Foundations of Emotion, Chapter 6
Which of the following brain functions is mediated, at least in part, by the neurotransmitter serotonin?
All of the above
Several studies have shown that people with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) show greater risk-taking than people with no brain damage. Which of the following is a plausible explanation for this finding, considered on its own?
All of the above are plausible explanations of the finding.
Which of the following neurotransmitters serves as the body's natural painkiller?
B-endorphin
When people with amygdala damage undergo a fear conditioning procedure, in which a specific color is repeatedly paired with electric shock, which of the following happens?
Both A and B happen after fear conditioning in people with amygdala damage.
According to researcher Elizabeth Phelps, the currently available research on the amygdala suggests that this structure serves which of the following functions?
Both b and c are correct.
Which of the following functions is mediated by the neurotransmitter dopamine?
Dopamine is involved all of the above functions.
Which of the following neuroscience methods uses sensors placed on the scalp to measure brain activity?
Electroencephalography
Which of the following psychological processes is NOT mediated primarily by the prefrontal cortex?
Episodic memory
Which of the following neuroscience methods measures the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the brain?
Functional MRI
Which of the following functions is NOT served by the hypothalamus?
It directs the release of hormones that control part of the stress response.
Which of the following neuroscience methods is well-suited to asking whether a particular brain structure is necessary for producing some behavior?
Lesion methods
Which of the following is an example of the reverse inference problem?
Meredith notices that whenever her supervisor is embarrassed, he coughs. One day, the supervisor coughs while introducing Meredith to a colleague; Meredith concludes that he must be feeling embarrassed.
Your textbook describes two major studies examining brain activity during different emotions, one by Vital and Hamann (2010), and one by Lindquist and colleagues (2012). Which of the following accurately describes an important methodological difference between the two analyses?
One study asked whether specific brain structures were more active during one emotion that during other emotions; the other study asked whether patterns of activity across the whole brain differed across emotions.
In a task in which participants read a long list of words, and are later tested for which words they remember, how do people with amygdala damage typically differ from people with no brain damage (or damage in a different location)?
People with amygdala remember emotional and neutral words at similar rates, whereas people without amygdala damage show better memory for emotional words.
Research indicates that the nucleus accumbens supports which of the following psychological processes?
Research suggests that the nucleus accumbens is involved in all of the above.
According to MacLean's triune brain model, emotional responding emerged at a particular stage of evolutionary history, and as a result emotional processes are mediated by activity in a particular region of the brain. Which of the following was proposed by MacLean to be the "emotional" area of the brain?
The "mammalian" subcortex or limbic system
In post-traumatic stress disorder, people experience intrusive, vivid flashbacks to a traumatic experience they previously had. Given what you have learned about neuroanatomy so far, which of the following brain structures would you most expect to have strong involvement in the development of PTSD?
The amygdala
What exactly does functional MRI imaging measure?
The difference between blood with oxygen and blood without oxygen
Which of the following brain structures has been described as the body's "thermostat?"
The hypothalamus
Which of the following brain structures plays the strongest role in sexual arousal?
The hypothalamus
Which of the following brain structures is thought to mediate the conscious awareness of the muscles and internal organs?
The insular cortex
Philips and LeDoux (1992) conducted a study with amygdala-lesioned and control rats. The study used fear-conditioning paradigm, in which rats learned that a certain tone predicted an electric shock. In what way did the amygdala-lesioned rats differ from the control rats?
The lesioned rats did not "freeze" as long after hearing the tone as control rats did.
Emily is visiting Las Vegas with some friends, and they decide to play roulette. Which of the following brain structures is especially likely to be activated after Emily has placed her bet, while she watches the wheel spin and waits for the result?
The nucleus accumbens
Emily is visiting Las Vegas with some friends, and they decide to play roulette. Which of the following brain structures is especially likely to be activated while Emily is deciding how much to bet on a given round, and where to place her bet?
The nucleus accumbens
Which of the following brain structures has been most strongly implicated in drug addiction?
The nucleus accumbens
Which of the following is the best definition of homeostasis?
The regulation of temperature, hydration, blood chemistry and other factors into order to keep these within a healthy range
In one study described in your textbook, researchers used fMRI to scan the brain of a dead salmon, first while the salmon was instructed to take the perspective of another species, and again during a control task. What conclusion did the researchers draw from the study?
Their data analysis approach, commonly used in fMRI research, is prone to confusing measurement noise with real effects, and producing false-positive results.
After a car accident in which his head hit the dashboard, Markus becomes increasingly impulsive, making poor decisions quickly rather than waiting to think them through. Markus likely experienced damaged to his during the car accident.
prefrontal cortex
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located within the lobe of the brain.
temporal
The central nervous system consists of:
the brain and spinal cord.
