FTCE - Professional Education 1

Which of the following statements from a teacher would be considered classroom management through use of negative reinforcement?

"If you would start turning in your homework, I wouldn't have to call your mother every afternoon!"

A 4th-grade teacher notices that one of her students is wearing clothing that is inapproriate for the season. This appears to be an attempt to cover up bruising on his arms. The teacher speaks privately with the student and he becomes noticeably upset and tells her "mind your own business." Based on information the student has given the teacher in the past, the teacher suspects that the student may be fighting with his father. Which of the following actions should the teacher take?

Call and report what she suspects to the Florida Abuse Hotline.

An elementary reading teacher wants to get parents reading nightly with their children. The most effective way to do this while fostering parent communication is to:

Invite parents to a "reading night" where student and parents meet to read and share favorite poems.

Redirecting

Posing prompts to add new insight

Five Attributes of Cooperative Learning

Positive Interdependence Individual Accountability Group Processing of Social Skills Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction Effective Interpersonal Interaction

Rules

Positively stated and no more than five

distributed practice

Practice repeated at intervals over time.

A student learns a second language after mastering the first

Sequential language acquisition occurs when?

Needs assessment

Teacher conducts based on the academic progress of their students in determining what professional learning they need

allocated time

The time set aside for specific school activities, such as teaching or lunch.

transitions (2)

The times of switching from one classroom activity to another.

modality preference (1)

The way a child prefers to learn. Students may be auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or mixed learners.

teaching style

The way a teacher teaches; that teacher's distinctive mannerisms complemented by his or her choices of teaching

reality therapy

Therapy in which individuals are helped to become responsible and able to satisfy their needs in the real world.

IEP team

Under IDEA, a committee formed by the school to identify a student as requiring special education or related services and to develop, review, or revise a student's Individual Educational Plan (IEP).

Redirection

This technique allows the students to rethink their responses without feeling defensive about offering an incorrect answer.

Critical response journals

Tools in encouraging students to read analytically

eclectic

Using a variety of sources

reinforcement

Using consequences to strengthen the likelihood of a behavior or event.

Which of the following is not a text feature?

Copyright date and city of publication

When teaching idioms it is important to

Explicitly teach the implied meaning of the phrase.

Cummins, Jim

Famous fo his work with second-language acquisition, Cummins coined the terms Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS).

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Far-reaching legislation that provides special education and service for children with disabilities.

Book structure

Features such as table of contents, chapters, glossary, and index

Praise has been shown to be most effective when?

It is authentic and low-key and is used frequently

After a delay of a day or two

It is favorable to provide feedback to tests when?

Learning communities provide educators an opportunity to

Meet with other educators to discuss and study more effective instructional practices.

redirecting

the technique of posing a question or prompt to students for a response or to add new insights

pre-production, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency

Willig and Lee Four Stages of Development (ESOL)

disengagement

Withdrawal or detachment.

The best graphic organizer for analyzing similarities and differences is

a Venn diagram

dame schools

during colonial times when educated women in the community would teach boys and girls in their homes

Shared classroom materials should be

easily accessed, assembled prior to beginning the lesson, and safe for student use.

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. I.e: PEMDAS

Flavell

meta cognition was created by who?

Self-examination and self-evaluation are both examples of what?

meta cognitive thinking

internal variables represent

nature

Lecture method

one-way communication to attempt to convey knowledge tot eh learner orally; recommended for only 10-15 minutes; least effective teaching method

a child watches another child play, but does not join in

onlooker play

The initial stages of language acquisition are:

pre-production, early production, speech emergent, intermediate fluency.

Concrete Operational (Piaget 3rd stage of cognition)

Ages 7-11 Can take mother's POV, can arrange objects in sequential order, can solve concrete problems

Visualization

An instructional strategy which opens up student thinking by using sensory information to stimulate imagination with both spoken and written words.

Standardized Test

An objective test that is given and scored in a uniform manner. Standardized tests are carefully constructed, and items are selected after trials for appropriateness and difficulty.

School Advisory Council

An organization composed of the principal and a group of elected students, teachers, parents, and appointed community members, who develop the annual school improvement plan.

Sensorimotor (Piaget 1st stage of cognition)

Birth to age 2 Learning is through the senses and motor development Through trial and error

Functional Play (Piaget)

Birth to age 2 Movement and sensory exploration of the environment

instructional time

Blocks of class time for productive learning activities.

cognitive (memory and reasoning), affective (emotions), and psychomotor (physical abilities)

Bloom classified educational objectives into a systems that was divided into three parts

Evaluation

Both qualitiative and quantitative descriptions of progress towards and attainment of project goals. using collected information (assessments) to make informed decisions about continued instruction, programs and activities.

Which of the following is the term for when the class and teacher all read the same selection aloud at the same time?

Choral reading

tracks

Classes or curricula targeted for students of a specified achievement or ability level.

Problem-based learning

Classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex problem similar to those in the outside world. Small group setting.

I messages

Clear teacher messages that tell students how the teacher feels about problem situations and implicitly ask for corrected behaviors.

Who wrote the book, "Orbis Pictus"?

Comenius. He believed in using the senses to assist the intellect

LEP committee

Committee composed of teachers, home language teacher, administrator, guidance counselor, social worker, school psychologist for ESOL

focus

Component in a lesson in which the teacher secures the attention of the students and communicates the lesson objectives.

long-term memory

Component of the memory system that can hold a large amount of information for a long time.

short-term memory

Component of the memory system that can hold a limited amount of information for a short period.

CI

Comprehensible Input

CELLA

Comprehensive English Language Learners Assessment -measures progress in listening speaking, reading, and writing -annually

concrete concepts

Concepts that can be perceived directly through one of the five senses.

relational concepts

Concepts that describe relationships between items.

disjunctive concepts

Concepts that have two or more sets of alternative conditions under which the concept appears.

theoretical knowledge

Concepts, facts, and propositions that make up much of the content of the disciplines.

Realia

Concrete abjects that are used to gie meaning to a lesson. Use of these objects from the real wordl help deepen student understanding.

realia (7)

Concrete objects that are used to give meaning to a lesson. Use of these objects from the real world help deepen student understanding.

immorality

Conduct that is inconsistent with the standards of public conscience and good morals. It is conduct sufficiently notorious to bring the individual concerned or the education profession into public disgrace or disrespect and to impair the individual's service in the community.

gender bias

Conscious and unconscious favorable treatment of femals or maled=s based on sex.

Punishers

Punishment decreases the likelihood a behavior is repeasted, provided it is not reinforcing in some way, such as giving a violator status with peers.

punishers (2)

Punishment decreases the likelihood a behavior is repeated, provided it is not reinforcing in some way, such as giving a violator status with peers.

Remember our clue that we used yesterday that came from the Latin word that sounds equal

The teacher asks, "What is an equilateral triangle?" The student answer, "A triangle which has two equal legs" What will be an effective response from the teacher?

Instructional Objective

The educational goal of a lesson; specifically, what a teacher wants the students to know at the conclusion of a lesson.

instructional objective (1)

The educational goal of a lesson; specifically, what a teacher wants the students to know at the conclusion of a lesson.

an abusive home environment, but is not required to report the abuse through the state of Florida code of ethics.

The educator has legal obligations to protect a student from

Rime

The ending phoneme in a word. For example, in the word brim, the sound made by the ending 'im is the rime. Use of onsets and rimes are an important compoent of phonemic awareness.

target mistake

The error that occurs when a teacher stops the wrong student or desists the wrong behavior.

ethnicity

The ethnic identity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) of an individual or group.

internalization

The extent to which an attitude or value becomes a part of the learner.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

The federal law that protects the privacy of student education records

Pennsylvania

The first parochial schools were established where?

Middle Atlantic Colonies

The first vocational schools were established by who?

Probing

The following scenario is an example of which communication strategy? "Students, it was important for our president to meet the leader of China to promote good communication between the leaders of two of the most powerful countries in the world." Teacher: "How would such a meeting promote open communication?"

basic skills

The foundational knowledge and skills students are expected to acquire in elementary and middle school, in such areas as reading and mathematics.

reinforcement schedule

The frequency with which reinforcers are given. Common schedules are fixed-ratio, which includes continuous reinforcement; variable-ratio; fixed-interval; and variable-interval.

Identify the classroom practice that best encourages a positive learning climate for all students.

The teacher includes all students in class discussions, showing equal respect and sensitivity to each student.

Critical Thinking

The process students use to reflect on, assess and judge the assumptions underlying their own and others' ideas tand efforts.

Understand and successfully meet the various linguistic and cultural need for the none English speaking students

The purpose underlying the enactment of the concern decree (META) was to?

Print Concept

The realization that books have front and back covers, that the words start at the top of the page and progress from left to right and that as you finish a line of text, you move to the next line. Students must learn print concepts prior to learning to read.

socioeconomic status (SES)

The relationship of an individual's economic status to social factors, including education, occupation, and place of residence.

procedural safeguards

The rights of gifted students and students with disabilities and their parents.

intonation

The rise and fall of the voice when speaking or reading aloud.

Principles of Professional Conduct

The set of principles which outline the appropriate conduct, parameters and repercussions for educators in the state of Florida.

Code of Ethics

The set of standards that apply to ethical decision-making within the field of education in the state of Florida.

code of ethics (6)

The set of standards that apply to ethical decision-making within the field of education in the state of Florida.

principles of professional conduct (6)

The set of standards which outline the appropriate conduct, parameters, and repercussions for educators in the state of Florida.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in the language

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound, which are blended to create words.

exceptionality

The special need of a student that qualifies the student for Exceptional Student Education.

According to the Code of Ethics of the Education Profession in Florida, what is a professional educator's primary concern?

The student and the development of the student's potential.

Semantics

The study of words and their meanings.

learning environment

The surrounding conditions in which instruction takes place.

Product

The tangible and stable result of a performance task. Ans assessment is made of student performance based on evaluation of the product of a domonstration of learning.

discovery learning

designed to encourage students to be active learners while exploring new concepts, developing new skills, and figuring things out for themselves

reciprocal teaching

designed to increase students' reading comprehension by summarizing, generating questioning, clarifying, and predicting

mean

determined by adding up all the scores and dividing this sum by the total number of scores that were added

A local school advisory council has the important responsibility of

developing and evaluating the school improvement plan

take into account the typical patterns of physical, social, and cognitive development of students in order to optimize student learning and to promote social growth

developmentally appropriate practice

According to Krashen and Terrell, the topic centered language approach...

develops basic communication skills with the way individuals naturally acquire language

The teacher's role in meeting with parents in the academic improvement plan is to

inform the parents of the student's strengths and weaknesses and recommend remediation.

A transition statement is used for...

informing a student of what the expected tasks are as the class moves from one subject to another

Multidisciplinary studies

instruction design in which teacher from multiple subjects create a thematic unit

Measureable behaviors

instructional objectives must be behaviors that can be observed, recorded, and assessed

(Kohlberg) In stage two, a child does what is right to satisfy his needs and behaves to get rewards

instrumental-relativist

how learners are a like and how they are different

intERdividual knowledge

uses positive reinforcement upon successful completion of incremental steps along the way toward a desired learning goal

shaping

In order to practice effective behavior management, classroom rules

should be followed by all students and be consistently enforced.

Modeling

showing students how to do a task with the expectation that the students will emulate the model

A teacher wants to know if he is allowed to copy software onto more of his classroom computers. To find this out he should consult the

site license

When parents request copies of software to use at home with their children, a teacher should consult

site license guidelines.

exploiting the ripple effect

skillfully using the phenomenon that occurs, for example, when a teacher reminds an off-task student to get back to work and all the other off-task students also return to their assigned task

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning; dogs as two meaning (root and plural)

linguistics

structural aspects of a language

concept based

this learning approach focuses on a broad idea versus subject-specific content. Good for thematic, cross-curricular, or multi-disciplinary units.

gestures

this type of nonverbal communication includes movement such as pointing and illustrating with limbs or other body parts

heuristic function

to assert identity, make choices, and take responsibility

When would a teacher use a formative assessment?

to assess comprehension of an individual skill in the middle of a unit

During a class discussion, for which of the following purposes would it be appropriate for a teacher to ask a closed-ended question?

to check for agreement among students

Why would a teacher use anecdotal records?

to conduct action research

regulatory function

to control behavior of others

Why would a teacher use the fishbone diagrams?

to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

instrumental function of language

to satisfy wants an needs of others

Stage 5: Advance Fluency

- fluent in writing and communication skills - trouble decoding - master CALP in 5-7 yrs. -exit ELL program

Common Core State Standards CCSS

2009; a movement toward common standards among states

informational objectives

Abbreviated instructional objectives in which only the student performance and the product are specified.

Self-regulation

Ability to learn and solve problems on one's own without assistance

routine

An established pattern of behavior.

minority group

An ethnic or racial group that is a minority within a larger society.

Witkin, Goodenough, and Cox

Came up with field independence-field dependence

Symbolic thought

Can mentally represent objects

critical thinking

Complex thinking skills that include the ability to evaluate information, generate insights, and reach objective conclusions by logically examining the problem and the evidence.

Self-efficacy

Confidence

Each student is measured against uniform objectives or criteria.

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

character education

Deliberate instruction in basic virtues or morals.

Positive punishment

Giving an undesirable consequence (extra work)

inferential comprehension

Grasping the implied message in a text selection,

Procedures

Guidelines for regular daily routines

mainstreaming

Including students with special needs in regular education classrooms for part or all of the school day.

cognitive development

Increasing complexity of thought and reasoning.

Impulsivity/Reflectivity

Individuals are consistent in the way they process information and the speed with which they do it

peers

Individuals equal in age and/or status.

Evaluative-level

Judging the quality of an idea or a solution

intuition

Knowing without conscious reasoning.

achievement

Level of attainment or proficiency.

MBE

Maintenance Bilingual Education

changes in what a student is expected to learn and may include changes in content, requirements, & expected level of mastery.

Modifications

extrinsic motivation

Motivate created by events or rewards outside the individual.

intrinsic motivation (2)

Motivation that comes from an internal source such as self-motivation, and the satisfaction that is created when personal goals are achieved.

Proximodistal progression

Motor ability develops from the central axis outward

Stakeholders

Parents, teachers, administrators, and community members who are invested in the academic success of a student.

cross-age tutoring

Peer tutoring in which an older student teaches a younger student.

Piaget's Three Types of Knowledge

Physical Knowledge Logical-mathematical Knowledge Social Knowledge

Cephalocaudal Progression

Physical development of children

overlearning

Practicing beyond the point of mastery to improve retention.

paraphrasing

Restating in one's own words.

Lesson Study Cycle

Scheduling, planning, teaching, observing, debriefing, re-teaching, and reflecting

cues

Signals.

Internal locus of control

Students believe that events they experience are under their own control

Conditions

The circumstances in which the action will take place (objective)

reliability

The consistency of test scores obtained in repeated administrations to the same individuals on different occasions or with different sets of equivalent items.

Florida Commissioner of Education

The head of the Florida Department of Education.

pitch

The highness or lowness of sound.

corporal punishment

The moderate use of physical force or physical contact by a teacher or principal as may be necessary to maintain discipline or to enforce school rules (Section 1003.01 (7), F.S.).

orthography

The practice or study of correct spelling.

mandated time

The set amount of time, established by the state, during which school is in session.

hypothesize

To make an educated guess to explain a phenomenon.

monitor

To oversee a situation, activity, or process.

group discussion

Verbal interaction with other learners.

Rate

Words per minute read

A student has been given an alternative assessment to the end-of-the year criterion-based test that is required by the state. This an example of

a modification

District ELL plan

approved procedures and methodologies by district for serving ELLs-

When a teacher notices burns, bites, or bruises on a student and notices that the student withdraws at the approach of adults, the teacher should

contact the Florida Abuse Hotline

idioms

expression characteristic of a given language

commonly occurs from birth to age 2 and involves movement and sensory exploration of the environment (for example, a toddler banging on a toy piano)

functional play (Piaget)

A teacher uses extinction when she is

ignores negative behavior so that students don't receive positive reinforcement by gaining the teacher's attention.

Florida Consent Decree

protects the civil rights of ELL. -identification and assessment -equal access to appropriate programming -equal access to appropriate categorical and other programs for LEP students -Personnel -Monitoring Issues -Outcome Measures - trained ELL teachers that monitor and evaluate ELL students

proximity

refers to the physical distance separating individuals

debate

students work in teams to research a topic and formulate persuasive arguments supporting their viewpoints on an issue

In inductive teaching...

the students are provided with examples and non-examples are are expected to derive the definition from this information.

A class has students from various cultural backgrounds. The teacher notices that students of like cultures are exhibiting similar skills and knowledge that differ from students of other cultures. This could be due to the impact of cultural knowledge on

transfer

While students are completing individual work, the teacher leaves the classroom to pick up handouts that have been copied for the next class. This teacher's behavior

violates the professional duty to protect the safety of students.

An ELL joins the classroom mid-year. She appears to speak fluent English and participates well in class, yet struggles academically in reading and science. When questioned, the teacher learns that the student has only lived in America for 2 years. The student's academic struggles are likely the result of

Not having mastered cognitive academic language proficiency due to the length of time she has been speaking English.

A high school teacher wants students studying the Civil War to understand the attitudes of the soldiers on both sides. Of the following, which activity would best help meet this objective?

Role-playing: based on class reading, have each student write a letter to a family member about war experiences from the perspective of first a Northern and then a Southern soldier. Students will read the letters out loud.

A teacher receives a request for information on a middle school student from an independent psychologist. What procedures should the teacher follow?

Share the request with the administration and follow their guidelines.

The best tool for a teacher to use to keep a running, averaged record of student scores throughout the year is

Spreadsheet

Teachers who conduct action research might:

Videotape their lessons to reflect on instructional strategies.

Pauline, an English language learner, has been in the United States for one year. In mathematics class, she is very attentive and does well on all class work and assignments. However, Pauline never volunteers to answer questions in class and refuses to speak except for one-word responses such as "yes" and "no."

a developmental stage of language acquisition.

Student test performance reflects

a student's understanding of the topic and the quality of instruction.

A teacher wants to analyze areas of need in the curriculum. Which of the following would reflect the necessary data?

a teacher's grade book

"Meeting academic standards should be the highest priority in a classroom." This statement reflects the current philosophy of

accountability

Which of the following would help a teacher identify reasons why a student is misbehaving in class?

anecdotal records

A science teacher suspects a new student of having problems with reading comprehension. To assist the student, the teacher should

arrange for diagnostic testing in reading.

During the introduction of a new mathematics lesson, several students appear uninterested in the lesson. To determine if the behavior is content related, the teacher should

ask students concept questions.

To ensure that a new student feels welcome, the teacher should

assign a responsible peer buddy to assist the new student.

A math teacher is in the initial stages of planning a unit. The teacher realizes homework will play an important role in student success. The teacher examines the following research table that displays the effectiveness of various approaches to assessing homework assignments. What approach to assigning homework will have the greatest positive impact on student performance?

assigning select problems and grading them with specific feedback

In a community-centered approach to teaching, a teacher plans classroom activities that require students to

assist others in solving problems.

A student comes to school and says that her report is done but she is out of ink on her home printer. She asks the teacher if she can email the assignment to school and have the teacher print it out. The teacher should

be cautious because emails can contain viruses.

Network firewalls are installed to

block students from sending out inappropriate electronic mail messages.

Before sending pairs of students to practice with a text, a teacher models how to choose unfamiliar words and write an explanation, create a title for the passage they are reading, write questions based on their passage, and guess what will happen in the next passage. These are examples of comprehension strategies that include

clarifying, summarizing, questioning, and predicting.

A non-English-speaking student who has learned to read and write in her native language is placed in the 1st grade. According to current research, the best strategy for developing her literacy skills in English is to

continue literacy instruction in her native language while scaffolding and connecting the two systems during English literacy instruction.

An instructional strategy in which students work in small, peer-assisted groups is

cooperative learning.

To ensure that ALL students are aware of the assignments required for a semester-long chemistry class, the teacher should

create a course outline and distribute a hard copy to each student.

A student is capable of completing assignments but often lacks the motivation to do so. Which strategy would address the problem directly?

creating an academic contract between the student and teacher

Which of the following tests relates an individual's test performance to standards rather than to the performance of others?

criterion-referenced

A student appears to be struggling with a reading subskill after initial instruction. The teacher wants to find out what component of reading is hindering comprehension. Which of the following assessments would best aid the teacher?

diagnostic

A class is given three topics to research on the Internet. The teacher tells the students to independently search each topic using three specific search engines. After the searches are completed, the students are asked to compare the results obtained from each search engine. This scenario best illustrates the use of which instructional strategy?

discovery

A teacher finds that students can deal with abstractions and hypothetical-deductive questions, offer interpretations, and draw conclusions. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, at what stage of cognitive development are the students functioning?

formal operations

Which of the following is an example of a classroom that has been best arranged to facilitate student safety?

furniture placed to accommodate traffic patterns

Which 3rd-grade students' unit culminating activity provides the best opportunity for them to integrate language art skills?

having students prepare and give a software presentation

A teacher reviews a student's cumulative scores on a comprehensive fluency progress monitoring measure at midyear. Based on the data presented above, what is the most appropriate method of differentiating instruction for this student?

intensive instruction in phoneme segmentation fluency

According to Bloom's taxonomy, what is the lowest level of question in the cognitive domain that the teacher could use?

knowledge

A teacher has students use their background information to make predictions about a story. This lesson would most likely be representative of a(an)

learner-centered environment.

An English language learner placed in the 4th grade has had a strong educational background in his native country. His English is at an early production stage. His teacher plans to have the class learn the names and order of the planets in the solar system by reading and answering questions. This student would most likely be successful at this assignment because it is based upon

low context and low cognitive demand.

An elementary mathematics teacher uses the phrase "My dear Aunt Sally" to teach the order of operations. This phrase is an example of a

mnemonic device.

When a teacher reads aloud to students, which of the following strategies is the teacher using?

modeled reading

While a student is giving a report to the class, the teacher smiles, nods, leans forward, and listens attentively. Her behavior best demonstrates

nonverbal positive acknowledgement.

Which of the following assessments would be best for comparing a student's knowledge with that of other students in the same grade level?

norm-referenced

Sharon, a 3rd-grade student, received the following scores on a formal reading assessment: identifying main idea - raw score of 18/25 recalling details - 70th percentile making inferences - 30% correct determining author's purpose - grade equivalent of 4.5 A teacher who interprets these data can accurately conclude that Sharon

scored higher than 70% of students who took the same test in recalling details, and above grade level in determining author's purpose.

A beginning teacher notices that students are having difficulty mastering the properties of light on a science test. The best next step for the teacher to take would be

seeking input from a peer teacher.

As part of her planning process, Mrs. Smith is concerned about the levels of reading comprehension in her class. Which of the following would provide the richest source of data for the beginning analysis of her class?

student test records

Which of the following situations is the best example of a teacher promoting middle school students' creative thinking after reading a given fiction selection?

students rewrite the ending of the selection to change the resolution of the plot

A 4th-grade team analyzes student test scores from the beginning and the end of the school year to determine whether to continue using the current core reading curriculum. Which of the following is the best type of assessment to use for this purpose?

summative

Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment for measuring student mastery of content in a high school algebra class at midyear?

teacher-made test

Which of the following is an example of a teacher employing a nonverbal communication strategy?

using enthusiastic hand and eye gestures to introduce a unit on Florida history

A 4th-grade teacher has a group of students with mixed abilities. As he plans his unit on early Florida settlers, he should pay special attention to

varying the delivery models of instruction to compensate for different reading levels.

Permitting students access to e-mails with attachments can be a potential danger to a school's network, because of

viruses

multicultural education (7)

An educational approach that focuses on five key areas: content integration, knowledge construction, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction, and empowerment of school culture. An educational strategy that values diversity, promotes social justice, and provides equality to all students regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, language, sexual orientation, religion, or ability.

Instructional Design and Planning

Decision-making process that teachers use to develop instructional plans

Public Law 94-142

Federal law requiring that all schools receiving federal funds must provide for every child with a disability a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment.

professional autonomy

Freedom of professionals or groups of professionals to function independently.

Solitary Play (Parten)

A child plays alone

taxonomy

A classification system; used here in reference to a classification system of educational objectives or skills.

Mind Mapping

A method of visual note-taking that helps students organize information in unique and personal ways.

Provide opportunity for the student to experience success

A student is repeating the same grade level and fail to complete assignment, design ways to participate in class activities and withdraws from interaction with other students. What will be the most appropriate teacher action in this situation?

Establish a sequencing plan and follow it

A student rehearses an oral report he has prepared for competition and asks the teacher for feedback. The report lacks organization. What will be the most effective teacher response?

Objective Test

A test for which the scoring procedure is completely specified enabling agreement among different scorers.

Anecdotal Records

A type of informal evaluation. A teacher records observations of student performance and over time they can see patterms of growth.

Divergent Questioning

A type of question that requires critical thinking, since it allows for students to generate multiple answers to a defined questioin. An example of a divergent question is, "What is freedom?" Generally, this type of questioning requires higher-order thinking skills.

Alphabetic Principle

Also called graphophonemic awareness, it refers to the fact that each individual sound has a graphical representation of individual letters or letter blends. The second part is the correspondence betwen sounds and letters that leads to reading.

Graphophonemic Awareness

Also called the Alphabetic Principle, refers to the fact that each individual sound has a graphical representation of individual letters of letter blends. The second part of the correspondence between sounds and letters that leads to reading.

synthesis in Bloom's taxonomy

using old concepts to create new ideas, design and invention, composing, imagining and inferring, modifying, predicting and combining

Schema

Mental structures

A term used to describe what, how, and why people know what they know when they know it.

Metacognition

Private Speech (Vygotsky)

Self-talk learners use to monitor and guide themselves as they work through a problem or a task

Evaluating

Strand that consists of implementing the plan, changes in educator practice, changes in students, evaluation methods, and use of results

Tomerlin v. Dade School Board

Teachers held to high moral standard by virtue of their positions

Self-Regulation (Vygotsky)

The ability to learn and solve problems on one's own without assistance

reflective listening

The act of listening with feeling as well as with cognition.

Formal operations

The last stage of development at age 12; think about abstract concepts

enrichment

The process of providing richer and more varied content through strategies that supplement the standard curriculum; involves assignments or activities designed to broaden or deepen the knowledge of students who master classroom lessons quickly.

A student is doing a cold read, and the teacher documents that the student is reading at a 75% accuracy level. After reading the selection, the student takes a multiple-choice quiz on the material and scores 60% correct. What does this mean?

The student is reading at a frustration level and the teacher needs to select a more level-appropriate text.

If a teacher determines that mastery of a particular skill is at 75%, what must the student do to show mastery?

The student must get at least 75% of that particular skill question correct on an assessment.

Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

The support and assistance provided for learning and problem solving for students to learn in their zone of proximal development

Text structure

The various ways idea are organized in text: compare/contrast, cause/effect, story structure, and sequence

direct instruction

a teacher-centered instructional strategy based on the behaviorist point of view that the teacher is the expert in the classroom who should systematically and explicitly pass along information to the student

emphasis

a technique to help students identify and retain significant information

unbiased test

a test that does not unfairly favor a particular group

peer tutoring

a trained student teaches same-age classmates or a younger student

Peer tutoring

a trained student tutor teaches a same-age classmate or a younger student

jargon

technical language

action zone

the front of the class (received the most attention)

Stage 2: Early Production

- begin to say 1 or 2 word short responses - use memorized phrases - know up to 1,000 words - last up to 6 months

Strategies for Building a Culturally Responsive Relationship

- inviting parents in the learning environment - asking sensitive questions about a student's native background - allowing students to share their stories to find commonalities within the group

Stage 3: Speech Emergent

- know up to 3,000 words - converse with classmates, complete classwork with assistance, able to read simple text - teacher keeps error correction to a minimum to not discourage the student

Stage 1: Pre-production

- silent period - know up to 500 words but not ready to attempt oral communication

Home Language/Maintenance Bilingual Education

- subjects taughat in native language by bilingual teacher; aim to build on and preserved native language skills as they learn English

ESOL Mainstream/Inclusion Instruction

- subjects taught along non ELL students but provided support

Field Independent

-Having the ability to perceive objects without being influenced by the background -Likes working alone -Processes information in parts

ELL (LEP) Students

-not born in us or non native english -other language has impact on English proficiency(Native American) -insufficient english skills to learn successfully

Acquisition Learning Hypothesis (Krashen)

-subconsious acquisition: requires meaningful interaction and natural communication -consious learning:formal instruction and error correction

FCAT Scoring

1-5; 5 higher score; 3 at grade level

Six foundational priciples of FEAPs

1. Lesson Planning 2. Learning Environment 3. Instructional Delivery and Facilitation 4. Assessment 5. Continuous professional improvement 6. Professional responsibility and ethical conduct

During-reading strategies

1. Monitoring comprehension 2. Question answering 3. Reciprocal teaching 4. Identifying text structure 5. Summarizing 6. Question generation 7. Using graphic and semantic organizers

Context clues

1. Mood and tone 2. Definitions 3. Signal words 4. Explanations 5. Similar words 6. Opposites 7. Picture clues

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological needs: food and shelter 2. Safety needs: security and predictable environment 3. Belongingness and loved ones: affection and affiliation 4. Esteem needs: Self-respect, worthiness 5. Self-actualization needs: personal achievement **Lower level needs must be met before higher level needs

Webb's Depth of Knowledge Levels

1. Recall 2. Basic Application of Concepts and Skills 3. Strategic Thinking and Complex Reasoning 4. Extended Thinking and Complex Reasoning

Three essential principles of FEAPs

1. Teacher creates a culture of high expectations 2. Deep comprehensive knowledge of subject area 3. Exemplifies standards of the profession

Service points required to keep certificate

120 points; or can take a State Board of Education approved subject area test

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle (Kohlberg)

16 to Adulthood What's right is a decision of one's conscience according to ethical principles

LP

4-12 grade ELL fluent orally but not reading/writing

According to Piaget, most children are capable of completing assessment problems that require logical thinking by what age?

8

A talks with the counselor today or tomorrow the latest

A 9th grade student responds to overtures of other students with hostility and has extreme mood swings. Which of the following should the teacher interpret as the students need?

Thorndike, E. L. (2)

A behavioral theorist who focused on the law of effect and believed that behaviors which result in favorable consequences are likely to be repeated and that behaviors which result in unfavorable consequences are not likely to be repeated.

Thorndike, E.L.

A behavioral theorist who focused on the law of effect and believed that behaviors which result in favorable consequences are likely to be repeated and that behaviors which result in unfavorable consequences are not likely to be repeated.

objective

A clear and unambiguous description of instructional intent.

Disequilibrium

A cognitive conflict until students can either assimilate or accommodate it and achieve equilibrium

portfolio

A collection of a student's work and achievements that is used to assess past accomplishments and future potential.

database (2)

A collection of information that is organized and stored on a computer to provide and easy method for accessing data.

Project

A complex assignmnet involving more than one type of activity and production. Projects can take a variety of forms; some examples are a mural construction, a shared servie project, or another type of collaborative or individual effort.

Blending

A component of fluencey that requires students to blend together phonemes, the smallest units of sound, to form words.

Segmenting

A component of fluency in which a student breaks a word into phonemes, the samllest unit of sound.

accountability

A concept in which schools are held responsible for the quality of instruction and the progress of their students.

inference

A conclusion derived from, and bearing some relation to, assumed premises.

jigsaw

A cooperative learning strategy in which students become "experts" and teach other students.

group investigation

A cooperative learning strategy in which students brainstorm a set of questions on a subject, form learning teams to find answers to questions, and make presentations to the whole class.

Teams Games Tournaments (TGT)

A cooperative learning strategy in which teacher presentation is followed by team practice and individual mastery is tested in tournaments, with two or three students of matched achievement, rather than tests.

think-pair-share

A cooperative strategy in which students work individually, next with a partner, and then share with the rest of the class.

Goals 2000

A federal program that codifies national educational goals.

Head Start

A federal program that provides economically deprived preschoolers with education, nutrition, health, and social services.

anxiety

A feeling of uneasiness associated with the fear of failure.

What is automaticity?

A fluency skill that requires reading a word and automatically identifying it.

bilingual education program

A full-time program of dual-language instruction that provides for learning basic skills in the primary language of the students enrolled in the program and for carefully structured and sequenced mastery of English language skills.

Profile

A graphic compilation of the performance of an individual on a series of assessments.

constructivism

A learner-centered approach to teaching that emphasizes teaching for understanding predicated on the concept that students construct knowledge for themselves based on what they already know and by interactions with their environment.

Adolescent Literacy Support Framework

A literacy structure focused on motivation, literacy strategies, "across the curriculum," and organizational support.

at-risk student

A low-performing student who, for a variety of reasons, is in jeopardy of academic failure and might drop out of school at some point.

dyscalculia

A math-related learning disability characterized by an inability to grasp and remember math concepts, rules, and formulas, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity.

mnemonic

A method to assist memory, such as using acronyms, rehearsal, or chunking.

simple descriptive research (5)

A method used when data are collected to describe persons, organizations, settings, or phenomena. For example, a researcher administers a survey to a random sample of teachers, in the state in order to describe the characteristics of the state's population of teachers.

information processing model

A model for how learning occurs based on theories about how the brain processes information.

Simple Descriptive Research

A mthod used when daa are collected to describe persons, organizations, settings or phenomena. For example, a researcher administers a survey to a random sample of teachers in the state in order to describe the characteristics of the state's population of teachers.

variable-ratio reinforcement schedule

A pattern for giving reinforcements in which the number of desired responses before reinforcement is given is unpredictable; effective in motivating individuals to work a long time, even after reinforcement has stopped, and high resistant to extinction, Example: A teacher checking random samples of students' work is variable-ratio reinforcement.

intermittent reinforcement schedule

A pattern in which correct responses are reinforced often, but not following each occurrence of the desirable behavior.

interval reinforcement schedule

A pattern in which reinforcement is dispensed after desired observable behavior has occurred for a specified length of time.

paradigm

A pattern or model; sets of rules that establish boundaries.

teachable moment

A peak learning moment that usually occurs unexpectedly.

School Improvement Plan (SIP)

A plan developed each school year by the principal of the school campus, with the assistance of the School Advisory Council, that sets forth the school's plan for improving student performance.

unit plan

A plan for a sequence of several lessons dealing with the same general topic.

programmed instruction

A program in which students work through specially constructed print or electronic self-instructional materials at their own pace.

a teacher asks one student to react to the response of another student

A ridirect occurs when...

principle

A rule that explains the relationship between or among factors.

rating scale

A scale of values arranged in order of quality, describing someone or something being evaluated.

behaviorism

A school of psychological thought that seeks to explain learning through observable changes in behavior.

extended-school-year program

A school program that provides additional instruction by extending the school year to 210 days or more.

baseline score

A score calculated as a point of comparison with later test scores; a relatively stable indicator of typical performance in a content area.

procedure

A sequence of steps and activities that have been designed to lead to the acquisition of learning objectives.

repertoire

A set of alternative routines or procedures, all of which serve some common purpose and each of which serves some additional, unique purpose.

clique

A small, exclusive group of peers.

Bandura, Albert (2)

A social learning theorist that believed learning occurs without direct consequences to one's actions. He proposed that learners observe modeled behavior and the consequences of the behavior, and then project the consequences on themselves.

achievement test

A standardized test designed to measure levels of knowledge, understanding, abilities, or skills acquired in a particular subject already learned.

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

A standardized test used to assess English language skills; frequently required of foreign students applying for admission to colleges and universities in the United States.

instructional strategy

A strategy for delivering instruction.

Sequential language acquisition occurs when?

A student learns a second language after mastering the first

Phonemic Awareness

A subset of phonological awareness. A child with phonemic awareness can hear, identify and mainpulates phonemes, the smallest units of sound.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

A sweeping law that provides federal funding for elementary and secondary compensatory education programs.

limited English proficiency (LEP) (7)

A term used to describe students who are not native English speakers and struggle with speaking, listening, reading, or writing in English.

culturally fair test

A test designed to reduce cultural bias.

divergent questions (1)

A type of question that requires critical thinking, since it allows for students to generate multiple answers to a defined question. An example is, "What is freedom?" Generally, this type of question requires higher-order thinking skills. Higher-level thinking questions; require students to analyze, evaluate, or synthesize a knowledge base and then project or predict different outcomes... the intent of these questions is to stimulate imaginative, creative, or inventive thought, or investigate "cause and effect" relationships

trust

A value relationship between and among individuals; includes such subordinate terms as confidence, reliance, stability, and absence of deception.

Graphic Organizer

A visual tool for organizing knowledge.

graphic organizer (1)

A visual tool for organizing knowledge. A diagram, chart, or graph used to organize information in a meaningful way

Progress Monitoring and Reporting Network (PMRN)

A web-based data management system used in Florida.

Individual Educational Plan (IEP)

A written plan developed to meet the educational needs of an Exceptional Student Education student with disabilities.

anecdotal record

A written record of a student's progress over time based on teacher observation with notes.

Self actualization

According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need is the highest level?

remediation

Additional instruction given to struggling students that supplements regular instruction.

Title IX

Addressed sexual discrimination

Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

Addressed the inequality of educational opportunity for economically disadvantaged children

The Education Profession Commission may permanently revoke the educator's certificate once an educator is?

Adjudge delinquent in meeting a court ordered child's support obligation.

valuing

Affective learning that involves voluntarily giving worth to an object, phenomenon, or stimulus.

Standards

Agreed-upon values used to measure the quality of student performance, instructional methods, curiculum, etc.

standards (1)

Agreed-upon values used to measure the quality of student performance, instructional methods, curriculum, etc. Accepted level of achievement.

Students pressure to succeed

All of the following are components of an effective school EXCEPT?

Providing extra assignment to those students who sometimes use their native language in the ESOL class

All of the following instructional practices are effective in promoting an E.S.O.L student's self-esteem EXCEPT?

Ensuring the continuity of cultural homogeneity

All of the following is purpose of today public school EXECT?

Performance-based Assessment

Allows students to use higher-level thinking skills to apply, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate ideas and data

Pragmatism

American philosophy based on the belief that true reality is that which works; ideas must be verified by experience

Which of the following class characteristic will be assessed only by direct observation?

Amount of student time on task.

Skinner, B. F. (2)

An American psychologist and behaviorist known for his theory of operant conditioning, which states that a behavior is controlled by the consequences that follows it.

acronym

An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each of the words in a phrase; for example, ELL is an acronym for English Language Learner.

Florida Virtual School

An accredited, online Florida public school serving students in grades K-12.

identity foreclosure

An adolescent's premature choice of a role.

Acquisition-Learning hypothesis

An adult's second language ability is acquired through two interrelated systems: subconscious language acquisition and conscious language laerning

language experience approach

An approach to teaching, reading, and language arts that uses words and stories from the student's own language and experiences.

invincibility fable

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism that follows the belief that bad things happen to other people, not to them.

imaginary audience

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism that follows the belief that the adolescent is the focus of attention of others around them.

teacher-made test

An assessment instrument developed and scored by a teacher to meet particular classroom needs.

running record

An assessment tool that uses a coding system to record a student's exact oral reading performance.

Krashen, Steven

An educational activist who is famous for his contributions to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading.

Lev Vygotsky (7)

An educational theorist known for his sociocultural theory that stresses the importance of social interaction on learning. 1896-1934; Russian developmental psychologist who emphasized the role of the social environment on cognitive development and proposed the idea of zones of proximal development

Reflective Practitioner

An educator who reflects on instructional practice and self-evaluates the effectiveness of the instruction that is being provided.

mastery learning model

An instructional approach that emphasizes the mastery of stated objectives by all students by presenting the material in a logical progression and allowing learning time to be flexible.

lesson cycle model

An instructional approach that includes the following components: focus, explanation, check for understanding, re-teach, guided practice, check for mastery, independent practice, enrichment, and closure. The components of the lesson cycle do not necessarily all occur in a single lesson, nor must a particular sequential order be followed.

laboratory learning model

An instructional model focusing on hands-on manipulation and firsthand experience.

intrinsic motivation

An internal source of motivation associated with activities that are rewarding in themselves.

cloze procedure

An open-ended comprehension assessment method in which a selected word or words are eliminated from a text selection, while the student is instructed to fill in the missing word or words.

Outcome

An operationally defined educational goal, usually a culminating activity, product, or performance that can be measured.

instructional event

Any activity or set of activities in which students are engaged (with or without the teacher) for the purpose of learning.

Assistive Technology

Any assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices that are used to provide accommodations for students with disabilities.

assistive technology (2)

Any assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices that are used to provided accommodations for students with disabilities.

disability

Any hindrance or difficulty imposed by a physical, mental, or emotional problem that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

handicap

Any hindrance or difficulty imposed by a physical, mental, or emotional problem.

Call the office to inform the designated administrator

As she leaves the classroom, Rosaline whispers to the teacher "I think Beth has a knife in her purse". The teacher should first?

A teacher notices that students seem disinterested in a class topic. The teacher wants to liven up the discussion portion of the lesson to increase student's participation. What is the best procedure for the teacher to follow?

Ask questions that require students to show, explain, or describe.

Prompting

Asking leading questions that provide hints or suggestions to encourage students to keep trying and to not give up

Child Study Teams (CST)

Assembled when a parent, teacher, or other member of the school staff raises a concern regarding a student's behavior or academic progress

performance assessment

Assessment that measures a student's ability to perform a specific cognitive or physical task correctly.

nondiscriminatory testing

Assessment that properly takes into account a child's cultural and linguistic background.

formative assessment

Assessment that takes place both before and during the learning process; used to guide the content and pace of lessons.

Which procedure should a middle school teacher follow at the beginning of a class?

Assign students to complete "Do Now" activity already written on the board when the class starts.

A high-school English teacher reviewed data from a benchmark review and determined that the results showed that the students had not mastered a key concept. The teacher feels that she could improve her instructional practices and is looking for a scientifically-based approach to improve her teaching methods. How should she do this?

Attend a learning community meeting to discuss her instructional practices with other teachers with the same goal.

Divides the class into groups and provides remedial activities for those who do not pass the pre-test

Before beginning a new instructional unit, a teacher administers a pre-test and find that half the students do not have the necessary pre-requiste skills for the new unit. How should the teacher proceed?

group-focus behaviors

Behaviors teachers use to maintain a focus on the group, rather than on an individual student, during individual recitations.

Smoothness (Kounin)

Being able to effect smooth transitions between activities

The input-hypothesis model developed by Steven Krashen would suggest that ELLs would benefit from

Being given information that is just slightly above their ability level in the second language.

Existentialism

Belief that true reality lies within the individual's own unique experiences; ideas are subjective and crated by each individual

egocentric

Believing that everyone sees the world as you do.

putting information together in a new way, developing a new way of solving problems

Blooms taxonomy - synthesis

theorist: learning as a process of constructing meaning by building on prior understandings

Bruner

Cyberbullying

Bullying that occurs online, primarily on social media sites.

cyberbullying (2)

Bullying that occurs online, primarily on social media sites.

SALA

Bureau of Student Achievement through Language Acquisition

students draw on several language skill areas. These are reading tests that provide an indication of overall language ability and consist of passages from which words are omitted at regular intervals

CLOZE Testing

Parallel Play (Parten)

Children play side-by-side, engage in similar activities, and might mimic each other, but they do not play together and interact very little

Associative Play (Parten)

Children play similar activities side-by-side with interaction such as talking or sharing with little joint focus

knowledge learning

Cognitive learning that entails the simple recall of learned materials.

Three Domains of Bloom's Taxonomy

Cognitive, affective, psychomotor

quantitative assessment

Collects data that can be analyzed using quantitative methods - an assessment for accountability.

qualitative assessment

Collects data that does not lend itself to quantitative methods but rather to interpretive criteria

gross insubordination

Constant or continuing intentional refusal to obey a direct order, reasonable in nature, and given by and with proper authority; also called willful neglect of duty.

What type of question elicits a written, pictorial, or graphic response from a student?

Constructed response

Which type of learning experience develops peer interaction skills?

Cooperative Learning

Age 16-18

Decreased rebellion to authority; interested in the opposite sex

Office of Professional Practice Services (6)

Department which provides follow-up and accountability for educators based on the Code of Ethics and Principles of Professional Conduct.

Office of Professional Practice Services

Department which provides follow-up and accountability for educators based on the Code of Ethics and principles of Professional Conduct.

noninstructional responsibility

Duties assumed by or assigned to teachers that are outside of their regular teaching responsibilities.

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

Each student is measured against uniform objectives or criteria.

An incentive program

Every spring Willett High School honors the highest achieving students at an academic award banquet, where they are presented scholarship vouchers for college. This event is an example of

Positive Interdependence

Everyone's success depends on the success of everyone else in the group

reflectivity

Examining and analyzing oneself and one's thoughts before taking action.

ESE

Exceptional Student Educations

According to Webb's Depth of Knowledge, the most complex cognitive level is

Extended Thinking

nonverbal cues

Eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, movement toward someone, placing a hand on someone's shoulder, or another physical act that communicates a message without the use of speech or writing.

Which of the following offenses is NOT punishable by revocation of your teaching credentials in the state of Florida?

Failure to report a traffic ticket for running a red light

The law that did NOT established schools but required that parents make sure their kids could read and understand the laws and religions of their community was what?

First compulsory law (Massachusetts)

attraction

Friendship patterns in the classroom area.

Educational Objectives

Goals developed by a teacher, based on state standards, which direct student learning.

educational objective (1)

Goals developed by a teacher, based on state standards, which direct student learning. A clear goal indicating what the student should be able to know or do as a result of the training.

terminal goals

Goals one can expect to reach at the end of a given learning experience.

Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction

Group members facilitate and help each other by committing personal resources, encouragement, and assistance to others to achieve group goals

Effective Interpersonal Interaction

Group members regularly use interpersonal skills such as using appropriate tone, voice level, and turn-taking to show respect for others

Proximodistal Progression

Growth and motor ability are developing from the central axis of the body outward

Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner of Harvard University defined seven distinct intelligences which relate to the learning environment. Multipl intelligences is a theoretical framework for defining, understanding, assessingg and developing learner's different intelligence factors. Through Gardner's research, one can easily see that teachers must create learning environments based on a avariety of intelligences.

One of Bruner's three modes through which children can learn based on their level of cognitive development:use of images or graphic illustrations to convey concepts

Iconic Mode

Assessment

In an educational context, the process of observing learning; describing, collecting, recording, scoring and interreting information about a student's or one's own learning. Tradiationally, student assessments are used to determine placement, promotion, graduation, or retention. In the context of school reform, assessment is an essential tool for evaluating the effectiveness of changes in the teaching-learning process.

Denied because it was fraudulent application

In applying for Florida teacher's certificate, Mrs. Black denied she has evern been conviced of a crime. In fact, she has been convicted of shop lifiting as a 21 year old. Her application would be?

equal opportunities for success

In cooperative learning, calculations of team achievement designed to ensure that equal individual improvement results in equal individual contribution to the team score, despite differences among teammates.

individual accountability

In cooperative learning, making sure that all individuals are responsible for their own learning.

learning disability

In general, a discrepancy between a child's intelligence and his or her academic ability.

usability

In regard to a test, practical considerations, such as cost, time to administer, difficulty, and scoring procedure.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Instruction in which a computer is used to present instructional material.

differentiated instruction

Instruction that is adapted to accommodate individual students' needs and abilities.

providing an overview and identifying key concepts

Instructional lesson modification includes...

provided an outline detailing what would be discussed during a lesson and a summary of the lesson at the end

Kallison Jr found that retention was increased when a teacher...

Fathers of Existentialism

Kierkegaard and Sartre

5E Model

Learning cycle model: students learn best when they can construct their own understanding: engage, explore, explain, extend, evaluate

field-dependent

Learning style in which patterns are perceived as wholes.

field-independent

Learning style in which separate parts of a pattern are apparent.

Affective Domain (Bloom's)

Learning that involves feeling, values, and dispositions

comprehension

Learning that involves making meaning of previously learned material.

application

Learning that requires applying knowledge to produce a result; problem solving.

fine-tuning

Making small adjustments in the planned procedures for a lesson during its teaching.

Learning Style

Manner in which an individual perceives and processes information in learning situations

Mary's mother is confused about her 4th-grade daughter's norm-referenced test results in reading and mathematics. Mary received a stanine score of 3 in mathematics and 3 in reading. At the parent-teacher conference Mary's teacher explains the following:

Mary is performing below her peer group.

deficiency needs

Maslow's term for the lower-level needs in his hierarchy; survival, safety, belongingness, and self-esteem.

The child labor law was passed requiring all children under 14 can be employed without attending public or private schools for at least 6 months prior by who?

Massachusetts

The first compulsory education law was passed in

Massachusetts

Who established the 1st compulsory education law requiring all children between 8 and 14 must attend school for at least 12 weeks per year?

Massachusetts

alignment

Matching learning activities with desired outcomes or matching what is taught to what is tested.

The first vocational schools were established by who?

Middle Atlantic Colonies

Report the case with the school police

Mr. Taylor, a high school teacher is attending a movie at the local drive-in theater and saw a couple in the next car locked in an inimate embrace. When they finally separate, Mr. Taylor was shocked to see the man was collegue and the girl was a 10t grade student in their school. What is his ethical obligation?

NEA

National Education Association is the largest of the national teachers' organizations

Natural Order hypothesis

Natural Order hypothesis grammatical structures and rules of language are acquired in a predictable order

compare students based on a normative sample of students who have already completed the test. Students are then ranked to see where they land on the bell-curve.

Norm-Referenced Tests

Which tests limit the number of students who can score well?

Norm-referenced tests, because each students who completes the exam is ranked with the % scores in relation to the sample.

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency

Not acquired as easily as BICS--no context clues and higher expectations in academic scenarios

Visual learner

Notices small details, enjoys drawing, works puzzles, likes illustrated books, remembers faces, has trouble remember oral instructions, doesn't like speaking in front of groups

Protocol for out-of-field teachers

Parents must be notified in writing of any teachers who are teaching out of their field

stakeholders (7)

Parents teachers, administrators, and community members who are invested in the academic success of the student.

same-age tutoring

Peer tutoring in which one student teaches another student (usually a classmate) of the same age.

An intermediate science teacher wants to develop a lesson that would teach her students to categorize items like a scientist while appealing to students with a naturalistic intelligence. Which plan would best meet her objective?

Plan an outdoor trip and have students gather items, then work in groups to sort them based on their categories.

lecture

Planned teacher talk designed to convey important information in an effective and efficient manner.

Classroom Management

Planning and implementing methods to ensure that the learning environment of the classroom provides an effective venue for learning.

classroom management (1)

Planning and implementing methods to ensure that the learning environment of the classroom provides an effective venue for learning. Teachers' strategies that create and maintain an orderly classroom environment.

Virginia

Private schools with no public funding began where?

During a science lesson, a 6th grade science teacher shares with her students how an invasive species of a plant is choking out a native species. She asks them to generate a hypothesis and possible solutions to the problem. What type of activity is this?

Problem-based

Which of the following activities would encourage students to use their critical thinking skills?

Problem-based learning activities

due process

Procedural safeguards afforded students, parents, and teacher that protect individual rights.

Inductive Reasoning

Process of drawing a general conclusion based on one or more examples

Continuous improvement

Process of engaging in professional learning

Which strategy would most effectively encourage multi-disciplinary students?

Promoting instructional reading & writing on content areas.

knowledge questions

Questions requiring the student to recognize or recall information.

empirical questions

Questions that require investigation in the real world to answer.

factual questions

Questions that require the recall of information through recognition or rote memory.

acceleration

Rapid promotion through advanced studies; enables students to progress more rapidly through the standard curriculum.

self-actualization

Reaching one's fullest potential.

Which is more effective for improving fluency, reading aloud or reading silently, and why?

Reading aloud, because students tend to skip words they do not understand when reading silently rather than making the effort to decode them.

evaluative reasoning

Reasoning that requires forming an opinion or making a judgment.

brain hemisphericity

Refers to a person's preference for processing information through either the left or right hemisphere of the brain.

blended learning

Refers to courses consisting of both traditional classroom and online instruction.

cognitive

Refers to mental activity (such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering).

independent practice

Refers to practice by students on their own without teacher supervision. Example: Homework is independent practice.

conditioned reinforcers

Reinforcers that are learned.

Critical thinking skills

Require the application of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation

Expermental Research

Research in which an independent variable is manipulated and its effect on one or more dependent variables is measured. In a true experimental design, the researcher randomly assigns the participants who are being studied (also called the subjects) to two or more comparisons groups. Sometime the comparison groups are referred to as treatment and control groups. Participants in the treatment group receive some type of treatment, such as a special reading program.

Quantitative Research

Research that is based on measurable data, such as how methods of instruction influence student test scores.

quantitative research (5)

Research that is based on measurable data, such as how methods of instruction influence student test scores.

qualitative research (5)

Research that is based on unmeasurable qualities, such as teacher observation and examination of case studies.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Ruled separate but equal in schools is constitutional

Punishment-obedience orientation

Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment

Scoring Criteria

Rules for assigning a score or the dimensions of proficiency in performance used to describe a student's response to a task. May include rating scales, checklists, answer keys and other scoring tools.

middle school

School that has been planned for students ranging in age from 9 through 14 and generally has grades 5 through 8, with grades 6 through 8 being the most popular organization.

Focus of realism

Science and math; lecture and demonstration; creating intellectually capable individuals who can discover and add to knowledge about the physical world

Francis Bacon

Scientific method

Scale Scores

Scores based on a scale ranging from 001 to 999. Scale socres are useful in commparing performance in one subject area across classes, schools, districst and other large populations, especially in monitoring change over time.

Guided Reading

Small group, teacher-driven reading instruction designed to provide differentiated teaching that supports students in developing reading proficiency. It focuses in student's specific needs and is intended to lead them towards reading independence.

Obtain alternate form of this text for the students

Some of the students are unale to read the textbook, how should the teacher handle the situation?

expressive language skills

Speaking and writing.

Free appropriate public education

Specially designed instruction and related services to children with disabilities ages 3 to 21

structuring the task

Specifying the priocesses and procedures students are to follow to be successful with a learning experience.

invented spelling

Spelling based on how a word sounds; used when the writer does not know the conventional spelling of the word.

Which of the following is NOT an element of classroom instruction that can be differentiated by the teacher?

Standards

Code of Ethics and Principles of Professional Conduct

Standards of ethical conduct for Florida teachers.

Three features of learning: a) the mechanics or components of intelligence. b) the learner's experiences, c) the learner's context.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

Benchmark

Student performance standards (the level(s) of student competence in a content area); also, an actual measurement of group performance against an established standard at defined points along the path towward the standard. Subsequent measurements of group performance use the benchmarks to measure progress toward achievement.

External locus of control

Students believe that events they experience are under the control of other people or forces outside of themselves

Acquisition-Leasrning Hypothesis

Students can acquire language in two ways: they can acquire it (acquisition) by steadily absorbing it in a natural manner through meaningful interactions or they can learn it by intentionally studying vocabulary and grammar. These two methods work in tandem, and both are necessary for second-language acquisition.

Readers theater

Students develop a script and dramatize a reading selection or book

physical growth

Students diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder would not exhibit a delay in...

Constructivist

Teacher who promote freedom and responsibility in their classroom and believe that the business of running a serlf-definition will be described as?

Traditional assessment

Teacher-made tests

Race to the Top for Student Success Act

Teachers appraised by using student performance as the single greatest component of teacher evaluation (using FCAT results)

referent

That to which you compare the information you have about an individual to for a judgement.

terminal behavior

That which has been learned as a direct result of instruction.

proficiency

The Florida Consent Decree specifies that he main goal of the ESOL program is to develop sudent's ___________in English and academic potential

Which of the following gives the school districts the right and responsibility to establish programs for English language learners?

The No Child Left Behind Act

Which organization is responsible for investigating alleged misconduct by educators?

The Office of Professional Practices Services

Flexibility

The ability of a student to categorize ideas.

Elaboration

The ability of a student to develop critical thinking skills which lead to the skill of developing ideas.

validity

The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure.

Body-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability of use the body in physical activities

reversibility

The ability to change direction in thinking and go back to a starting point.

academic literacy

The ability to comprehend subject-area texts and literature encountered in school.

Academic literacy

The ability to construct meaning from content-area texts and literature encountered in school

resiliency

The ability to cope with difficult and challenging situations and to "bounce back" from them.

teacher empowerment

The concept of putting decision making in the hands of teachers, the school personnel closest to students.

ability

The degree of competence present in a student to perform a given physical or mental act.

Curriculum Alignment

The degree to which a curriculum's scope and sequenece matches a testing programs's evaluation measures.

content validity

The degree to which the content covered by a measurement device matches the instruction that preceded it.

maintain that native language of the second-language learned.

The goal of the maintenance bilingual education model is to...

extinction

The gradual disappearance of a behavior through the removal or the withholding of reinforcement.

identity diffusion

The inability of an adolescent to develop a clear sense of self.

incompetency

The inability or lack of fitness to perform duties required by law as a result of inefficiency or incapacity.

Thematic teaching

The organization of teaching and learning around a specific theme or topic, either in a single subject area or two or more subject areas integrated together.

Who is responsible for implementing the school improvement plan?

The principal and staff

acculturation

The process of a cultural group or individual taking on traits from another culture without loss of cultural identity.

Planning

The process of designing the method of instruction used to teach a learning objective, and the way to assess the mastery of the objective.

planning (1)

The process of designing the method of instruction used to teach a learning objective, and the way to assess the mastery of the objective.

inductive reasoning

The process of drawing a general conclusion based on several examples.

educational placement

The setting in which a student receives educational services.

Level 1: Pre-Production

The silent period in which students are listening ot the new language, but rarely speaking it. Vocabulary of about 500 words.

What are the six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy?

The six levels of Taxonomy are: 1) knowledge, 2) comprehension, 3) application, 4) analysis, 5) synthesis, 6) evaluation.

ripple effect

The spreading of behaviors from one individual to others through imitation.

Stages of Second-Language Acquisition

The stages in which a second language is acquired. The four stages are pre-production, early production, speech emergent and intermediate fluency.

stages of second language acquisition (7)

The stages in which a second language is acquired. The four stages are pre-production, early production, speech emergent, and intermediate fluency.

Performance Criteria

The standards by which student performance is evaluated. Performance criteria help assessors maintain objectivity and provide students with important information about expectations, giving them a target or goal to strive for.

Florida Department of Education (FLDOE)

The state agency that oversees public education in Florida in accordance with the Florida K-20 Education Code.

Correlational Research

The statistical association between two or more variables that is used to determine the relationship between the variables.

Which of the following accommodations are NOT available for English language learners who are taking state-mandated, end-of-course exams in math or science?

The student can take the test in his or her native language

Language acquisition Stage 4 Intermediate Fluency (7)

The student has a vocabulary of approximately 6,000 words and will speak in more complex sentences when speaking and writing. Have mastered basic interpersonal communication skills. Capable of using higher-order thinking skills when using the new language.

Language acquisition Stage 3 Speech Emergent (7)

The student has a vocabulary of up to 3,000 words, and he or she will ask simple questions and speak in simple sentences.

Student-adult reading

The student reads one-on-one with an adult. The adult reads the passage first, and then the student reads the same passage outloud

epistemology

The study of how knowledge is acquired.

What is the most effective way to present instructional videos to the class?

The teacher should stop about every 10 minutes to review important content.

modeling

The teacher tactic of demonstrating a skill or behavior that the teacher wants the students to mimic.

recency effect

The tendency to be able to recal the last things in a list.

primary effect

The tendency to be able to recall the first things in a list.

divergent thinking

The type of thinking whereby an individual arrives at a new or unique answer that has not been completely determined by earlier information.

Left-brain dominant

Thinks part to whole, logical and analytic, systematic problem solving, follows verbal instructions, like structure assignments, likes formal seating when working, doesn't consider self creative

overlapping behaviors

Those behaviors by which the teacher indicates that he or she is attending to more than one thing when several things are going on at a particular time.

movement management behaviors

Those behaviors that the teacher uses to initiate, sustain, or terminate a classroom activity.

abstract concepts

Those concepts that can be acquired only indirectly through the senses or that cannot be perceived directly through the senses.

educational records

Those official records, files, and data directly related to a student and maintained by the school or local education agency.

Instructionally-embedded assessment

Uses systematic observational methods along with checklists, interviews, and questioning while students are engaged in learning activities

brain-based learning

Using "brain-compatible" strategies for learning based on how the brain works.

Logical reasoning

Using higher-level thinking processes that are used to make decisions and draw conclusions

verbal reinforcement

Using positive comments as consequences to strengthen a behavior or event.

nonverbal reinforcement

Using some form of physical action as a positive consequence to strengthen a behavior.

Bullying

Using superior strength or social stature to intimidate or influence the decisions of another person.

misconduct in office

Violation of the Code of Ethics and Principles of Professional Conduct for the Education Profession in Florida that is so serious as to impair the individual's effectiveness in the school system.

Graphic organizer

Visual depiction of the interrelationships among abstract concepts of illustrations of processes

Which theorist based his work on the premise that learning cannot be understood without consideration of its cultural and social context

Vygotsky

behavior

What someone does.

Universal Ethical Principle

What's right is a decision of one's conscience according to ethical principles

Social Contract orientation

What's right is defined in terms of standards that have been agreed upon by the whole society

Equilibrium

When a student has constructed meaning

redirect

When a teacher asks the class if they agree or disagree with a student's response, the teacher is using

Disequilibrium (Piaget)

When encountering new data or information, you experience disequilibrium, a cognitive conflict, until you can either assimilate or accommodate it and achieve equilibrium

Pre-reading stage

When readers prepare to read, activate background knowledge (schemata), set purposes, and plan for reading

Return test paper to student and go over each question

Which is the best procedure for providing feedback after a classroom test?

Participation in school improvement meeting

Which professional development opportunities will be best for a new teacher?

Heteronomous morality

Younger children see rules as unbreakable and unchangeable; even if everyone agrees to change them

classroom presence (2)

Your motions, gestures, and location in a classroom that have an effect on teaching.

Instructional objective

a clearly written statement of what students are expected to know and be able to do as a result of an instructional learning experience

Parent Leadership Council

a group that provide parents an opportunity to be involved in and participate in their students' educational program. The majority must be parents of ELLs. -consulted prior to submission of district ell plan

Constructivist instruction

a learner-centered instructional strategy based on the constructivist belief that learning is an active process in which prior knowledge plays a powerful role, has social aspects, and is content-specific

inquiry learning

a process in which students engage when they have identified a problem to be solved

Inquiry learning

a process in which students engage when they have identified a problem to be solved; using higher-order thinking skills

A high-school teacher responds to a student's solution by asking the class if they agree or disagree with the answer. The teacher is using

a redirect

Teachers that meet regularly to reflect on instructional methods are members of

a reflective learning community.

In the middle of the year, a teacher has a gifted, physically-impaired student join her in the classroom. The student struggles to hold a pencil and writes very slowly. This student would benefit most from

a speech-to-text program

When planning a unit, a teacher must ensure that the lessons

activate prior knowledge and ensure coherence throughout the unit.

The purpose of an accommodation is to

allow students to overcome limitations related to their disability

The educator has legal obligations to protect a student from

an abusive home environment, but is not required to report the abuse through the state of Florida code of ethics.

Running records

are used to document reading performance.

As students experience cultural assimilation, they must

as students experience cultural assimilation, they must balance the social norms of their native culture with the customs of their classmates.

evaluation in Bloom's taxonomy

assessing theories, comparison of ideas, evaluating outcomes, solving, judging, recommending and rating.

a learning theory based on using immediate consequences to weaken or strengthen a learner's observable response

behaviorism

overlapping

being able to do more than one thing at a time, such as moving to stand beside a student who is off-task, answering a question from another student, and monitoring cooperative learning groups, all simultaneously

smoothness

being able to effect smooth transitions between activities

momentum

being able to keep instruction moving at a brisk pace

work stations

carefully designs areas for exploration of topics or for practice and extension of concepts previously learned

focus on one aspect of a situation and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

centration, preoperational (Piaget)

A 7th-grade student is frequently tardy for 1st-period class. The teacher questions the student and discovers that the student has been left in charge of his younger siblings while his parents are "working things out" with their marriage. Which of the following should the teacher suspect?

child neglect

media/technology communication

communication through the use of overhead projectors, computers, videos, DVDs, CDs, TV, the Web and so on

Focus of pragmatism

creating an individual who can take effective action within a social situation; interdisciplinary curriculum with focus on active experience; creates productive and responsible citizens

In order to incorporate rigor in classroom instruction, a teacher should focus on

creating opportunities for students to use higher-order thinking skills.

standardized assessments

designed, administered, and scored in a standard, or consistent, manner. They often use a multiple-choice format, though some include open-ended, short-answer questions.

Erikson

developed a life-cycle conception of personality development

Spelling errors do not allow for?

divergent or creative thinking

ELL student plan

document that identifies student, instruction, schedule, date of ELL id, assessment data, date of exit

Which of the following teaching strategies would best show sensitivity to English language learners' language challenges?

encouraging safe times to use academic English in class.

Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

establish core content of the curricula to be taught in Florida with distinct grade-level expectations

using external reinforcement in the form of rewards to get students in engage in learning

extrinsic motivation

True-false: Students functions pretty must at the same level, once that level is reached, in all situations

false

true-false: High school teachers should assume that their students have achieved formal operational thinking

false

true-false: detention is an example of negative reinforcement. Explain why it is true or false

false, b/c it is a positive punishment. it involves giving an undesirable consequence in order to deter undesirable behavior

(age 11 - adulthood) stage in which students begin to think more easily about abstract concepts

formal operations (Piaget)

Preplan

go thorugh the lesson from the student's point of view and anticipate explanation, information, directions, additional instruction

jigsawing

group members become experts on an assigned topic that they teach to others, after reorganizing into different groups, so that eventually all members of the class know all the content

Which of the following behaviors may indicate the need to refer a child for speech-language evaluation?

having difficulty comprehending words and concepts

Academy

he school devoted to abstract thinking and idealism that was started by Plato

intERdividual knowledge

how learners are a like and how they are different

When a teacher elects to participate in a professional development activity in technology, the primary focus should be on

how the design and delivery of instruction will impact student learning.

First step in planning

identify within the framework of NGSSS the objectives of the lesson

analysis in Bloom's taxonomy

identifying and analyzing patterns, organization of ideas and recognizing trends

various examples

in Deductive teaching, the teacher provides

The most effective way to present vocabulary is

in context to convey rich meaning to the students.

projects

include stories, essays, drawings, models, audio recordings, videos, powerpoints, and other mechanisms that allow students to demonstrate their acquisition of knowledge and skills

vocal cues

include such vocal elements as tone, pitch, tempo, loudness, and inflection

What the learner knows or understands about themselves

intRAdividual knowledge

Whole Language Approach

integration of listening, speaking, reading, and writing

A thematic unit

is a series of activities across the curriculum that focuses on one theme that addresses multiple standards in the same context.

A well-designed lesson

is built around state standards, starts with an attention getter, and reviews prerequisite skills before presenting new material.

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

it has been shown that students can internalize what a teacher expects of them and will perform at that level, whether its positive or negative.

a 4-year old child is shown a tall, thin jar and a short, wide jar, both of which hold exactly one pint. When questioned about the two jars, the child say the taller container holds more liquid. Based on this, the teacher can conclude that the child ____ (is developmentally delayed, lacks the ability to conserve, or should be referred to ESE)

lacks the ability to conserve

(Kohlberg) In stage four, good behavior is doing one's duty, respecting authority, and obeying the laws of society

law-order orientation

simulations

learning activity designed to reflect reality

The goal of the maintenance bilingual education model is to...

maintain that native language of the second-language learned.

Bilingual Education Act of 1968

mandated bilingual programs

Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

mandated that children with disabilities are entitled to a free, appropriate public education

measures of central tendency

mean, median, and mode

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills (DIBELS)

measures important skills that form the basis for early success in reading

What are some examples of controlled interruptions?

missing supplies, late to class. They are minor disruptions that can be minimized with procedures that are already in place.

A science teacher uses the phrase, "My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas" to help the students remember the order of the planets. This phrase is an example of a

mnemonic device.

prompting

or asking leading questions is the technique of providing hints or suggestions to encourage students to keep trying and not give up

Students are given a demanding task and then asked to respond to that task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product. This type of evaluation is a(an)

performance assessment.

The type of assessment that allows students to be creative in their solutions to problems, questions, and requires higher level thinking

performance based assessment

A student's individualized education program may require a modification if the students is

performing below grade level and classroom modifications are not sufficient.

submersion

placing ells in regular classroom

If a teacher wants to be sure that her students are prepared for the state-administered standards test at the end of the year, she should

plan her instruction around state standards and benchmarks.

pleasurable, spontaneous, self-motivated, and freely chosen activity

play

Play

pleasurable, spontaneous, self-motivated, and freely chosen activity

Willig and Lee Four Stages of Development (ESOL)

pre-production, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency

A teacher wants to make sure that her students understand and remember the classroom rules. The best way to accomplish this is to

present them to the class, clearly post them, then review them periodically

A teacher would like to use software to create an instructional slide show for a large group. Which type of software would be the most appropriate?

presentation

The purpose of asking a divergent question is to

promote critical thinking

A beginning teacher is assigned a mentor that

promotes and supports peer teacher growth

Recognizing text features, decoding word meaning in context, and identifying narrative elements are all parts of

reading comprehension

Focus of education in the 1600s (colonial period)

reading, writing arithmetic

knowledge in Bloom's taxonomy

recall of information, discovery, observation, listing, locating and naming

According to James Cummins, reading and listening are...

receptive skills which always exceed the productive skills of speaking and writing

A teacher's professional development goals should be

relevant, measurable, and based on student needs.

Project-based learning, problem-based learning, and inquiry-based learning all

require inductive reasoning and would be appropriate for a student-centered learning environment.

the ability to mentally reverse an operation and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

reversability, preoperational (Piaget)

Marshall Rosenberg categorizes learners as?

rigid-inhibited, undisciplined, acceptance-anxious, and creative.

the frequency with which reinforcement is given influences the response rate of a behavior and its resistance to extinction

schedule of reinforcement

These are used to determine whether students may need specialized assistance or services, or whether they are ready to begin a course, grade level, or academic program.

screening assessment

the ability to learn and solve problems on one's own without assistance

self regulation (Vygotsky)

(birth to age 2) learning is through the senses and motor development and through trial and error

sensorimotor (Piaget)

a child plays alone

solitary play

Learning activities should always be based on:

specific objectives.

A group of 5th-grade students collected information on how many kindergarten students like chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry ice cream. What is the best format for an initial presentation of results to the kindergarten students?

stacks of three different colored cubes representing each student's choice

Effective teachers do not

stick to tried-and-true instructional practices, despite their results

CLOZE Testing

students draw on several language skill areas. These are reading tests that provide an indication of overall language ability and consist of passages from which words are omitted at regular intervals

project-based learning

students investigate real-world problems and then share their findings

A teacher instructs students to read a selection and then retell the information from the selection. The students are using the study skill of

summarizing

One of Bruner's three modes through which children can learn based on their level of cognitive development:using symbols and words to represent concepts

symbolic mode

usually begins around age 2 and involves using materials or objects to represent things (using a block to represent a telephone) or engaging in imaginary roles (playing store)

symbolic play (Piaget)

the ability to mentally represent objects, events, and actions and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

symbolic thought, preoperational (Piaget)

syntax

systematic arrangement of words in a sentence

Storytelling/Retelling

telling or reading predictable stories that make regular use of patterns that can be acted out

Assessment Procedure

test given within 20 days to potential ELLs -must score at or above 33rd percentile to be placed as ZZ

content-referenced

tests that insure that curricula accurately reflect the students' present level of functioning and appropriate goals. Relevant needs should be determined, taking into account such factors as future recreational opportunities, available facilities, and sources of information.

grade level expectations

the basis for the FCAT; helpful resource to teachers of basic subjects

Realism

the belief that physical objects are the only true reality; ideas must be verified through scientific investigation

affective domain

the category for learning that involves feeling, values, and dispositions

psychomotor domain

the category for learning that involves manual, athletic, and other physical skills

cognitive domain

the category for learning that involves thinking capabilities, from recalling simple facts to judging the quality of an argument

conditions

the circumstances in which the action will take place

median

the midpoint in a distribution of scores from highest to lowest

Interdisciplinary instruction

the result when a teacher combines several disciplines into one or more lessons

Procedural safeguards

the rights of parents and students relating to notice, consent, independent education evaluation, records, hearings, and appeals in accordance with federal and state law; parents are integral in decision making

mode

the score in a distribution that appears most frequently

interactional function

to exchange information with others

At the end of a lesson, an elementary mather teacher has students complete an exit ticket that includes one thing that they learned and one thing that still confuses them. The exit ticket is used

to gather data that can be used to assess the effectiveness of instruction.

informative function

to inform

personal function

to maintain contact with others

Jerome Bruner would encourage teachers

to not just teach content, but to teach students how to apply critical thinking skills to new situations.

imaginative function

to pretend and create images

When a teacher instructs students to put away their math textbooks and get out their science lab book she is managing the class learning environment through the use of

transition statements

true-false: before age 7, children have difficulty taking the perspective of others

true

If a teacher does not want guessing to have a positive effect on test scores, she should avoid

true and false questions.

True-False: Teachers should avoid using punishment in their classroom. Explain why it is true or false

true, because it puts in jeopardy the safe, supportive learning environment

Individualized instruction

tutoring or instruction tailored to an individual student's needs

high-stakes assessments

typically standardized tests used for the purposes of accountability—i.e., any attempt by federal, state, or local government agencies to ensure that students are enrolled in effective schools and being taught by effective teachers.

Long term memory is said to be?

unlimited and permanent.

A good classroom teacher knows that students have different strengths and learning styles. To meet the needs of all students, teachers should

use differentiated instruction in the classroom.

summative assessments

used to evaluate student learning at the conclusion of a specific instructional period—typically at the end of a unit, course, semester, program, or school year.

Basic ESOL

using enlgish language a medium of instruction- speaking, listening, reading, and writing

quartile

values that divide an ordered data set into four portions, each of which contains approximately 1/4 of the data

Dialect

variation of language used by a particular group of people

A teacher asks a question, then pauses to call on a student even though many hands are waving in the air. The teacher is using

wait time.

False Cognates

words in different language that are similar in appearance but different in meaning

the distance between a student's independent level of problem-solving ability and the student's potential level of problem-solving ability that can achieved with assistance from an adult or more capable peer

zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)

target language

2nd language being learned

variable

A characteristic that varies from entity to entity.

Reinforcement

A pleasant consequence that follows a behavior

Multiculturalism

Celebrating diversity

private speech

Children's self-talk.

Dialectic

Critical discussion through logical arguments

primary motives

Forces and drives, such as hunger, thirst, and the need for security, that are basic and inborn

self-directed learning

Learning by designing and directing one's own learning activities.

precision

Psychomotor ability to perform an act accurately, efficiently, and harmoniously.

no-lose tactic

A problem-resolution tactic whereby a teacher and one or more students negotiate a solution such that no one comes out the loser.

Predict, observe, explain

A problem-solving strategy

concept map

A procedure for organizing and graphically displaying relationships among ideas relevant to a given topic.

peer teaching

A procedure that provides teachers with an opportunity to practice new instructional techniques in a simplified setting, teaching lessons to small groups of their peers (other prospective or experienced teachers).

diagnostic procedure

A procedure to determine what a pupil is capable of doing with respect to given learning tasks.

Guided practice

A process in which the teacher works students through a new procedure or strategy and provide assistance when needed

interference

A process that occurs when information to be recalled gets mixed up with other information.

Response to Intervention (Rtl)

A process that studies the response of students to different types of instructional interventions at differing levels of intensity.

teacher certification or licensure

A process through which individuals are recognized by the state as having acquired the necessary skills and knowledge to teach in that state.

focusing questions

A question used to focus students' attention on a lesson or on the content of a lesson

problem solving

A strategy that involves the application of knowledge and skills to produce a result or solution.

multicultural education

A structured process designed to foster understanding, acceptance, and constructive relations among people of various cultures.

Refuse the offer but allow the student to use the program during class

A student brings a computer disk that contains right educational games that a teacher needs for her mathematics class to school. The student offers to make a copy of the program for the teacher. What should be the teachers' response to this offer?

cooperative learning (1)

A student centered learning approach in which heterogeneously grouped students work cooperatively to accomplish a shared task. Strategies in which students work together to help one another learn by sharing perspectives and providing models of slightly advanced thinking.

Amphetamines

A student has recently become irritable, argumentative, nervous and restless in class. These changes in behavior may indicate abuse of which substance?

gifted student

A student who has superior intellectual development and is capable of high performance.

mental set

A student's attitude toward beginning the lesson.

Portfolio

A systematic and organized collection of a student's work that exhibitis to others the direct evidence of a student's efforts, achievements, and progress over a period of time. The collection should involve the studen in selection of its contents, and should include information about the performance criteria, the rubric or criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection or evaluation.

Reading strategy

A systematic approach by readers for learning involving flexible, adaptable, and conscious use of knowledge, reading, and learning to predict, confirm, and integrate as they read

paired-associate learning

A task involving the linkage of two items in a pair so that when one is presented, the other can be recalled.

Regalia

A teacher asks each student to bring an object representative of his or her cultural background as part of a show and tell exercise. The teacher is using?

Refer the student to the principal

A teacher discovers that a student has brought a pint of whisky to class. What is the best teacher response to this discovery?

Item Analysis

Analyzing each item on a test to dermine the proportions of students selecting each answer. Can be used to evaluate student strengths and weaknesses; may point to problems with the test's validity and to possible bias.

Application-level

Applying knowledge to produce a result

deductive reasoning

Applying spelling rules or guidelines to improve spelling would be an example of what?

Fathers of realism

Aristotle and Francis Bacon

peer assessment

Assessment by students of their classmates' products or performances.

Formative Assessment

Assessment occurring during the process of a unit or a course.

authentic assessment

Assessment of students' performances in real-life application tasks.

summative assessment

Assessment that follows instruction and evaluates at the end of a unit, semester, and so on; used to guide programs, curricula, and the like.

alternative assessment

Assessment that is different from conventional test formats (for instance, see authentic assessment)

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)

An assessment system for measuring early literacy skills from kindergarten through sixth grade.

diagnostic test

An assessment that provides information that can be used to identify specific areas of strength and weakness.

Mastery Test

An assessment that shows mastery of a given skill or concept. If a sutdent struggles to pass, he or she may be lacking a prerequisite skill.

Steven Krashen (7)

An educational activist who is famous for his contributions to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. He introduced the theory of second language acquisition with five components: 1) Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis 2) Monitor Hypothesis 3) Natural Order Hypothesis 4) The Input Hypothesis 5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis

Barrier-free environment

An environment designed to enhance accessibility for students with a disability (for example, one that has no obstructions and is equipped with nonslip surfaces and ramps).

What is the best way to help students who are shy and insist on being near the teacher whenever possible?

Assign the student tasks to help other students.

labeling

Assigning a category (especially a special education category) to an individual

classroom management (2)

Planning and implementing methods to ensure that the learning environment of the classroom provides and effective venue for learning.

Adjudge delinquent in meeting a court ordered child support obligation

The Education Practice Commission may permanently revoke the educators' certificate once an educator is?

Intrapersonal Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to know oneself

Fluency

The ability to read with preciasion, speed and the proper intonation.

Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to recognize musical and rhythmic patterns and sounds

Conservation

The ability to recognize that number, length, quantity, area, mass, weight, and volume haven't changed even though the appearance has changed

Naturalistic Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to understand and work in the natural world

social cognition

The ability to understand other people's feelings and actions.

empathy

The ability to understand the feelings of another person.

Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to use and produce words

Interpersonal Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to work cooperatively with other people

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS)

The academic language that an English language learner must learn to successfully understand and communicate the content of academic texts.

engaged time (time on-task)

The actual time individual students spend as active participants in the learning process.

verbal component

The actual words and meaning of a spoken message.

zone of proximal development

The level of development one step above the current level; learning in this zone requires assistance of a peer or adult.

automaticity

The level reached when performance of a task requires little mental effort.

Denotation

The literal meaning of a word.

conservation

The logical thinking ability to recognize an invariant property under different conditions

Join an online discussion group conversation about assignment

The most effective strategy for engaging an ongoing dialogue with educators about the assignment of ESOL and ESE students is to?

Involve the student's advisory counsel in rule making

The most effective way to gain school wide accepted rule to improve behavior in the hall is to?

Allow individual student time to explore the computer

The most efficient use of computer laboratory time for an elementary class orientation when each student has access to a computer is to?

Florida Administrative Code (FAC)

The official compilation of all rules adopted by each Florida agency, citing the specific rule-making authority pursuant to which each rule was adopted.

academic learning time

The time a student is actually on task, or successfully engaged in learning.

Wait time

The time between when a teacher asks a question then calls on a student to answer.

wait time (2)

The time between when a teacher asks a question then calls on a student to answer.

silent time

The time the teacher waits following a student response before replying or continuing with the discussion.

Transitions

The times of switching from one classroom activity to another.

Kohlberg

6 stages of moral reasoning

Iconic mode

6-11; children learn through the use of images or graphic illustrations to convey concepts

Lesson Study Group

A PLC that meets to strengthen lesson planning through highly structured process called the Lesson Study Cycle

mission statement

A broad statement of the unique purpose for which an organization exists and the specific function it performs.

learning center

A defined space in the classroom where materials are organized in such a way that children learn without the teacher's constant presence and direction.

educational goal

A desired instructional outcome that is broad in scope.

one where the class is organized to learn through their own active involvement in the lesson

A discovery learning lesson is...

Problem

A discrepancy between what is and what could be

whole-class discussion

A discussion among the whole class with the teacher as facilitator; seating arrangements should be U-shaped or in a circle.

emotional disability

A disorder in which the capacity to manage individual or interactive behaviors is limited, impaired, or delayed, and is exhibited by difficulty that persists over time and in more than one setting in one or more of the following areas: the ability to understand, build, or maintain interpersonal relationships; the ability to react/respond within established norms; the ability to keep normal fears, concerns, and/or anxieties in perspective; the ability to control aggressive and/or angry impulses or behavior.

classical conditioning

A form of conditioning in which a neutral stimulus (such as the bell in Pavlov's experiment) comes to elicit a response (such as salivation) after it is repeatedly paired with reinforcement (such as food).

timeout

A form of punishment in which the student is removed for a short while from the rest of the class (to sit in the corner, stand out in the hall, and so on); used when the teacher believes the student misbehaves because he or she wants attention.

sociodrama

A form of role playing that focuses on a group solving a problem.

miscue analysis

A formal examination of a student's deviations (reading a word incorrectly, inserting a word, skipping a word, and so on) from the written text when reading.

chunking

A memory technique in which information is organized into easily memorized subparts.

heterogeneous grouping

A method of grouping in which students with mixed abilities, interests, achievement levels, and/or backgrounds are grouped together.

benchmark

A statement of expected knowledge and skills.

AMAOs

Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives

assistive technology device

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities (20 U.S.C. Chapter 33, 1401 [25]) - for example, Braille writers and speech synthesizers.

Native Language

Any language that is spoken regularly in the home.

native language (7)

Any language that is spoken regularly in the home.

High-Stakes Testing

Any testing program whose results have important consequences for students, teachers, schools. and/or districts. Such stakes may include promotion, certification, graduation, or denial/approval of services and opportunity.

positive reinforcement (2)

Anything that is added in order to cause an increase in a behavior. This can be a tangible reward or verbal praise. Scolding be an example of this if receiving attention enforces an undesired behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Anything that is added in order to cause in increase in a behavior. This can be a tangible reward or verbal praise. Scolding a child can cause positive reinforcement of a negative behavior if receiving attention enforces an undesired behavior.

Seriation

Arranging objects in sequential order

Class inclusion

Can think of a whole and its parts simultaneously

What type of test could a school district use to determine if state standards were being effectively taught?

Criterion-referenced test

pacing

Determining the speed of performance of a learning task.

ELD

English Language Development

ELL

English Language Learners

EFL

English as a Foreign Language

Abstract-Sequential Learner

Enjoys abstract, logically sequenced, analytical learning

Concrete-Random Learner

Enjoys hands-on, exploratory learning

Concrete-Sequential Learner

Enjoys hands-on, linearly sequenced learning

Abstract-Random learner

Enjoys mentally, challenging activities in an informal environment

judgment

Estimate of present conditions or prediction of future conditions; involves comparing information to some referent.

mentors

Experienced teachers who support, guide, and advise the development of less experienced teachers.

Behavioral learning theory

Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.

Assimilation (Piaget)

Fitting new information into existing mental structures (schema)

external locus of control

Having a belief that events are caused by factors outside of one's control.

Direct instruction

Informs students as to the nature of a reading strategy, how it works, why it should be used, and where and when to use it

inquiry

Obtaining information by asking.

Premack Principle

Pairs undesirable behaviors with desireable acts, and is employed friequently to induce studets to engage in the former. An example is telling students they can go outside to play kickball, a desired outcome, after clean ing the art station, an undesirable task.

high-traffic areas (2)

Paths that students often travel in the classroom, such as where they line up to leave the room and the path they take to frequently used supplies.

High-Traffic Areas

Paths that students oftentravel in the classroom, such as where they line up to leave the room and the path they take to frequently used supplies.

The first parochial schools were established where?

Pennsylvania

small muscle activity

Physical movement involving the find muscles of the hand.

egocentrism

Piaget's term for the preoperational child's inability to distinguish between his or her own and another's perceptions; also, in adolescents, a preoccupation with self.

Prosody

Pitch, intonation, and expression of reading

Four strands of the Florida Professional Development System Evaluation Protocol 2010

Planning, Learning, Implementing, and Evaluating

It is authentic and low-key and is used frequently

Praise has been shown to be most effective when?

A student-centered classroom uses reciprocal teaching to analyze a selection of text. The 4 basic steps that are used in reciprocal teaching are:

Predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing.

Select the learning that best promotes 2nd language acquisition?

Preparation, evaluation, & meta cognitive strategies.

prior knowledge (1)

Previously acquired knowledge that applies to a current lesson. Knowledge about or experience with a topic that enables connections for learning; a basis for comprehension or understanding.

PS/RtI

Problem-Solving/Response to Intervention; a data-based decision-making model that involves matching instruction and intervention to meet the diverse needs of learners

Benefits for joining professional organizations

Provides an opportunity for teachers to keep abreast of the latest research and innovative practices in their areas of expertise by networking with other professionals

scaffolding

Providing temporary support for learning and problem solving, such as giving clues, reminders, encouragement, and examples.

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

Provision of IDEA (formerly PL 94-142) that guarantees special education and related services to children with disabilities, at public cost.

Choral reading

Reading together as a group with a teacher

SLA

Second Language Acquisition

Sharing knowledge will help to enrich learning by all student and the teacher

Several Native American students transferred from the native schools to a near by public school. The teacher arranges for the students to demonstrate games the students play in the reservation. What strategy is illustrated here?

receiving skills

Skills used when listening to someone.

Web-based resources and assistance

Standard requires districts to provide teachers with web-based resources and assistance to support implementation of professional learning

Which of the following would require inductive reasoning?

Students are presented with the question, "How does competition for resources affect population growth in an ecosystem?" then are asked to research the topic to find possible answers.

Language acquisition Stage 5 Advanced Fluency (7)

Students at this stage are fluent in written and oral communication. Will have trouble with idioms. Students reach this level and master cognitive academic language in five to seven years.

Random Organizers

Tend to chunk information in no particular order

Eurocentrism

The belief that European culture is superior to others.

professional learning

The process of engaging in activities that promote growth in one's profession.

Which of the following accommodations would be appropriate for any student to use, regardless of their learning abilities?

The use of highlighters to mark text.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Verbal, logical, visual, body, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic, spiritual, existential

Southern educations

Wealthy plantation owners hired private tutors to come to their homes and reach their children

Instrumental-relativist orientation

What is right is whatever satisfies ones own needs

Assign the student task to help other students

What is the best way to help students who are shy and insist on being near the teacher whenever possible?

Tracking

What practice does the most to perpetuate educational inequality?

A periodic review enhance long term memory

What principle is illustrated by conducting a 20 minutes review session each Monday during a class?

Student assessment

What resource will provide Ms. Jones with data for grouping all students before the first week of reading instruction?

Review and recap the completed topic

What should a teacher do to ensure smooth transition in completing a unit began by another teacher?

intRAdividual knowledge

What the learner knows or understands about themselves

the tendency to strive for success and to choose goal-oriented, success or failure activities

achievement motivation

Due to limited time and funding, professional development opportunities should focus on

addressing disaggregate student performance in the classroom

eye contact

an indication of a person's openness to communication

can think of the whole and its parts simultaneously and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

class inclusion, concrete operations stage

interdisciplinary instruction

combining several disciplines into one or more lessons

Applying spelling rules or guidelines to improve spelling would be an example of what?

deductive reasoning

Interdisciplinary team

grade level team that meets to collaborativley plan for the students that they commonly instruct

A classroom teacher that understands how to differentiate instruction plans in advance should

provide tiered activities that allow students of all levels to understand the concepts but perform at different levels with necessary support.

Florida School Readiness Uniform Screening System (SRUSS)

requires that new kindergarten students in Florida public schools be assessed for school readiness at the beginning of the school year (ESI-K and DIBELS)

phoneme

smallest unit of meaningful sound

developed through custom and social convention

social knowledge (Piaget)

The learning theory based on the assumption that people can learn from observing other people's behavior and consequences to those behaviors.

social learning theory

A culturally responsive teacher should be aware of students'

social skills, home culture, interests & attitudes.

Level III: Cognitively Demanding + Context Embedded

solving math problems using graphs hands-on science experiment; playing interactive computer simulation game

sunshine state standards (sss)

standards that identify what public school students should know and be able to do

When sharing assessment data with a parent or guardian, it is important to

start with a specific, positive comment before voicing concerns.

Symbolic play

starts at age 2; using materials or objects to represent things or engaging in imaginary roles

Games with rules play

starts at school age; abiding by rules (simon says)

An 8th grade science teacher decides to work collaboratively with a teacher in the mathematics department to design a unit using basic algebra to calculate the density of various objects. By creating a cross-subject activity

student interest is increased as the science lesson gives relevance to the math.

Scaffolding (ESOL)

students should be provided with steps of learning that allow for consolidation and success.

think pair and share

students work individually on an assigned problem solving task and then they pair with a partner to discuss and revise and then they share their results with the entire class

In addition to using audio or videotapes to conduct action research, teachers should also use

students' scores on assessments

phonology

study of speech sounds

semantics

study of the meaning of words

morphology

study of word patterns and how they are formed

Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT)

summative assessment tool which measures students' achievement on the Florida Sunshine State Standards; administered in grades 3-11; measures skills in reading, writing, science, and math

raw score

the total number of correct responses on an assessment

An example of cognitive learning theory in practice would be?

using a manipulative to teacher math for students under the age of 11.

application in Bloom's taxonomy

using and applying knowledge, using problem-solving methods, manipulating, designing and experimenting.

in Deductive teaching, the teacher provides

various examples

lexicon

vocal used in particular profession or subject

action

what the student will do

Thematic instruction

when a teacher designs one or more lessons around a central theme or topic

Subject area teams

when faculty who teach the same subject meet to share ideas and problem-solve about concerns related to their subject

A teacher is arrested for domestic violence, but does not report the incident because it was unfounded. The teacher

will be terminated as soon as the State of Florida learns of the offense.

test

A device used to determine whether learning objectives have been met.

A classroom teacher can foster higher-order thinking skills by asking students

-Follow-up and divergent questions -To elaborate on a question that was already answered by classmates

Field Dependent

-Having the ability to perceive objects as a whole rather than as individual parts -Able to see relational concepts -Tends to be influenced by suggestions from others

Symbolic mode

11 and older; can learn using symbols and words to represent concepts

Preoperational stage

2-6; children are imaginative and enjoy games of pretend; are egocentric; focus on one aspect of a situation (centration); rapidly developing language

dyslexia

A disorder manifested by a difficulty in learning to read, write, or spell, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity.

normal curve

A bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of scores or measurements; approximately 95 percent of the data fall within two standard deviations of the mean.

Onlooker Play (Parten)

A child watches other children play, but does not join in

standardized test

A commercially developed test that sample behavior under uniform procedures; used to provide accurate and meaningful information on students' level of performance.

Decoding

A component of fluency that requries students to convert letters into words.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

A condition characterized by an inability to concentrate.

consequence

A condition that follows a behavior designed to weaken or strengthen the behavior.

Argument

A course of reasoning offered in support of a position

dysgraphia

A deficiency in the ability to write, primarily in terms of handwriting, but sometimes in terms of coherence.

Provide interesting subject related material and activities for student who finish early

A teacher finds a number of her beginning students come to class and quickly go to work. They complete their work; then they begin to whisper, play or seat until the end of class doing nothing useful. Which end of period strategy is likely to keep student on task all period?

Use a variety of medium and materials appropriate to student needs

A teacher finds that the students quickly become bored and uninterested in the textbooks. What teacher action is needed in this situation?

Which of the following is true of how teachers should question students during a class discussion?

Below level-learners should be asked higher-order, critical-thinking questions that match their ability level.

Age 11-15

Challenge rules and authority; imaginary audience, egocentrism, peer pressure

accommodations

Changes in instructional methods and materials, assignments and assessments, time demands and scheduling, and the learning environment that ensure that students with disabilities have the opportunity to participate as fully as possible in the general curriculum and ultimately earn a standard diploma.

Accommodations

Changes that are made in how the student accesses information and demonstrates performance

modifications

Changes that are made in the curriculum for students who cannot meet the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards for their grade level.

Autonomous morality

Children develop autonomy and are willing to challenge rules

CALP

Cognitive Academic Language -demands are higher than social situations -contextual support(gestures) cannot be counted on --5to 7 yrs

CALLA

Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach -contecnt focused while language skills are acquired in context as needed

assists the students in the transition from a language arts program in which the content is made comprehensible through the use of ESOL strategies

Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA)

the aspects of language proficiency strongly related to literacy and academic achievement

Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency Test

Social Knowledge (Piaget)

Developed through custom or social convention

Sensory Modality Strength

How a student takes in information through the five senses

Piaget

Identified 3 categories of increasing sophistication of play

Results in none specifiable professional purpose

If a teacher wants to know the students performace on another teacher's class, the latter can refuse to let him know if?

feedback

Information from the teacher to the student, or vice versa, that provides disclosure about the reception of an intended message; also, information from the teacher to the student that informs the student of what he or she is doing correctly or what he or she still needs to work on.

No Child Left Behind Act (7)

Legislation that supports the need for standards-based education reform. This is achieved by setting high standards and establishing measurable goals to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction. Federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid. States that non-native English speakers may not be tested in their native language. It also gave the individual school districts the right and responsibility of establishing programs that will teach these students English.

unlimited and permanent.

Long term memory is said to be?

Overlapping (Kounin)

Multi-tasking

Equilibration (Piaget)

Process of reaching equilibrium

Exploiting the Ripple Effect (Kounin)

Skillfully using the phenomenon that occurs when a teacher reminds an off-task student to get back to work and all other 0ff-task students also return to their work

sending skills

Skills used when speaking to someone.

wait time

The amount of time a teacher waits for a student to respond to a question; also, a term used to describe the time a teacher waits before calling on a student to answer after posing a question to the whole class.

cognitive sciences

The area of study that focuses on how people think and learn.

pedagogy

The art and science of teaching.

measurement

The assignment of numerical values to objects, events, performances, or products to indicate how much of a characteristic being measured they possess.

methodology

The patterned behaviors that form the definite steps by which the teacher influences learning.

Brain Hemispheres

The two halves of the brain. The left controls the right side of the body and functions primarily as the more academic and logical side of the brain. The right controls the left side of the body and functions primarily as the artistic and creative side of the brain.

Simulations

Which type of software would be best for demonstrating different chemical reaction for a science class?

standard deviation

a measure of dispersion of a set of data values about the mean of the data set

literacy

ability to read and write

A student with an IEP is permitted to use a speech-to-text program to make notes in class. This is an example of

an accommodation

cooperative learning

an instructional strategy in which students are placed in small groups where they work together on a collective task that has been clearly defined and explained

From the beginning of our nation there has been a continuous and large flow of immigrants who in the great majority of cases have been impoverished and committed to seeking a better life. The schools have provided the primary means of socializing these new citizens to live in our country. This process continues to provide a challenge to American education today. The best term for the process described in the above statement is

cultural assimilation.

Mr. Robinette is a new teacher who teaches high school algebra courses. He has difficulty maintaining student interest in instruction and has an excessive number of disciplinary referrals. What strategy would be the best first step to address this situation?

discussing problems with a mentor teacher to identify strategies for reducing the number of discipline problems

chronological age

Age in calendar years.

Preoperational (Piaget 2nd stage of cognition)

Ages 2-6 Highly imaginative; egocentric view; rapidly developing language Development of symbolic thought

Iconic Mode (Bruner)

Ages 6-11 Learn through the use of images to convey concepts

Positive reinforcement

Giving a student something positive following a behavior

Positive Punishment

Giving an undesirable consequence in order to deter undesirable behavior (giving more homework)

reflection

Giving direct feedback to individuals about the way their verbal and nonverbal messages are being received; also, quiet thought or contemplation that includes analysis of past experience.

Right-Brain Dominant

Global and inductive Engages in creative activities

Preplanning

Going through each lesson from the student's point of view and anticipating explanations, information, an directions they will need

Law-Order orientation

Good behavior is doing one's duty

Good Boy--Nice Girl orientation

Good behavior is doing what others expect and whatever is approved by them; respect authority

Group Processing of Social Skills

Group functioning is frequently monitored and adjusted to improve group effectiveness

Jigsawing

Group members become experts on an assigned topic that they then teach to others

Corners

Group members meet in a designated corner of the room to discuss an assigned topic and then teach it to the rest of the class

Piaget (1)

Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), preoperational/experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations.

development

Growth, adaption, or change over the course of a lifetime.

For a 6th social studies class for both native speakers of English and ESOL students who are to study mythology, the teacher's best app. is to

Have a competition to see which student had the most creative way of meeting the lesson objective.

Adolescents Milestones

Have rapid height and weight gain, might be clumsy, restlessness due to hormones

Which of the following would not be used by a kindergarten teacher to develop phonemic awareness in her students?

Having students spell the words as they sound them out.

A teacher would like to encourage parents and guardians to be involved in their students' education. Which of the following strategies is the best way for the teacher to encourage diverse parents and guardians to come to the classroom for a cultural activity?

Having students write a personal invitation inviting parents and guardians to attend a cultural activity during school.

Bandura, Albert

He believed that learning occurs without direcgt consequences to one's actions. He proposed that learners observe modeled behavior and the consequences of the behavior, and then project the consequences on themselves.

The objective should conforms to states performance standards

In planning for a unit of instruction, a teacher has determind the needs, interest and abilities of her students. In identifying the objectives for the unit what criterion should be apply next?

Enactive Mode (Bruner)

Up to age 6 Children primarily learn through interaction with objects in their environment

Assimilation

Involves fitting new information into existing mental structures (schema)

Four stages to describe intellectual development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) preoperational stage (2-7 years) concrete operational stage (7-11 years) formal operational stage (adolescents and adults)

Jean Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development

Age 7

Kids can take on the perspective of others

What does the general knowledge teacher bring to the IEP team?

Knowledge of the general curriculum.

postconventional level

Kohlberg's first level of moral judgment, characterized by making decisions based on one's own needs and desires.

conventional level

Kohlberg's second level of moral judgment, characterized by accepting society's rules for right and wrong and obeying authority figures.

incapacity

Lack of emotional stability, lack of adequate physical ability, lack of general educational background, or lack of adequate command of one's area of specialization.

negligence

Lack of ordinary care in one's actions; failure to exercise due care.

An ESOL student applies the use of their 1st language in acquisition of English. This is an example of?

Language Diffusion

Implusive students

Learn and make decisions quickly; finish tests before everyone else

Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners

Learn by touching objects, by feeling shapes and textures, and by moving things around

Object permanence

Learn that objects continue to exist even when the objects are no longer visible

indirect teaching

Learner-centered teaching using such strategies as discovery and inquiry-based learning.

Jean Piaget

Learning includes three basic processes: assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium

Psychomotor Domain (Bloom's)

Learning that involves manual, athletic, and other physical skills

analysis

Learning that involves the subdividing of knowledge to show how it fits together.

Cognitive Domain (Bloom's)

Learning that involves thinking capabilities (recalling simple facts to judging the quality of an argument)

deductive learning

Learning that proceeds from the general to the specific.

compulsory education

Legally state-mandated school attendance for every child between the ages of 6 and 16.

No Child Left Behind Act

Legislation that supports the need for standards-based education reform. This is achieved by setting high standards and establishing measurable goals to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction.

Content Complexity

Level of cognitive demand that standards and curriculum place on learners

Level of Mastery

Level of proficiency expected for the action

LEP

Limited English Proficiency

LER

Limited English Reader

Kounin

Looked at successful and unsuccessful classroom manager to see differences: 1. Withitness 2. Overlapping 3. Group alerting 4. Momentum 5. Smoothness 6. Exploiting the ripple effect

Gregorc's Mind Styles

Looks at the predominant way learner prefers to process and organize information for learning; concrete/abstract; random/sequential

Reflecting

Maintaining anecdotal records of effective instructional strategies offers teachers practice in the skill of?

What would be the best way for a teacher to prepare her students for the state mandatory criterion-referenced test that is administered every year?

Make sure that the students have been taught the standards and are familiar with the test format.

Sequential Organizers

Use a linear, step-by-step organizational approach

attending behavior

Use of verbal and nonverbal cues by listeners that demonstrate they are listening with attention to what is being said.

Reflective journal

Used for teachers to identify strengths, challenges, and potential problems

Limited English Proficient (LEP)

Used to describe a student whose home language is other than English and whose English language skills are such that the student has difficulty performing ordinary class work.

Summative assessment

Used to determine students' academic achievement in each class or course--report card grades

bullying (2)

Using superior strength or social stature to intimidate or influence the decisions of another person.

punishment

Using unpleasant consequences to weaken or extinguish an undesirable behavior.

intermediate grades

Usually grades 3 through 5.

Likert scale

Usually, a five-point attitude scale with linked options: strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, and strongly disagree.

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

Verbal-linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Visual-spatial intelligence Body-kinesthetic intelligence Musical-rhythmic intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Naturalistic intelligence

Bruner

Viewed learning as process of constructing meaning by building on prior understandings

Private schools with no public funding began where?

Virginia

graphic organizers

Visual, hierarchical overviews designed to show relationships among abstract concepts or to illustrate processes. Types include concept or semantic maps, webs, decision trees, Venn diagrams, flowcharts, cause-effect charts, story trees, and K-W-L charts.

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky believed that students experience incremental gains in learning. A student who is operating in his or her "zone of proximal development" will be able to easily learn when provided help by a more experienced person.

Age 4 Milestones

Walk backward, cut on line, print some letters, fold paper, draw, lace shoes, wash and dry hands

Age 3 Milestones

Walk, run smoothly, balance on one foot, throw and catch objects, build towers, work simple puzzles, push buttons, wash hands

facts

Well-grounded, clearly established pieces of information.

missing supplies, late to class. They are minor disruptions that can be minimized with procedures that are already in place.

What are some examples of controlled interruptions?

The six levels of Taxonomy are: 1) knowledge, 2) comprehension, 3) application, 4) analysis, 5) synthesis, 6) evaluation.

What are the six levels of Taxonomy?

Objectives of the unit

What criteria is most important for a teaacher to consider in selecting material for an instructional unit?

it has been shown that students can internalize what a teacher expects of them and will perform at that level, whether its positive or negative.

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Knowledge of the general curriculum

What knowledge does the general education teacher bring to the I.E.P team?

Check for traffic patter in the room

What should be the first step in selecting a new arrangement for a classroom where students often bump into other when they are going to the pencil sharpener, trashcan, or the water fountain?

Action

What the student will do (objective)

Administrative review

When a teacher meets with a principal to determine any additional professional learning needs based on school-level priorities

Stages of cognitive development

When faced with the need to adapt materials for students to master the objective, what is the important variable to consider?

Choral chant?

When students repeat basic facts, spellings, and laws

Strategic teaching

When teachers introduce a variety of reading strategies and encourage students to develop and use these strategies

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device ?

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Language acquisition Stage 1 Pre-production (7)

"Silent period" focusing on listening to English being spoken and will only respond non-verbally when questioned. Students have a vocabulary of approximately 500 words.

instructionally embedded assessment

(aka teacher observation) uses systematic observational methods along with checklists, interviews, and questioning while students are engaged in learning activities

Reflective students

Ponder all alternatives carefully before responding

Self-report deadline involving the abuse of a child

48 hours

Stage 4: Intermediate Fluency

- know up to 6,000 words - speak and writes in complete sentences - high number of errors - can use HOT when communicating - BICS

Integrated Language Teaching

- language learning interwove with instruction in content area; not isolate topic

Which of the following describes a student-centered learning environment?

-Students work together on a jigsaw activity in cooperative learning groups. -Students use a collaborative approach to research and develop a solution to a real-world problem. -Students analyze multiple sources to develop their list of loaded words in persuasive articles as the teacher acts as a facilitator.

What is the advantage of analyzing case studies?

-They present scenarios that teachers can study and apply to their own classrooms. -They allow teachers to anticipate possible situations that may someday occur in their classrooms and prepare to respond accordingly. -They provide teachers with the opportunity to discuss possible solutions to actual problems that have occurred in other classrooms.

When would a teacher ask a follow-up question?

-When the original answer was too brief -When the original answer contained a misconception -When the teacher is trying to elicit higher-order thinking skills from the student

ESOL Sheltered-Instruction/ Structured Submersion

-subject classes included only ELLs; instruction ing English; adapted to proficiency levels and contextually supported

Lesson Cycle Model

1. Focus: teacher gains students' attention, explains the objective and expectations 2. Explanation: teacher presents new information related to the lesson instructional objective 3. Check for understanding: teacher observes and questions students 4. Guided practice: teacher monitors and scaffolds students learning as they apply the new knowledge or skills 5. Closure: teacher wraps up lesson be reviewing 6. Independent practice: students apply new knowledge or skills without assistance from the teacher 7. Reteach and extend:

Fours types of cooperative learning

1. Jigsawing (group members become experts on certain subjects, mix with other groups, and then share and teach to class) 2. Corners: Group members meet in a corner to discuss topic and teach to the rest of the class 3. Think-Pair-Share: students work individually on a project, pair with a partner to discuss and revise, and finally share their results with the rest of the class 4. Debate

maslow's hierarchy of needs

1. physiological; 2. safety; 3. belongingness and love; 4. esteem; 5. self-actualization (motivation to learn is dampened when 1-4 are not met)

Stage 4: Law-Order Orientation (Kohlberg)

10 to 15 years Good behavior is doing one's duty, respecting authority, and obeying the laws of society. Regardless of the circumstances, it is wrong to break rules

Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation (Kohlberg)

10 to 15 years Good behavior is doing what others expect and whatever s approved by them. Accepts and respects authority. Peer acceptance is needed

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (Kohlberg)

16 to Adulthood What's right is defined in terms of standards that have been agreed upon by the whole society. Obeys rules but might question them. Respects rights of others

The Old Deluder Satan Act

1647; required that every town of at least 50 households pay a person to teach the children; when the number reached 100 they had to financially support a grammar school

One-room school house

1700s; focused on teaching children reading, writing, arithmetic, and some religious instruction; expansion of the dame schools

The most appropriate time to give feedback on an assessment is

24 to 48 hours later.

Levels of complexity on FCAT

3

According to the State of Florida, how long does a teacher have to self-report an arrest for possession of a controlled substance?

48 hours

Demonstrate the proper use of equipment or material and monitor their use by student

A 10th grade teacher is planning a unit of instruction requiring the students to use equipment and materials that could cause injury if not used properly. What would be the best solution to this problem?

Pavlov, Ivan

A Nobel Prize-winning Russian psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning: the relationship between behavior and direct rewards. His work greatly influenced behaviorism.

Pavlov, Ivan (2)

A Nobel Prize-winning Russian psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning: the relationship between behavior and direct rewards. His work greatly influenced behaviorism.

effective school correlates

A body of research identifying the characteristics of effective and ineffective schools. They are (a) safe and orderly environment, (b) climate of high expectations for success, (c) instructional leadership, (d) clear and focused mission, (e) opportunity to learn and student time on-task, (f) frequent monitoring of student progress, and (g) home/school relations.

A divergent thinker is best described as one who is?

A careful observer seeing things from different perspective, or looks for meanings of things.

Modification

A change in the curriculum's learning requiements due to a student's inability to master the required state standards.

modification (2)

A change in the curriculum's learning requirements due to a student's inability to master the required state standards.

accommodation (2)

A change in the way a student learns new material. Teachers use accommodated teaching methods when directed to do so by a student's individual educational program (IEP).

Accomodations

A change in the way a studet learns new material. Teachers use accomodated teaching methods when directed to do so by a student's individual educational program (IEP).

Bloom's Taxonomy

A classification of learning objectives proposed by Benjamin Bloom in 1956. It is used to classify educational goals. The original Bloom's Taxonoy included the following levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The Revised Bloom's Taxonomy describes the levels as Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyszing, Evaluating and Creating.

Bloom's Taxonomy (1)

A classification of learning objectives proposed in 1956. It is used to classify educational goals. Originally it included the following levels: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. Revised, it describes levels as Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating. Three domains for classifying educational objectives: Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor.

assertive discipline

A classroom management approach tha stresses the need for teachers to communicate classroom rules firmly, but without hostility.

Norm

A distribution of scores obtained from a norm group. The norm is the midpoint (or median) of scores or performance of the students in that group. Fifty percent will score above and 50 percent below the norm.

A careful observer seeing things from different perspective, and looks for meanings of things

A divergent thinker is best described as one who is?

Originality

A focus area for developing critical-thinking skills that emphasizes combining ideas in new ways or coming up with unusual ideas.

Professional Learning Community

A formal, organized group of faculty who share common student achievement goals and meet on a regular basis and research new practices, investigate new curricular programs, examine the impact of school initiatives, and share their findings with other school faculty

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

A framework that takes into account the typical patterns of physical, social, and cognitive development of students in order to optimize student learning and to promote social growth

algorithm

A set of rules or procedures for performing a task.

anticipation guide

A set of statements, some true and some false, that students discuss as a pre-reading activity.

Process

A general method of doing something, involving steps or operations which are usually ordered and/or interdependent. Process can be evaluated as part of an assessment, as in the example of evaluating a student's performance during pre-writing exercisses leading up tht eh final production of an essay or paper.

story tree

A graphic organizer that is used to guide students' critical evaluation of a work of literature.

Professional Learning Communities

A group of educators who act as reflective practitioners, analyzing student data in order to improve instruction methods.

professional learning communities (5)

A group of educators who act as reflective practitioners, analyzing student data in order to improve instruction methods. A group of educators that meets regularly, share expertise, and work collaboratively to improve teaching skills and the academic performance of students.

Limited English Proficient (LEP) committee

A group of individuals who are responsible for overseeing a LEP student's English for Speakers of other languages (ESOL)

grade-level team

A group of teachers who share responsibility for planning, instructing, and evaluating a common group of students.

Monitoring Hypothesis

A hypothesis developed by Krashen that states if a student can learn the grammatical rules of a new language, he or she will be able to monitor written and spoken language in the future.

monitor hypothesis (7)

A hypothesis developed by Krashen that states if a student can learn the grammatical rules of a new language, he or she will be able to monitor written and spoken language in the future.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A label applied to individuals who are extremely active, impulsive, distractible, and excitable, and who have great difficulty concentrating on what they are doing.

sociocognitive approach (7)

A language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development.

norming group

A large national sample of people who are similar to those for whom a particular standardized test is designed and who take the test to establish the group standards; serves as a comparison group for scoring the test.

Constructivism

A learner-centered approach to teaching that emphasizes teaching for understanding; students construct knowledge by making connections between present learning situations and what they already know

progressivism

A learner-centered educational philosophy, popularized by John Dewey, based on the belief that the interaction of the student with the environment creates experience that encourages the student to learn by doing.

Dual Language Programs

A learning environment in which students who are learning English are placed together with students who are fluent in English, and English language learners receive specialized English language instruction. All students in a dual language program receive core/basic subject area instruction in English and another language.

dual immersion programs (7)

A learning environment in which students who are learning English are placed together with students who are fluent in English, and English language learners receive specialized English language instruction. All students in this language program receive core/basic subject area instruction in English and another language.

Cognitive Objective

A learning objective that has thre main components: condition, behavior, and degree.

Behaviorism

A learning theory based on using immediate consequences to either weaken or strengthen a learner's observable response

dangle

A lesson transition during which the teacher leaves a lesson hanging while tending to something else in the classroom.

flip-flop

A lesson transition in which the teacher changes back and forth from one subject or activity to another.

Which technique will most effectively establish a 9th grade teacher's expectation for an assignment?

A list of due dates of each assessment for the grading period.

questionnaire

A list of written statements regarding attitudes, feelings, and opinions that are to be read and responded to.

phonics approach

A literacy instructional strategy that emphasizes sounding out words based on letter-sound relationships.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A measure of intelligence for which 100 is the score assigned to those of average intelligence.

frequency measurement

A measure of the number of times specified, observable behaviors are exhibited in a constant time interval.

homogeneous grouping

A method of grouping in which students with similar abilities, interests, achievement levels and/or backgrounds are grouped together.

Negative Reinforcement

A method of influencing behavior through removing an adverse stimulant in order to strengthen a behavior. For example, a parent may stop complaining about a messy room if the child begins to clean his or her room. The lack of nagging is the removal of the stimulant as a result of the room remaining clean.

negative reinforcement (2)

A method of influencing behavior through removing an adverse stimulant in order to strengthen a behavior. For example, a parent may stop complaining about a messy room if the child begins to clean his or her room. The lack of nagging is the removal of the stimulant as a result of the room remaining clean.

High frequency words

A small group (300-500) words that are frequently encountered in a text

whole language approach (7)

A method of language instruction that is integrated and in which listening, speaking, reading, and writing are used along with other instructional strategies to build proficiency. It is student centered, context embedded, and literature or academic content-based.

Deductive Thinking

A method of reasoning that requires students to take one or more general statements and then work their way down to a more specific conclusion.

deductive thinking (1)

A method of reasoning that requires students to take one or more general statements and then work their way down to a more specific conclusion. General to specific.

Inductive Thinking

A method of reasoning that requires students to take specific facts and use them to develop a general conclusion.

inductive thinking (1)

A method of reasoning that requires students to take specific facts and use them to develop a general conclusion. Specific to general.

Problem-Based learning

A method of student-centered learning where the students work individually or cooperatively to solve a problem.

problem-based learning (1)

A method of student-centered learning where the students work individually or cooperatively to solve a problem. Based on the Basic Concepts of Constructivism.

Modeled Reading

A method wherein the teacher reads aloud a book which is above the students' reading level. Students may or may not have a copy of the text with which to follow along. The purpose of modeled reading is to deomonstrate a skill or ability such as fluency or a fix-up strategy.

modeled reading (1)

A method wherein the teacher reads aloud a book which is above the students' reading level. Students may or may not have a copy of the text with which to follow along. The purpose of this reading is to demonstrate a skill or ability such as fluency or a fix-up strategy. A teacher reads modeling fluency , tone , rate.

connectionism

A model for how learning occurs that theorizes that knowledge is stored in the brain as a network of connections.

Explain to the mother that the law of privacy protects confidentiality of student's records

A mother insists that her child is gifted and should be placed in a gifted program. When the placement is denied, the mother asked the teacher for the IQ scores of the other children in the gifted class so that she can compare her child score with others. What procedure should the teacher follow?

heritage language

A non-English language to which a student has had exposure outside the formal education system, such as the language of immigrants (for example, Spanish) and indigenous peoples (for example, Navajo)

hypermedia

A nonlinear presentation of information that allows users to access related materials or images from a single computer screen.

variable-interval reinforcement schedule

A pattern for giving reinforcements in which the time at which reinforcement will occur is unpredictable; effective for maintaining a high rate of behavior and highly resistance to extinction. Example: A teacher checking students' work at random intervals is variable-interval reinforcement.

ratio reinforcement schedule

A pattern in which reinforcement is dispensed after a desired observable behavior has occurred a certain number of times.

fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

A pattern in which reinforcement is given after a desired observable behavior has occurred a fixed number (1, 5, 10, or so on) of times; effective in motivating students to do a great deal of work, but runs the risk of losing its value if the reinforcing is done too frequently. Example: Giving students stars after they read 10 books is fixed ratio reinforcement.

fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

A pattern in which reinforcement is given after a desired observable behavior has occurred only at certain periodic times; often results in a great deal of work (cramming) at the last minute, just before the reinforcement is given. Example: Final exams are fixed-interval reinforcement.

A classroom teacher struggles with using base-ten blocks to teach multiplication and division of decimals. What would be the best resource for assistance?

A peer teacher

clock hour

A period of 60 minutes (with a minimum of 50 minutes) of instructional time.

What principle is illustrated by conducting a 20 min. review session each Monday during a class?

A periodic review enhances long term memory.

novice

A person who is inexperienced in performing a particular activity.

self-fulfilling prophecy

A phenomenon that occurs when one's biased beliefs about what should occur influences the results to conform to one's expectations.

School Improvement Plan

A plan developed annually by the School Advisory Council and implemented by the principal and school staff to improve the school in a specific area, such as math scores.

Progress Monitoring Plan (PMP)

A plan that is written when a student does not meet specific levels of performance in reading, math, writing, or science (provided the student does not already have a written educational plan in place); formerly, the Academic Improvement Plan (AIP).

Consequence

A pleasant or unpleasant effect that follows a behavior and influences whether that behavior will occur again or not

attitude

A predisposition to act in a positive way toward persons, ideas, or events.

Sheltered English Approach

A program for English-language learners where the classes include only Limited English Proficiency students (LEP) (hence the term sheltered). Students may have the same home language or many different home languages. Instruction is entirely in English, and students receive special instruction in English while being supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies.

sheltered English approach (7)

A program for English-language learners where the classes include only Limited English Proficiency students (LEP). Students may have the same home language or many different home languages. Instruction is entirely in English, and students receive special instruction in English while being supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies.

English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Pull-Out program

A program of instruction in English in which students leave their English-only content classes to spend part of their day receiving ESOL instruction. Students might have different home languages.

English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) program

A program of intensive instruction in English from teachers trained in recognizing and dealing with language differences.

Bruner, Jerome

A psychologist who is known for his work in cognitive psychology and the cognitive learning theory.

Bruner, Jerome (1)

A psychologist who is known for his work in cognitive psychology and the cognitive learning theory.

local education agency (LEA)

A public authority that acts as an administrative agency to provide control of, and direction for, kindergarten through grade 12 public educational institutions.

Common School Journal

A publication that Mann started

closed-ended questions

A question that has a limited number of correct responses.

convergent questions

A question that has a limited number of correct responses.

open-ended question

A question that has an unlimited number of correct responses.

evaluation question

A question that requires that a judgement be made or a value be put on something.

synthesis question

A question that requires the student to put together elements and parts to form a whole.

Constructive-Response Questions

A question that requries students to construct or create something to answer the question rather than choosing from a given list.

restructuring

A radically altering reform of schools as organizations and the way schooling is delivered.

Norm Group

A random group of students selected by a test developer to take a test to provide a range of scores and establish the percentiles of performance for use in establishing scoring standards.

Percentile

A ranking scale ranging from a low of 1 to a high of 99, with 50 as the median score. A percentile rank indicates the percentage of a reference or norm group obtaining scores equal to or less than the test-taker's score. A percentile scofe does not refer to the percentage of questions answered correctly; it indicates the test-taker's standing relative to the norm group standard.

Interactive reading

A reading model that recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.

Action Research

A reflective process of researching instructional methods based on student scores and the teacher's observations.

action research (5)

A reflective process of researching instructional methods based on student scores and the teacher's observations.

continuous reinforcement schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced.

learning

A relatively permanent change in an individual's capacity for performance as a result of experience.

SCANS Report

A report issued in 1992 by the Secretary's (of Education) Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills that recommended changes in the school curricula and teaching methods in order to better prepare students for the workplace.

symbolic medium

A representational medium for acquiring concepts through symbols such as language.

referral

A request for an individual evaluation of a student who is suspected to be in need of Exceptional Student Education (ESE) services (after strategies in the regular education classroom have failed to meet the needs of the student).

social objective

A requirement of the cooperative learning model dealing with the social skills, roles and relationships, and group processes that students need to accomplish the learning task.

year-round school program

A school program whose calendar provides for instruction for the entire year, with short vacation periods throughout the year.

charter school

A school run independently of the traditional public school system but receiving public funding.

magnet school

A school that focuses on special themes (science, mathematics, language arts, and so on).

percentile

A score at or below where a given percentage of the scores fall. Example: The 75th percentile is the score at or below where 75 percent of the scores fall.

rubric

A set of criterion-referenced guidelines for scoring a student's work.

Meichenbaum (2)

A social learning theorist that established the model of self-regulated learning. This theory focuses on importance of practicing modeled behavior by forecasting the rewarding consequences of positive behaviors and the negative consequences of undesirable behaviors.

A norm-referenced achievement test

A social study teacher would like to know if her student knowledge of social study is similar to that of other students through the United States. What type of standardized test would best give the teacher this information?

aptitude test

A standardized test designed to predict future performance in a subject area.

Achievement Test

A standardized test desinged to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and/or skill a person has acquired, usually as a reult of clasroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm.

criterion-referenced test

A standardized test that assess the level of mastery of specific knowledge and skills that are anchored to specific standards.

norm-referenced test

A standardized test that focuses on a comparison of a student's score to the average of a norm group.

School Advisory Council (SAC)

A state-mandated advisory group composed of the principal, teachers, education support employees, students, parents, and other business and community citizens whose primary purpose is to assist in the preparation, evaluation, and implementation of the School Improvement Plan.

zero-tolerance policy

A state-mandated district policy that requires that students found to have committed certain offenses (for example, bringing a firearm or weapon to school) be expelled from the student's regular school for a period of not less than one full year and be referred to the criminal justice or juvenile justice system.

structural analysis

A strategy for determining the meaning of a word by breaking the word into its component subunits (for example, un-success-ful).

A 6th grade history classroom is set up with desks facing each other in clusters of students mixed gender, ability, and cultures. Students are working on document-based questioning about Valley Forge. The teacher moves throughout the classroom, ready to offer guidance if necessary. What type of activity is the class performing?

A student-centered learning activity

Cooperative Learning

A student-centered learnking approach in which heterogeneously grouped students work cooperatively to accomplish a shared task.

Project-based learning

A student-centered, inquiry-based model where students gain a deep knowledge by investigating a subject over an extended period of time.

PQ4R

A study strategy where students preview the reading, create questions, read to answer questions, reflect, recite, and review the original material.

within-class ability grouping

A system for accommodating differences between students by dividing a class into groups for instructional purposes (such as reading groups)

token reinforcement system

A system in which students perform actions or behaviors desired by the teacher in order to earn neutral tokens that can be exchanged periodically for rewards.

between-class ability grouping

A system of grouping in which students are assigned to classes according to achievement and abilities.

principal autonomy

A system wherein the principle is authoritarian and makes all the decisions

What is unusual about the picture on the bulletin board?

A teacher is setting the stage for a learning process. Choose the best introductory remark.

Database software network

A teacher is teaching a unit requiring students to obtain considerable amount of current information on a topic from electronic source. What is the best type of computer network for the purpose?

Call the Florida abuse hotline and advice the principal of the action

A teacher notices that a student has many bruises on the right side of the face and the leg. When questioned, the child cannot remember "what caused the bruises" the teacher suspects' child abuse. What must the teacher do next?

Symbolic Mode (Bruner)

Age 11 and above Can learn using symbols and words to represent concepts

Ask questions that require students to show explain or describe

A teacher notices that students seem disinterested in class topic. The teacher wants to liven up the discussion portion of the lesson to increase student's participation, what is the best procedure for the teacher to follow?

Guide discovery

A teacher of a class of gifted highly motivated students aged 10-12 is planning a class lesson. The teacher wants students to develop their own concepts and principles for the lesson. Which instructional strategy is most appropriate for this situation?

Involve student in the summary or the review

A teacher usually conducts a review of the previous day's lesson before beginning a new lesson. However, students are often unable to respond correctly to the question. What is the most effective teaching strategy to employ at the end of a lesson?

Conduct a class discussion of the rules

A teacher wants to be sure that all students know the rules of the classroom. Which is the most effective way of ensuring this?

Diagnostics

A teacher wants to find out if student has mastered the instructional objectives at the end of the unit. What type of test should the teacher use?

effective teacher

A teacher who is able to bring about intended learning outcomes.

Requirement from the school district

A teacher who plans content rich lesson targeting all students learning styles in various activites and group work should also consider?

reflective practitioner

A teacher who systematically reflects on his or her own performance in the classroom and development as a teacher.

File deletion

A teacher whose students use the network classroom with no Internet should be most concerned about?

Identify examples of the concept

A teacher wishes to evaluate a student's ability to apply concepts that have been presented in class. What should test item require student to do?

Group academic program on self-esteem

A teacher wishing to help students who are having difficulty relating to others students who are racially or cultural different. The teaching should emphasize which of the following?

Turn established eye contact

A teacher writing a sentence on the board was disturbed by mild talking in the class, "No more talking" the teacher said pausing. The talk stops momentarily, but soon the noise level increases again. What non-verbal behavior might best be used to quiet the class?

with-it-ness

A teacher's awareness of what is going on in all parts of the classroom.

halting time

A teacher's pause in talking, used to give students time to think about presented materials or directions.

Direct Instruction

A teaching method in which the teacher provides knowledge by directly presenting it to the students, generally in the format of a lecture.

direct instruction (1)

A teaching method in which the teacher provides knowledge by directly presenting it to the students, generally in the format of lectures. A teacher-led instructional procedure that provides students with specific instructions on a task, teacher-led practice, independent practice, and immediate corrective feedback. Also referred to as explicit instruction.

values clarification

A teaching program that focuses on students' understanding and expressing their own values.

mastery learning

A teaching strategy designed to permit as many students as possible to achieve objectives to a specified level, with the assignment of grades based on achievement of objectives at specified levels.

brainstorming

A teaching strategy in which students generate ideas, judgements of the ideas of others is forbidden, and ideas are used to create a flow of new ideas.

Child Study Team

A team that is assembled when a parent, teacher, or other member of the school staff raises a concern about a student that warrants study.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

A technique that pairs repetitive physical movement with vocabulary.

total physical response (TPR) (7)

A technique that pairs repetitive physical movement with vocabulary. A language-teaching method developed by James Asher. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. With this, instructors give commands to students in the target language, and students respond with whole-body actions

decentraliztion

A term that refers to decision making being done at lower levels rather than, traditionally, at the highest level.

Limited English Proficiency (LEP)

A term to describe students who are not native English speakers and struggle with speaking, listening, reading, or writing in English.

English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)

A term used to describe special programs or classes for English Language Learners

Norm-Referenced Tests

A test in which a student or a group's performance is compared to that of a norm group. The student or group scores will not fall evenly on either side of the median established by the original test takers. The results are relative to the performance of an external group and are designed to be compared with the norm group providing a performance standard. Often used to measure and compare students, schools, districts, and states on the basis of norm-established scales of achievement.

Criterion-Referenced Test

A test in which the results can be used to determine a student's progress toward master of a content area. Performance is compared to an expected level of mastery in a content area rather than to other students' scores. The scores have meaning in terms of what the student knows or can do, rather than how the test-taker compares to a reference or norm group. Criterion-referenced tests can have norms, but comparison to a norm is not the purpose of the assessment.

Competency Test

A test intended to establish that a student has met established minimum standards of skills and knkowledge and is thus eligible for promotion, graduation, certification, or other official acknowledgement of achievement.

Standardized test

A test that has been carefully constructed and field tested for reliability and validity

Essay Test

A test that requires students to answer questions in writing; responses can be brief or extensive.

Subjective Test

A test which the impression or opinion of the assessor determines the score or evaluation of performance; this type of test does not provide the learner with answers in advance.

multiple intelligences

A theory that proposes several different intelligences as opposed to just one general intelligence; other intelligences that have been described are verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Response to Intervention Model (1)

A three-tiered screening system that allows teachers to determine whether students are learning, using interventions as necessary

Running Record

A tool used to assess reading as a student reads from a benchmark book or selection.

Simulation

A tool which focuses on imatating the operations of a real-world process or system.

simulation (1)

A tool which focuses on imitating the operation of a real-world process or system. A way of modeling a problem situation or event that would be too difficult or impractical to actually perform

informing a student of what the expected tasks are as the class moves from one subject to another

A transition statement is used for...

conflict resolution

A type of intervention designed to help students resolve conflicts in a mutually agreeable way.

convergent questions (1)

A type of question that requires a student to "come together" on one answer. An example of a this type of question is, "What is 4 + 2?" Generally this type of question requires a lower-level thinking skills. Single answers require recall or memorization.

Convergent Questioning

A type of question that requries a student to "converge" on the answer. An example of a onvergent question is, "What is 4+2?" Generally, this type of questioning requires lower-level thinking skills.

Analytic Scoring

A type of rubric scoring that separaters the whole into categories of criteria that are examined one at a time. Student writing, for example, might be scored on the basis of grammar, organization and clarity of ideas. This is useful as a diagnostic tool.

Lecture

A type of teacher-centered direct instruction where the teacher gives information while the students take notes.

lecture (1)

A type of teacher-centered direct instruction where the teacher gives information while the students take notes.

regular class

A typical classroom designed to serve students without disabilities.

American Sign Language (ASL)

A widely used language system employed by the hearing impaired.

intellectual property (2)

A work that is personally created by an individual and can be copyrighted.

Intellectual Property

A work that is personally created by an individual. Intellectual property can be copyrighted.

individual educational program (1)

A written document that is developed through a team effort for each public school child who is eligible for for special education and reviewed at least once a year.

Individualized Education Program

A written document that is developed through a team effort for each publich school child who is eligible for special education and reviewed at least once a year.

Section 504 Plan

A written education plan for students who are not qualified for Exceptional Student Education (ESE), but who might need special accommodations.

Educational Plan (EP)

A written plan developed to meet the educational needs of an Exceptional Student Education student who is gifted.

Formal Operational (Piaget 4th stage of cognition)

Age 12 to adulthood Abstract concepts

Symbolic Play (Piaget)

Age 2 Involves using materials or objects to represent things

Phonemic awareness

Ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken works (phonemes)

Abstract Learners

Able to process symbolic, abstract representations of information

schizophrenia

Abnormal behavior patterns and personality disorganization accompanied by less-than-adequate contact with reality.

ANI

Academic Needs Identification; 1st and 2nd year students

changes that are made in how the student access informations and demonstrates performance.

Accommodations

Post assignment on the board so student can begin work when they enter class

According the current research, what is an effective use of time at the beginning of the period?

receptive skills which always exceed the productive skills of speaking and writing

According to James Cummins, reading and listening are...

develops basic communication skills with the way individuals naturally acquire language

According to Krashen and Terrell, the topic centered language approach...

Think systematically about abstracts and hypothetical concepts

According to Piaget's theories most middle school students have the capacity to?

Do not have the ability of understanding the language or to grasp complexities. Teachers should use simple language when working with these children.

According to Piaget, children under the age of 8?

removing a stimulus which causes a behavior to increase. All reinforcement increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

According to the operant model in behavior theory, negative reinforcement is...

The Input hypothesis

Acquiring a second language requires that learners receive comprehensible input that slightly exceeds their current level of ability

Which of the following professional development classes would be most beneficial to a teacher wanting to focus on general instructional practices?

Action Research- How to Do It

externalizing behaviors

Actions directed outward toward others (such as aggression, bullying, and theft)

internalizing behaviors

Actions directed toward one's self (such as being shy, nonresponsive, and nonparticipating).

Reading comprehension

Active process to derive meaning from a text selection or to create meaning

Age 11-13 Milestones

Activities that require fine motor skills

Diagnostic assessment

Administered before instructon and are designed to identify students' strengths and weaknesses

receiving

Affective learning that involves being aware of and willing to freely attend to a stimulus.

responding

Affective learning that involves freely attending to a stimulus as well as voluntarily reacting to it in some way.

It is favorable to provide feedback to tests when?

After a delay of a day or two

Reflection

After a lesson that was not as satisfactory as it was hoped, a teacher notes where it could have been improved to meet his students learning needs. The teacher is engaged in?

Work through one example from the handout with the students

After a presentation of information about an assignment, a teacher realizes that the students did not understand how to complete the handout. Which teacher procedure will be the best solution to this problem?

Concrete operations

Ages 7-11; children develop the ability to take another's point of view (decenter) and no longer have problems with centration, conservation, reversibility, and distinguishing appearances from reality

The most efficient use of computer lab time for an elementary class orientation when each student has access to a computer is to?

Allow individual student time to explore the computer.

Skinner, B.F.

An American psychologist and behaviorist knownb for his theory of operant conditioning, which states that a behavior is controlled by the consequence that follows it.

Language diffusion

An E.S.O.L student applies the use of his or her first language in acquisition of English. This is an example of?

Mainstream/Inclusion

An ESOL program where the students who are learning English are grouped with students who are fluent in English. Instruction is only in English and students are supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies.

mainstream/inclusion (7)

An ESOL program where the students who are learning English are grouped with students who are fluent in English. Instruction is only in English and students are supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies.

How can I measure student's individual perception of Shakespeare's work

An English teacher who wants her students to appreciate Shakespeare wants to convert this objective into a form of behavioral objective. What is the first question she needs to ask them?

concept

An abstract idea common to a set of objects, conditions, events, or processes.

mental age

An age estimate of an individual's level of mental development, derived from a comparison of the individual's IQ score and chronological age.

personal fable

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism that follows the belief that their personal situation is unique and that no one else understands them.

informal observation

An assessment method in which teachers directly observe students performing or working on an activity.

Multicultural Education

An educational approach that focuses on five key areas: content integration, knowledge construction, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction, and empowerment of school culture.

alternative education program

An educational program, provided in a setting other than a student's regular classroom, that provides for disruptive students to be separated from other students.

Vygotsky, Lev

An educational theorist known for his sociocultural theory that stresses the importance of social interaction on learning.

reflective practitioner (5)

An educator who reflects on instructional practices and self-evaluates the effectiveness of the instruction that is being provided. A teacher who is CONSTANTLY THINKING critically about teaching and the consequences of actions or inactions, all with the goal of being more effective with students.

outcome-based education (OBE)

An effort designed to focus and organize all of the school's programs and instructional efforts around clearly defined outcomes that students are able to demonstrate.

simulation

An enactment of an artificial situation or event that represents real life as much as possible, but with most of the risk and complicating factors removed; works best when students are assigned roles and the teacher acts as a facilitator but does not become actively involved in the make-believe situation.

using a manipulative to teacher math for students under the age of 11.

An example of cognitive learning theory in practice would be?

Florida Department of Education

An instate teacher whose certificate was suspended for 3 years and who se certificate expired during that time will have her certificate reinstated by applying the?

learning cycle model

An instructional approach such as the 5E model that includes the following components: engage, explore, explain, extend/elaborate, and evaluate.

lesson cycle model (1)

An instructional approach that includes the following components; focus, explanation, check for understanding, re-teach, guided practice, check for mastery, independent practice, enrichment, and closure. The components of the _____________ do not necessarily all occur in a single lesson, nor must a particular sequential order be followed.

independent study

An instructional strategy in which students are allowed to pursue a topic in depth on their own over an extended period.

School Advisory Council (SAC) (5)

An organization composed of the principal and a group of elected students, teachers, parents, and appointed community members, who develop the annual school improvement plan.

observable behavior

An overt act by an individual

Left-Brain Dominant

Analytic and deductive Prefers structured assignments

Norm-Referenced Test

Assesses students by comparing their performance to that of a norm group

Piaget believed learning involves three basic processes

Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration

perspective taking

Assuming another person's viewpoint.

Faulty analogy

Assuming because two things are alike in some respects that they are alike in all respects (ir)

False cause

Assuming that one thing caused another because one thing preceded another (ir)

School Needs Assessment

At least annually the school identifies professional learning needs through a classroom-by-classroom analysis of disaggregated student achievement data by content and skill areas, subgroups needing special assistance, and other school data.

school needs assessment (5)

At least annually the school identifies professional learning needs through a classroom-by-classroom analysis of disaggregated student achievement data by content and skill areas, subgroups needing special assistance, and other school data.

success

Attainment, achievement, or accomplishment.

Vygotsky

Based work on the premise that learning cannot be understood without consideration for cultural and social context

BICS

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills -day to day experiences -6months to 2 yrs

Denying the antecedent

Because one part of the argument is false, then all parts of the argument are false (dr)

Affirming the consequent

Because one part of the argument is true, then all of the argument is true (dr)

Sensorimotor

Begins at birth through age 2; learning is through the senses and motor development is through trial and error

Momentum (Kounin)

Being able to keep instruction moving at a brisk pace

Group Alerting (Kounin)

Being able to keep students' attention on the learning task

Withitness (Kounin)

Being aware of what is happening in the classroom at all times

Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation (Kohlberg)

Birth to 9 years Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. Accepts rules but internalization of moral values is lacking

Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativist Orientation (Kohlberg)

Birth to 9 years What's right is whatever satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others. Behaves to get reward

productive questions

Broad, open-ended questions, with many correct responses, that require students to use their imagination, think creatively, and produce something unique.

Field independence

Can process objects without being influenced by the background; processes information in parts; passive in social situations, likes working alone, chooses math as career path

bilingual

Capable of using two languages, but usually with differing levels of skills.

imitation

Carrying out the basic rudiments of a skill when given directions and supervision.

Modifications

Changes in what a student is expected to learn and may include changes to content, requirements, and expected level of mastery

Cooperative Play (Parten)

Children play as a group with more complex social interaction

Physical fitness

Choose the search engine key word most appropriate to begin an internet search for student preparing a presentation on physical fitness?

decision making

Choosing from among several alternatives.

When students repeat basic facts, spellings, and laws

Choral chant?

Blooms taxonomy - synthesis

putting information together in a new way, developing a new way of solving problems

The Monitor hypothesis

Conscious learning can be used only as a monitor for the language attempts of the acquisition system. Language that is acquired through natural means is edited, either before or after production, for correctness and accuracy by the conscious learning sytem

Gregory's Mind Styles

Considers the predominant way learners prefer to process and organize information for learning

Drill and practice is primarily used to

re-teach a skill that a student has failed to master.

reproduced data

Data that have been recorded in video, audio, or verbatim transcript form and can be reproduced when desired.

value data

Data that involve a value judgment on the part of an observer.

hands-on

Describe work by students with tools, manipulatives, models, physical representations, and so forth.

NCLB 2001

ELL can receive testing accommodations including but not limited to... - teacher to explain instructions - native language dictionary - extended time

humanistic education

Education system designed to achieve affective outcomes or psychological growth; oriented toward improving self-awareness and mutual understanding among people.

essentialism

Educational philosophy that holds that a common core of knowledge and ideals should be the focus of the curriculum.

effective schools research

Educational research focused on identifying unusually effective schools, studying the underlying attributes of their programs and personnel, and designing techniques to operationalize these attributes in less effective schools.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Teachers get what they expect from students

parent

Either or both parents of a student, any guardian of a student, any person standing in parental relationship to a student, or any person exercising supervisory authority over a student in place of a parent (Florida K-20 Education Code).

High-complexity questions

Elicit abstract reasoning and higher-order thinking stills

intelligence

General ability to learn and understand.

Domain

General categories

Hasty generalization

Generalizing from a few atypical examples (ir)

Brainstorming

Generating ideas around a specific topic of interest

Extended time for responses

Gives students time to give more comprehensive responses

Disaggregated data

Data broken down in subgroups

descriptive data

Data that describe a population or sample but do not present a value judgement or conclusion.

Focus of existentialism

Created an individual who is self-aware and uses individual choice; loosely organized curriculum; opportunities for study choice

moral turpitude

Crime that is evidenced by an act of baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private and social duties, which, according to the accepted standards of the time, a person owes to society in general. The doing of the act itself, and not its prohibition by statute, fixes the moral turpitude.

imagery

Details descriptions that authors use to create a sensory experience for the reader and to improve the reader's comprehension and retention.

holistic evaluation

Determination of the overall quality of a piece of work or an endeavor.

Theory of Second Language Acquisition

Developed by Stephen Krashen

Physical Knowledge (Piaget)

Developed from physical interaction with objects

Logical-Mathematical Knowledge (Piaget)

Developed from recognizing logical relationships between objects and ideas

Cephalocaudal progression

Development of children proceeds from head to toe

puberty

Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction.

A teacher wants to find out if a student has mastered the instructional objective at the end of the unit. What type of test should the teacher use?

Diagnostics

Zone of proximal development

Distance between a student's independent level of problem-solving ability and the student's potential level of problem-solving with assistance from an adult or more capable peer

instructional grouping

Dividing a class into small subunits for purposes of teaching.

According to Piaget, children under the age of 8?

Do not have the ability of understanding the language or to grasp complexities. Teachers should use simple language when working with these children.

A teacher gets a ticket for running a red light in a school zone. According to the Code of Ethics, the teacher should

Do nothing. This was a minor traffic violation.

Inductive reasoning

Drawing a general conclusion based on one or more examples

Which of the following activities would require using critical-thinking skills?

Drawing conclusions after reading an article about global warming.

Critical question technique

During a class discussions, a teacher wants to emphasize significant concepts and information. Which strategy will best achieve this goal?

To gain students commitment to the rules

During the 6th class meeting, a teacher seeks the cooperation of the class in establishing certain ground rules about classroom behavior. What is the purpose of his activity?

affective filter hypothesis (7)

Emotional factors contribute greatly to a student's ability to learn a second language. According to this hypothesis, certain emotions, such as anxiety, self-doubt, and mere boredom interfere with the process of acquiring a second language. The hypothesis further states that the blockage can be reduced by sparking interest, providing low anxiety environments and bolstering the learner's self-esteem.

Affective Filter Hypothesis

Emotions can impact acquisition; negative affective filters can create mental block; affective filter must be "down" for positive affective factors ( self confident, motivation, low anxiety)

stimulation approach

Emphasis on the viewpoint that factors outside the individual account for behaviors.

One of Bruner's three modes through which children can learn based on their level of cognitive development: interacting w/objects in their environment

Enactive

Human development and learning

Encompasses two components: knowledge for human development and knowledge of how learning occurs

ESOL

English for Speakers of Other Languages

School Community Professional Development Act

Ensures that professional learning implemented in Florida's public school is effective in assisting the school community in improving student achievment

Authentic Assessment

Evaluating by asking for the behavior the learning is intended to produce; ideally mirroring and measuirng student performance in a "real-world" context. Tasks used in authentic assessment are meaningful and valuable, and are part of the learning process. It is also the concept of model, practice, feedback in which students know what excellent performance is and are guided to practice an entire concept rather than bits and pieces in preparation for eventual understanding. A variety of techniques can be employed in authentic assessment. The goal of authentic assessment is to gather evidence that student can use knowledge effectively and be able to critique their own efforts.

Summative Assessment

Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit or units of instruction, or an activity or plan to determine or judge either student skills and knowledge or the effectiveness of a plan or activity.

Individual Accountability

Everyone in the group has to contribute and learn

goals

Extremely broad statemetns of school or instructional purposes.

The Affective Filter

Factors such as emotions, feelings, and dispositions can impact second language acquisition; the language learner has to be self-confident and have a good self-image to have the affective filter "down" to learn

compensatory education

Federally funded education for disadvantaged students.

meta cognition was created by who?

Flavell

FEAPs

Florida Educator Accomplished Practices; Florida's core standards for educators

Information Processing Theories

Focuses on the process, how the learner arrives at a response or answer. Believes intelligent thinking can be taught.

centration

Focusing attention on only one aspect of an object or situation.

Assigning peer tutor to work with the student

Following instructions by a teacher a student continues to have difficulty in learning the material. What strategy should the teacher used?

Have a competition to see which student had the most creative way of meeting the lesson objective

For a 6th grade social studies class for both native speakers of English and ESOL students who are about to study mythlogy, the teachers' best approach is to?

Essay

For a thrity-minute examination, which type of test will achieve both high reliability and greatest coverage of content and skill?

secondary motives

Forces and drives, such as the desire for money or grades, that are learned through association with primary motives.

evaluative comprehension

Forming an opinion on the effectiveness of a text selection with regard to its message or purpose.

language acquisition model (7)

Four stages include: pre-production, early production, speech emergent, and intermediate fluency.

Jean Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development

Four stages to describe intellectual development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) preoperational stage (2-7 years) concrete operational stage (7-11 years) formal operational stage (adolescents and adults)

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

Gap between a student's independent level of problem-solving ability and the student's potential level of problem-solving ability that can be achieved with assistance from an adult or more capable peer

Who found and proposed that there are 5 steps in the teaching process?

Herbart

tests the students ability to apply information, evaluate information, and create new information

High-Ordered Activity....

Critical and creative thinking

Higher-level thinking skills that Florida students need in all subject areas and as preparation for everyday life

self-concept

How a person thinks of himself or herself.

An English teacher who wants her students to appreciate Shakespeare and wants to convert this into a form of behavior objective. What is the 1st question she needs to ask them?

How can I measure student's individual perception of Shakespeare work?

Pragmatics

How context contributes to the meaning of a word.

Sensory modality strength

How students prefer to take in information through one of their five senses; visual, auditory, tactile

multiple intelligences (1)

Howard Gardner of Harvard University defined seven distinct ____________ which relate to the learning environment. This is a theoretical framework for defining, understanding, assessing and developing learner's different intelligence factors. Through Gardner's research, one can easily see that teachers must create learning environments based on a variety of _____________. Seven defined types: linguistic, logical/math, musical, visual/spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Focus of idealism

Humanities with focus on great works of literature and art, knowledge transmitted through lecture; creating people to serve society

Idealism

Ideas are the only true reality; there is a body of truth that can be known and transmitted; there is absolute truth through mental reasoning; Socrates and Plato are idealists

ZZ

In Florida, the code used for a non-ELL is____

Holistic Method

In assessment, assigning a single score based on an overall assessment of performance rather than by scoring or analyzing dimensions individually. The product is considered to be more than the sum of its parts, and so the quality of a final prodjct or performance is evaluated rather than the process of dimension of performance.

Rubric

In general, a scoring guide used in subjective assessments. A rubric also can be an explicit description of performance characteristics corresponding to a point on a rating scale.

the students are provided with examples and non-examples are are expected to derive the definition from this information.

In inductive teaching...

derive concepts and definitions based on the information provided to them, (given to them) which can be fostered through personal-discovery activities

In inductive thinking students...

Pickering v. Board of Education

Teachers have the right to free speech on matters of public concern

Adapt material based on the objectives of the course to be used by the special student

In selecting materials for a course, the teacher has particular concerns for the needs of a student with a developmental disability who will be unable to use material selected for other students. Which procedure is most appropriate for the teacher to follow in this situation?

Ask students to compare and evaluate situations

In teaching math and science, a teacher wants students to analyze information and to adjust or to express a value. What should the teacher do to stimulate high level thinking skills of students?

discipline

In teaching, the process of controlling student behavior in the classroom.

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)

Includes: 1. Notice of rights and responsibilities of computer and network users 2. Notice of legal issues, such as copyright and privacy 3. Notice of acceptable content and conduct on the network 4. Description of behaviors that could result in disciplinary action 5. Description of the range of disciplinary options, including the removal of access privileges

Authentic assessment

Incorporates real-life application tasks and enables the teacher to directly assess meaningful and complex educational performances (performance assessment)

IPDP

Individual Professional Development Plan that must show the relationship of the professional learning to the performance data of the teacher's students

require teachers in FL to provide needed modifications to students with disabilities

Individuals with Disabilities Act

Anecdotal Notes

Informal assessment where teacher makes small notes based of observations of student behavior or performance.

Focuses on the process, how the learner arrives at a response or answer. Believes intelligent thinking can be taught.

Information Processing Theories

performance-based instruction

Instruction designed around evaluating student achievement against specified and predetermined behavioral objectives.

reteach

Instruction in the original objective that is substantially different from the initial instruction; differences may be reflected in an adjustment or modification of time allocation, practice depth, length, or instructional modality.

Phonics

Instruction that teaches the students the relationship between letters (graphemes) of written language adn the individual sounds (phonemes)

affective objectives

Instructional objectives that emphasize changes in interest, attitudes, and values, or a degree of adjustment acceptance, or rejection.

cognitive objectives

Instructional objectives that require mental capabilities.

6 E Learning Cycle Model (1)

Instructional planning model: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration, Evaluation, E-Search. Also learner/teacher relationship.

6 + 1 Lesson Model (1)

Instructional planning model: Focus, Objective, Direct Instruction, Guided Practice, Independent Practice & Assessment, Closure, Required Equipment & Materials. Research based lesson plan.

Individualized Instruction

Instructional strategies that are tailored to a student's specific learning style.

individualized instruction (1)

Instructional strategies that are tailored to a student's specific learning style.

A classroom teacher is frustrated when an English language learner refuses to make eye contact when speaking to adults. What is the teacher failing to take into account?

Making eye contact with adults is considered disrespectful in some cultures.

Comprehension-level

Making interpretations of previously learned material

inclusion

Means that a student is receiving education in a general education regular class setting with appropriate services provided.

rote learning

Memorization of facts or associations

cognitive dissonance

Mental confusion that occurs when new information received conflicts with existing understandings.

schema

Mental diagrams that guide behavior.

Depth of Knowledge (DOK) (1)

Model of cognitive expectation. 1 = Recall and Reproduction, 2 = Skills and Concepts, 3 = Strategic Thinking, 4 = Extended Thinking. RIGOR.

Accommodation (Piaget)

Modifying current schema or creating new schema in order to take the new data or information into account

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from an internal souce such as self motivation, and the satisfaction that is created when personal goals are achieved.

extrinsic motivation (2)

Motivation through the use of external rewards. Behaviorists contend that this motivation can be effectively used to manage student behavior.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motiviation through the use of external rewards. Behaviorists contend that extrinsic motivation can be effectively used to manage student behavior.

promotion

Moving up to the next grade.

META

Multicultural Education, Training, Advocacy

Teacher appraisal

Must be done by principal at least once a year and a report must be given 10 days after the appraisal

Games with Rules Play (Piaget)

Near school age Involves the ability to agree upon and abide by rules

Tactile learning (kinesthetic)

Needs to move around, wants to feel and touch things, has good motor skills, enjoys doing things manually, avoids reading, sometimes appears immature in behavior

A classroom teacher has a student that needs extra practice with multiplication tables. The class has a single copy of a practice program, but the teacher doesn't want to risk losing it. What should the teacher do?

Never copy software since there are no situations where this is legal.

NEP

Non English Proficient

a student that a teacher is listening, but not making a judgment or pointing the conversation in a specific direction

Non-directive statements show?

Formative assessment

Occurs before and during instruction

Autonomous Morality Stage (Piaget's 2nd stage of moral development)

Older children are in this stage Children develop autonomy and are willing to challenge rules

Mean

One of several ways of representinga group with a single, typical score. It is figured by adding up all the individual scores in a group and dividing them by the number of people in a group. This is also known as the average, and ti can be affected by extremely low or high scores.

Which of the following attributes is not necessarily a characteristic of an effective teacher?

One who follows the district selected textbook without variation

Parten's 5 Progressive Stages of Play

Onlooker Play Solitary Play Parallel Play Associative Play Cooperative Play

Which of the following format accommodations is not allowed on the stated standardized testing?

Only requiring very few questions that actually cover the standards.

daily living experiences

Oral language proficiency is easily acquired through...

learning style

Orientation for approaching learning tasks and processing information.

Which of the following is the best way that a teacher can improve student retention of new material?

Outlining the material to be covered at the beginning of the unit then reviewing it at the end.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Overruled separate but equal from Plessy vs. Ferguson

Premack principle (2)

Pairs undesirable behaviors with desirable acts, and is employed frequently to induce students to engage in the former. An example is telling students they can go outside to play kickball, a desired outcome, after cleaning the art station, and undesirable task.

Allows students to use higher-level thinking skills to apply, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate ideas and data

Performance-based Assessment

Performance-Based Assessment

Performance-based assessment is a test of the ability to apply knowledge in a real-life setting. Assessment of the performance is done using a rubric or an analytic scoring guide, to aid in objectivity.

Fathers of Pragmatism

Perice and Dewey (father of progressivism that focuses on hands-on, inquiry-based, student-centered approaches to teaching and learning)

large muscle activity

Physical movement involving the limbs and large muscles.

Which theorist proposed that learning involves three basic processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

Piaget

explaining behavior

Planned teacher talk designed to clarify any idea, procedure, pr process not understood by a student.

Portfolio Assessment

Portfolios may be assessed in a variety of ways. Each piec may be individually scored, or the portfolio might be assessed merely for the presence of required pieces, or a holistic scoring process might be used and an evaluation made on the basis of an overall impression of the student's collected work.

advance organizers

Preview questions and comments that provide structure for new information to be presented to increase learners' comprehension.

Prior Knowledge

Previously acquired knowledge that applies to a current lesson.

Problem solving

Process of resolving the discrepancy thus identified

Deductive Reasoning

Process of using an accepted rule to draw a conclusion about a specific example

Deductive reasoning

Process of using an accepted rule to draw a conclusion about a specific example (syllogistic and conditional reasoning)

Field dependence

Processes information holistically, has difficulty separating specific parts from a situation or pattern, active in social situations likes to work in groups; easily influenced by others

Jim Cummins (7)

Professor, University of Toronto/ is one of the world's leading authorities on bilingual education and second language acquisition. The acronyms "BICS" and "CALP" were first introduced by him in 1979-1980. He felt that students will gain fluency in Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) long before they demonstrate mastery of Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS). He felt that it took between five and seven years for students to master CALP. He believed that it was critical that students develop cognitive language in order to be successful in the classroom.

special education

Programs designed to serve children with mental and/or physical disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

pull-out programs

Programs in which students with special needs are taken out of regular classes for instruction.

Synthesis-level

Putting together ideas or elements to form a whole

Measurement

Quantitative descriptions of students learning and qualitative description of student attitude.

inventory questions

Questions asking individuals to describe their thoughts, feelings and manifested actions.

probing questions

Questions following a response that require the respondent to provide more support, be clearer or more accurate, or offer greater specificity or originality.

prosody

Reading with a natural rhythm and pace.

differential reasoning

Reasoing that requires recognizing differences.

Knowledge-level

Recalling or remembering information

cognitive academic language proficiency (CALPS) (7)

Refers to formal academic learning. This includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. This level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. Students need time and support to become proficient in academic areas. This usually takes from five to seven years. Recent research has shown that if a child has no prior schooling or has no support in native language development, it may take seven to ten years for ELLs to catch up to their peers.

guided practice

Refers to practice by students under the direct guidance of the teacher.

Cognitive complexity

Refers to the level of cognitive demand associated with test items

Maintaing anecdotal records of effective instructional strategies offers teachers practice in the skill of?

Reflecting

A teacher asks each student to bring an object representative of his/her cultural background as a part of show and tell exercise. The teacher is using?

Regalia

Several students from culturally different background are experiencing challenges with the use of Standard English. How should the teacher respond to these challenges?

Reinforce correct usage: make some corrections and serves as a positive model

delayed reinforcement

Reinforcement of a desired action that took place at an earlier time.

qualified reinforcement

Reinforcement of only the acceptable parts of an individual's response or action or of the attempt itself.

Education following the Revolutionary War

Religious education began to be supplanted with civic and patriotic studies

Concrete Learners

Rely on physically experiencing it

Low-complexity questions

Rely on recalling information

inefficiency

Repeated failure to perform duties required by law; repeated failure on the part of a teacher to communicate with and relate to children, to such an extent that pupils are deprived of minimum educational experience.

drill and practice

Repeated performance of a task for the purpose of reinforcing learning.

massed practice

Repeated practice over and over in a concentrated period.

rehearsal

Repetition (often done mentally) of information to aid retention.

Active listening

Repetition, paraphrasing, summarizing

Moderate-complexity questions

Require concrete reasoning and problem solving

Accommodation

Require modifying current schema or creating new schema in order to take the new data or information into account

maintenance

The continuation of a behavior.

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

Required minimum yearly improvement for all public schools and school districts toward achievement of state learning standards, broken down by subgroups.

A teacher who plans content rich lessons targeting all students' learning styles in various activities and group work should also consider?

Requirement from the school district.

experimental research (5)

Research in which an independent variable is manipulated and its effect on one or more dependent variables is measured. In a true experimental design, the researcher randomly assigns the participants who are being studied (also called the subjects) to two or more comparison groups. Sometimes the comparison groups are referred to as treatment and control groups. Participants in the treatment group receive some type of treatment, such as a special reading program.

comparative descriptive research (5)

Research that describes two or more groups of participants. Used to describe variables and to examine differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting.

Qualitiative Research

Research that is based on unmeasurable qualitities, such as teacher observation and examination of case studies.

correlation research (5)

Research that is used to describe the statistical association between two or more variables. The researcher observes or measures two or more naturally occurring variables to find the relationship between them. In this research, the researcher does not directly manipulate the variables.

choral response

Response to a question msde by the whole class in unison; useful when there is only one correct answer.

Which is the best procedure for providing feedback after a classroom test?

Return test paper to student and go over each question.

New England Primer

Rhymed alphabet book containing moral messages used in frontier towns

Brain Hemisphericity

Right-brain dominant or left-brain dominant

norms

Rules or practices that apply generally to all members of a group.

Age 6-7 Milestones

Run and jump easily, draw realistic pictures, lose front teeth

Age 5 Milestones

Run easily, print words, cut with scissors, dress self completely, brush teeth, begin to color inside lines

students should be provided with steps of learning that allow for consolidation and success.

Scaffolding (ESOL)

improvement scores

Scores calculated by comparing the entering achievement levels with the performance after instruction.

Word learning strategies

Searching for context clues, looking at word parts, using reference materials

Preparation, evaluation, and Meta cognitive strategies

Select the learning that best promotes second language acquisition?

Age 8-10

Self-conscious age; prejudices that are resistant to change

meta cognitive thinking

Self-examination and self-evaluation are both examples of what?

Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development

Self-regulation Private Speech Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding

Private speech

Self-talk learners use to monitor and guide themselves as they work through a problem

Which of the following does not describe 1 of the 5 big ideas in beginning reading?

Semantics

Coodinated Early Intervening Services (CEIS)

Services provided to K-12 grade students in kindergarten (with emphasis on K-3 grade students) who are not currently identified as needing special education or related services, but who need additional academic and/or behavioral support to succeed in a general education environment.

Age 8-10 Milestones

Show endurance in physical activities, perform activities that require control of small muscles

multimedia

Software that combines text, sound, video, animation, and graphics into a single presentation.

divergent or creative thinking

Spelling errors do not allow for?

When faced with the need to adapt materials for students to master the objective, what is the important variable to consider?

Stages of the cognitive development

Coaching and mentoring

Standard requires professional development facilitator to provide follow-up support and assistance to teacher participants through coaching and mentoring

Sustained professional learning

Standard requires rigor and intensity in the professional learning in which teacher participate; workshops over several days at once are more effective

Changes in educator practice

Standard requires teacher to provide convincing evidence of reviewing the impact of professional learning on the teacher's practice and professional growth

Use of results

Standard requires teacher to provide convincing evidence that the results form the IPDP evaluation is consistently used as part of continuous professional improvment to develop the next year's IPDP and to revise professional learning goals

Changes in students

Standard requires teachers to provide convincing evidence that professional learning had a positive impact on student achievement gains as measured by classroom assessment data

Evaluation methods

Standard requires the teacher to assess the impact of professional learning by using data collected through standardized achievement measures and other valid and reliable measure of student achievment

Implementing the plan

Standard requires the teacher to provide convincing evidence or participation in a meeting with the principal to conduct an evaluation of the degree to which the IPDP was implemented as written

Learning strategies

Standard that requires facilitators of the professional learning that teachers receive to use and model effective research-based instruction

Implementing of learning

Standard that requires students to implement the knowledge and skills acquired in professional development

Content-focused

Standard that requires the professional learning that a teacher receives is research and evidenced-based and directly related to the needs of the teacher and grade level

Use of technology

Standard that requires various forms of technology be used to present professional learning activities to teachers and that the technology used support and enhances teachers professional learning

Next Generation Sunshine State Standards (NGSSS)

State-mandated public K-12 curricular standards, by grade and subject area.

Natural Order Hypothesis

States that second-language acquisition will follow a predicatable pattern, and that certain grammatical structures will be acquired before others. Krashen contends that for this reason, educators should follow a specific order of grammatical instruction.

natural order hypothesis (7)

States that second-language acquisition will follow a predictable pattern, and that certain grammatical structures will be acquired before others. Krashen contends that for this reason, educators should follow a specific order of grammatical instruction.

acquisition-learning model (7)

States that there are two independent ways in which we develop our linguistic skills: acquisition and learning. Acquisition of language is a subconscious process and the learner is unaware of the process taking place. Once the new knowledge has been acquired, the learner is actually unaware of possessing such knowledge. This is analogous to the way in which children learn their native language. Secondly, they can learn it by intentionally studying vocabulary and grammar. These two methods work in tandem, and both are necessary for second-language acquisition.

summarizing

Stating key points of a speaker's message.

Language acquisition Stage 2 Early Production (7)

Still focused on receptive vocabulary, but will begin to utter short, one-to two-word answers to questions. Students have a vocabulary of approximately 1000 words. They may also use chunks of memorized phrases,

group contingencies

Strategies in which the entire class is rewarded on the basis of everyone's behavior; removes peer support for misbehavior.

mnemonic device (1)

Strategies that increase memory, especially for material that is not easily organized. Method of improving memory by associating new information with previously learned information.

retrieval strategy

Strategy used by a learner to remember something.

positive reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by giving a desirable reward.

negative reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by release from an undesirable situation.

Differentiation

Structured learning envornoments that adddress the variety of learning styles, interest, and abilities found within a classroom. Differentiated instruction is based upon the belief that students learn best when they make connections between the curriculum and their diverse interests and experiences.

on-task behavior

Student behavior that is appropriate to the task.

Aristotle

Student of Plato and father of realism; believed in the systematic study of nature

Level 2: Early Production

Students begin to use one world or short phrases to communicate while acquiring a receptive and active vocabulary of about 1,000 words.

Level 5: Advanced Fluency

Students have achieved CALP and have exited the ESOL program

Blended Learning

Students learn in part in a traditional school setting and in part through online learning

Tape-assisted reading

Students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audiotape

Choral Reading

Students read together, aloud and in unison with the teacher to practice fluency.

choral reading (1)

Students read together, aloud, and in unison with the teacher to practice fluency.

Partner reading

Students take turns reading aloud to each other; can pair fluent readers with less-fluent readers

Level 4: Intermediate Fluency

Students use BICS, without difficulty and are begining to develop CALP; use more complex sentences and engage in extended discourse and a vocabulary of 12,000 words

During-reading stage

Students use their knowledge of decoding and word identification, high frequency words, strategies, and skills to understand what they are reading

Ordering lunch in the school cafeteria, greeting the principal, and playing a game with classmates

Students who have acquired basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) will be able to use English in?

Level 3: Speech Emergence

Students will use phrases and short sentences to express complete thoughts while acquiring an expressive vocabulary of about 3,000 words.

Paired Reading

Students work in pairs, taking turns reading aloud a selection of texg in order to build fluency skills. This is commonly called buddy reading.

paired reading (1)

Students work in pairs, taking turns reading aloud a selection of text in order to build fluency skills. This is commonly called buddy reading. Student working in pairs (higher and lower); higher gain fluency from teaching; lower show improvement.

Debate

Students work in teams to research a topic and formulate persuasive arguments supporting their viewpoints

Think, Pair, Share

Students work individually on an assigned problem-solving task; then, they pair with a partner to discuss and revise; finally, they share their results with the entire class

Journals

Students' personal recods and reactions to various aspects of learning and developing ideas. A reflective process often found to consolidate and enhance learning.

Kohlberg and Gilligan

Studied the way that children and adults reaons about rules that govern their moral behavior

Morphology

Study of how morphemes are combined to make words: prefixes, roots, base words, suffixes

Analysis-level

Subdividing knowledge to show how it fits together

Home Language Survey

Survey that is given to all Florida students at the time of enrollment

Home language survey

Survey that is given to all Florida students at the time of enrollment

Negative punishment

Taking away a desirable reward

Negative Punishment

Taking away a desirable reward in order to deter undesirable behavior (taking away free time)

Negative reinforcement

Taking something undesirable away following a behavior

Auditory learner

Talkative, likes to make people laugh, storyteller, memorizes easily, easily distracted, enjoys being in charge

set introduction

Teacher actions and statements at the outset of a lesson to get student attention, trigger interest, and establish a conceptual framework.

you messages

Teacher messages that attack students.

Reflective practioners

Teacher must monitor and assess whether their teaching is effective

Probation

Teacher placed on performance probation after the principal has delivered a written notice of unsatisfactory performance to the teacher; teacher must correct deficiencies within 90 days

After reading essays students have written, a sixth-grade language arts teacher consults a colleague about how to improve the quality of students' writing assignments. The teacher's decision to ask a colleague for help illustrates Which of the following principles?

Teachers need to understand the importance of being reflective practitioners.

TESOL

Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages

Promote linguistic-risk talking

Teachers who want to encourage ESOL students to interact in the classroom should?

coaching

Teaching by an expert who gives feedback on performance; can be as effective as athletic coaching; results in about 83 percent retention of learning=.

Interdisciplinary Instruction

Teaching by themes or activities that cross subject area boundaries; most frequently, involves bringing ideas, concepts, and/or facts from one subject area to bear on issues or problems raised in another (also called multidisciplinary approach)

integrated language arts

Teaching reading, writing, and spelling, not as separate subjects, but as an unsegregated whole.

Impulsive Students

Tend to work and make decisions quickly

Self-Report

Term which focuses on the responsibility of an educator to alert public authorities of an arrest.

self-report (6)

Term which focuses on the responsibility of an educator to alert public authorities of an arrest. A teacher must self-report within 48 hours of an arrest. Failure to report an arrest to the Florida Department of Education gives the state grounds for dismissal and certificate revocation regardless of the outcome of the arrest. Not needed for a minor traffic incident, such as a red-light violation.

competency test

Test of performance of certain functions, especially basic skills, usually at a level required by the state or school district.

Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 2.0 (FCAT 2.0)

The Florida state-mandated test that assessed students' knowledge and skills in reading, math, writing and science.

students acquire a new vocabulary through experiences and associations with words because the words are used in meaningful ways and contexts.

The Natural Approach (ESOL)

Phonological Awareness

The ability to detect individual sounds in a spoken word. It is a critical first step in learnng to read and provides the foundation for phonics.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to do math, recognize patterns, and problem-solve

Visual-Spatial Intelligence (Gardner)

The ability to form images and pictures in the mind

object permanence

The ability to recognize that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen or touched.

Automaticity

The ability to see a word, decode it, and automatically understand its meaning.

seriation

The ability to sequentially order from smallest to largest, shortest to tallest, and so forth.

alternate assessment

The assessment procedure used for an Exceptional Student Education (ESE) student who does not participate in the statewide assessment program, as documented on the student's Individual Educational Plan (IEP).

classroom climate

The atmosphere or mood surrounding classroom interactions.

Onset

The beginning sound in a word. For example, in the word grin, the sound made by gr- is the onset. Use of onsets and rimes is an important component of phonemic awareness.

shaping

The behavior modification technique of achieving a desired learning goal or behavior by using positive reinforcement at incremental steps along the way.

input hypothesis (7)

The belief that in order to challenge a student, the teacher needs to provide material that is slightly above the student's ability level an any language.

ethnocentrism

The belief that one's culture is better than any other culture.

melting pot theory

The belief that other cultures should assimilate and blend into the dominant culture.

salad-bowl theory

The belief that various cultures should mix, but still retain their unique characteristics.

Study how masks are used in cultures though out the world

The best way to enrich students understanding of cultural differences is to ask students to?

Quartile

The breakdown of an aggregate of percentil rankings into four categories: 0-25th percentile, 26th-50th percentile, etc.

generalization

The carryover of learning from one setting to a different setting.

Attributions

The causes that students assigns to their successes or failures

RtI

The change in performance or behavior that results from an intervention

LY

The code for a student enrolled in an ESOL class; k-12 classes specifically designed for ELLs

LF

The code for a student that is in the two-year follow-up period after exiting the ESOL program

evaluation

The cognitive process of establishing and applying standards in judging materials and methods.

Florida Statutes (F.S.)

The collection of Florida state laws.

cohesiveness

The collective feeling that the class members have about the classroom group; the sum of the individual members' feelings about the group.

Florida Abuse Hotline

The communication tool utilized by educator to report suspected abuse.

Florida Abuse Hotline (6)

The communication tool utilized by educators to report suspected abuse.

Hearing officer finding of fact is determined

The complaint and all information obtained during an investigation of an educator by the Florida Department of Education are confidential until?

cultural pluralism

The condition in which all cultural groups are valued components of the society and the language and traditions of each group are maintained.

illiterate

The condition of being unable to read or write or perform everyday tasks (for example, understanding a bus schedule)

diversity

The condition of having a variety of groups in the same setting.

burnout

The condition of losing interest and motivation in teaching.

drunkenness

The condition that exists when an individual publicly is under the influence of alcoholic beverages or drugs to such an extent that his or her normal faculties are impaired; conviction on the charge of drunkenness by a court of law

self-efficacy

The confidence a person has that he or she has the power within himself or herself to be successful.

Florida Continuous Improvement Model (FCIM)

The continuous process of data-driven instruction in Florida schools with a focus on student achievement with the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

general curriculum

The curriculum that is taught in regular education classes in Florida's public schools.

Instruct student in the necessary procedure; provide repeated practice

The day after a replacement teacher began work, a fire drill was held. The students seemed confused and ill prepared for emergencies. What should the new teacher do?

School-Based Management (SBM)

The decentralization of decision-making authority from state and district level to the school level.

correlation

The degree of relationship between two variables; usually expressed numerically as a number between -1 and +1. Positive correlation generally occurs when high values on one variable correspond to high values on another; negative correlation generally occurs when high values on one variable correspond to low values on another.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures the desired performance and appropriate inferences can be drawn from the results; a judgement that the assessment accurately reflects the learning it was designed to measure.

fidelity of implementation

The degree to which instructional strategies and delivery follow the intent and design of a curriculum or program.

goal structure

The degree to which students have to cooperate or compete for classroom rewards.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between the level at which a child can independently solve a problem and the level at which a child can solve a more difficult problem with adult guidance or the assistance of a more skilled peer.

parenting styles

The different ways parents interact with their children, including (a) authoritarian (parents are restrictive, place limits and controls on the child, and offer very little give-and-take); (b) authoritative (parents are warm and nurturing and encourage the child to be independent, but still place limits, demands, and controls on the child's actions); (c) permissive/indulgent (parents allow great freedom to the child and are understanding, but are responsive and involved in the child's life); and (d) permissive/indifferent (parents are neglectful, unresponsive, and highly uninvolved in the child's life).

standard diploma

The diploma that is awarded for meeting the general requirements for high school graduation.

Florida Consent Decree (7)

The document that addresses the civil rights of English language learners in the state of Florida, including their right to equal access to all education programs. It provides a structure that ensures the delivery of the comprehensible instruction to which English language learners are entitled.

Site License

The documentation that outlines the privacy rights of publishers; must be utilized to determine if software or materials can be distributed or printed.

site license (6)

The documentation that outlines the privacy rights of publishers; must be utilized to determine if software or materials can be distributed or printed.

idealism

The education philosophy that embraces a belief in unchanging principles and eternal truths.

basic education

The general educational program in Florida's schools.

achievement motivation

The generalized tendency to strive for success without extrinsic reward.

Providing content support for ESOL students

The goal of specially designed academic instruction in English is?

The Natural Order hypothesis

The grammatical rules and structures of a language are acquired in a predictable order

ability grouping

The grouping of students for instruction by ability or achievement for the purpose of reducing heterogeneity (the quality or state of being diverse in character or content)

Transfer

The idea that students from the same cultural background may share common knowledge with each other. This knowledge would be unknown to students from other cultures.

transfer (7)

The idea that students from the same cultural background may share common knowledge with each other. This knowledge would be unknown to students from other cultures.

Connotation

The implied meaning of a word based on its context.

home language survey (7)

The initial questionnaire that is given to all incoming Florida students. It asks questions about the primary language spoken in the home. If any question is answered "yes" the student is evaluated for English proficiency.

principal

The instructional leader of the school.

discourse

The interactive exchanges including talking, sharing, explaining, justifying, defending, agreeing, and disagreeing among the students and the teacher in the classroom.

affiliation motive

The intrinsic desire to be with others.

Metacognition

The knowledge of one's own thinking processes and strategies, and the ability to conscously reflect and act on the knowledge of cognition to modify those processes and strategies.

home language

The language spoken by the parents of a student.

National Education Association (NEA)

The largest professional employees organization in the United States, the purpose of which includes working for improved education and enhancing the status of teachers.

First compulsory law (Massachusetts)

The law that did NOT established schools but required that parents make sure their kids could read and understand the laws and religions of their community was what?

learned helplessness

The learned belief, based on experience, that one is doomed to failure.

Self-Assessment

The learner uses an assessment list or rubric and benchmarks to assess his or her own work.

social learning theory

The learning theory based on the assumption that people can learn from observing other people's behavior and consequences to those behaviors.

Independent reading level

The level at which a reader can read text with 95% accuracy

Learning style

The manner in which an individual perceives and processes information in learning situations

vocal component

The meaning attached to a spoken message, resulting from such variables as voice firmness, modulation, tone, tempo, pitch, and loudness.

Reliability

The measure of consistency for an assessment instrument. The instrument should yield similar results over time with similary populations in similar circumstances.

cognition

The mental operations involved in thinking.

Creative thinking

The mental process of generating new ideas, recognizing and finding solutions to problems, and making informed decisions

creative thinking

The mental process of putting together information to come up with new ideas or understandings.

accommodation

The modification of an existing way of doing something to fit a new experience. Piaget used this term to describe how children change old ways of thinking to fit new information into their existing schema.

thematic teaching

The organization of teaching and learning around a specific theme or topic. Although themes may be used in a sigle subject area, such as English, sociology, or literature, two or more subject areas may be integrated using a single thematic approach.

early childhood

The period from the end of infancy to about age 8.

Cummins

The person who conceptualized language difficult for given situations: Cognitively undemanding/demanding and context embedded/reduced

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

The placement mandated under IDEA that requires that students with disabilities be educated in a regular classroom to the maximum extent appropriate.

Median

The point on a scale that divides a group into two equal subgroups. The median is not affected by low or high scores as is the mean.

Text Marking

The practice of highlighting important details and main ideas in the text as a component of active reading.

Extinction

The practice of ignoring an undesired behavior in the hopes that it becomes extinct on its own. For instance, a child that makes noises to gain the teacher's attention may cease if the teacher ignores the behavior.

extinction (2)

The practice of ignoring an undesired behavior in the hopes that it disappears on its own. For instance, a child that makes noises to gain the teacher's attention may cease if the teacher ignores the behavior.

home schooling

The practice of parents teaching their children at home rather than sending them to public school.

Scaffolding

The practice of providing sufficient assistance to a student in order to facilitate learning.

scaffolding (7)

The practice of providing sufficient assistance to a student in order to facilitate learning. Vygotsky's idea that learners should be given only just enough help so that they can reach the next level.

submersion (7)

The practice of submerging an English-language learner in a mainstream classroom with no teacher support. It is a sink-or-swim approach to second-language acquisition that is no longer practiced in the state of Florida.

Submersion

The practice of submerging an English-language learner in a mainstream classroom with no teacher support. Submersion is a sink-or-swim approach to second-language acquisition that is no longer practiced in the state of Florida.

sensory modality strength

The predominant way an individual takes in information through the five senses (see, hear, smell, taste, touch)

Who elects parents to the school advisory council?

The principal and vice-principal

Individual Needs Assessment

The process by which the educator identified individual professional learning goals with primary emphasiss on student learning needs by reviewing certificaiton needs, classroom-level disaggregated student achievement, and behavioral data related to content area skills, school initiatives, the School Improvement Plan, and school and team goals.

individual needs assessment (5)

The process by which the educator identifies individual professional learning goals with primary emphasis on student learning needs by reviewing certification needs, classroom-level disaggregated student achievement, and behavioral data related to content area skills, school initiatives, the School Improvement Plan, and school and team goals. Educator Level Professional Development Standard.

assimilation

The process of fitting a new experience into existing ways of doing things; also, in language acquisition, the process of a cultural group taking on traits from another culture at the expense of cultural identity.

Task Analysis

The process of identifying the prerequisite skills and prior knowledge that students must have in order to achieve the instructional objective with a high degree of success

classroom control

The process of influencing student behavior in the classroom.

observation

The process of looking and listening, noticing the important elements of a performance or a product.

Critical thinking

The process of making reasoned judgements and reaching objective conclusions by analyzing, organizing, comparing, synthesizing, logically examining, challenging, and evaluating assumptions and evidence.

assessment

The process of measuring the degree to which instructional objectives have been attained.

equilibration

The process of restoring balance between what is understood and what is experienced.

Encapsulation

The process of stating ideas in a concise, precise form.

metacognition

The process of thinking about and monitoring one's own thinking.

Creative Thinking

The process students use to devlep ideas that are unique, useful, and worthy of further elaboration.

motivation

The willingness to drive to exhibit a behavior, such as to engage productively ina learning experience.

Which teacher action is a part of the communication technique for active listening?

The teacher re-states the student's message.

Increase eye contact with students

The teacher rearranges the seating pattern in the class so that seats form a horseshoe. What purpose will such an arrangement serve?

Prior to teaching a unit on bacteria and viruses, a teacher has students evaluate a list of content-area statements as being true or false. After the lesson is complete, the students reevaluate the statements. What was the purpose of giving the assignment before the lesson if it was also to be complete afterwards?

The teacher using an anticipation chart to increase student interest and focus the instruction.

A teacher wants to build a spirit of community and peer-support in a student-centered classroom. Which of the following would best meet the objective?

The teacher would put them into mixed-ability, cooperative learning groups, then give them tasks that require them to work to meed a common goal.

lesson plan

The teacher's plan for delivering instruction.

classroom management

The teacher's system of establishing a climate for learning, including techniques for preventing, redirecting, or stopping student misbehavior.

Pygmalion effect

The tendency of individuals who are treated as capable or incapable to act accordingly.

impulsivity

The tendency to respond quickly, but often without regard for accuracy or consequences.

growth needs

The term for the following three higher-level needs in some versions of Maslows hierarchy of needs: intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, and self-actualization.

Exceptional Student Education (ESE)

The term used in Florida to designate special services for students with disabilities and students who are gifted.

brain hemisphere (1)

The two halves of the brain. The left controls the right side of the body and functions primarily as the more academic and logical side of the brain. The right controls the left side of the body and functions primarily as the artistic and creative side of the brain.

performance based assessment

The type of assessment that allows students to be creative in their solutions to problems, questions, and requires higher level thinking

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of another individual based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, or age.

discrimination (2)

The unfair treatment of another individual based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, or age.

hidden curriculum

The unintended and nonacademic learning that occurs in schools.

progress monitoring

The use of assessments to keep track of a student's progress toward meeting learning goals during the school year.

behavior modification

The use of learning theory to reduce or eliminate undesirable behavior or to teach new responses.

distance education

The use of telecommunications to delive live instruction by content experts to remote geographic settings.

self-esteem

The value a person places on what he or she is; self-worth.

Basic Interersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

The vocabulary a student uses to carry on social conversations in low-stress environments such as the lunch room and the playground.

basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) (7)

The vocabulary a student uses to carry on social conversations in low-stress environments such as the lunch room and the playground. The language ability needed for casual conversation. This usually applies to the interpersonal conversation skills of ELL students (i.e, playground language). It is everyday, straightforward communication skills that are helped by contextual supports such as gestures.

Modality Preference

The way a child prefers to learn. Students may be auditory, visual, kinesthetic or mixed modality learners

Learning Styles

The ways in which a student recognizes and process informaiton in the context of an educational setting. They are clearly delineated by the ways in which learners prfer to concentrate, store and remember new and challenging information. The sevel learning styles are visual, aural, verbal, physical, logical, social and solitary.

learning styles (1)

The ways in which a student recognizes and processes information in the context of an educational setting. They are clearly delineated by the ways in which learners prefer to concentrate, store, and remember new and challenging information. They are visual, aural, verbal, physical, logical, social, and solitary.

Right-brain dominant

Think from whole to part, process thought holistically visual problem solving, inductive reasoning, likes big picture before exploring details, can work on several parts of a task at one time, like music/sound and relaxed seating while working

synthesis

Thinking that involves putting together ideas or elements to form a whole.

convergent thinking

Thinking that occurs when the task or question is so structured that the number of possible appropriate conclusions is limited (usually to one conclusion).

leadership

Those behaviors that help the group move toward the accomplishment of its objectives.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

Three features of learning: a) the mechanics or components of intelligence. b) the learner's experiences, c) the learner's context.

Effective Feedback

Timely, specific communication provided to students based on growth and development.

A history teacher begins the unit on he Civil War by asking his students to brainstorm a detailed list of what they think motivated the southern states to seceded. Why would the teacher start the lesson this way?

To activate and access prior knowledge in his students.

Do a close activity on the passage

To assess a reading comprehension of a passage, an alternative to a multiple-choise test would be to have the student.

How different responses with the same event could change the outcome of the American revolutionary war

To best help 10th grade students studying American Revolution develop analytical skills; the teacher should ask students to discuss?

Which of the following is the most appropriate use of homework?

To review previously acquired skills

Gilligan

Took issue with Kohlberg's theory because it doesn't take into consideration common gender differences; men rely on fairness and justice more than women; women are more caring and come from a place of responsibility

TPR

Total Physical Response; Asher; uses commands and physical activities to increase retention and understanding; "stand up"

What practice does the most to perpetuate educational equality?

Tracking

be aware of future events, topics, and expectations. It helps them with the pace of the classroom and the teaching

Transitions allow students to...

If a high-school science teacher wants to ensure that guessing has a minimal effect on the students' grades, what type of test acquisition should be avoided?

True/False

Encoding

Turning messages into symbols which could include something as simple as translating spoken language into text or as advanced as converting math word problems into an equation.

Create learning center based on the foreign culture followed by class discussion

Two children from foreign culture have joined a 4th grade class in middle of the semester, and the other students are making fun of them. What should the teacher do to change the situation?

The purpose underlying the enactment of the consent decree (META) was to?

Understand and successfully meet the various linguistic and cultural need for the non English speaking students.

literal comprehension

Understanding the explicit message in a text selection

Enactive mode

Until age 6; children interact with objects in their environment

sexual harassment

Unwelcome written or verbal comments or physical gestures or actions of a sexual nature.

Request that students write a progress analysis of an experiment

Which activity can a science teacher best use to strengthen 11th grade students skills in another subject area for developing science knowledge?

Read the directions carefully then read all the options before making your answer

Which is the best instruction for a teacher to give students who are getting ready to take a test?

Reading log

Which mechanism is most appropriate for collecting evidence about which book students have read as they progressed through elementary school?

Amount of student time on task

Which of the following class characteristic well be assessed only by direct observation?

Brown vs. Board of education

Which of the following established that equal assess does not guarantee equal opportunity?

They are quite, anxious and fearful at school

Which of the following have been found to be a characteristic of physical abused young children?

Now class let put all books away and get ready for music

Which of the following is am example of transition statement?

State and district goals

Which of the following should be used as a preliminary guideline in planning the content of the course?

A silent period varies from 2 week to 2 years or more

Which of the following statements is true concerning the "silent period"?

Making the learning meaningful to the students

Which of the following will most likely maximize student learning?

Allowing these students to use their native language when necessary

Which procedure best addresses the need of a classroom containing none English speaking student?

Vary the length and depth of the assignment

Which procedure will be most useful in making the acadmic assignment meet the needs of the ESE students?

Showing students how to make graphic organizer from each chapter

Which strategy is best for a 10th grade teacher to use to improve students comprehension and reading achievement scores?

Request that a list of procedures be developed by student groups

Which strategy is useful for helping student accept and follow classroom rules and standards for behaving?

Promoting instructional reading and writing on content areas

Which strategy would most effectively encouraged multi-disciplinary studies?

The teacher restates the student's message

Which teacher action is a part of the communication technique for active listening?

Ask student to discuss the way to combat pollution in their area

Which teacher action will most likely help develop students' divergent thinking abilites?

Discussing the same strengths and weaknesses and provide an opportunities for revision

Which teacher action will request students to complete a report on the same topic but one project has gams that cause concern?

A list of due dates of each assignment for the grading period

Which technique will most effectively establish a 9th grade teacher's expectation for assignment?

Norm-referenced tests, because each students who completes the exam is ranked with the % scores in relation to the sample.

Which tests limit the number of students who can score well?

Review examples of types of questions, which are on the list

Which will be the best procedure for preparing a class of high achieving students to take a standardized aptitude test?

Student will think clearly and rationally

Which would be long-term goal rather than a course or lesson objective?

Herbart

Who found and proposed that there are 5 steps in the teaching process?

Comenius. He believed in using the senses to assist the intellect

Who wrote the book, "Orbis Pictus"?

acronym (1)

Word formed from the first initials of a title or phrase.

Cognates

Words from different languages that have the same meaning and similar pronunciation and spelling.

cognates (7)

Words from different languages that have the same meaning and similar pronunciation and spelling.

Sight words

Words that readers should immediately recognize

Discovery learning

designed to encourage students to be active learners while exploring new concepts, developing new skills, and figuring things out for themselves

Heteronomous Morality Stage (Piaget's 1st stage of moral development)

Young children are in this stage Children see rules as unbreakable; obey rules for fear of punishment

Horace Mann

a Massachusetts political leader, helped move the country toward a system of free public education; father of the American education and that teachers should be trained for their position; head of first State Board of Education

operational definition

a clear and precise definition of a learning goal that should be performed as well as an accurate means to measure that goal as students strive to achieve it

instructional objective

a clearly written statement of what students are expected to know and be able to do as a result of an instructional learning experience

504 team

a group of persons knowledgeable about the child, the meaning of the evaluation data, and the placement options when a student is disabled to the extent that it prevents major life activity

teacher expectations

a phrase used to describe a teacher's opinion of the likelihood that students will be successful

Non-directive statements show?

a student that a teacher is listening, but not making a judgment or pointing the conversation in a specific direction

A ridirect occurs when...

a teacher asks one student to react to the response of another student

Well-formed teacher-made tests

are designed to assess student comprehension of specific skills based on state standards.

(Kohlberg) In stage one, rules are obeys to avoid punishment

punishment-obedience

When a student with a large bruise on their face is questioned by the teacher, the student says that they fell at home while playing. Having previously noticed bruises on the student, the teacher suspects that the child is being abused. The teacher is required by law to contact the

abuse hotline

requires modifying current schema or creating new schema in order to take the new data or information into account

accommodation (Piaget)

Enlarged text, use of speech-to-text programs, and talking word processors are all

accommodations for visually-impaired students.

Three componenets of instructional objective

action (what the student will do); conditions (the circumstances in which the action will take place); and level of mastery (the level of proficiency expected for the action)

diagnostic assessment

administered before instruction and are designed to identify students' strengths and weaknesses (e.g., pre-tests, student interviews, learning style inventories)

Code Switching

alternate use of two languages: Good, hijo (son)

A social studies teacher asks the students in the class how they could use the word HOMES to help them remember the names of the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. The students quickly recognize that the first letters of the names of the lakes can be arranged to spell HOMES. This approach to memorizing information best exemplifies using

an acronym

checklist

an assessment tool, listing skills or performances, that can used by teachers or students to monitor learning

learning centers

an essential feature of the early childhood environment (listening, math, dramatic play, house-keeping centers)

cognitive assessment

an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The test can take up to 2 hours to administer and generates a Full Scale IQ (formerly known as an intelligence quotient or IQ score) which represents a child's general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores (i.e., Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index) that represent a child's abilities in more discrete cognitive domains.

Guided reading

an instructional approach that involves a teacher. working with a small group of students who demonstrate similar reading behaviors and can all read similar levels of texts.

Reciprocal teaching

an instructional strategy developed by Palincsar and Brown which is designed to increase students' reading comprehension: summarizing, generating questions, clarifying, and prediction

Cooperative learning

an instructional strategy in which students are place din small groups where they work together on a collective task that has been clearly defined and explained

Shared reading

an interactive reading experience that occurs when students join in or share the reading of a book or other text while guided and supported by a teacher. The teacher explicitly models the skills of proficient readers, including reading with fluency and expression.

During the introduction of a new mathematics lesson, several students appear uninterested in the lesson. To determine if the behavior is content related, the teacher should

ask students concept questions

Teachers can use advanced organizers to

assess what the students know about a topic prior to beginning the lesson.

Early Screening Inventory - Kindergarten (ESI-K)

assesses children's visual-motor/adaptive development, their language and cognition, and their gross motor skills

Criterion-referenced test

assesses students by comparing their performance to a predetermined level of mastery

Norm-referenced test

assesses students by comparing their performance to that of a norm group

A math teacher is in the initial stages of planning a unit. The teacher realizes homework will play an important role in student success. The teacher examines the following research table that displays the effectiveness of various approaches to assessing homework assignments. What approach to assigning homework will have the greatest positive impact on student performance? Use of Homework (Average Effect Size - Percentile Gain) Graded with Feedback: .85 - 30 Graded: .75 - 27 Reviewed in class: .27 - 12 Checked for Completion: .23 - 10

assigning select problems and grading them with specific feedback

involves fitting new information into existing mental structures

assimilation (Piaget)

Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA)

assists the students in the transition from a language arts program in which the content is made comprehensible through the use of ESOL strategies

children play similar activities side-by-side with interaction such as talking or sharing, but with little joint focus

associative play

Piaget's stages of moral development: children develop autonomy and are willing to challenge rules

autonomous morality

Transitions allow students to...

be aware of future events, topics, and expectations. It helps them with the pace of the classroom and the teaching

A performance-based assessment would include

creating a model, assembling a collection, or writing a term paper

group altering

being able to keep students' attention on the learning task

withitness

being aware of what is happening in the classroom at all times

planning

being prepared each day with lesson plans and everything needed to implement these plans

Functional play

birth to age 2: involves movement and sensory exploration of the environment

Post dame schools

boys went to writing school taught by men and women learned domestic skills

An ESOL teacher wants to find a way to make connections between English words and terms in Spanish that have the same meaning and similar pronunciation. The best way to achieve this would be to

build a word wall that includes cognates.

children play as a group of two or more complex social interaction (ex: conversations, turn taking, choosing sides) and with a common focus

cooperative play

facial expressions

can send positive or negative nonverbal messages

physical development of children proceeds from head to toe

cephalocaudal progression

individualized instruction

characterized by a shift in responsibility for learning from the teacher to the student (independent study or peer tutoring)

According to Piaget, thinking, also called __, is an active and interactive process that develops in stages

cognition

Bloom classified educational objectives into a systems that was divided into three parts

cognitive (memory and reasoning), affective (emotions), and psychomotor (physical abilities)

formative assessments

commonly said to be for learning because educators use the results to modify and improve teaching techniques during an instructional period, while summative assessments are said to be of learning because they evaluate academic achievement at the conclusion of an instructional period. They are in-process evaluations of student learning that are typically administered multiple times during a unit, course, or academic program.

A classroom teacher needs to document a student's lack of focus in the classroom in order to develop accommodations to assist the student's academic achievement. The teacher should begin by

completing behavior inventory

Dual Language (Two-Way)

composed of both ELLs and non ELLs; both groups become proficient in both languages

If a high school literature teacher wants to assess if her students understand sub-concepts that fall under a larger theme, she could have students create a

concept map.

(age 7 to 11) stage in which children develop the ability to take another's point of view

concrete operations stage (Piaget)

(Piaget) The ___ stage is predominant, although frequently an adolescent functions at the ___ stage for some topics (such as mathematical problem solving) and the ___ stage for other topics (such as civil rights)

concrete operations, concrete operational, formal

Monitor Hypothesis

conscious learning can be used ply as a monitor for language attempts in acquisition; there is such thing as overuse and underuse of monitor system

pleasant or unpleasant effect that follows a behavior and influences whether it will occur again

consequence

the ability to recognize that number, length, quantity, area, mass, weight, and volume of objects has not necessarily changed even thought they appear to have changed and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

conservation, preoperational

A 4th grade teacher notices that students bump into each other on the way to the pencil sharpener. Before changing the layout of the classroom, the teacher should

consider traffic flow patterns.

is a learner-centered approach to teaching that emphasizes teaching for understanding, predicated on the concept that students construct knowledge by making connections between present learning experiences and the existing knowledge

constructivism

learner-centered approach that establishes learning environments that provide experiences from which the learner can construct meaning based on what the learner already knows

constructivism

If a teacher asks a complex question and the student gives a brief response, the teacher can...

continue to ask follow-up questions of the same student to elicit a more thorough answer.

Level I: Cognitively Undemanding + Context Embedded Level (Cummins)

conversation with friends, ordering food

Which of the following tests relates an individual's test performance to standards rather than to the performance of others?

criterion-referenced

Teachers can bring rigor to their classrooms by incorporating

critical-thinking assignments

posing questions

crucial skill that teachers use to provide focus to the discussion and elicit and extent students' reasoning and critical thinking

Which of the following provides intrinsic motivation for a student?

curiosity

Oral language proficiency is easily acquired through...

daily living experiences

Third step in planning

deciding on an assessment method: portfolios, collections, interviews, performance assessments

Second step in planning

deciding on research-based instructional strategies that will best achieve the instructional objective

A local reporter asks a teacher her opinion on the new curriculum that has been implemented by the state. The teacher should

decline to comment

A student is having difficulties sounding out words then immediately comprehending the meaning of the words. The teacher develops a variety of letter-sound recognition activities to help the student improve their reading skills. On what skill is the teacher focusing?

decoding

In inductive thinking students...

derive concepts and definitions based on the information provided to them, (given to them) which can be fostered through personal-discovery activities

A student appears to be struggling with a reading subskill after initial instruction. The teacher wants to find out what component of reading is hindering comprehension. Which of the following assessments would best aid the teacher?

diagnostic

A high-school American History teacher conducts a 15 min. lecture about how triangular trade operated in the colonies. The teacher was using

direct instruction

cognitive conflict

disequilibrium (Piaget)

sees the world from their own point of view and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

egocentric, preoperational (Piaget)

a technique to help students identify and retain significant information

emphasis

A classroom teacher has a visually impaired student in his class. When preparing a class assessment, the teacher should

enlarge one copy of the test for the visually impaired student.

overgeneralization

extending a grammatical rule inaccurately (goed)

the process of weakening and eventually eliminating the occurrence of a behavior usually through the removal or withholding of reinforcement

extinction

identifying relevant information

extracting major ideas or themes from the statements of others

Homework is appropriate

for practicing previously learned skills.

register

form of language determined by setting and relationship

LZ

former ELL student who exited program more than 2 yrs ago

commonly begins near school-age and involves the ability to agree upon and abide by rules (playing simon says)

games with rules play (Piaget)

preplanning

going through each lesson mentally, from the student's point of view and anticipating explanations, information, and directions they will need in order to carry out the lesson successfully

(Kohlberg) In stage three, good behavior is doing what others expect and whatever is approved by them.

good boy-nice girl

corners

group members meet in a designated corner of the room to discuss an assigned topic and then teach it to the rest of the class

A convergent question

has a simple, short answer and requires the use of lower-order thinking skills.

Students who excel in science and mathematics probably

have participated in many hands-on activities in science and math.

Ability grouping

helpful for high-achievement students and harms low-achievement students; good to have groups of mixed ability

Piaget's stages of moral development: children see rules as unbreakable and unchangeable

heteronomous morality

A teacher suspects that a current curriculum may be lacking in certain areas. What would the teacher use to very his suspicions?

his grade book

knowledge of how to apply human development and learning theories that support intellectual, personal, and social development of all students

human development and learning

A teacher notices that a student has lost her appetite and has difficulty walking or sitting. She also seems to be behaving in a sexually sophisticated manner. The teacher should

immediately contact the Florida Abuse Hotline (DCF).

The Natural Approach (Krashen)

in accordance with stages of acquisition and how children acquire language naturally

body language

indicates the listener's respect for the speaker and interest in the speaker's message

EP team

individuals who make decisions about the students who are gifted

the type of lesson that involves higher level thinking by both teacher and students and a result in higher student motivation, interest, and retention

inductive lessons

Personal discovery inventories require

inductive thinking.

nature

internal variables represent

the desire to learn originates within the student and stems from the student's intellectual curiosity

intrinsic motivation

In a culturally mixed classroom of different ability levels, is it common for students from the same culture to have a similar knowledge base. This is caused by

knowledge transfer due to sharing a similar cultural experience

List from lowest to highest Bloom's taxonomy of inquiry

knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation.

constructivist instruction

learner-centered instructional strategy based on the constructivist believe that learning is an active process, that it has social aspects, and that it is context specific

Input Hypothesis

learners shout receive input that slightly exceeds current level of ability

Games

learning activities that have rules and involve students in competitive situations

games

learning activities that have rules and involve students in competitive situations, having winners and losers

Analogy-based phonics

learning families of sounds: "-at" "-ing" "ay"

receptive language skills

listening and reading

active listening

listening in a way that indicates to the speaker that you are paying attention and hearing the speaker's message

developed from recognizing logical relationships between objects and ideas

logical-mathematical knowledge (Piaget)

When middle-school math students memorize metric prefixes using "K-King, H-Henry, D-died, B-by, D-drinking, C-Chocolate, M-milk," to represent the metric divisions of kilo-,hecto-,deka-,base,dec-, centi-, milli-, they are increasing retention through use of a

mnemonic.

A 1st grade teacher reads a story aloud to her class. This is an example of

modeled reading

The disadvantage of using drill and practice math programs on classroom computers is that

most classrooms do not have enough computers for the entire class.

the willingness or desire of a student to exhibit a behavior such as productively engaging in a learning experience

motivation

the egrule method

moves from specific example to general rules or definitions

taking away a desirable reward is an example of ___ punishment

negative

involves taking away a desirable reward (for example, free time) in order to deter undesirable behavior

negative punishment

reinforcement in the form of being removed from a situation, perceived as unpleasant

negative reinforcement

tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another. These tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers, typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam.

norm-referenced

the environment around us represents

nurture

they learn that objects continue to exist even when the objects are no longer visible and is part of sensorimotor stage

object permanence (Piaget)

dress

often an overlooked form of nonverbal communication

thematic instruction

one of more lessons around a central theme or topic

A discovery learning lesson is...

one where the class is organized to learn through their own active involvement in the lesson

A first-grade teacher has students change the beginning letters of words to make new words (b-at, c-at, v-at), then has them switch the ending sounds on words (c-at, c-ar, c-ake). The teacher is having the students manipulate

onset-rimes

a clear and precise definition of a learning goal that should be performed as well as an accurate means to measure that goal as students strive to achieve it

operational definition

Level II: Cognitively Undemanding + Conext Reduced

ordering food over telephone; reading a letter

overcorrection

overdoing a grammatical rule unnecessarily (peoples)

children play side-by-side, engage in similar activities, might mimic each other, but do not play together and interact very little

parallel play

A student in the pre-production stage of 2nd language acquisition will

participate in a "silent period" where the language is heard but not spoken.

student self-assessment

performed by the students (e.g., grading their own papers, group participation, and portfolio assessment)

Students diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder would not exhibit a delay in...

physical growth

developed from physical interaction with objects

physical knowledge (Piaget)

involves giving an undesirable consequence (for example, extra work) in order to deter undesirable behavior

positive punishment

reinforcement in the form of things given to the student (stickers, extra privileges)

positive reinforcement

(age 2 to 6) highly imaginative stage, enjoys pretend play

preoperational stage (Piaget)

What are the 4 general ways accommodations may be made?

presentation, response, setting, timing and scheduling

McKinney-Vento Act

prevents the segregations of homeless students

the self-talk learners use to monitor and guide themselves as they work through a problem or complete a learning task

private speech (Vygotsky)

Expressive Language Skills

productive language skills; speaking and writing

Americans with Disabilities Act

prohibited discrimination against any person with disabilities

journals

provide a way for students to respond in writing to a prompt by the teacher and to reflect on their own learning

conferences or interviews

provide an opportunity to discuss and question a student about what the student knows and is able to do

Kallison Jr found that retention was increased when a teacher...

provided an outline detailing what would be discussed during a lesson and a summary of the lesson at the end

A student portfolio is an effective tool because it

provides a collection of student work over time.

Instructional lesson modification includes...

providing an overview and identifying key concepts

Level IV: Cognitively Demanding + Context Reduced

proving math thermos; writing a research report; listing to presentation on unfamiliar topic

growth and motor ability develop from the central axis of the body outward

proximodistal progression

Shared Reading

reading aloud to children and talking about the books and stories. It can happen in two ways: Whole class (Interactive activity where the students and the teacher read a text together. Everyone shares in the process. - The teacher guides and supports the reading process. - The teacher pauses to ask students to make predictions, point to key words, and ask questions that help the students make connections.) or Small group or partners (Interactive activity where students and their peers read a text together. They work collaboratively during the reading process.)

A teacher is preparing students for a statewide assessment. The teacher asks the students to underline the bold type in the questions on the practice test. This test-taking strategy is known as

recognizing the key words

A teacher is preparing students for a statewide assessment. The teacher asks the students to underline the bold type in the questions on the practice test. This test taking strategy is known as

recognizing the key words.

When a teacher asks the class if they agree or disagree with a student's response, the teacher is using

redirect

Teachers regularly take time after teaching a lesson to evaluate the effectiveness of the instruction. After teaching a unit and grading related assessments, the teacher reviews the data and determines that more time needs to be spent on a specific concept. This teacher is practicing

reflection

a pleasant consequence that follows a behavior

reinforcement

According to the operant model in behavior theory, negative reinforcement is...

removing a stimulus which causes a behavior to increase. All reinforcement increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

After attending a reading workshop, a teacher realizes that the current reading strategies are not improving student academic achievement. The most appropriate next step is to

request assistance from a reading coach.

If a student repeatedly fails a mastery test, the teacher should

revisit prerequisite skills.

process/product assessment

same as authentic assessment; long been used in science, math, social studies, and language arts

the support and assistance provided for learning and problem solving (verbal cues or prompts, visual highlighting, diagrams, checklists, reminders, modeling, and examples)

scaffolding (Vygotsky)

existing mental structures

schema (Piaget)

Sharon, a 3rd-grade student, received the following scores on a formal reading assessment: identifying main idea - raw score of 18/25 recalling details - 70th percentile making inferences - 30% correct determining author's purpose - grade equivalent of 4.5 A teacher who interprets these data can accurately conclude that Sharon

scored higher than 70% of students who took the same test in recalling details, and above gradelevel in determining author's purpose.

stanine scores

scores derived from percentiles; compare test performance using nine intervals that are numbered 1 to 9

A student' academic grades on report cards are derived from

scores on tests, homework, and assignments.

In order to maintain good classroom management, a teacher should assist students in

self-monitoring their own behavior.

According to Piaget, this stage is also when children learn to distinguish themselves from the external world; they also discover the beginning of independence through cause and effect, and learn imitative behavior

sensorimotor (Piaget)

can arrange objects in sequential order and is what part of Piaget's cognitive development stage

seriation, concrete operations stage (Piaget)

The Natural Approach (ESOL)

students acquire a new vocabulary through experiences and associations with words because the words are used in meaningful ways and contexts.

role playing

students act out characters based on real-world models

Role playing

students act out characters or situations

Language Experience Approach

students can produce language form firsthand experiences; experience, depict, write, share, read

Project-based and problem-based learning

students investigate real-world problems and then share their findings

When testing for mastery,

students may retest on a skill until they demonstrate that they mastered it.

A 4th-grade team analyzes student test scores from the beginning and the end of the school year to determine whether to continue using the current core reading curriculum. Which of the following is the best type of assessment to use for this purpose?

summative

Focus of education in the colonies

teach the reading of the Bible; parents were fined if they didn't educate their children

School-Based Management (SBMS)

team composed of principal, teachers, parents, and other committee members that decentralizes authority and gives more power to individual schools

Cooperative learning groups are most effective when they are

temporary, mixed ability level, and as diverse as possible.

Ethnocentrisms

tendency to view one's own cultural or familial ways of doing things as best and most acceptable

High-Ordered Activity....

tests the students ability to apply information, evaluate information, and create new information

In order for accommodation be made for students who are taking the FCAT, what must be done?

the accommodation must be written on the IEP or 504 and used regularly in the classroom instruction and assessment

Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency Test

the aspects of language proficiency strongly related to literacy and academic achievement

Inclusion

the commitment to educate each child to the maximum extent appropriate in the regular education setting by bringing support services to the child

z-score

the distance in standard deviations from the mean of the scores on the assessment; (raw score - mean) / standard deviation

moves from specific example to general rules or definitions

the egrule method

nurture

the environment around us represents

range

the greatest score minus the least score in a set of scores; the simplest measure of variability

level of mastery

the level of proficiency expected for the action

preplan

the process of going through a lesson mentally from the student's point of view and anticipate explanations, information, directions, additional instruction, and so on

task analysis

the process of identifying the prerequisite skills and prior knowledge that students must have in order to achieve the instructional objective with a high degree of success

Task analysis

the process of identifying the prerequisite skills and prior knowledge that the students must have in order to achieve the instructional objective with a high degree of success

drawing inferences

the process of reaching conclusions based on implications from students' input

communication

the process of sending and receiving both verbal and nonverbal messages in order to convey information, ideas, attitudes, or feelings

Which of the following is not a way that a teacher can officially respond to or dispute a decision by the office of Professional Practices.

the teacher can draft a formal letter to the school board to request a review of the charges

lecture method

the teacher uses one-way communication to attempt to convey knowledge to the learner orally; recommended time 10-15 min; least effective teaching strategy

probing

the technique of eliciting more information from students, often for the purpose of clarifying students' contributions or to justify their answers

inductive lessons

the type of lesson that involves higher level thinking by both teacher and students and a result in higher student motivation, interest, and retention

When planning a lesson, teachers should take into account student interests because

this leads to an increase in learning through student motivation

A teacher issues and models commands. Students actively respond to the commands. Later, a student volunteer issues commands for the class to enact. Which of the following methods does this scenario describe?

total physical response (TPR)

A class has students from various cultural backgrounds. The teacher notices that students of like cultures are exhibiting similar skills and knowledge that differ from students of other cultures. This could be due to the impact of cultural knowledge on

transfer.

comprehension in Bloom's taxonomy

understanding, translating, summarizing, demonstrating and discussing

pragmatics

use of language in social context

While the rest if the class is working silently on a personal narrative, 2 students in the back of the classroom begin chatting and giggling. The least disruptive way to deal with this off-task behavior is to

use proximity control

Placement assessments

used to "place" students into a course, course level, or academic program. For example, an assessment may be used to determine whether a student is ready for Algebra I or a higher-level algebra course, such as an honors-level course.

Grade equivalent score

used to describe a students' performance in comparison to the performance of an average student at a specified grade level

grade equivalent score

used to describe student's performance in comparison to the performance of an average student at a specified grade level

measures of variability

used to describe the amount of spread

Anecdotal records are

useful to compare student development over a period of time.

Which instructional method would be the most effective for fostering vocabulary development in a secondary content area?

presenting target words in context several times during each week

A teacher asks, "How was the Grand Canyon formed, Patty?" Patty answers, "There is a river at the bottom." The teacher then says, "Patty, tell us how the river affected the formation of the Grand Canyon." What technique is the teacher using in her last statement?

probing

What type of curriculum is a teacher using when students are confronted with a scenario and asked to generate hypotheses and solutions?

problem-based

Which of the following situations is the best example of a teacher promoting a climate of openness, respect, and inquiry in the classroom?

promoting student cultures that are studied, shared, and celebrated

What is the primary benefit of an acceptable use policy (AUP)

promotion of student responsibility for ethical online behavior

Wesley has been identified as a slow learner. He is frequently frustrated by class activities and seatwork assignments and sometimes cries when he cannot do the work that others complete quickly. Which of the following teacher actions is best in this situation?

Arrange what Wesley is to learn into a series of small steps, each followed with immediate feedback.

A teacher would like to encourage parents and guardians to be involved in their students' education. Which of the following strategies is the best way for the teacher to encourage diverse parents and guardians to come to the classroom for a cultural activity?

Asking the principal to develop a schoolwide cultural activity to be held in the evening for students and their parents and guardians.

Which of the following would be a responsibility of a school advisory council?

Developing a school improvement plan

Which statement is true with respect to physical growth patterns of children in the upper elementary school?

Girls reach puberty before boys

In a middle school classroom, the teacher observes that many students are calling out answers during large group discussions, even after being reminded of the posted classroom rules. What would be the best strategy for the teacher to follow next?

Have students brainstorm ways to participate in large group discussions and amend the classroom rules as necessary.

The social studies teachers in a middle school are seeking ways to interest their students in local history. Which of the following would be an effective means of achieving this goal?

Have students create a documentary in which they interview local residents about the community's past.

Before the teacher has had a chance to explain the school's procedure for fire drills, the fire alarm sounds. Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate in this situation?

Have students line up quickly and quietly and lead them out of the building; review procedures upon returning to the classroom.

A teacher has discovered and implemented a new online behavior-management program that is improving student behavior while providing an easy way to communicate with parents. The teacher should

Meet with the principal to discussing sharing the new product at the next professional development day.

The No Child Left Behind Act states that

Student whose first language is not English may only be tested in English.

Which of the following is the best example of a cognitive objective?

Students will complete a two-digit multiplication skills test with 85% mastery.

An educator signed up for a paid online professional development session that required watching short video segments and personally reflecting on their content. The educator let the videos run in the background, and quickly clicked through the acknowledgments without completing the reflections. What portion of the Code of Ethics does this violate?

The obligation to the profession.

Which of the following would be an example of negative reinforcement?

The teacher stops complaining about the messy floor after the students clean it up.

When a student with a large bruise on their face is questioned by the teacher, the student says that they fell at home while playing. Having previously noticed bruises on the student, the teacher suspects that the child is being abused. The teacher is required by law to contact the

school administration.

A teacher is preparing students for a statewide assessment. The teacher asks the students to underline the bold type in the questions on the practice test. This test- taking strategy is known as

recognizing the key words.

More than 65% of a 3rd-grade class scored at high risk on the oral reading fluency measure of the school's progress-monitoring instrument. Which instructional practice would be most effective for improving the students' oral reading fluency?

repeated reading of familiar text with corrective feedback

After attending a reading workshop, a teacher realizes that the current reading strategies are not improving student academic achievement. The most appropriate next step is to

request assistance from a reading coach.

A teacher is assessing a student's oral reading skills. Which of the following assessment tools is the most appropriate?

running record

An English language learner refers to his feet as "feets." This is an example of

overgeneralization

At the beginning of the school year, a 2nd-grade teacher determines there are children from diverse cultural backgrounds in the class. One of the best ways to study cultural similarities and differences would be to have students

participate in a classroom international festival to complete the unit on cultural study.

John just received his 4th-grade FCAT writing score of 5. His teacher wants to interpret the result to his parents. His teacher can say that John is