Fluid & Electrolyte PrepU
Which set of arterial blood gas (ABG) results requires further investigation?
pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and HCO3- 18 mEq/L The ABG results pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and HCO3- 18 mEq/L indicate respiratory alkalosis. The pH level is increased, and the HCO3- and PaCO2 levels are decreased. Normal values are pH 7.35 to 7.45; PaCO2 35 to 45 mm Hg; HCO3- 22 to 26 mEq/L.
The nurse is reviewing client lab work for a critical lab value. Which value is called to the physician for additional orders?
Potassium: 5.8 mEq/L Normal potassium level is approximately 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. Elevated potassium levels can lead to muscle weakness, paresthesias, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
The nurse knows which is the normal serum value for potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L (3.5-5.0 mmol/L).
The nurse is assessing residents at a summer picnic at the nursing facility. The nurse expresses concern due to the high heat and humidity of the day. Although the facility is offering the residents plenty of fluids for fluid maintenance, the nurse is most concerned about which?
Insensible fluid loss
The nurse is reviewing lab work on a newly admitted client. Which diagnostic stud(ies) confirms the nursing problem statement of dehydration. Select all that apply.
An elevated hematocrit level Electrolyte imbalance
Which solution is hypotonic?
0.45% NaCl
Which is considered an isotonic solution?
0.9% normal saline
A client with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and distention is admitted to the health care facility. Which test result is most significant?
Serum potassium level of 3 mEq/L
To evaluate a client for hypoxia, the physician is most likely to order which laboratory test?
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis Red blood cell count, sputum culture, total hemoglobin, and ABG analysis all help evaluate a client with respiratory problems. However, ABG analysis is the only test that evaluates gas exchange in the lungs, providing information about the client's oxygenation status.
You are caring for a client with shock. You are concerned about hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis with your client. What finding should you analyze for evidence of hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis in a client with shock?
Arterial blood gas (ABG) findings Analysis of ABG findings is essential for evidence of hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. Low RBCs and hemoglobin correlate with hypovolemic shock and can lead to poor oxygenation. An elevated white blood cell count supports septic shock. Serum thyroid level findings do not help determine the presence of hypoxemia or metabolic acidosis.
A 54-year-old male patient is admitted to the hospital with a case of severe dehydration. The nurse reviews the patient's laboratory results. Which of the following results are consistent with the diagnosis? Select all that apply.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 23 mg/dL Serum osmolality of 310 mOsm/kg Serum sodium of 148 mEq/L Urine specific gravity of 1.03
A client reports tingling in the fingers as well as feeling depressed. The nurse assesses positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs. Which decreased laboratory results does the nurse observe when the client's laboratory work has returned?
Calcium
A nurse is caring for a client. After review of the laboratory assessment, the nurse identifies that the potassium level is 6.2 mEq/l (6.2 mmol/l). Select the mechanism of action from each of the following medications. calcium gluconate sodium bicarbonate IV regular insulin and hypertonic dextrose renal replacement therapy
Calcium gluconate antagonizes the potassium in the heart. Calcium chloride and calcium gluconate can be used but caution with both. Sodium bicarbonate alkalizes the plasma. Intravenous regular insulin and hypertonic dextrose shifts potassium back into the cells. Actual removal of potassium from the body can be completed by use of peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or other forms of renal replacement therapy.
When a client's ventilation is impaired, the body retains which substance?
Carbon dioxide
The nurse is caring for a client with a serum sodium concentration of 113 mEq/L (113 mmol/L). The nurse should monitor the client for the development of which condition?
Confusion
The nurse is caring for a client with laboratory values indicating dehydration. Which clinical symptom is consistent with the dehydration?
Dark, concentrated urine
Which nerve is implicated in the Chvostek's sign?
Facial
A client with lower extremity edema is diagnosed with lymphedema. For which medication will the nurse prepare teaching for this client?
Furosemide
A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dl, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypercalcemia
The nurse is assigned to care for a client with a serum phosphorus concentration of 5.0 mg/dL (1.61 mmol/L). The nurse anticipates that the client will also experience which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypocalcemia
Oral intake is controlled by the thirst center, located in which of the following cerebral areas?
Hypothalamus
A physician orders an isotonic I.V. solution for a client. Which solution should the nurse plan to administer?
Lactated Ringer's solution
Your client has a diagnosis of hypervolemia. What would be an important intervention that you would initiate?
Limit sodium and water intake.
A client has the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values: pH, 7.12; partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), 40 mm Hg; and bicarbonate (HCO3-), 15 mEq/L. These ABG values suggest which disorder?
Metabolic acidosis This client's pH value is below normal, indicating acidosis. The HCO3- value also is below normal, reflecting an overwhelming accumulation of acids or excessive loss of base, which suggests metabolic acidosis. The PaCO2 value is normal, indicating absence of respiratory compensation. These ABG values eliminate respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis.
A client in the emergency department reports that he has been vomiting excessively for the past 2 days. His arterial blood gas analysis shows a pH of 7.50, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 43 mm Hg, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) of 75 mm Hg, and bicarbonate (HCO3-) of 42 mEq/L. Based on these findings, the nurse documents that the client is experiencing which type of acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic alkalosis A pH over 7.45 with a HCO3- level over 26 mEq/L indicates metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis is always secondary to an underlying cause and is marked by decreased amounts of acid or increased amounts of base HCO3-. The client isn't experiencing respiratory alkalosis because the PaCO2 is normal. The client isn't experiencing respiratory or metabolic acidosis because the pH is greater than 7.35.
The nurse is providing discharge education to a client who had hypophosphatemia while in the hospital. The client has a diet prescribed that is high in phosphate. Which foods should the nurse teach this client to include in the diet? Select all that apply.
Milk Beef Liver
A 64-year-old client is brought in to the clinic with thirsty, dry, sticky mucous membranes, decreased urine output, fever, a rough tongue, and lethargy. Serum sodium level is above 145 mEq/L. Should the nurse start salt tablets when caring for this client?
No, sodium intake should be restricted.
Which of the following would be appropriate nursing interventions for a client with hypokalemia? Select all that apply.
Offer a diet with fruit juices and citrus fruits. Monitor intake and output every shift.
A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client with acute heart failure. Which laboratory value is most important for the nurse to check before administering medications to treat heart failure?
Potassium Diuretics, such as furosemide (Lasix), are commonly used to treat acute heart failure. Most diuretics increase the renal excretion of potassium. The nurse should check the client's potassium level before administering diuretics, and obtain an order to replace potassium if the level is low.
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; PaO2, 70 mm Hg; and HCO3--, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate?
Respiratory alkalosis A client with pneumonia may hyperventilate in an effort to increase oxygen intake. Hyperventilation leads to excess carbon dioxide (CO2) loss, which causes alkalosis — indicated by this client's elevated pH value. With respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys' bicarbonate (HCO3-) response is delayed, so the client's HCO3- level remains normal. The below-normal value for the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) indicates CO2 loss and signals a respiratory component. Because the HCO3- level is normal, this imbalance has no metabolic component. Therefore, the client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis.
After being sick for 3 days, a client with a history of diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse should evaluate which diagnostic test results to prevent dysrhythmias?
Serum potassium level
Which of the following electrolytes is the primary determinant of extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality?
Sodium
A medical nurse educator is reviewing a client's recent episode of metabolic acidosis with members of the nursing staff. What should the educator describe about the role of the kidneys in metabolic acidosis?
The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate level in the ECF; they can regenerate bicarbonate ions as well as reabsorb them from the renal tubular cells. In respiratory acidosis and most cases of metabolic acidosis, the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. In respiratory and metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. The kidneys obviously cannot compensate for the metabolic acidosis created by kidney disease. Renal compensation for imbalances is relatively slow (a matter of hours or days).
A client being treated for a chronic illness has a serum potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L (2.9 mmol/L). Which assessment finding(s) will the nurse expect to assess in the client? Select all that apply.
anorexia paresthesia muscle weakness leg cramps
A client has a serum calcium level of 7.2 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/L). During the physical examination, the nurse expects to assess:
Trousseau's sign.
What does the nurse understand is the primary method by which fluid volume is regulated?
Urine excretion
A client was admitted to the hospital unit after 2 days of vomiting and diarrhea. The client's spouse became alarmed when the client demonstrated confusion and elevated temperature, and reported "dry mouth." The nurse suspects the client is experiencing which condition?
dehydration
A client is taking spironolactone to control hypertension. The client's serum potassium level is 6 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority during assessment?
electrocardiogram (ECG) results Although changes in all these findings are seen in hyperkalemia, ECG results should take priority because changes can indicate potentially lethal arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. It wouldn't be appropriate to assess the client's neuromuscular function, bowel sounds, or respiratory rate for effects of hyperkalemia.
The nurse assesses a client who is diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and at risk for alterations in both fluid and electrolyte balance. Complete the following sentence by choosing from the lists of options. During the assessment, the nurse focuses on monitoring the client for
hypokalemia as evidenced by cardiac arrhythmia
A client presents with muscle weakness, tremors, slow muscle movements, and vertigo. The following are the client's laboratory values: Sodium 134 mEq/L (134 mmol/L)Potassium 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L)Chloride 111 mEq/L (111 mmol/L)Magnesium 1.1 mg/dL (0.45 mmol/L)Calcium 8.4 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L)
hypomagnesemia
A client recovering from an acute asthma attack experiences respiratory alkalosis. The nurse measures a respiratory rate of 46 breaths/minute, a heart rate of 110 beats/minute, a blood pressure of 162/90 mm Hg, and a temperature of 98.6° F (37° C). To help correct respiratory alkalosis, the nurse should:
instruct the client to breathe into a paper bag.
To confirm an acid-base imbalance, it is necessary to assess which findings from a client's arterial blood gas (ABG) results? Select all that apply.
pH PaCO2 HCO3 Arterial blood gas (ABG) results are the main tool for measuring blood pH, CO2 content (PaCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3). The two types of acid-base imbalances are acidosis and alkalosis.