French Revolution

Thermidorian Reaction (1794)

- ended reign of terror •Constituted a significant swing to the right (conservatism). • Respectable bourgeois lawyers and professionals who had led the liberal Revolution of 1789 reasserted their authority. • They reduced powers of the Committee of Public Safety and closed the Jacobin club. • The Girondins were readmitted.

Restoration of the Bourbons

-Charter of 1814 -Limited Monarchy -2 house legislature b. The restoration maintained most of Napoleon's reforms such as the Code Napoleon, the Concordat with the pope, and the abolition of feudalism.

Radical Phase

-King pretty much has no power -National Convention Period which is the name of the government Three phases -Girondin Rule -Jacobin period(reign of terror) - Thermodian reaction

Legislative Assembly

1. A completely new group of legislators replaced the National Assembly in the new government. 2. War was the main issue during the period of the Legislative Assembly. 3. A revolutionary municipal gov't was set up in Paris, which effectively usurped the power of the Legislative Assembly. 4. September Massacres

The Directory

1. A new constitution was written in 1795 which set up a republican form of gov't. 2. The middle class controlled the government. 3. Challenges to the it 4. Military successes during this time enabled it to remain in power until 1799. 5. End of it

reorganization of Germany

1. After soundly defeating the two most powerful and influential German states—Austria and Prussia—Napoleon reorganized Germany. 2. He consolidated many of the nearly 300 independent political entities.

Napoleon

1. As First Consul, he behaved more as an absolute ruler than as a revolutionary statesman. 2. He sought to govern France by demanding loyalty to the state, rewarding ability, and creating an effective hierarchical bureaucracy. • However, wealth determined status. 3. He may be thought of as the last and most eminent of the enlightened despots.

War of the 6th Coalition

1. Battle of Leipzig ("Battle of Nations"), 2. Napoleon refused to accept the terms of Austrian foreign minister Metternich's "Frankfurt Proposals" to reduce France to its historical size in return for his remaining on the throne. 3. The Quadruple Alliance was created in March 1814. • Each power agreed to provide 150,000 soldiers to enforce peace terms. 4. Napoleon abdicated as emperor on April 4, 1814 after allied armies entered Paris. 5. The Bourbons were restored to the throne; Louis XVIII. 6. The "first" Treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814 7. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba as a sovereign with an income from France. 8. The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace settlement.

The Grand Empire

1. Beginning in 1805, Napoleon engaged in constant warfare. 2. Eventually, Napoleon achieved the largest empire since Roman times (although it was only temporary). 3. Independent but allied states included: Austria, Prussia and Russia. 4. All countries of the Grand Empire saw the introduction of some of the main principles of the French Revolution.

Napoleon crowned himself hereditary Emperor of France

1. He hoped to preempt plans of royalists to return the Bourbons to the throne. 2. He believed an empire was necessary for France to maintain and expand its influence throughout Europe. 3. Napoleon viewed himself as a liberator who freed foreign peoples from the absolute rulers who oppressed them. 4. His domination over other nations unleashed the forces of nationalism in those countries which ultimately resulted in his downfall.

Hundred Days

1. Napoleon capitalized on the stalled talks at Vienna and escaped Elba for France. 2. The Hundred Days began on March 1, 1815, when Napoleon landed in the south of France and marched with large-scale popular support, into Paris. • He seized power from Louis XVIII, who fled Paris. 3. Napoleon raised an army and then defeated a Prussian army in Belgium on June 16, 1815. 4. Battle of Waterloo, June 1815 5. Napoleon was exiled to the South Atlantic island of St. Helena, far off the coast of Africa, where he died in 1821. 6. The "second" Treaty of Paris (1815)

The Continental System

1. Napoleon decided to wage economic warfare against Britain after his loss at the Battle of Trafalgar. 2. Through shifting alliances, Britain had consistently maintained the balance of power against France. 3. Berlin Decree, 1806: Napoleon sought to starve Britain out by closing ports on the continent to British commerce. • Napoleon coerced Russia, Prussia, neutral Denmark and Portugal, and Spain all to adhere to the boycott in the Treaty of Tilsit (1807). 4. England, in response, issued the "order in council": 5. Milan Decree, 1807: Napoleon's response to the "order in council" •Any neutral ship entering a British port, or submitting to a British warship at sea, would be confiscated by if it attempted to enter a Continental port. 6. War of 1812: U.S. eventually declared war against Britain in defense of its neutral shipping rights. 7. The Continental System ultimately was a major failure.

War of the Second Coalition

1. Napoleon had his navy destroyed by England's Lord Horatio Nelson in the Battle of the Nile (1798). • Napoleon and the French army were thus isolated in North Africa. 2. Napoleon was victorious in the war, nevertheless. 3. Battle of the Nile 4. Treaty of Lunèville

Russian Campaign

1. Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812, with his Grand Army of 600,000. a. Only 1/3 of his forces were French. 2. Napoleon was forced to retreat from Moscow after 5 weeks during the brutal Russian winter due to the "scorched earth" tactic of the Russians. • The Russians evacuated, then burned Moscow and refused to negotiate. 3. Only 30,000 men in Napoleon's army returned to their homelands. a. 400,000 died of battle casualties, starvation, and exposure. b. 100,000 were taken prisoner. 4. Napoleon raced home to raise another army while Austria and Prussia deserted Napoleon and joined Russia and Great Britain in the Fourth Coalition.

his wars were usual short and distinct but not always

1. Only Britain was at war continually with France at this time. 2. The four Great Powers (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia)did not fight France simultaneously until 1813. a. Nations were willing to ally with Napoleon for their own foreign policy benefit. b. Only gradually, after Napoleon had conquered Italy, did they decide Napoleon had to be defeated for a peaceful Europe.

Confederation of the Rhine:

15 German states minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. • Napoleon named himself "Protector" of the Confederation. • Many tiny German states were abolished. b. The Holy Roman Empire was abolished; the emperor had traditionally been the ruler of Austria. c. A new kingdom of Westphalia was created out of all Prussian territories west of the Elbe and territories taken from Hanover. d. Serfdom was abolished and peasants now had the right to own land and move about freely. e. Napoleon unwittingly awoke German nationalism due to France's domination and repression of the German states.

Nat'l Convention:

1792-1795 ROUSSEAU • Creation of the Republic • Execution of Louis XVI • Committee of Public Safety • Reign of Terror • Thermidorian Reaction

The Directory:

1795-99 ROUSSEAU • Ruling bourgeoisie vs. aristocracy and sans-culottes • Coup d'etat Brumaire

Napoleonic Empire:

1804-15 VOLTAIRE • Confederation of the Rhine • Continental System • Treaty of Tilsit • Peninsular War • Russian Campaign • Waterloo

Napoleon Bonaparte

A. Born of Italian descent to a prominent Corsican family on the French island of Corsica B. Military genius who specialized in artillery C. Avid "child of the Enlightenment" and the French Revolution D. Associated with the Jacobins and advanced rapidly in the army due to vacancies caused by the emigration of aristocratic officers E. Eventually inspired a divided country during the Directory period into a unified nation but at the price of individual liberty

Consulate Period

A. He took power on December 25, 1799 with the constitution giving supreme power to Napoleon. B. Reforms

Napoleon's rule

A. It was the first egalitarian dictatorship of modern times.

Empire Period

A. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself hereditary Emperor of France B. The Grand Empire C. War of the Third Coalition, D. Reorganization of Germany E. The Continental System F. The Peninsular War G. In 1810, Napoleon married Marie Louise, the 18-year old daughter of the Austrian emperor and niece of Marie Antoinette. • By marriage, Napoleon was now the nephew of Louis XVI and he began to show more consideration to French noblemen of the Old Regime. H. Russian Campaign I. War of the Fourth Coalition

Congress of Vienna

A. Representatives of the major powers of Europe, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and to try and restore the social and political order of the ancien regime. B. The "Big Four": Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia C. Principles of Settlement: Legitimacy, Compensation, Balance of Power D. Hundred Days

Napoleon's wars

A. The series of wars were usually short and distinct. B. War of the Second Coalition: 1798-1801 C. Saint Domingue (Haiti)

• Took control of France in July, 1789 • Noble privileges abolished • Declaration of the Rights of Man resulted in codification of political, social and civil rights • Reforms in higher education

Age of Montesquieu Middle Class

Power no longer absolute: Constitutional monarchy

Age of Montesquieu Monarchy

• Political influence eclipsed by the bourgeoisie • Feudalism (seigneurialism) abolished

Age of Montesquieu Nobility

• "Great Fear" resulted in some gains for the peasantry • Feudalism abolished • Wealthy peasants bought confiscated church lands

Age of Montesquieu Peasantry

• Saw increased influence in Paris (e.g. storming of the Bastille) • Guilds dissolved providing more job opportunities for artisans. • Le Chapelier Law (1791) outlawed strikes, workers coalitions and assemblies • Bread was more affordable

Age of Montesquieu Urban working class

• Women influential in March on Versailles and in san-culottes • Gained equal right to divorce and increased property inheritance rights • Child support from fathers of illegitimate kids • Workshops in cities employed more poor women

Age of Montesquieu Women

• Civil Constitution of the Clergy made Church a dep't of the gov't • Clergy members required to take an oath to the gov't • Church lands confiscated

Age of Montesquieu clergy

• Revolutionary Calendar replaced the Christian calendar • The Cult of the Supreme Being further undermined the Catholic Church

Age of Rousseau Clergy

• Lost influence between 1792- 95 as a result of the San culottes and the Reign of Terror • Back in control during the Directory but under attack from the right and the left

Age of Rousseau Middle Class

• King and queen executed • Republic had no monarch

Age of Rousseau Monarchy

• Imprisoned or fled the country as émigrés between 1791-95 • Later influence undermined the Directory • In rural areas, patriotic nobles remained most politically and economically powerful group

Age of Rousseau Noblity

• Land gains remained but lords continued to hold the most political and economic power in rural areas • Heavily taxed by the Republic

Age of Rousseau Peasantry

• San-culottes enjoyed major influence from 1791-95

Age of Rousseau Urban Working Class

• Women's political clubs closed by Jacobins by 1793-94 • Reign of Terror also targeted certain women (e.g. Olympe de Gouges) • Directory in 1795 disbanded women's workshops and urged women to tend to their homes

Age of Rousseau Women

• Concordat of 1801 restored relations with the Catholic Church • "Refactory clergy" reinstated while clergy loyal to the Revolution were removed • Church was far weaker than in 1789

Age of Voltaire Clergy

• Constitution of 1799 did not guarantee human rights or liberty • Political freedoms of bourgeoisie wiped away • Some gained noble titles & served in Napoleon's gov't

Age of Voltaire Middle Class

Napoleon became emperor with absolute power

Age of Voltaire Monarchy

• Many èmigrès returned to France • Increased influence in Napoleon's imperial nobility

Age of Voltaire Nobility

• Napoleon supported the ban on feudalism • Indirect taxation was as bad as during the Old Regime

Age of Voltaire Peasantry

• Ban on trade unions continued • Workers were restricted in their travel • Established reasonable prices for bread & flour

Age of Voltaire Urban Working Class

• Divorce laws rewritten to favor husbands • Gains in inheritance and property rights were removed

Age of Voltaire Women

law of suspects

Alleged enemies of the revolution were brought before Revolutionary Tribunals that were created to hear cases of treason. • It was instituted as an alternative to the lynch law of the September massacres. They made the law more open so that people could be accused. This is very similar to the witch trials in that they were both rooted in paranoia.

The dechristianization and drastic changes were being made so these ideas were started to be put into action. The dechristianization is connected to the violence were both radical ideas. The legal ability to do these things and Law of Suspects allowed anyone to be brought to tribunals and the law was so vaguely written that everyone could be proved guilty. Guillotine was known as the National Razor.

At what point was the Reign of Terror inevitable?

August Decrees

August 4th Vote - National Assembly Voted to end nobles privileges, manorial dues, hunting rights, legal status, tax exemption (Equality of all taxes) Feudalism is Abolished; Corvees abolished National Assembly - Equality before the law

DOROMAC

Based off US Declaration of Independence Ensured due process of law; innocent until proven guilty "Man is born free and remains free and equal in rights." "Liberty, property, security & resistance to oppression" Male citizens had the right to hold public office Positions "with no distinction other than that of their virtues and talents." Freedom of religion & expression Women: Right to divorce, inherit property, child support from illegitimate fathers

War of the 3rd Coalition

Battle of Trafalgar, 1. In 1803, Napoleon began preparations to invade Great Britain. 2. In 1805, Austria signed an alliance with Britain. 3. The coalition was complete with the addition of Russia under Tsar Alexander I (grandson of Catherine the Great) and Sweden. 4. Napoleon's conquest of Italy convinced Russia and Austria that Napoleon was a threat to the balance of power. 5. Battle of Trafalgar 6. Battle of Austerlitz 7. Prussia was twice defeated by Napoleon in 1806 at the Battle of Jena and at Auerstadt. 8. Alexander I of Russia sought peace after Napoleon won another victory in the spring of 1807. 9. Treaty of Tilsit

Causes: Napoleon escapes to France Effects: Seizes power attacks Prussia

Cause and effects of Hundred Days

C: Russia withdrew from continental system due to hardships E: Scorched earth(Burned towns and cities so couldn't pillage for survival), Retreat from Moscow

Cause and effects of Napoleon's Russia Campaign

Economic Warfare in lieu of Naval warfare (defeat at Trafalgar) Berlin Decree - closed continental ports Order in Council - neutral ships must stop in Britain 1st; loaded with British goods - to strangle French trade (led to the War of 1812) Milan Decree - Any neutral ships stopping in Britain confiscated at a continental port.

Causes of the Continental System

Dechristianization

Changed the calendar(revolutionary calendar is what it was called), no sundays, no religious days, 10 day weeks, they wanted to get rid of religion completely. Take the Notre Dame cathedral and make it into the Temple of reason replacing all decorations inside. Religion couldn't practice in public or in general and all priests trying to practice would be brought before religion. The Festival of Supreme Being was even created here people worshiped a God that wasn't really got and robespierre would dress up and worship him.

Battle of Austerlitz

Collapse of the 3rd Coalition, Building of the Arc de Triomphe a. Alexander I pulled Russian troops out of the battle, giving Napoleon another victory on land. b. Austria accepted large territorial losses in return for peace. c. The Third Coalition collapsed. d.Napoleon was now the master of western and central Europe e. In commemoration of his victory, Napoleon commissioned the Arc de Triomphe in 1806. •Using a classical style, the Arc hearkened back to the Roman Empire when the Caesars would build arches to signify important victories. • Napoleon was clearly emphasizing the conquest of an empire.

a. France should have a constitutional monarchy b. Individual liberties must be guaranteed by law c. Position of parish clergy had to be improved d. Abolition of internal trade barriers

Common agreements seen in the Cahiers among the three estate

Reorganization of Central Europe

Consolidated 300 central European Political entities into the Confederation of the Rhine *Sparked German Nationalism*

National Assembly

Defections from the First and Second Estates forced Louis XVI to recognize it on June 27, after he dissolved the Estates General. e. It was dominated by the bourgeoisie.

• Women and children were legally dependent on their husband or father. • Divorce was more difficult to obtain than during the Revolution. • Women could not buy or sell property or begin a business without the consent of their husbands. • Income earned by wives went to their husbands. • Penalties for adultery were far more severe for women than men.

Denial of women's equal status with men (except inheritance rights)

Voltaire had supported and argued for an enlightened absolutism which is what Napoleon had created with his absolute rule and many reforms. He also lessened the power of the Catholic Church which was supported by Voltaire stating "crush the infamous thing". Voltaire also advocated for religious toleration which Napoleon also had. He also was a true advocate of Enlightened Despotism which is similar to who Napoleon was. Napoleon believed he was bringing "scientific" government to France and to Europewhich would be supported by Voltaire's updating of the "philosopher-king" concept. Napoleon's use of the plebiscite had not been contemplated by Voltaire, nor would Napoleon's military campaigns have been approved of by Voltaire. In a way he also refutes Voltaire's ideas with the suppression of freedom of speech with the amount of propaganda, control, police state, and militarism present.

Does "Age of Voltaire" fit this period? Why or why not?

a. Severe inequality for women (see above) b. Workers not allowed to form trade unions c. Repressed liberty, subverted republicanism, and restored absolutism in France through the creation of a police state d. Practiced nepotism by placing his relatives on the thrones of nations he conquered (see below)

Drawbacks of Napoleon's reforms

• Provided food at low prices • Increased employment • Lowered taxes on farmers • Guaranteed that church lands redistributed during the Revolution remained in hands of the new owners, mostly peasants • Created an independent peasantry that would be the backbone of French democracy. • Tax collections became more efficient. • Workers were not allowed to form guilds or trade • unions. o Retained the Le Chapelier Law of 1791

Economic Reforms of Napoleon

FAILURE Anti Napoleon antagonism European Industry could not match Great Britain British trade picks up No railroads across continent E. Europe hit hardest

Effects of the Continental System

Guerilla warfare with help from the British Spanish colonies will revolt against weakened mother country

Effects of the Peninsular Campaign

Order in Council

England neutrals might enter continental a. Regulations encouraged these ships to be loaded with British goods before continuing on to the Continent. b. British sought to strangle French trade, not French imports of British goods.

Lord Castlereagh

England representative • He sought a balance of power by surrounding France with larger and stronger states.

Battle of Waterloo

Final defeat and surrender to the Duke of Wellington a. Last battle of the Napoleonic Wars b. Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo, Belgium, by England's army led by the Duke of Wellington and Prussian forces.

Battle of the Nile

French Navy defeated by the British - Napoleon returned to France

People saw Locke's ideas of giving rights and right to rebellions as well as Montesquieu's ideas on checks and balances and saw how the English government was being applauded.

How Enlightenment encouraged Revolution:

It was a legal change in government. The Jacobins gained the larger portion of the legislative branch and voted to get rid of the monarchy. They then executed Louis XVI.

How did the National Convention come into existence or start?

a. Many French soldiers had served in America during the American Revolution. b. The French bourgeoisie and lower nobility were intrigued by American ideals of liberty. c. Massive French aid to the Americans resulted in an increase in the already huge French debt. The French had a lot of debt from the American revolution and helping the Americans. It was the first post-Enlightenment Revolution and the fact that they were successful in overthrowing the British was amazing and encouraging. We are seeing other countries use these ideas with their Constitutions and other documents. The second estate also envied what England had in the Glorious Revolution.

How the American revolution encourage French Revolution?

Battle of Trafalgar

Huge victory for the British Led to Continental System later Naval battle which apparently brought Napoleon to tears with great defeat and humiliating loss. He vowed at this moment that he was going to go against the British but had to strengthen his navy first. He also realizes he can't invade with his army because it's an island. He comes up with an economic warfare plan against the British. He planned to cut off all of their trading to ruin their economy. This is known as the Continental System. a. French and Spanish fleets were destroyed by the British navy under the command of Lord Horatio Nelson, off the Spanish coast. • This established the supremacy of the British navy for over a century. b. A French invasion of Britain was no longer feasible. c. Though killed in the battle, Nelson became one of the great military heroes in English history.

1. Serfdom was abolished in much of Germany by 1807. 2. Germany was reorganized into 39 states. 3. Prussia and Austria, for self-preservation, reformed their military and provided some reforms.

Impact of Napoleon's rule on other countries

a. Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) b. Thomas Paine: Rights of Man (1791) c. Kings and nobles of Europe, some of which initially welcomed the Revolution, began to feel threatened when it became more radical.

International Reaction to the French Revolution

Balance of Power

It arranged the map of Europe so that never again could one state upset the international order and cause a general war. a. The encirclement of France was achieved through the following: b. End of the Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire c. Sardinia (Piedmont) had its former territory restored, with the addition of Genoa. d. A compromise on Poland was reached—"Congress Poland" was created with Alexander I of Russia as king; it lasted 15 years. e. Only Britain remained as a growing power as she began her century of world leadership from 1814 to 1914.

Napoleonic Code

Legal unity provided the first clear and complete codification of French Law. a. Perhaps the longest lasting legacy of Napoleon's rule c. Many achievements of the Revolution were made permanent. d. Denied women equal status with men (except inheritance rights)

1. Repressed individual liberty 2. Subverted republicanism 3. Oppressed conquered peoples throughout Europe 4. Caused terrific suffering as a result of war

Liabilities of Napoleon's rule

Legislative Assembly

MONTESQUIEU • Jacobins vs. Girondins • War of the First Coalition • Paris Commune • September Massacres

Treaty of Tilsit

Marked the height of Napoleonic Europe Russia accepts Continental System a. Provisions: • Prussia lost half its population in lands ceded to France. • Russia accepted Napoleon's reorganization of western and central Europe. • Russia also agreed to accept Napoleon's Continental System. b. In many ways, the treaty represented the height of Napoleon's success. • French and Russian empires became allies, mainly against Britain. • Alexander accepted Napoleon's domination of western Europe. • France continued to occupy Berlin and enjoyed increased control in western Germany.

Invaded Russia with limited supply lines, far traveling, invading in the winter, weaker, and as he started to lose the people's trust. Could also talk about the Continental System being evidence for having ulterior motives and hurting France in order to gain power for himself.

Napoleon's 2 biggest mistakes

o Making peace with the Church would help weaken its link to monarchists who sought a restoration of the Bourbons. o Religion would help people accept economic inequalities in French society.

Napoleon's Motives for Concordat of 1801

National Bank - Banc de Franc Balanced national budget Sound currency; public credit Stimulation of economy Controlled food prices Increased employment Lowed taxes on farmers Redistribution of church lands to peasants Efficient tax collection

Napoleon's economic policies

Plebiscites Napoleonic Code Civil Criminal, Commercial, Penal Emphasized protection of private property Equality of all men before the law Freedom of religion Property rights Abolition of serfdom (again) Women gained inheritance rights Denied equality to men Divorce difficult to get Income to husbands Careers open to talent Wealth determined status No buying or selling of offices Workers denied rights to unionize - Le Chapelier Law 1791 Nepotism - family members on thrones of conquered territories Haitian Rebellion Executed Duke of Enghien (Bourbon) ripple effects throughout Europe - especially Tsar Alexander I Police state - Spy System

Napoleon's political policies

1. Revolutionary institutions were consolidated. 2. The French gov't was thoroughly centralized. 3. He made a lasting settlement with the Church. 4. Spread positive achievements of the French Revolution to the rest of Europe.

Napoleon's positive achievements

Concordat of 1801 Pius VII renounced it Hoped to weaken the monarchists Provisions: France keep land and still nominate bishops Refractory priests welcomed back Catholic freedom Legal toleration for Jews and Protestants Changed calendar back Educational Reform - Lycee system

Napoleon's social policies

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

National Church with 83 bishops and dioceses Bishops and priests became salaried officials of the government Church land confiscated and sold to pay off debt owed to Third Estate Protestants, Jews and agnostics could legally take part in the elections based on citizenship and property qualifications. Clergy forced to take an oath of loyalty to the new government. Deeply divided France - Refactory Clergy - refused to accept it. Backlash

Coup d'Ètat Brumaire

November 1799 • Upon returning from Egypt with his forces, Napoleon drove legislators from the Legislative Assembly. • A new constitution was established thus beginning the Consulate Era. • A plebiscite (general referendum) overwhelmingly approved: 3,011,007 to 1,562.

Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations)

October 1813: Napoleon was finally defeated. a. Napoleon lost 500,000 of his 600,000 Grand Army. b. It was the largest battle in world history until the 20th century. 1st Official defeat Refused to accept Metternich's Frankfurt Proposals Abdication to Elba - Treaty of Fountainbleu

• Church never did regain the influence it had prior to 1789

Post-Napoleon Clergy

• Reduced influence until the Revolution of 1830

Post-Napoleon Middle Class

Constitutional monarchy; Bourbons were restored

Post-Napoleon Monarchy

• Significant influence politically (though not as much as before 1789) • Feudalism abolished since 1789 • Nobles continued to dominate rural areas

Post-Napoleon Nobility

• Wealthier peasants were only group to improve between 1799 and 1815 • Rural poor gained little from the Revolution

Post-Napoleon Peasantry

• Guilds remained illegal • Little influence until after 1830 • Increased socialist influence during Revolution of 1848

Post-Napoleon Urban Working Class

Women essentially gained little from the Revolution (although their actions did inspire future reformers)

Post-Napoleon Women

Constitution of 1791

Prefaced with the Declaration of the Rights of Man Created national legislature, the Legislative Assembly Declared equality of men before the law Freedom of Speech Tax paying male citizens had right to elect or choose government ministers Right to peaceful assembly Constitution +Legislature +Monarchy = what type of government?? Constitutional Monarchy

It was trying to come back from an extremely far left view and there was only one side being represented and over a period of time it became a huge issue. Only one idea is being represented and the middle class abandons policies meant to help other groups. The two biggest issues of starvation and the wars were also not addressed.

Reason for the failure of the Directory

a. It caused widespread antagonism to Napoleon's rule in Europe. b. Imports from America were too much in demand in Europe. c. European industries could not equal Britain's industrial output. d. Without railroads, the Continental system was impossible to maintain. e. Shippers, shipbuilders, and dealers in overseas goods, a powerful element of the older bourgeoisie, were ruined. • Eastern Europeans especially were hard hit as they had no industry and were dependent on imports. f. British made up lost trade with Europe by expanding exports to Latin America.

Reasons for the failure of the Continental System

1. Napoleon Code 2. "Careers Open to talent" 3. Religious reforms 4. Financial unity 5. Educational reforms were based on a system of public education under state control. 6. Creation of a police state. 7. Drawbacks of Napoleon's reforms

Reforms of the Consulate

• Taille: land tax • Tithe: church tax equivalent to 10% of annual income. • Income tax • Poll tax • Salt tax (gabelle)

Taxes of the Third Estate

Absolute Monarchy with Estates general, then National Assembly(not a formal government it's a political body that is writing foundational documents for France similar to men getting together to write our Constitution), then in the Constitution of 1791 Legislative Assembly, which then creates the National Convention(first republic government of France similar to congress), then the dictatorship of Robespierre and Committee of Public Safety which lasted only a year.

The government from Louis XVI to Robespierre

Vendee Revolt

The people revolting are upset because nothing has really changed for them and if anything they are benign asked to de-christianize. They do not like that religion is being targeted. The horror of this is what happens to the people that revolted that were caught. The people caught were tied to pieces of wood and drowned them. People that questioned the de-christianization and violence are going to be executed without a trial.

When he took over places like HRE when he disintegrated them and had reorganized central Europe. -Didn't really take into account the people he overthrew and forced them under taxation and the Napoleonic code which made every man equal under the law even though the French were overthrowing and controlling different places and people now felt that the French should not be above them but equal instead. People are upset because no matter what people were not truly equal under the law as the Napoleonic Code stated. He had treated former members of the monarchy better than anyone else. The people he had conquered saw this issue due to the Enlightenment issues in the Napoleonic code which inspires them.

Things Napoleon did to incite people to want to govern themselves

Rousseau advocated for a Republic and the National Convention is a Republic Robespierre gave some form of trials before the law which was supported by Rousseau who believed that people should have the right to a trial before persecution.

This period fit Rousseau's ideas through

Saint Domingue

Toussaint L'Ouverture helped to liberate Haiti Attempted suppression by Napoleonic forces 1. Napoleon sent a large army to Haiti to subdue a slave rebellion there. a. French forces were decimated by disease and slave rebels. b. Haitian forces were led by Toissant L'Ouverture. 2. The Haitians were motivated by French Revolutionary ideals of freedom from absolute rule and natural rights. 3. Haiti won its independence from France in 1804. 4. Napoleon sold Louisiana in North America to the U.S. as his hopes for re-creating an American empire were squelched by the Haitian revolt and an impending war with Britain.

Consulate:

VOLTAIRE 1799-1804 • Code Napoleon • Concordat of 1801 • War of the 2nd Coalition

He was most successful in addressing and changing the issues people had that caused the Revolution and working to help their survival with lowered taxation and food prices. But at the same time he created severe inequality for women, workers were not allowed to form trade unions, he repressed liberty, subverted republicanism and restored absolutism in France through the creation of a police state, and practiced nepotism by placing his relatives on the thrones of conquered nations. He was addressing problems previously had but they also had issues with the absolutism of the monarchy that he was now restoring.

Where was Napoleon Most successful? Least successful?

He was already extremely well known and had a good reputation as a military general. He had support from all sides. It is a Royalist uprising and the ideology would be considered conservative. Abbe Sieyes also supported Napoleon. Previously there was an attempted overthrow by the liberal side almost encouraging communism. Napoleon overthrew the government but had the support of many different groups. Can be compared to GW in a way. His coupe d'etat is known as the 18 Bruimaire.

Why is it Napoleon that is successful compared to others?

Second Estate

a. 2-4% of the total population; exempt from taxation b. It owned about 25% of the land. c. It enjoyed a significant resurgence in influence after the death of Louis XIV in 1715. d. Nobles enjoyed medieval manorial rights that allowed them to tax peasants for their own profit.

End of the Directory

a. A conspiracy emerged to save the Revolution and prevent a royalist return to power. b. Abbé Sieyès, the leader of the conspiracy, invited Napoleon to join the conspirators and overthrow the Directory; he did so upon returning from Egypt with his forces. c. Coup d'Ètat Brumaire

New republican form of government in the directory

a. A new assembly chose a five-member executive to govern France: the Directory b. It contained a bicameral legislature. c. Almost all adult males were able to vote but they only voted for "electors." d. Office holding was reserved for property owners.

Creation of Police State

a. A spy system kept thousands of citizens under continuous surveillance. b. After 1810, political suspects were held in state prisons (as they had been during the Terror). • 2,500 political prisoners existed in 1814. c. The gov't ruthlessly put down opposition, especially guerrillas in the western provinces of the Vendèe and Brittany. d. Napoleon's most publicly notorious action was the 1804 arrest and execution of a Bourbon, the duke of Enghien, who had allegedly took part in a plot against Napoleon. • There was no evidence he was involved with the plot. • European public opinion was livid.

"Careers Open to talent"

a. Citizens theoretically were able to rise in gov't service purely according to their abilities. b. However, a new imperial nobility was created to reward the most talented generals and officials. c. Wealth determined status. d.Neither military commissions nor civil offices could be bought and sold. e. He granted amnesty to 100K émigrés in return for a loyalty oath. •Many soon occupied high posts in the expanding state. f. Some nobles from foreign countries (e.g. Italy, Netherlands and Germany) served the empire with distinction. g. The working-class movement (e.g. sans-culottes) was no longer politically significant. • Workers were denied the right to form trade unions.

religious reforms

a. Concordat of 1801 with the Roman Catholic Church b. To dispel the notion of an established church, Napoleon put Protestant ministers of all denominations on the state payroll.

Treaty of Lunèville

a. Ended the Second Coalition b. Resulted in Austria's loss of its Italian possessions c. German territory on the west bank of the Rhine was incorporated into France. d. Russia retreated from western Europe when they saw their ambitions in the Mediterranean blocked by the British. e. Britain again was isolated.

land given as compensation

a. England received naval bases (Malta, Ceylon, Cape of Good Hope). b. Austria recovered the Italian province of Lombardy and was awarded adjacent Venetia as well as Galicia (from Poland), and the Illyrian Provinces along the Adriatic. c.Russia was given most of Poland, with the tsar as king as well as Finland and Bessarabia (modernday Moldova and western Ukraine). d. Prussia was awarded the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony, and part of Poland. e. Sweden received Norway.

Napoleon achieved the largest empire since Romans

a. France extended to the Rhine, including Belgium and Holland, the German coast to the western Baltic, and the Italian coast extending down to Rome. b. Dependent satellite kingdoms where Napoleon took leadership or placed his appointees on the throne:

The "first" Treaty of Paris

a. France surrendered all territory gained since the Wars of the Revolution had begun in 1792. b. Allied powers imposed no indemnity or reparations (after Louis XVIII had refused to pay). France surrenders; pay an indemnity

challenges to the directory

a. In October 1795, the aristocracy attempted a royalist uprising. b. The sans-culottes repeatedly criticized the gov't and its economic policies but did not have the influence to force change. c. Conspiracy of Equals d. Growing inflation and mass public dissatisfaction mounted but was ignored by the Directory. e. Elections in April 1797 resulted in victory for royalists but the results were annulled by the Directory.

Reign of Terror

a. It was the most notorious event of the Revolution. b. Law of Suspects c. Queen Marie Antoinette was executed in October 1793. d. About 40,000 people throughout France were executed or died in prison; many by the guillotine. e. Executions became a spectator sport. f. The Terror became a political weapon; it was not directed at any class in particular g. Eventually, no one could feel safe from Robespierre's terror as leading Jacobins who opposed Robespierre were eventually executed. The execution favored the Third estate of the middle class, working class, and peasantry. Where you were in the old social system definitely played a role in the deaths as many people with higher social status were not killed as much.

the Grand Empire saw the introduction of some of the main principles of the French Revolution.

a. Notable exception: no self-gov't through elected legislative bodies. b. Initially, Napoleon was supported by commercial and professional classes who supported the Enlightenment. c. Repression and exploitation eventually turned his conquered territories against him. d. Enlightenment reformers believed Napoleon had betrayed the ideals of the Revolution.

End of Terror

a. Opposition to Robespierre mounted in July 1794. • On July 27, 1794, Robespierre was denounced in the Convention, arrested, and executed the next day, along with his close associates. o Some followers of the Enlightenment, who were influenced by the ideas of Voltaire, helped bring about Robespierre's downfall. • After the death of Danton, many in the National Assembly feared they might be next. • Working-class radicals no longer supported him after the deaths of other left-wing radicals. b. Thermidorian Reaction (1794)

Educational reforms

a. Rigorous standards; available to the masses b. Secondary and higher education (called lycées) were reorganized to prepare young men for gov't service and professional occupations. c. Education became important in determining social standing: one system for those who could spend 12 or more years at school; the other for boys who entered the work force at age of 12 or 14. d. Napoleon sought to increase the size of the middle class.

Financial Unity

a. The Bank of France (1800) served the interests of the state and the financial oligarchy. b. The gov't balanced the national budget. c.The gov't established sound currency and public credit. • This was far superior to the chaos surrounding the assignats during the Revolution. d. Economic reforms stimulated the economy:

Mountain and san-culottes ousting the Girodins

a. The Mountain believed the Girondins would ally with conservatives and royalists to retain power. b. The Enragés—radical working-class leaders of Paris— seized and arrested 31 Girondist members of National Convention and left the Mountain in control. • They were even more radical than the sans-culottes. c. The revolutionary government had finally lost the confidence of much of France. d. Many Girondins fled Paris and worked against the Revolution. • Marat was stabbed by Charlotte Corday, a supporter of the Girondist faction, in 1793. • See Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825): famous neoclassical painting "The Death of Marat"

the peninsular war

a. They received aid from the British under one of their ablest commanders, the Duke of Wellington. b. France suffered from Britain's counter-blockade resulting in the Continental System's failure. c. Looking for a scapegoat, Napoleon turned on Alexander I of Russia, who had actually supported his blockade against Britain.Causes: Joseph Bonaparte on the throne He sends troops into Spain because Portugal refused to go into the Continental System. France told Spain they were going to help them suppress the Portuguese and they said no so then Napoleon invaded. The Spanish Guerillas are secretly benign assisted by the British because they hate Napoleon so much. This is an example of Modern Nationalism because the Spanish are trying to overthrow the French to gain independence. 1. The first great revolt against Napoleon's power occurred in Spain. 2. When Napoleon tried to tighten his control over Spain by replacing the Spanish King with his brother, Joseph, the Spanish people waged a costly guerrilla war. Shows Napoleon starting Modern Nationalism

Middle classes control of government

a. This became the Directory's major weakness as its support came from a narrow band of French society. b. All economic controls were removed which ended the influence of the sans-culottes. c. The Directory in 1795 disbanded women's workshops and urged women to tend to their homes.

• Equality before the law: no more estates, legal classes, privileges, local liberties, hereditary offices, guilds, or manors • Freedom of religion • The state was secular in character • Property rights • Abolition of serfdom • Women gained inheritance rights

achievements of the revolution made permanent

Spread of Revolutionary ideas outside of France

b. By July 1794, the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhineland were once again controlled by France. • The First Coalition was falling apart. c. The planned economy made mobilization effective. d. Nationalism became a strong force uniting the French people. e. Victories led to relaxation of emergency controls but the Reign of Terror was extended.

• More paper money was printed. • Prices were allowed to rise sharply. • The bourgeoisie sought peace in order to gain more wealth and to establish a society where money and property determined prestige and power.

economic changes and success in the directory

The gov't was bankrupt, corrupt and unwilling to control inflation that severely hurt the impoverished masses of French peasants.

economic struggles during the directory

"Republic of Virtue"

emerged as a new political culture under Robespierre to inculcate revolutionary virtue. a. The Cult of the Supreme Being was introduced in June 1794. b. A new Revolutionary Calendar was introduced in late 1793 to reduce all religious and royalist influences on the calendar and was also an attempt to support the metric system. c. Catholics were now firmly against Convention.

g. On July 11, Finance Minister Jacques Necker was removed, infuriating millions of French people who saw him as an ally among the nobility. The king was forced to bring him back.

evidence of the National Assembly influence

Toissant L'Ouverture.

led Haitian forces in their rebellion

Conspiracy of Equals

led by "Gracchus" Babeuf was formed to overthrow the Directory and replace it with a dictatorial "democratic" gov't which would abolish private property and enforce equality. Some later saw it as a precursor to modern communism. •The Directory repressed the Conspiracy of Equals without difficulty and guillotined Babeuf.

Legitimacy

meant returning to power the ruling families deposed by more than two decades of revolutionary warfare. a. Bourbons were restored in France, Spain, and Naples. b. Dynasties were restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany and Modena. c. The Papal States were returned to the pope. meant real, rightful, and truthfulness and all of the family members of Napoleon in power were thrown out of power and the rightful ruler was put back in place on the throne.

Compensation

meant territorially rewarding those states Territorially rewarding that sacrifice to defeat napoleon Austria gets Lombardy Prussia - Rhineland Russia - Most of Poland Papal States to Pope

Concordat of 1801

o The pope renounced claims to Church property that had been seized during the Revolution. o The French gov't had power to nominate or depose bishops. o In return, priests who had resisted the Civil Constitutions of the Clergy would replace those who had sworn an oath to the state. o Since the pope gave up claim to Church lands, those citizens who had acquired them pledged loyalty to Napoleon's gov't. o Catholic worship in public was allowed. o Church seminaries were reopened. o Extended legal toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheists who all received the same civil rights. o It replaced the Revolutionary Calendar with the Christian calendar.

National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, The Directory, Consulate, Napoleonic Empire

order of events

Conscription into the French army • Higher taxes (while taxes in France were lowered) • Continental System

reasons Napoleons conquered territories turned against him

Lazare Carnot

reorganized the French army.

Klemens von Metternich (Austria)

represented Austria. a. He epitomized conservative reaction to the French Revolution and its aftermath. b. He opposed ideas of liberals and reformers because of the impact such forces would have on the multinational Hapsburg Empire.

Czar Alexander I

represented Russia. • He demanded a "free" and "independent" Poland, with himself as its king.

1. The old social system was destroyed and replaced with a new one based on equality, ability and the law. 2. It guaranteed the triumph of capitalism. 3. It gave birth to the notion of secular democracy. 4. It laid the foundations for the establishment of a modern nation-state.

results of revolution

Prussia

sought to recover their territory lost to Napoleon in 1807 and gain additional territory in northern Germany (e.g. Saxony).

Second Treaty of Paris

the Quadruple Alliance now dealt harshly with France in subsequent negotiations. Quadruple alliance dealt harshly with France 700,000,000 Francs a. It contained minor changes to the borders previously agreed to. b. France had to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs for loss of life.

• Lévee en masse

the entire nation was conscripted into service as war was defined as a national mission. • The size of the army grew to 1 million men; unprecedented in the history of European warfare.

Charter of 1814

the king created a two-house legislature that represented only the upper classes. • It was the first constitution in European history issued by a monarch.

The Terror became a political weapon used against all people

• 8% were nobles • 14% bourgeoisie(mainly from rebellious southern cities) • 6% clergy • 70% peasant and laboring classes • Most deaths occurred in places in open revolt against the Convention, such as the Vendée, in western France. • Another 300,000 were imprisoned.

Elections in April 1797 resulted in victory for royalists but the results were annulled by the Directory.

• A dictatorship favorable to the revolution was established—the "Post Fructidorian Terror." • The idea of maintaining the republic as a free or constitutional gov't was abandoned.

encirclement of France

• A strengthened Netherlands o United the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) with Holland to form the Kingdom of the United Netherlands north of France. • Prussia received Rhenish lands bordering on the eastern French frontier (left bank of the Rhine). • Switzerland received a guarantee of perpetual neutrality.

End of the Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire

• Austrian influence over the German states was enhanced by creating the German Confederation (Bund) of 39 states out of the original 300, with Austria designated as President of the Diet (Assembly) of the Confederation. • It maintained Napoleon's reorganization. •It was a loose confederation where members remained virtually sovereign.

Dependent satellite kingdoms where Napoleon took leadership or placed his appointees on the throne

• Confederation of the Rhine: Napoleon was its "Protector" • His brother, Joseph Bonaparte, became king of Spain in 1808. • His youngest brother, Jerome, became king of Westphalia. • His brother, Louis, was king of Holland for 6 years before Napoleon had him removed and incorporated Holland into France. • Italy o His sister, Caroline, became Queen of Naples. o Lombardy, Venice and Papal States were ruled by his step-son. o He abolished feudalism and reformed the social, political, and economic structures. o He decided against creating a unified Italy since it might one day threaten his influence. • Duchy of Warsaw • Illyrian Provinces, which included Trieste and the Dalmatian coast

nobody was safe from Robespierre no matter who they were if they opposed him

• Girondists were executed in September of 1793 (including Charlotte Corday who assassinated Marat). • Danton and his followers were executed in April, 1794.

Napoleonic Code

• Included a civil code, code of criminal procedure, a commercial code, and a penal code • Emphasized the protection of private property

Issues the third estate had with political and social power

• It resented the First and Second Estates who held most all of the political and social power. • It wanted reduction of privileges for the nobility and tax relief for the middle class. • It hated the lettre de cachet: the gov't could imprison anyone without charges or a trial.

Aristocracys attempt at a royalist uprising against the Directory

• It was a reaction to a provision in the constitution that 2/3 of men elected to the legislature had to be ex-members of the National Convention of 1789-91. • The rebellion was put down with the help of Napoleon Bonaparte who happened to be in Paris at the time. o Napoleon later bragged he had ended the Royalist uprising "with a whiff of grapeshot" (i.e. cannon blasts at opponents) and the event led to the beginning of Napoleon's rise of political influence. •Thus, the constitutional republic made itself dependent on military protection from the outset.

Talleyrand, the French Foreign Minister

• Represented France France later became involved in the deliberations.

Cult of Supreme Being

•It was a deistic natural religion in which the Republic was declared to recognize the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. • Notre Dame Cathedral was converted into the "Temple of Reason."

National Convention

(Jacobin Republic), 1792-1795 1. France was proclaimed a republic on Sept. 21, 1792. 2. Two factions emerged among the Jacobins: 3. The sans-culottes became very influential on the National Convention. 4. The Revolutionary army won victories against Prussia and Austria in the fall of 1792 that increased the morale of the country 5. In February 1793, the National Convention declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain, in addition to its war with Austria and Prussia—the First Coalition. 6. Louis XVI was convicted of treason and executed in January 1793. 7. In May 1793, the "Mountain" ("Jacobins") supported by the sans-culottes ousted the Girondins. 8. Jacobins closed women's political clubs by 1793-94.

Parlement of Paris

-Once members the middle-class under Louis XIV, these judges had worked their way up to the "nobility of the robe" (by purchasing their titles). -Louis sought to raise taxes to pay for the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War but this group refused.

Paris Comune

-Revolutionary government set up in Paris which took power from the Legislative Assembly -Led by Georges-Jacques Danton -Legislative Assembly suspend Constitution of 1791 and order new elections based on universal male suffrage -Wanted to move France into a republic

Women's March to Versailles

-The King was forced to accept the DOROMAC and lost almost all of his political power except a light veto. He was moved to a palace in Paris and is a prisoner of the people. The National Assembly moved with him to Paris and began acting like a government. Once the women get into the palace and try to find Marie Antoinette to kill her. They cut off the guards heads and put them on sticks then walked the royal family to Paris with the heads on pikes. Jean Paul Morache was encouraging this violence which made many people look down on this horror.

Estates General

1. It was a feudal assembly that represented the Three Estates • It had only met twice: 1302 (its inception) and 1614. 2. In 1788-89 excitement swept over France on the eve of its very first election. 3. "Cahiers de doléances" 4. Common agreement among the Three Estates 5. The main issue dividing the three estates was how the Estates General should vote.

france in 1789, pre revolution

1. Its population of nearly 25 million made it the largest country in Europe. 2. It was the wealthiest country in Europe (but not per capita). 3. It had a productive economy: French exports were larger than Britain's to the European continent. 4. French culture dominated the continent. a. French was the language of official diplomacy and also spoken in most European courts. b. France was the center of the 18th century Enlightenment. c. French science led the world. d. France had the most powerful military in Europe.

National Assembly

1. On June 17, the Third Estate declared itself this 2. Storming of the Bastille - July 14, 1789 3. The "Great Fear" of 1789 4. On August 4, the National Assembly voted to abolish feudalism in France and declared equality of taxation to all classes. 5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was issued August 26, 1789. 6. The unity of the National Assembly began to unravel when dealing with the issue of the monarch's power. • This occurred shortly after the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. 7. Rights of Women 8. Women's march to Versailles 9. Creation of the Constitution of 1791 10. Economic reform favored the middle rather than the lowest classes. 11. Flight to Varennes, June 1791 12. International reaction to the French Revolution

Jean-Paul Marat

A journalist and scientist, as well as an associate Jacobin; Marat (1743-93) helped launch the Reign of Terror and complied death lists, being an advocate of violent measures. He was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, immortalized in the David painting The Death of Marat.

Louis XV

A. The nobility gained influence during his reign. B. His ministers and mistresses exercised undue influence on him, controlling affairs of state and undermining the prestige of the monarchy. C. The high court of Paris—the Parlement of Paris—was restored with the power to approve or disapprove the king's decrees.

Third Estate representatives in Estates General

Almost all male commoners 25 years or older had the right to vote. • Most representatives were well-educated and prosperous members of the middle class (lawyers and gov't officials). • There were no delegates from the ranks of the peasantry and artisans.

Declaration of Pillnitz

Austria and Prussia supported the King and didn't want to have revolution in their countries. They vouched to get involved if the King was hurt. The Girodins then declared war on them to almost in a way call bluff on them. This is the war of the First Coalition.

It deeply divided France over the issue of religion. o The backlash later led to increased papal influence on the French church during Napoleon's rule and beyond.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy result

• The nation became sharply polarized. • Economic and political chaos mounted.

Domestic problems when Legislative Assembly was first created

Cahiers de Doleances

Each estate was instructed to compile a list of suggestions and grievances and present them to the king.

a. The Metric system replaced a sloppy system of weights and measures. b. Le Chapelier Law (1791) • Monopolies also were prohibited. c. Internal tariffs were abolished. d. Assignats became the new paper currency. • Former church property was used to guarantee the value of assignats. e. Church land was sold to pay off the national debt • Much of it was purchased by peasants.

Economic reform favored the middle rather than the lowest classes.

• "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" • Natural rights are "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" (Locke) • Law is an expression of the "General Will" (Rousseau). • Liberty was defined as freedom to do anything not injurious to others, as determined only by law.

Enlightenment ideas in DOROMAC

by forcing the summoning of the Estates General when they refused to pay taxes and the government had no money

How the nobility unwittingly initiated the Revolution?

Financial Crisis 1. During the reign of Louis XVI (r.1774-1792), France was nearly bankrupt. 2. The gov't was dependent on the poorest classes in society for revenue despite its having been taxed to its limit. • Inefficiency and corruption of the tax system hurt revenues. 3. Businessmen and merchants attacked France's state-controlled mercantilist economy for its restrictive features. 4. Inflation between 1730 and the 1780s resulted in dramatic price increases while wages did not keep up. • Prices of consumer goods rose 65% while wages rose only 22%. 5. Privileged classes refused to pay increased taxes. 6. Louis XVI summoned an Assembly of Notables in 1787 hoping they would either approve the king's new tax program or consent to remove their tax exemptions. 7. The Parlements, controlled by the nobility, blocked tax increases as well as new taxes in order to force the king to share power with the Second Estate.

Immediate causes of French Revolution

Brunswick Manifesto

Issued by Prussia and Austria; threatened to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed. • In response Jacobin-incited mobs seized power in Paris. o Revolutionary sentiment was stoked by Robespierre, Danton, and the journalist, Marat. • August 10, 1792: The Tuileries (the king's palace in Paris) was stormed and the King was taken prisoner, after fleeing to the Legislative Assembly. o Swiss Guards were defeated and many were murdered by the Parisian mob. • This marked the beginning of the "Second Revolution."

Significance of the Great Fear

It showed how the revolution affected regular people and created more unrest. The idea that there is a problem has spread to the peasants from the Enlightenment and have taken violent actions against the nobility out of fear. Fear can really cause people to do very messed up things. This brought the revolution down to all classes. They are revolting because they don't want to starve to death. In Paris it is completely taken into the Revolution and the King loses Paris.

National Convention

It was a republic and went with Rousseau's beliefs, based on the three things with equality, fraternity,and liberty. This government is able to abolish the monarchy because they were newly elected and were just kind of making change because they could and the King is in prison. The Jacobins gain a majority of seats and they vote to abolish like everything and make so many changes. They throw out the Gregorian calendar and use Roman numerals. They did this because they wanted a fresh start to a new phase and the calendar before was from religion. The attack on religion was a key component for why things weren't going well.

Break down of old order 1. The French Revolution was partly influenced by the American Revolution. 2. Increased criticism of the French gov't was spurred by rising expectations of the Enlightenment. 3. The Three Estates did not reflect the realities of wealth and ability in French society. 4. Historical interpretations of class conflict leading to the French Revolution:

Long term causes of French Revolution

-DOROMAC gives rights like Monestqieu believed -the creation of the legislative assembly gives the separation of power with checks and balances. -Estates general was called -freedom of speech

Pieces of Evidence that fit the liberla/Age of Montesquieu:

the king was now allied with the nobles while the Third Estate now feared the nobles more than ever.

Point of no return during National Assembly

a. By the 1780s half of France's annual budget went for payment of interest on the mounting debt. • Colonial wars with England • French participation in the American Revolution • Yet, the debt was only 50% of Britain's and less than 1/5 as heavy per capita; less than the Dutch Republic; and about the same as the sum left by Louis XIV. b. Major issue: The gov't could not declare bankruptcy as it had done in the past. • Aristocratic and bourgeois creditors did not allow their loans to be repudiated by the monarchy. c. France had no central bank, no paper currency, and no means of creating credit. • The only way for the gov't to get revenue was to increase taxes.

Reasons for France being nearly bankrupt

Researchers view of class conflict leading to revolution

Revisionist historians have questioned the existence of a growing social conflict between the bourgeoisie and feudal nobility. • Bourgeoisie and nobility were not monolithic but were plagued by internal rivalries. • Both groups formed two parallel social ladders, increasingly linked at the top by wealth, marriage, and Enlightenment culture. o The nobility continued to accept the wealthiest members of the middle class into its ranks (as the "nobility of the robe"). o Many nobles shared liberal ideas with the middle class. o Until the revolution, the middle class was supported by judicial opposition led by the Parlement of Paris.

Law of Maximum

Robespierre sought a planned economy in response to food shortages and related economic problems. shows that as radical as the government was it still addressed the famine and tried to fix the issues with food. a. This would enable France to wage total war against its external enemies. b. The gov't decreed maximum allowable prices, fixed in paper assignats, for key products. c. The price of bread was fixed at levels the poor could afford. d. Rationing was introduced to make sure bread was shared fairly. e. The gov't nationalized many small workshops and requisitioned raw materials and grain from peasants. f. Arms and munitions were produced for the war effort. g. In effect, it was an early version of socialism.

a. It became the constitutional blueprint for France. • It was influenced by American constitutional ideas. • It guaranteed due process of law; a citizen was innocent until proven guilty. • It established sovereignty of the people. b. Enlightenment philosophy: classical liberalism c. Freedom of expression and religion d. Taxes could be raised only with common consent e. All public servants were accountable for conduct in office f. Separation of powers were established through separate branches. g. Confiscation of property from private persons had to be done with fair compensation. h. "Citizen" applied to all French people, regardless of class.

The DOROMAC consisted of...

Flight to Verrains

The King and Queen tried to leave and were caught trying to leave. The people were hearing and thinking what they wanted to. They were trying to escape to Austria in hopes that Marie Antoinette's family would help them. They were discovered past 6 checkpoints on the border of Austria where they were caught. They figured out it was the King from a coin and they were arrested. He is now accused of treason and other countries are assisting them. He is now forced to sign the Constitution of 1791 and it is now officially a constitutional monarchy.

Storming of the Bastille

The king had sent a ton of troops so as a result they wanted to storm it for weapons. He also got rid of Knecker his finance minister which people feared the aristocratic landowners increasing prices making survival even harder for them. It actually saved the National Assembly because they were going to be disbanded by Louis XVI troops and instead they were called back. Now there are peasants revolting everywhere including manor houses and the debt books. This was the Great Fear. they believed that if they burned the record they had no debt. It was a symbol because it showed the people were ready to act and fight against the injustices against them. It shows that people were ready to act.

"refactory clergy"

The pope condemned the Civil Constitution of the Clergy as an attempt to subjugate the church. o Half of French priests refused to accept it ▪ They had the support of the king, former aristocrats, peasants, and the urban working- class.

the monarchs power

The unity of the National Assembly began to unravel when dealing with...

Jacobins

They were considered radical for wanting to completely take down the monarchy and have a republic. They wanted to do this with violence. They were middle class people and were referred to as a political club. Believed in killing those who didn't support the revolution. Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. They were passionately committed to liberal revolution.

a. The Mountain: radical republicans; urban class • Its leaders, Danton and Robespierre, sat on the uppermost left-hand benches of the assembly hall. b. Girondins: more moderate than the Mountain and predominantly rural

Two faction emerging among Jacobins

Women's economic problems prior to their march to versailles

Unemployment resulting from reduced demand for garments devastated women in the putting-out system.

• The king's power was reduced to a temporary veto in the lawmaking process. • The King and Assembly made sure bread was available to the masses. • The more conservative revolutionaries began to drop out of the Assembly due to disillusionment by mob violence.

What happened once the King and National Assembly moved to Paris?

-The September Massacre was a lot of violence with the suspension of the constitution which eliminates the checks and balances, any violence would not be supported by Montesqueie -Voting was rigged in the 1st and 2nd estates -jacobins and radical working class inciting violence

Why it shouldn't be called the age of montesquieu:

• The First and Second Estates would thus control the Estates General as both had similar interests to protect, despite the increased size of the Third Estate. • The Third Estate was furious.

Why was the traditional method of separate voting in the Estate General a problem?

a. Women gained increased rights to divorce, to inherit property, and to get child support from the fathers of their illegitimate children. b. Women, however, did not share in equal rights. • Women could not vote or hold office while the existing system gave males the advantage in family law, property rights, and education. • At this point in history, there were very few that believed in gender equality. • Among the leaders of the revolution, only Condorcet argued for gender equality.

Women's position and rights in society

• Grain shortages, poor harvests, and inflated bread prices persisted.

Worst depression issue during the Estates General voting

Issues in the Estates General

a. Each Estate was expected to elect its own representatives. b. Finance minister Jacques Necker oversaw the convening of the Estates General and convinced Louis to double the number of representatives in Third Estate as a gesture to its size. c. The Parlement of Paris ruled that voting in the Estates General would follow the tradition of each Estate voting separately. d. Abbé Sieyès (a member of the clergy) wrote, What is the Third Estate? e. The election took place during the worst depression in 18th century France. f. May 5, 1789: The Estates General met and the Third Estate was furious that the voting method was by Estate and not per capita.

Execution of Louis XVI

a. He was accused of having conspired with Austria against the Revolution. b. Those who voted for regicide now had to preserve the gov't for they would lose their lives if royalists returned to power. c. The Republic's military fortunes were in a state of crisis by spring of 1793.

Maxemillian Robespierre

a. He was influenced heavily by the ideas of Rousseau and fanatically supported revolutionary idealism. b. Louis Saint-Just also was a major leader alongside Robespierre.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

a. It became the constitutional blueprint for France. • It was influenced by American constitutional ideas. • It guaranteed due process of law; a citizen was innocent until proven guilty. • It established sovereignty of the people. b. Enlightenment philosophy: classical liberalism c. Freedom of expression and religion d. Taxes could be raised only with common consent e. All public servants were accountable for conduct in office f. Separation of powers were established through separate branches. g. Confiscation of property from private persons had to be done with fair compensation. h. "Citizen" applied to all French people, regardless of class.

First Estate

a. It contained less than 1% of population but the Catholic Church in France owned 20% of the land. b. The clergy and the Church were exempt from taxes. • Much of church's income was drained away from local parishes by political appointees and high-ranking aristocrats. c. However, conditions of the church and the position of the clergy have been much exaggerated as a cause of the French Revolution. • Though the French church levied a tithe on all agricultural products, England did as well. • Bishops both in England and France often played a part in gov't affairs. • The clergy and monastic orders had greatly declined by 1789 in the wake of the Enlightenment.

revolutionary municipal gov't set up in Paris, which effectively usurped the power of the Legislative Assembly.

a. Led by Georges-Jacques Danton b. At the urging of radicals, the Legislative Assembly suspended the Constitution of 1791. c. It ordered new elections based on universal male suffrage to summon a new national convention to give France a republican form of gov't.

Flight to Varrenes

a. Louis XVI tried to escape France in June 1791 to avoid having to approve the Constitution of 1791 and to raise a counter-revolutionary army with émigré noblemen and seek help from foreign powers. b. He was captured and the King and Queen became prisoners of the Parisian mobs. c. The king was forced to accept a constitutional monarchy. d. The king was now viewed by many as a traitor to his country and he lost much of his public support.

Replacement of National Assembly with the legislative assembly

a. Members of the National Assembly had agreed that no one in that group would take part in the new gov't. b. The new gov't reflected the emergence of political factions in the revolution competing for power—most important were republican groups. • These members were younger and less cautious than members of the National Assembly. c. Jacobins, named after their political club, came to dominate the Legislative Assembly. d. Domestic problems

Louis XVI summoning of an Assembly of Notables

a. Nobles refused tax increases and demanded that control over all gov't spending be given to the provincial assemblies (that nobles controlled). b. Louis refused. Nobles demanded that sweeping tax changes required approval of the Estates General. c. The king then dismissed the nobles and established new taxes by decree.

San-culottes

a. Predominantly from the working-class; extremely radical • They were a separate faction from those of the National Convention and had an economic agenda. b. Their violence and influence kept the revolution moving forward. • They had been responsible for storming the Bastille, marching to Versailles, driving the king from the Tuileries, and the September Massacres. • They feared the National Convention might be too moderate. c. They favored direct democracy in their neighborhood clubs and assemblies, together with a mass uprising if necessary against the Convention itself.

September Massacres

a. Rumors spread that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats and priests were plotting with foreign invaders. • The Prussian army's invasion of eastern France increased popular hysteria. b. In response, mobs slaughtered over a thousand priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats who opposed their program; many were in prison. • Most of the revolution's remaining foreign supporters were shocked by the violence. -is when the people were slaughtered in the streets of Paris form the Counter-Revolution. It's a result of Danton and the Paris Commune taking over and they suspend the Constitution. This is the end of the Age of Montesquieu.

Storming of the Bastille

a. The "Parisian" revolution began in response to food shortages, soaring bread prices, 25% unemployment, and fear of military repression. b. On July 14, an angry mob stormed the Bastille in search of gunpowder and weapons. c. It inadvertently saved the National Assembly.

Constitution of 1791

a. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) b. France became a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral Legislative Assembly. c. The National Assembly abolished the provinces and divided France into 83 departments governed by elected officials. • A new system of law courts gave France a uniform administrative structure: 83 dioceses, departments and judicial districts. d. Weakness: local communities enforced national legislation at their discretion. • This proved ruinous when war came.

War and conflict during Legislative Assembly

a. The Declaration of Pillnitz was issued by Prussia and Austria in August 1791. b. The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in April 1792. c. War of the First Coalition (1792-1797) d. Jacobins blamed their defeat on Louis XVI, believing him to be part of a conspiracy with Prussia and Austria. e. The Brunswick Manifesto (July 25, 1792)

Creation of a republic under National Convention

a. The monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republican form of government. b. Society was based on the ideals of Equality, Liberty, Fraternity. c. A majority of the members of the National Convention were Jacobins and republicans, who were well-educated middle class.

The "Great Fear" of 1789

a. The spirit of rebellion spread to the French countryside, sparking a wave of violence. b. Peasants attacked manor houses in an effort to destroy the legal records of their feudal obligations. c. Middle class landowners were also attacked. d. Recent enclosures were undone, old common lands were reoccupied, forests were seized, and taxes went unpaid. e. The middle class responded by forming a National Guard Militia to protect property rights.

Parlement blocking tax increases

a. They asserted some "fundamental laws" against which no king could violate such as national consent to taxation and freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. b. The king tried to exile judges but protests swept the country and investors refused to advance more loans to the state. c. On July 5, 1788, king reluctantly summoned for a spring session of Estates General. • The king asked that all parties study the tax situation and make proposals on the organization of the Estates General under modern conditions. • Ironically, by forcing the summoning of the Estates General, the nobility unwittingly initiated the Revolution.

the National Assembly voted to abolish feudalism in France and declared equality of taxation to all classes.

a. This constituted one of the two great social changes of the Revolution (the other was the abolition of guilds). • This was an attempt to stop further violence. • It amounted to a peaceful social revolution. b. It ended serfdom (where it existed), exclusive hunting rights for nobles, fees for justice, village monopolies, the corvée, and other dues. c. The peasantry thus achieved a great and unprecedented victory. • Henceforth, they would work to consolidate their gains. • As the Great Fear ended, peasants became a force for order and stability.

The Tennis Court Oath

a. When locked out of their meeting place by Louis XVI they met instead in an indoor tennis court three days later. The Third Estate swore to remain together until it had given France a constitution. c. The Third Estate thus assumed sovereign power on behalf of the nation. • In response, Louis XVI brought an army of 18,000 troops to Versailles.

Women's March to Versailles

a. Women pushed the revolution forward in October when shortages of bread persisted. b. Incited by Jean-Paul Marat, 7,000 women (along with the Paris national guard) marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles demanding the king redress their economic problems. c. Women invaded the royal apartments and slaughtered bodyguards while searching for Queen Marie Antoinette. d. The King and Queen were forced to move to Paris to live at the Tuileries, the royal residence in Paris. e. The National Assembly also moved to Paris and was intimidated by the Parisians.

Third Estate

consisted of a few rich merchants or professionals, the middle class, urban artisans, unskilled workers and the mass of peasants. a. It bore the vast majority of the tax burden. b. Peasants also had to honor feudal obligations such as taxes and fees. c. The bourgeoisie demanded that political and social power be congruent with their emerging economic power.

• The middle class resented gov't interference in their economic activities. c. Criticism mounted concerning gov't inefficiency, corruption, and privileges of the aristocracy. • The legal system was chaotic, with no uniform or codified laws. d. Divine right theory invoked by the Crown did not fit in during the age of "enlightened despots". • No representative assembly existed in France.

criticisms of French government prior to Revolution a. Political theories of Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu and other philosophers were popular. b. Laissez faire economic ideas of French physiocrats (such as Quesnay) and Adam Smith were popular among the middle class.

Age of Montesquieu

first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc.The first, moderate, phase of the French Revolution. In it, the Church and State both existed, but a separation of powers arose between the governing classes.

Mary Wollstonecraft

in England published Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. • Her ideas were similar to de Gouges.

Committee of Public Safety

in a time where they killed anybody who opposed their ideas and they were in charge of protecting France from threats at home and abroad so they dealt with these people. 1. By the summer of 1793, the Committee of Public Safety became an emergency gov't to deal with internal and external challenges to the revolution. 2. Led by Maximilien Robespierre 3. The Committee closely collaborated with the sans-culottes. 4. Law of Maximum 5. Slavery was abolished in French Caribbean colonies (Santo Domingo and Haiti). 6. Military victories led to the desire to spread Revolutionary ideals outside France. 7. Reign of Terror 8. A "Republic of Virtue" 9. End of the Terror

Le Chapelier Law (1791)

outlawed strikes, workers coalitions, and assemblies.

The Lettre de cachete- Blank Warrant

the gov't could imprison anyone without charges or a trial. Similar to like a blank check where you fill in what you need. Applied to the Third estate.

The Declaration of Pillnitz

was issued by Prussia and Austria in August 1791. • Émigrés, French nobles who fled France beginning in 1789, influenced Prussia and Austria to declare the restoration of the French monarchy as their goal. o They preached a kind of holy war. • The Austrian Emperor, Leopold, would be willing to take military steps to restore order to France if all other powers joined him. o He did not expect to receive unanimous agreement among all the Great Powers. • The Declaration was really a bluff intended to slow down the revolution and rid himself of French émigrés. • Leopold misjudged French revolutionary sentiment and Republican sentiment in France gained strength in response to the Declaration.

Brunswick Manifesto

was when Austria and Prussia declared and threatened that Paris would be destroyed if the royal family was killed. So then Danton and radicals feel threatened and take over Paris(Paris Commune) they absorb and take over the Paris Commune.

Girodins

were a part of the Jacobins and were more about war and spread the Revolution. Less crazy than Jacobins and wanted to defend the state to help the revolution. More moderate radical, Moderate political faction among leaders of the French Revolution; were not the radical group, but the moderates; favored keeping the king alive, a group of Jacobins, became the "left" or advanced party of the Revolution in the Legislative Assembly and led the country into war. They were passionately committed to liberal revolution.

Thus, French kings in the 18th century suffered a similar struggle with taxation that James I and Charles I suffered in England in the early-to-mid 17th century. • Judicial opposition in Paris and the provinces stated that the king could not levy taxes without the consent of the Parlement of Paris, which acted as the representative of the nation. • It received major support from educated public opinion.

what effect did the parliament of Paris have after denying taxation?

• The heads of the prison's governor and the mayor were put on pikes and paraded through the streets. • Citizens appointed marquis de Lafayette commander of the city's armed forces. • Paris was lost to the king.

what happened during got storming of the Bastille?

o Church property was confiscated to pay off the national debt. o It significantly undermined religious orders and schools.

what happened when convents and monasteries were abolished?

Formation of National Assembly

• Each estate was ordered to meet and vote separately. • The Third Estate refused and insisted that the entire Estates General vote together. • A 6-week deadlock followed until the Third Estate asserted its power in June, aided by some parish priests who defected from the First Estate.

Olympe de Gouges: The Rights of Woman

• Following the official Declaration of the Rights of Man in each of its 17 articles, she applied them to women explicitly in each case. • She also asserted the right of women to divorce under certain conditions, to control property in marriage, and equal access to higher education and civilian careers and public employment.

War of the First Coalition (1792-1797)

• French revolutionary forces were soundly defeated by the Austrian military. • Only the conflict between eastern monarchs over the division of Poland saved France from defeat. -Jacobins blamed their defeat on Louis XVI, believing him to be part of a conspiracy with Prussia and Austria.

Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

• He claimed the Third Estate should have the power in France. • He stated the nobility should be abolished. • He believed the Third Estate represented the vast majority of French society. • He brought the ideas of Rousseau's Social Contract to the forefront.

Thomas Paine: Rights of Man (1791)

• He responded to Burke's argument by defending Enlightenment principles and France's revolution. • He saw the triumph of liberty over despotism.

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

• In essence, it secularized religion. • It created a national church with 83 bishops and dioceses. • It was the biggest mistake made by the National Assembly and represented its first significant failure. • Convents and monasteries were abolished. • Archbishoprics were abolished. • All clergymen would be paid by the state and elected by all citizens. • Protestants, Jews, and agnostics could legally take part in the elections based on citizenship and property qualifications. • The clergy was forced to take a loyalty oath to the new gov't (since the pope had condemned the Revolution). o The clergy was forbidden to accept the authority of the pope. • Result: It deeply divided France over the issue of religion.

. Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolution in France

• It became one of the great intellectual defenses of European conservatism. • He defended inherited privileges, especially those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. • He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France. • He advised England to go slow in adapting its own liberties. • He denounced political philosophy based on abstract principles of right and wrong. • He believed nations should be shaped by national circumstance, national history, and national character. • Eventually, Burke came to urge war as an ideological struggle against French barbarism.

Legislative Assembly declaration of war on Austria

• It was fueled by ideological fervor and anti-Austrian sentiment. • The Girondins became the party of international revolution. o They claimed the Revolution could never be secure in France until it spread to the world.

once King and Queen were moved to Paris

• On the way back to Paris, the violent crowd chanted, "We have the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's little boy." • Louis XVI met with a group of women in the palace and signed decrees guaranteeing bread in Paris at reasonable prices.

feudal obligations honored by peasants

• Peasants owned about 40% of the land in France and occupied nearly all of France. • The Second Estate taxed the peasantry for its own profit. o The corvèe obligated peasants to work for nobles several days a year without pay. • Nobles enjoyed "hunting rights," or the privilege of keeping game preserves, and hunting on the peasant's land. • Yet, the relation of lord and peasant was not as exploitative as with serfdom in eastern Europe.

Madame de Staël

• She ran salons and wrote widely read books. • She deplored subordination of women to men that the Revolution had done so little to change.

Ntl Assembly

• Tennis Court Oath • Storming of the Bastille • Great Fear and abolition of feudalism • Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Declaration of the Rights of Man

Traditional class conflict leading to revolution

• The bourgeoisie was united by economic position and class interest and frustrated by feudal laws. • Eventually, it rose up to lead the Third Estate in the Revolution which resulted in abolition of feudal privileges and established a capitalist order based on individualism and a market economy.

Reasons for the fear leading to Storming of Bastille

• The king's dismissal of his liberal finance minister, Necker, created fear of subjugation by aristocratic landowners and grain speculators. • Workers and tradesmen began to arm themselves in response to the king's summoning of troops to Versailles.

France a sa constitutional Monarchy

• The middle class controlled the gov't through an indirect method of voting and property qualifications. • Half of males over 25 years were eligible to vote. • The nobility was abolished.