FSU PAD 3003 Final Exam Proffesor Bruce Grant

A public budget is:

) A political instrument that allocates scarce public resources among the social and economic needs of a jurisdiction.2) A managerial or administrative instrument that specifies the ways and means of providing public programs and services, establishes the costs of programs and the criteria by which these programs are evaluated for efficiency and effectiveness, and ensures that programs will be reviewed or evaluated at least once during the budget year or budget cycle.

Garbage Can Model

-- Collection of choices looking for problems-- Problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities flow in and out of a garbage can, and which problems get attached to solutions is largely due to chance.

Management

-- Different from leadership; less normative-- Embodies POSDCORB; consists of a set of scientific, identifiable skillsProcess of supervising

Government and business have very much in common:

-- Large bureaucracies and small leadership structures.-- Professional, mass production, and transportation.-- Culture and decision-making similar.-- Recruit from same populations.-- Public sector increasingly focused on competitiveness (same as business).-- Public sector benefits from private sector experimentation.-- Technology presents a common language.

Waldo Public morality:

-- More than a simple matter of obeying the law.-- Based on collective good. Public administrators face more moral complexity than those in private organizations

Network Security

-- Networks/clouds-- Ensuring integrity of data-- Network security is every public administrator's responsibility

Business is very different from government:

-- Pursue interests of shareholders.-- Pursue designated private interest and sometimes ignore public interest.-- Focus on product differentiation and market positioning.-- Managers have greater flexibility to make unilateral strategic decisions.-- The bottom line rules.

Quantitative Research

-- Quantifies the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics; used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables and generalize results from a larger sample population. -- Uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research; collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods.

Leadership

-- The art of motivating a group of people to achieve a common goal. -- Concepts fundamental to leadership include motivating and inspiring, developing subordinates, leading by example, selflessness, team building, communicating, listening and setting and enforcing high standards. -- It is a relationship between the leader and people in a social/organizational situation. It is also a process.

Digital Democracy

-- The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in democratic process.-- Non-traditional ways of participating in government.-- Political processes carried out online

Government is very different from business.

-- Work of government has the mandate of political legitimacy; must be fair and defensible since owned by all.-- Work of government defined by law and implemented by force. --Work of government involves accommodation, compromise, and incremental decisions.-- Bottom-line profit never a test for success.

Importance of Public Service

-Public service attracts a special kind of individual-Essential purposes of our society are carried out largely in the public sphere.- Image of public servant is not a positive one.

ASPA Code of Ethics

1. Advance the Public Interest. Promote the interests of the public and put service to the public above service to oneself. 2. Uphold the Constitution and the Law. Respect and support government constitutions and laws, while seeking to improve laws and policies to promote the public good.3. Promote democratic participation. Inform the public and encourage active engagement in governance. Be open, transparent and responsive, and respect and assist all persons in their dealings with public organizations.4. Strengthen social equity. Treat all persons with fairness, justice, and equality and respect individual differences, rights, and freedoms. Promote affirmative action and other initiatives to reduce unfairness, injustice, and inequality in society. 5. Fully Inform and Advise. Provide accurate, honest, comprehensive, and timely information and advice to elected and appointed officials and governing board members, and to staff members in your organization. 6. Demonstrate personal integrity. Adhere to the highest standards of conduct to inspire public confidence and trust in public service. 7. Promote Ethical Organizations: Strive to attain the highest standards of ethics, stewardship, and public service in organizations that serve the public.8. Advance Professional Excellence: Strengthen personal capabilities to act competently and ethically and encourage the professional development of others.

Rational Decision Making

1. Define the problem 2.Generate possible solutions 3.Generate objective assessment criteria 4.Choose best solution 5. Implement solution 6.Monitor, evaluate and seek feedback

Waldo's Ethical Obligations of US Public Administrators -

1.Constitution 2.Law 3.Nation/Country 4.Democracy 5.Organizational/bureaucratic norms 6.Profession and professionalism

Based on new fiscal realities, there are 3 broad trends facing public managers:

1.Governance - regionalism/shared services as a necessity.2.Broadband deployment mobility and applications.3.Social networking beyond e-government.

Administrative ethics emphasize:

1.Integrity 2.Duty/acting in the public interest 3.Primacy of law 4.Importance of sound management 5.Need to avoid conflicts of interest

The Difference Between Managers and Leaders:

1.Managers administer: leaders innovate 2.Managers maintain: leaders develop. 3.Managers control: leaders inspire .4.Managers have a short-term view: leaders, a long-term view .5.Managers ask how and when: leaders ask what and why. 6.Managers imitate: leaders originate. 7.Managers accept the status quo: leaders challenge it. 8.Managers do things right: leaders do the right thing

Network

A group or system of interconnected people or things.

Ethics

A set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest so as to enhance societal well-being-- Doing what is right-- Has basis in moral values

Social networks

A social structure made up of social actors, sets of dyadic ties, and other interactions.

Information Management

Application of management techniques to collect information, communicate it within and outside the organization, and process it to enable managers to make quicker and better decisions. -- The discipline that analyzes information as an organizational resource;covers the definitions, uses, value and distribution of all data and information within an organization whether processed by computer or not. -- It is an outgrowth of technology - now many jobs consist of managing and moving information.

Qualitative research benefits and limitations

Benefits:Allows ID of new and untouched phenomenaProvides a deeper understandingGives a one-on-one and anecdotal informationMay reveal information that would not be identified through pre-determined survey questions Limitations:Cannot generalize to the general populationChallenges in applying statistical methodsDifficulty in assessing relations between characteristics

Quantitative research benefits and limitations

Benefits:Enables gathering information from a relatively large number of participants.Can conduct in a number of groups, allowing for comparison.Allows generalizing to broader population.Provides numerical or rating information.Limitations:Difficulty in recognizing new and untouched phenomena.Caution in interpretation without a control group.

Public-Private Paradox The relationship -- Two propositions:

Business and government are ultimately different.Business and government have very much in common.

Picket fence model -

Close fiscal relationships between national, state and local governments; relies on grants-in-aid from federal government

Public Choice

Decisions made in the self-interest of government agencies; to minimize risks and maximize rewards for agency

Discretionary program spending

Defense, education, housing

Planning, Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)

Dept of Defense; based on rational decision making; uses cost-benefit analysis

Participatory Model

Diverse group of people will provide input on policy; usually through public meetings, hearings

There are advantages to an unbalanced budget.

Extra spending can stimulate the economy.But large deficits can devalue the currency, kindle inflation and crowd out capital markets.

Marble Cake --

Few hard lines of distinction as to what constitutes national, state or local responsibilities

regressive tax

If the percentage of tax increases as income decreases, then the tax is considered regressive. Examples: property tax, sales tax, payroll tax (funds Social Security and Medicare) tax, user fee,

Progressive tax

If the percentage of tax paid increases as income increases, then the tax is considered progressive. Examples: federal income tax, a sales tax on luxury goods,

Elite Theory

Key decisions dominated by a few key leaders

Public Manager

Manages people and/or programs that serve the public.Provides leadership to government organizations.Creates public value.

311 System

Non-emergency help number to reduce 911 calls.-- Moves toward community-oriented government. -- Fills need for addressing frustration with government services

Cooper on ethics

Normative foundations for public administrator ethics -1.Regime values/constitutional theory2.Citizenship theory3.Social equity4.Virtue/character-based ethics5.Public interest

Importance of Leadershipin the Public Sector

Pillars: Accountability, Efficiency and Effectiveness, and Social Equity Ethics -Public office is a public trust

Qualitative Research

Primarily exploratory research; used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. -- Focuses on describing a phenomenon in a deep comprehensive manner using interviews, open-ended questions, or focus groups; small number of participants.-- Uncovers trends in thought and opinions, and dives deeper into the problem. --Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.

E-Government

Providing governmental services electronically usually over the Internet. Examples: pay utility bill online, pay taxes electronically, pay fines or tickets, apply for permits, look up property assessments, file complaints.

Rohr on ethics

Public administration ethics grounded in US Constitution and Supreme Court interpretations (values of the regime)-- Public administrators should use their discretionary power in manner consistent with values of the people in whose name they govern.

Waldo on ethics

Responsibility for moral and ethical behavior begins at the top of the hierarchical pyramid and filters down.

Chief Information Officer (CIO) Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

Responsible for coordinating secure and uniform technology systems.

Layer Cake --

Separate and distinct areas of authority between national, state, and local governments.

Policy networks

Sets of formal institutional and informal linkages between governmental and other actors structured around shared beliefs and interests in public policy. These actors are interdependent and policy emerges from the interactions between them.

Types of shared services:

Sharing personnel: preferable to the use of part-time staff due largely to increased accountability over an individual managed by more than one municipality.o Sharing Equipment: each community owning an individual part of the entire piece of equipment. -- Sharing internal services -- ideal when service functions require little interaction with the public - an example is an animal shelter. To individual municipality this relationship is similar to one with a private vendor. -- Sharing external services: cost saving and economies of scale; agreements in which one government unit consents to provide essential services to another that no longer provides such services. External shared service models pursued in the interest of saving money and improving service quality.

Entitlement program spending

Social Security, Medicare

Moore's Law

Technology innovation will double every 2 years.

Budget Process

The flow and management of funds is the lifeblood of our system of public administration.

Issue networks

Type of policy network; an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a single issue in government policy. Example - environmental network.

Geospatial Information System (GIS)

Visual/graphic interfaces overlaying information on maps.

Politics -

Who gets what when and how

Outlays

actual amounts spent by the government each year.

Block grants:

afford states much more freedom in determining how grant money will be spent

Budget authority

amount of money that Congress permits the federal government to spend.

The two major responsibilities of a leader

are the mission and the welfare of his/her people.

- Shared service agreements --

attempts to reduce service delivery costs and ease the tax burden on citizens while streamlining local services:Doing away with duplicative servicesEnhancing governmental responsiveness

Deontological

based on principle; moral actions are evaluated on the basis of inherent rightness or wrongness rather than goodness or a primary consideration of consequences.

Satisficing -

choosing policies that are not optimum, but "good enough"; muddling through

Incrementalism -

consider only a few policy alternatives that are not much different from what is currently being done; small incremental changes as opposed to major, sweeping changes

Privatization -

contracting or outsourcing of government services to private sector companies

Teleological -

describes an ethical perspective that contends the rightness or wrongness of actions is based solely on the goodness or badness of their consequences; ends justify the means

Situational leadership

different situations demand different kinds of leadership; leader alters approach based on circumstances

Policies -

distributive, redistributive and regulatory

Budget resolution

documents that set out the Congressional budget

Leadership

essential for government to work

authorization bill

establishes federal policies and programs, and may also make recommendations concerning the proper spending level for a program or agency

Servant leadership-

focus on leaders being servants and attentive to followers; empower followers

Transformational-

focuses on team-building, motivation to accomplish change; self-actualizing

Style theory

focuses on what leaders do; balancing task behaviors and relationship behaviors

Public managers responsible for

implementing laws and carrying out the functions of government (services); carrying out the purposes of the state.

Trait theory -

innate qualities of characteristics; great man/woman theory

-A balanced budget

is a budget in which receipts are equal to or greater than outlays. A government that has one is financially healthy.

Federalism

is the system in which governing powers are divided between national and regional authorities.

Morality

is understanding the distinction between right and wrong and living according to that understanding.

Contingency theory

leader-match theory; fitting leadership style to context

Path-goal theory

leaders motivate/guide followers to reach goals and satisfy needs

Transactional-

maintain status quo; utilize discipline and incentives to motivate; trades rewards for performance

Categorical grants:

must be used for very specific purposes

appropriations bill

provides the dollar amounts for agencies, programs, and operations.

budget

s a plan regarding how revenues will be spent on a year-to-year basis.

Shared services -

services shared between governmental entities

Line item budget

simple itemized; popular with local governments

Zero-based budget

start at zero every year and justify all programs to be funded

Skills theory -

technical (competence), human (interpersonal) and conceptual (thinking) skills

Grants-in-aid programs:

the national government provides grants (that is, transfers of tax money collected by the Internal Revenue Service) to the states, a portion of which is further filtered down to the county and municipal governments.

Ethics is

the philosophy of how that morality guides individual and group behavior. The two are closely related, with morality being the foundation of ethics.

Performance budget

ties budget to performance (outputs & outcomes) of agency