groups then have five minutes to discuss what word was being acted out. The teacher asks each group what word they think it is, and each group that is correct earns a point. Each group performs multiple times until all the words have been acted out. This activity will help students retain the meanings of the vocabulary words they have learned by:

increasing student interest and motivating students to learn new vocabulary words.

Which of the following would best promote the increase of students' reading vocabulary?

make time for students to engage in independent reading Students reading independently will be introduced to new vocabulary which will allow them to use decoding skills to learn it.

A first-grade teacher tells her students to pick out a book from the library specifically to be taken home with instructions to ask a parent or older sibling to read it aloud to them. After reading, the student and their parent or sibling will discuss a few questions asking them to identify the main problem and determine if and how it was resolved. Which of the following would this homework assignment promote? Select all answers that apply.

plot analysis fluency development

A student has shown proficiency in the ability to read a test with appropriate inflection. Which of the following skills has the student demonstrated?

prosody

An English teacher is teaching a group of beginner English Language Learners (ELLs) common school vocabulary (pencil, book, chair) and useful phrases ("May I use the restroom?"). She has been pointing to the vocabulary words, saying them, and then having the students repeat them back orally and write them in their notebooks. The students seem to be getting words confused when they try to use them in the classroom environment. Which of the following support strategies would be most appropriate to help students internalize and use the vocabulary they are learning?

provide pictures of each vocabulary word and sentence stems for writing and speaking

A third-grade classroom includes several students who are English Language Learners (ELLs). The students are reading a novel, and the teacher has introduced a list of vocabulary words on a bulletin board. The ELL students are not currently reading on grade level. Which of the following strategies could help them to learn the vocabulary words? Select all answers that apply.

provide translated versions of the vocabulary words pair the vocabulary word with a picture and simple definition

While reading a scientific article, a class of fifth-grade students completed a series of Frayer models on unfamiliar vocabulary words they encountered. To complete a Frayer model, students write the vocabulary word in the center, and then fill the surrounding rectangles with the definition, pictures of examples and non-examples, and a sentence using the word. Each student completed a different number of Frayer models depending on how many new vocabulary words they learned from the article. This activity will improve students' vocabulary knowledge by:

providing a series of mnemonic devices to increase student retention of the new words.

Which of these strategies is the LEAST effective for developing student vocabulary?

providing weekly word lists for students to study and memorize Word lists for rote memorization have been proven to be the least effective method of teaching new vocabulary.

Mr. Hernandez is concerned about his son's reading fluency. He feels that his son has a solid understanding of English, strong grammar, and a limited accent, and he doesn't understand why reading is so difficult for him. His ESL teacher explains to Mr. Hernandez that reading fluency takes time, and while the factors that he mentioned are important, the three components of fluency that his son needs to work on are:

reading accuracy, automaticity, and prosody.

Which of the following is an important component of choral reading? Select all answers that apply.

reading aloud hearing the teacher model oral reading

A second-grade teacher expects students to consistently read at home and also asks that they spend time reading aloud to an adult or older sibling. Which of the following is a skill the teacher hopes the students will further develop due directly to reading out loud?

reading fluency

A third-grade teacher reads a fictional story to the class and bases activities on one character of the story. The teacher assigns the same story to be read that night with parents/guardians and provides questions based on another character. Which of the following would this lesson best promote?

reading for a purpose and fluency

A teacher wants to promote students' vocabulary development. Which of the following would be the best approach for the teacher to utilize when selecting texts to read aloud to students?

reading from a wide variety of genres and texts

The development of reading comprehension skills is important in elementary students. Which of the following is the LEAST important strategy in promoting reading comprehension among elementary students?

relate oral language to semantics This is the correct answer because relating oral language to semantics has nothing to do with comprehension strategies.

Lisa is struggling to comprehend grade-level texts during independent reading and her oral reading is jerky and irregular. Mr. Harris wants to improve Lisa's reading comprehension. Which of the following instructional strategies should Mr. Harris focus on?

sight-word automaticity

A few times a week, a fifth-grade teacher reads a complex informational text with a small group of students. One day, a student says, "When I read from the top to the bottom of the page, I don't always remember what it said." The best way for the teacher to help this student would be to:

teach the student self-monitoring text strategies such as rereading and notetaking. Teaching the student self-monitoring strategies will help him/her process and understand the text.

A fifth-grade teacher passes out the following diagram to the class. After reading a science article, the teacher divides students into small groups and gives each group a copy of the chart. Within each group, the students discuss the main idea and supporting details present in one of the paragraphs of the article. After each group has an opportunity to record their thoughts on their copy of the chart, the teacher puts each group's chart up on the board in the same order as the article. Finally, the teacher leads a whole class discussion on the findings of each group. This activity is likely to develop students' reading abilities by:

teaching students a method of summarizing the main points in a longer text. This chart provides students with an efficient method of summarizing a longer text. As students read, they can fill in the chart. After reading the article, students can use the chart to write or orally summarize the main points of the article.

Which of the following would NOT be considered when determining whether a student is a fluent reader?

the student's ability to infer unfamiliar word meanings

Which of the following would be a component of effective vocabulary instruction?

the study of roots, prefixes, and suffixes

Which of the following statements describes the purpose of having a student repeatedly read aloud?

to increase the student's fluency and reading rate

A third-grade teacher reads a book aloud to the class. After reading, they discuss as a class how the main character feels at the end of the story. Collectively deciding that the character feels happy, the teacher asks each student to reread the end of the book in order to pick one sentence that best proves the character is happy. Projecting an image of the excerpt, the teacher then highlights each different sentence that is chosen. Finally, the class decides on one sentence that most clearly demonstrates happiness. Which of the following best describes a possible reason for highlighting and comparing the sentences?

to provide an opportunity for students to evaluate the quality of the evidence