Food

income

Income refers to the money received or earned on a continuous basis, as a return for work or investments -flow of money

median

middle point

local food movement

"locavores" are a movement which aims to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region, in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to have an impact on the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place -seasonal

Democracy vs. distinction

-On the one hand, omnivorous food choices are inclusive, multicultural, and broad; in other words, they are more democratic than the traditional culinary hierarchy -democratic:Foodies frequent 'hole in the wall' ethnic eateries, appreciate the pie found in working-class truck stops, and reject the snobbery of fancy French restaurants with formal table service. -distinction:omnivorous food culture only as a tool of class domination. -the second story describes how food operates as a source of status and distinction for economic and cultural elites, indirectly maintaining and reproducing social inequality. While the first storyline insists that anybody can be a foodie, the second asks foodies to look in the mirror and think about their relative social and economic privilege

client demands

-The restaurant cook prepares food for an audience that does not belong to his or her occupation-an audience that may not have the same stan- dards or even be aware of the existence of standard -customer is always right -perfectly coked beef

mean

-average -sum divided by the total number

collective action

-behavior that people engage in as a group and formulate as a response to problematic conditions -collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place -

nutrition and citizenship in us

-being healthy is being a good citizen -to be american means doing the right thing; make clear defined food decisions through research and science -calorie count: we have figured out how to be cheap and maximize nutritional benefits

food geography

-best way to escape western diet is to reject supermarket and fast food -use farmers market and CSA; seasonal produce -local food is fresh; ;less transportation so it benefits the environment -supermarket layout: processed foods in the middle; while dairy, produce, meat, and fish are on the outsides. Stick to the outside

habitus

-combination of cultural capital (music,education,food taste, who you vote for, vocabulary) -cultural taste determined by one's structural position -effortless: think table etiquette -not consciously thinking about it

resource base

-cost of materials -Price and quality combine together to determine restaurant success, as judged by external publics. Restaurants are known directly by clients who learn about them through advertising, experience, word of mouth, the publicity of managers, and institutionalized gatekeepers, such as crit- ics and journals -

community based food justice

-counter the injustice of industrial food system -community based food projects -help low income

asthetics

-customer is always right -sensory qualities of experience and objects: beauty, creativity, ele- gance, goodness, and the like -all cooks hope to present what they consider appealing dishes of which they are proud-food that will appeal to their customers' senses, not merely food that will satiate them or make them healthy (the functional characteristics of food

• Peach farming business model

-fetishism of commodity -wages of labor are a small fraction of what we pay to store -mechanization of jobs

feminist theory

-gender inequality exist -gender norms are socially constructed -goal of research is to foster gender inequality

mothers impact on kids food

-healthy home cooked meals - Not only are women expected to provide food for their family, there are expected to provide "good food" with sufficient nutritional content so their children can have a good palate -"good mother" monitors good purchases to prevent harmful toxins or chemicals from entering their children's bodies.

discourse

-how food is talked about, discussed, and understood -interested in how food discourse shapes social norms -foodie magazines help foodies to communicate across class boundaries -helps spot culinary trends -food writing/food television

fetishism of commodity

-ignoring the labor involved in production -economy distracts you -producers are invisible -out of sight out of mind -capitalist society treat commodities as if the objects themselves contained intrinsic value, rather than regarding value as the amount of real labor expended to produce the object.

nutritionsm

-is an ideology -Foods are essentially the sum of their nutrient parts" -michael pollan disagrees -relying solely on information regarding individual nutrients has led people and policy makers to repeatedly make poor decisions relating to nutrition. -Pollan blames nutritionism for many of the health problems relating to diet -Pollan argues that because we can't see nutrients, in the nutritionist view, "it falls to scientists...to explain the hidden reality of foods to us -another assumption of nutritionism, he explains, is "that the whole point of eating is to maintain and promote bodily health. -nutritionsim: we can enhance food by naming a singular aspect about it. approaching healthy foods on a singular basis

social movement

-joining takes effort beyond every day routine - purposeful, organized groups striving to work toward a common goal. -to get social change you need collective action and social movement

gender wage gap

-structural berries removed: sexist hiring policies are now illegal -social barriers remain: mens jobs vs women jobs -even if pay is same women go into lower paying jobs -women go to culinary school but not a lot become chefs, they find a lower paying flexible job -subtle enforcement of gender norms (caretaker/mother)

foodie

-love food more than the average person -devotes time and energy to learning about good food, but aren't a professional -has well developed palate -non foodie:eat anything. they eat fast food and processed food with no developed palate

Reproduction of inequality

-money-cultural capital-money -middle class lifestyle -higher SAT scores -higher paying jobs

false consciousness

-particular state of mind that prevents a person from recognizing the injustice of their current situation. According to Marxists, this state of mind prevents individuals from combining their efforts and taking action to have a better life than they currently have. -accepting belief system of others -working class believing in ideals of the ruling class -shows why revolts dont happen - unable to see things, especially exploitation, oppression, and social relations, as they really are;

Pollan: In Defense of Food

-people eating western diet are prone to chronic diseases that seldom strike people from traditional diets -medicalizing the problem of western diet instead of working to fix it -no money in healthy or dead people, just in between' -go back to the diet of ancestors and not eat anything your grandma wouldn't

non gmo movement

-reject biotechnology -gmo-herbicide resistance -gmos pollute water sources, reduce bio-diversity

scientific moralism

-scientific nutrition attached with the idea of eating right -we know the calorie count and nutrition of food -cultivate a better society through a scientific approach

constraints of food purchasing

-spatial -temporal-as food is not temporally avail-able when stores or markets are closed for business -economic:The current structure of food prices is such that sweet and high-fat foods provide dietary energy at the lowest cost . Consumers with limited resources may select energy-dense diets high in refined grains, added sugars and fats as an effective way to save money

• Three strategies women chefs use to resolve work-family conflict

-strong network of family and friends (social capital) -move to different jobs that while still part of the culinary industry, provided more stability, family benefits, and a reduction in hours. -women felt guilt for not being with their kids -Women who were most able to accomplish this task included those who had worked their way up the kitchen hierarchy so that their position afforded them the luxury of relative flexibility. However, women are only able to attain such positions after years of near-total commitment to their work -they become their own boss

cultural omnivores

-taste for all genres -high brow: classical music; fine dining -low brow: taco shack -have cultural taste and willingness to cross established hierarchal cultural genre boundaries

Occupational segregation

-women and male dominated jobs - is inefficient economically, preventing able people from moving into occupations where they could perform well and that would satisfy them more than the ones open to them. And occupational segregation is a major cause for the persistent wage gap.

"Stalled" gender revolution

-women are way too busy trying to work and maintain their families to be active in social issues. Plus, there are so many facets of feminism that still need to be addressed — motherhood and work being only one of many — and quality, affordable childcare is only one of many facets of that issue. - women have fully entered the full-time labor force, increasingly in male-dominated fields, yet men have not comparably shifted into female-dominated fields or responsibility for household labor and childcare.

organizational efficiency

Organizations are expected to produce a certain number of products or services in a set time period (Lauer 1981). As a result, temporal demands constrain production decisions in restaurant kitchens (Fine 1990). Cus- tomers will wait only so long for any dish to be prepared, and cooks have limited time in which they can prepare for dinner, given the size of the staff, affecting what can be serve

slow food movement

Promoted as an alternative to fast food, it strives to preserve traditional and regional cuisine and encourages farming of plants, seeds, and livestock characteristic of the local ecosystem. -promote local food business -Slow Food is fresh and healthy, free of pesticides and chemicals

nutritionism defined

The concept of nutritionism is the idea that foods are essentially broken down into what nutrients are in it: fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The problem with this sort of thinking is that there are myriad elements in food that we do not understand. And by this I mean that scientists do not know exactly what they do or do not do. An example is breastmilk - a more complex food, sure, but equally difficult to ascertain how each component functions on a growing brain and body. The big issue with nutritionism is that if we believe we can break food down into the sum of its parts, then it's easy to believe that processed foods can be even "healthier" for you than the whole foods strictly based on the fact that it has the appropriate quantities of some nutrients, even if we do not fully understand what some of the other elements (phytochemicals, etc.) do for us.

wealth

Wealth implies money or valuable possession accumulated by a person during the course of his life. -stock of assets

agency

capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices -free will -independence -unique behavior -individual acts as a free agent -outcome is influenced by me

cultural capital

ccumulation of knowledge, behaviors and skills that one can tap into to demonstrate one's cultural competence, and thus one's social status or standing in society. -how do food preferences relate to socioeconomic status -collection of symbolic elements such as skills, tastes, posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings, credentials, etc. that one acquires through being part of a particular social class

organic food movement

developed in the 1900s as a reponse to conventional farming -no synthetic pesticides

sustainable food movement

free-range chicken; lean, grass-fed beef; -sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare. This form of agriculture enables us to produce healthful food without compromising future generations' ability to do the same.

food desert

lack affordable fresh fruits and vegeta- bles, as remaining corner stores are unable to procure and preserve wide varieties - low-income communities and communities of color

structure

patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available -opportunities -constraints -options -acting in a way dictated by social structure -forces outside my control and the outcome is influenced by others -structure usually is more dominant.

• Evolution of supermarket business model

rely on mass selling of products instead of making a profit per product -can keep prices cheap -They bypassed dry grocery wholesalers by storing products in large warehouses and

frame alignment

ways in which activists try to promote a social movement's frame to prospective members -align interest -recycling and going vegetarian both have to do with the environment -connect people to align interest to help us see things through the same frame