Full Length Exam Concepts

Reciprocal altruism

Situation in which you help a person based on the expectation that they will in turn help you in the future.

How do you find the kinetic energy of a photoelectron?

KE = Hf - E₀ H = 6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J/Hz unless otherwise noted E₀ = the work function

When a new idea arises, it is automatically a _________________ influence

Minority

A nuclear localization signal _______________

Permits proteins to enter the nucleus

What are two important principles that Freud outlined?

Pleasure Principle and Reality Principle

Edman Degradation is _______________

technique used to sequence peptides by progressively removing amino acids.

_______________ are a typical way to assess whether a given disorder has a genetic component and does not rule out environmental factors

Twin Studies

_______________ disorder occurs when excessive anxiety causes loss of body function.

Conversion *Think of being really anxious going through the intersection in Ventura in your convertible BMW*

_______________ refers to responses becoming less extreme when participants are assessed again, instead of becoming less moderate or average. It also means that scores start to become more average.

Regression to the Mean. Ex: You're looking for not extreme answers.

In healthcare _______________ is the act of avoiding harm toward your patient.

Non-maleficence. Ex: Do no harm

Why is Nondisjunction worse in Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II?

Nondisjunction is worse in Meiosis I because in Meiosis I, two chromatids can go to one side of the cell. In Meiosis II, only one chromatid goes to the other side of the cell.

Nonsense Mutation

Results in a premature stop codon and a truncated, often nonfunctional protein. The polypeptide becomes shorter. *Think of when you STOP growing, as you get older you can get shorter*

What is the equation for Hess's Law?

△Hreaction = ∑ Hf products - ∑ Hf reactants

If air resistance is negligible and gravity acts only in the vertical direction, the horizontal velocity ________________

will be the same.

What is the equation for Torque?

τ = rFsin(Ɵ) R = Lever F = Force

What does an inverse relationship between two variables indicate?

As one variable increases, the other decreases.

Electron-withdrawing substituents pull even more electron density away from the _________________

Carbocation which makes it more unstable

How can you determine if two data are exponential?

Rise over run. Use the equation y²-y¹/x²-x¹

180º is the bond angle for an _____________, ____________ molecule.

Sp, Linear

H2 with Pd

Strong catalytic reduction mechanism, which would reduce this molecule to an alkane.

The preferred ion configuration of many elements on the periodic table is determined by:

The electron configuration of the nearest noble gas; elements will gain or lose electrons until they have the same valence electron configuration as this noble gas.

A mass of 10 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. Ignoring air resistance, what is the maximum speed achieved by the mass? (assume g = 10 m/s2)

The mass starts with gravitational potential energy: PE = mgh = 10 kg x 10 m/s2 x 20 m = 2000 J The maximum speed is achieved just before impact when all of that potential energy is converted to kinetic: KE = ½ mv2 2000 J = ½ x 10 kg x v2 4000 = 10 v2 400 = v2 20 = v Thus, 20 m/s is the correct answer. You also could have arrived at the correct answer using the kinematics equation vf2 = vo2 + 2a∆x, where ∆x = 20 m, vo = 0 m/s, and a = 10 m/s2.

KMnO4

This is a strong oxidizing agent and could not be used to reduce retinal to retinol. Note that reagents which are rich in oxygen typically act as oxidizing (not reducing) agents.

What should you know about the element Nitrogen?

N2 is a very inert gas. It makes up approximately 80% of the air you breathe, yet has no significant chemical reactions with your lungs - or with anything other than nitrogen-fixing plants. This information implies that nitrogen is very inert (unreactive). As such, it would serve as a good artificial atmosphere when working with reagents that might react with oxygen or other gases. It also has high electron density.

What is the formula for ammonia, what is its hybridization, and what is the best description of the molecular structure?

NH₃, sp3, and trigonal pyramidal. Trigonal pyramidal is the description for elements in Group 5. Simply count up the number of bonds and lone pairs. For example, ammonia has three bonds and one lone pair around its central nitrogen atom, for a total of four regions of electron density. This orbital hybrid therefore needs four orbitals to hybridize: s, p, p, and p. Thus, ammonia is an sp3 hybrid. *Make sure you always look out for the Nitrogen atom on the MCAT*

Carbocations are typically unstable due to their ___________________

high concentration of positive charge. If a substituent can contribute some electron density to the carbocation, this positive charge will be "balanced" and the species stabilized.

The structure of a carbohydrate is _________________

1. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2. It also has more than 2 Carbons

1 atm is roughly equal to ______________ Pa

101,500 Pa

How much is R worth in PV =nRT

.0821 L ATM mol⁻¹ K⁻¹

Fractional Distillation depends on _________________

1. the boiling point of each substance.

ADP in ETP

ADP is oxidized to ATP

High energy bonds are included in ____________ and _____________

ATP and GTP

Tyrosine and aspartic acid are both _______________ amino acids

Acidic

Histidine and Lysine are both _______________ amino acids.

Basic

Hypomania is typically experienced by a person with _________________

Bipolar Disorder II

Pearson correlation coefficient

Calculated to compare the association between two variables.

Depolarization

Characterized by a rapid influx of Na+ into the neuron

____________ is an example of a context effect in which a person believes he has experienced an event before.

Deja Vu

Photoelectric effect is the __________________

Emission of electrons.

Homologous recombination and base pair excision are found in ___________________

Eukaryotes

_______________ experiment occurs in natural conditions.

Field Design

______________ is sub-conscious memory that usually pertains to procedural behavior or conditioned responses. In this case, the participant was conditioned to start the cigarette lighter when he got into the car.

Implicit Memory. Ex: Knowing how to ride a bike or Priming

In eukaryotes, transcripts exist only as monocistronic mRNA containing a single gene because ____________________

In eukaryotes, each gene has their own transcription initiation site.

An In-group bias is ___________________

Is the tendency for people to favor members of their in-groups, like family, over outsiders.

________________ are social groups which a person identifies themselves as a member of.

In-Groups

Heuristic Bias

Individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are. Ex: Hearing about a particularly violent crime in the newspaper and concluding that there is greater crime overall

What does a primary amine look like?

It is an N group with two Hydrogens bonded to one R group

___________________ experiment examined fear conditioning.

John B. Watson's Little Albert

Ka x Kb = ______________

Kw (1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴)

Whenever you see equilibrium, what should you think of?

Le Chatelier's Principle

Titin is a component of ______________

Muscle

What is an amine group?

NH2

If the slope is linear, what does this indicate?

One variable changed, the other changed at a constant rate.

The ectoderm gives rise to __________________

Outer layer of skin, Hair, Nervous System, and Spinal Cord *Think of an eco outside, you heard something so this affects your central nervous system* *SN*

__________________ occurs when a specific stimulus comes to be paired with similar stimuli.

Overgeneralization

Hypoxia is another term for ______________

Oxygen Deprivation

What are the units for pressure?

Pascals, N/M²

How can we infer that phosphate-buffered saline must be polar?

Phosphate is highly negatively charged.

cAMP is turned off by _________________

Phosphodiesterase

What are the building blocks of a cell membrane?

Phospholipids. The cell membrane has less phosphate groups than the nucleus.

The nucleus has a high concentration of __________________

Phosphorous. The nucleus has more phosphate groups than the cell membrane.

Eidetic memory is commonly known as ___________________

Photographic Memory

O and I are both __________________ in a lens system.

Positive

_______________ carry oxygenated blood to the _______ side of the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary Veins *Think of there being oxygen on Venus* You also know that pulmonary arteries come from the right side so this obviously comes from the left side*

Law of Pragnanz

Reality reduced to its simplest form Think of the olympics in Prague

A ________________ condition has two defective alleles.

Recessive

Normally, which is more dense, solid or liquid?

Solid, because it is more densely packed

Oxidoreductase

Something that is oxidized

If a pH is equal to pka, then you know that ___________________

The concentration of the weak acid and the weak base are equal to each other

Hawthorne Effects are ________________

The idea that individuals are affected by being observed.

Where do post-transcriptional modifications of RNA take place?

The nucleus.

The dependency ratio is _______________

The number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive members. The economically dependent are those considered too young or too old to work, whereas the economically productive are the working-age population (approximately between the ages of 18 and 65)

What is a coordination number?

The number of ligand atoms bonded directly to the central metal ion.

The function of tRNA is __________________

The process whereby one end of every tRNA binds with a three-nucleotide sequence of bases in an mRNA strand, while the opposite end of each tRNA binds with an amino acid.

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by _____________ waves

Theta

When the incident angle is larger than the critical angle, you will have _________________, which means that that light will not escape.

Total Internal Reflection

B-Minus Decay

a neutron is converted to a proton as an electron is emitted. You're left over with one electron or a - charge

Rational Choice Theory is ___________________

about money, it should have a rationalist orientation. It's about maximizing benefits and less harm.

RT-PCR techniques are best used to __________________

detect RNA expression

LAH is __________________

like the strong base Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

How Do you get from mL to Grams?

ml = 1L/ 10³ml = 1 mol/1L = Grams/Mol

Start Codon

translation of mRNA and not transcription of DNA

How do you calculate the percent error?

*E-A/E*

The vena cava carries __________________

1. Deoxygenated Blood

Increased pyruvate will _______________ glycolysis. Activating Pyruvate Dehydrogenase will ____________ pyruvate.

1. Inhibit 2. Increase

Both Freud and Jung were pioneers in _____________________ psychology. In addition, this psychology focuses on _______________ material.

1. Psychoanalytic 2. Unconscious

How does our body regulate going from GTP to GDP?

1. RGS Protein. This can accelerate the step.

Osmotic pressure can be found by the equation ________________. The osmotic pressure depends on the _________________

1. п = MRT п is the osmotic pressure (Units are Osm) [M] is the total molarity (called osmolarity)> Look for the concentration, usually you add it up. R is the gas constant (or 8.314 J/Mol K) T is the standard temperature of 273.15 K 2. Concentration of the solutes

If parents are heterozygous, they have a ___________ of passing on the abnormal allele.

50%

How many base pairs of DNA are there?

6 Billion Base Pairs or Nucleotides

What age will be in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's development theory?

7-12 (Can think logically)

Separatory Technique

Aim to isolate substances from each other. Ex: An extraction

What Amino Acid is A?

Alanine

Hyperventilation causes the pH to be _________________. Hypoventilation causes the pH to be _____________

Alkalosis, Acidosis (Look at the buffer equation in the picture)

Cancer can spread to _____________ cells of the body

All

________________ was most associated with behaviorism and conditioning studies

B.F. Skinner

_________________ is more closely related to the behaviorist perspective of personality, where he studied the ability of operant conditioning to modify personality over time.

B.F. Skinner

_______________ is the transfer of genetic material, ordinarily in the form of a plasmid, between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or via a bridge-like connection between two cells.

Bacterial Conjugation

"Phage" is short for ______________ meaning a virus that reproduces using the host prokaryotic machinery.

Bacteriophage

Which ideal solution exhibits the greatest osmotic pressure? A. 0.1 M MgCl₂ B. 0.2 M NaCl C. 0.2 M CaCl₂ D. 0.5 M Glucose

C 0.2 M CaCl₂ * Remember that Osmotic pressure is dependent on the concentration of the solutes. CaCl₂ > Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ > 3 Moles * .2M = .6 MgCl₂ > Mg²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ > 3 Moles * .1M = .3 NaCl > Na⁺ + Cl⁻ > 2 Moles * .2 = .4

What is the equation for the speed of light?

C = λƒ *In order for you to run like the speed of light, you need strong Cafs*

If the pressure is kept constant but volume changes, what equation should you use?

Charles Law V1/V2 = T1/T2

Agonist

Chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response

_________________ reinforcement schedule is defined as one reward per response

Continuous. The definition of continuous reinforcement has to do with the way in which reinforcement is provided, not the responses obtained.

An experimental design has __________________

Control Groups

What mass of NaCl (MM = 58.5 g/mol) was present in 100 uL of the PBS solution? In the experiment NaCl was .1 mM A. 585 ng B. 5.85 ug C. 585 ug D. 5.85 mg

D. 100 x 10⁻6 L * .1 x 10⁻³ M/L * 58.5 g/mol 60 * 10⁻⁸ = 6.0 * 10⁻⁷ = 600 * 10⁻⁹ ng

A patient is administered a drug which mimics the effects of the antagonist hormone of calcitonin. Which of the following is a likely direct effect of this drug? A. Increased buildup of hydroxyapatite crystals in long bones B. Decreased plasma concentrations of Ca2+ C. Increased metabolic rate D. Increased osteoclast activity

D. Increased osteoclast activity. Remember that the antagonist hormone of calcitonin is the parathyroid hormone or calcitriol. This increases calcium and phosphate in the blood which increases osteoclast activity.

_______________ is a physiological activator of protein Kinase C, and facilitates the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the plasma membrane

DAG (Diacylglycerol) *Think of Almiras dressed up as Darth Vader in her bed in gulfstream. This is all being monitored by my moms brain.

______________ are enzymes that create nucleic acids by assembling nucleotides. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.

DNA Polymerase

Alpha waves are _____________

Detected when an individual is awake, but fatigued and less than fully alert. *Think of Al having pho and getting tired*

Resistor

Device that impedes the flow of charge in a circuit

_______________ are enantiomers that rotate plane polarized light a certain amount of degrees clockwise

Dextrorotatory

Form of groupthink _______________, pressuring others to engage in violent behavior

Direct pressure on dissenters

_____________ is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body. It happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you some way (physically or emotionally) and your body becomes primed to respond to the threat.

Distress *Picture you getting stressed when someone disses you like Eric, it is negative*

Myopia or Shortsightedness is when the image is formed before the retina. To fix this, you need to use the ________________ lens to shift the focus backwards so that it can focus on the retina. the near point in a myopic eye is ______________ that that of a normal eye.

Diverging/Concave. This means that F and P are negative according to the equation 1/P + 1/Q = 1/F = P. Ex: Nearsighted people will have a -2 Diopter *Think of myopia diving in a cave*

Intestinal cells compared to neural cells are more likely to _______________

Divide

How do viruses get into eukaryotic cells?

Either by fusing (direct fusion) with the membrane or using envelopes and they literally trick or sneak into the membrane. They take advantage of the receptors and the virus will bud off into an endosome (receptor mediated endocytosis)

The nucleic acid of a virus can be _________________

Either single stranded RNA or single stranded DNA, but not both.

Hydride additions represent ________________

Electrochemical Reduction Ex: LiALH₄ & NaBH₄

_____________ study would be a researcher posing as patients.

Embedded Field Study. *Think of you playing dead as a patient at the clinical simulation center in the room you always go to*

What is the order of the germ layers?

Endodermal layer, lining of archenteron (hollow gut cavity), GI system.

_______________ is a membrane-bounded compartment inside eukaryotic cells. This serves as a compartment of the endocytic membrane transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the lysosome.

Endosome *Think of you riding a barrel in Indonesia that transports you to a pile of lice*

Synapses and dendrites are characteristic of neurons and are therefore not present in the _____________

Endothelial Cells

solid to liquid to gas are ___________ reactions

Endothermic

Enols are good nucleophiles, but their conjugate bases _______________ are even better.

Enolates

Boiling point has great correlation with __________________

Enthalpies of vaporization because of intermolecular forces.

______________ stem cells replace our old skin cells with new skin cells.

Epidermal. These are unipotent stem cells. *Think of a unicorn getting an epiderral*

______________ refers to specific life experiences.

Episodic. Ex: Where you were on 9/11 or remembering your wedding. These are "PERSONAL" experiences.

_______________ is a world view in which one's own culture and traditions are seen as inherently superior to those of other people.

Ethnocentrism. It propagated from one generation to the next through a variety of cultural channels, the first and most important of which is the family. *Think of having supper at Dad's house in Santa Barbara with all the ethnic paintings on the wall*

Only _____________ have a 5' GTP cap on their mRNA

Eukaryotes

_____________ does not code for proteins or RNA. _______________ does code for protein products.

Eukaryotes, Prokaryotic

Bond orders less than 1 _______________

Exist in some unusual compounds and can be accounted for in molecular orbital theory, but they do not occur in standard organic compounds.

________________ is a coding sequence that is used in post-transcriptional regulation.

Exons

Gas to Liquid to Solid are _____________ reactions

Exothermic

In order for the reactions to make the beaker hot to the touch, they must be _______________

Exothermic

Dominant Prejudice is __________________

Experience negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about members of an out-group.

Paraphilia

Experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

______________ validity refers to the generalizability of the research to setting beyond the story.

External * Think of the the building next to the Lincoln tower that they will build, and the your ex is the general contractor of that setting*

_________________ in the vocabulary of operant conditioning, means the gradual elimination of a behavior when the reward or punishment system is taken away.

Extinction Ex: The electrode-based reinforcement is discontinued, with the remaining parts of the experiment staying the same. If the monkeys are found to touch the circle less frequently,

How do Extractions work?

Extractions are the separation of basicity and acidity. You have an organic mixture, and you have to throw in the weak base first before you throw in the strong base or strong acid so these don't deprotonate compounds that you do not want deprotonated

_________________ is motivation to do something based on an external reward (like money or fame).

Extrinsic Motivation. Ex: Money and Fame

If you have a standard cell potential in a galvanic cell that is E° = +1.10, what would the cell potential be in an electrolytic cell?

E° = -1.10. This means it is a non-spontaneous redox reaction so it needs help, most likely from a battery.

What is the equation for a half life for radio-isotopes?

F = 1/2ⁿ F = Amount or fraction of radioisotope remaining n = # of half lives or A = A₀ (1/2)∧t/h A = Amount left after time A₀ = Starting Amount t= time gone by h = half life

What is the equation for the gravitational force on a ramp?

F =mg Sin θ

Anterior Pituitary Hormone, __________, causes follicles in the ovary to develop. Two groups of cells within the follicles, _______________ and ____________ cells, team-up and release _______________ in the bloodstream.

FSH, Theca Cells, Granulosa Cells, Estrogen

This is a _______________ because the participant incorrectly responds positively when the stimulus was in fact not present.

False Alarm

What is the centripetal force equation?

Fc = mv²/r

An XX chromosome is _________________

Female

_________________ rays travel at the speed of light

Gamma 3 x 10⁸ M/s

________________ is a product of fermentation

Lactate

According to Seligman's Learned Optimism Theory (SLOT), ___________________

Optimistic individuals tend to interpret negative events as external, temporary, and non-global. *NET*

________________ variables can be ranked to allow for comparisons.

Ordinal Ex: For example, if you were asked about highest level of education achieved, you could respond with high school degree, college degree, medical degree, etc.

Methyl Acetate is an ________________ not a base

Organic Ester

What is the structure of lactose?

Remember that Lactose sounds like you lack toes.

What is an Eastern Blot?

Technique used to analyze protein post-translational modifications, such as lipids, phosphoro-moieties, and glyco-conjugates. Eastern blotting can be considered an extension of the biochemical technique of western blotting.

_______________ is an enzyme made of protein and RNA subunits that elongates chromosomes by adding TTAGGG sequences to the end of existing chromosomes.

Telomerase *Think of you "tagging" your phone so you can hear what other people have to say*

What usually increases the rate of a reaction?

Temperature

Boiling Point

Temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure

Rater bias

Tendency for raters to rate in the middle of a scale

Longitudinal Study

The research in which the actual crime rate is compared along different time points

A Median splits ___________________

The sample distribution in half. Example: If the median BMI is 25, that means half of the participants have a BMI that is over 25 and half of the participants have a BMI that is under 25.

Half life means ___________________

The time it takes for 1/2 of all the radioactive material to decay into their daughter nuclei

A chemiosmotic gradient is ________________

The uneven distribution of ions

What is Merkel's Disk?

This is a type of mechanoreceptor? It is similar to Meissner's Corpuscle in that it perceives light touch but it is sustained, so it keeps on firing as long as the stimulus is present.

Blood Brain Barrier is __________. It is made up of _____________

This is an extra layer of security that separates what's inside your bloodstream from your central nervous system that prevents infection in your brain. 1. Tight Junctions 2. Endothelial Cells 3. Basal Lamina 4. Astrocytes

What is a mineral?

This is an inorganic cofactor. Ex: Mg²⁺ is a cofactor because DNA polymerase uses this.

What occurs if you lose the myelination?

This would slow the velocity of action potentials.

_____________ is a hormone that controls platelet production.

Thrombopoietin

_______________ gland regulates metabolism and helps maintain calcium homeostasis via its secretion of thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Thyroid

Prosthetic Groups are ________________

Tightly-bound organic molecules, such as vitamins, or inorganic compounds, such as metal ions, that are required for the hormonal or enzymatic function of a molecule.

__________________ is the movement from one social level to a higher one or a lower one by either changing jobs or marrying.

Vertical Mobility *Think of you getting a better job in Fairhope which leads you to a higher social level or you getting a job in Mobile which leads you to a lower social level.

________________ sense allows balance by detecting body movement or motion.

Vestibular Sense

Sound waves propagate due to __________________

Vibratory changes in pressure or collision of adjacent particles within an elastic medium.

__________________ is where feature detection, such as detection of edges, is processed, and is also where feature detection-specific neurons are located.

Visual Cortex *Think of the edges of a tennis court*

What are the characteristics of a mixed inhibitors?

Vmax decreased; Km increased

What are the characteristics of a non-competetive inhibitor?

Vmax decreased; Km unchanged

What are the characteristics of a competitive inhibitor?

Vmax is unchanged; Km increases

An object floats in water with 4/5 of its volume submerged. If the object is then placed in a type of oil with a density half that of water, which of the following is true about the object placed in the oil? A. The object will float just as it did before. B. The object will float lower than it did in the water. C. The object will float higher than it did in the water. D. The object will sink to the bottom.

When dealing with the principles of floating, buoyancy, and density, we can use a shortcut equation: Vfluid / Vobj = ρ obj / ρ fluid , where V fluid is the volume of displaced fluid (here, it's water). V fluid / V obj = 4/5, so ρ obj / ρwater = 4/5. The question tells us that ρwater = 2ρoil. This means that 4/5 = ρobj / 2ρoil . Therefore, ρobj / ρoil = 8/5. Since the ratio of densities is larger than 1, we know that the object is more dense than oil, and it will sink to the bottom.

Apoprotein is __________________

When unbound to a prosthetic group, it is referred to as the protein component.

Aversive Prejudice is _________________

When you have "feelings" that are negative about the out-group such as being nervous.

The serial-position effect is ____________________

Where the primacy and recency effect are made Ex: On a list, you will most likely remember the 1st part and last past of the list.

D/L

Whether a molecule is derived from D or L Glyceraldehyde

An Eosinophil is a ________________

White blood cell with a nucleus

X- Linked disease are extremely rare in ______________

Women

A psychodynamic model ________________

Would show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationships.

What are the side chain pka's you need to know for the amino acids? Hint: There are 7 of them.

Y DE AHL*

What occurs when you add a strong acid to a strong base?

You will have a neutral solution so the pH will be = to 7. You sopp up all of the base and there is no conjugate base left.

The standard enthalpy of formation of any pure element in its standard state (e.g. C (graphite), N2 (g), O2 (g) is ________________

Zero

Downward mobility represents _________________

a shift down in social class. Ex: Going from being a doctor to a labor worker.

LiAlH₄ is capable of reducing ____________________

aldehyde (retinal) to a primary alcohol (retinol

In Mass Spectroscopy _________________

allows us to determine the molecular weight of a sample.

Dendritic cells are _________________

are the most common antigen-presenting cells and act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune system.

Unless told otherwise by the MCAT, we can assume that experiments take place _________________

at or near standard conditions

Sonication _______________

breaks up the micro-crystals into smaller particles. This occurs prior to filtration and washing with water and ethanol.

Sphingomyelin is a ______________________

complex PHOSPHOLIPID formed by the ester linkage of ceramide (non-polar tails) to a molecule of phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

Ethnic Enclaves refers to _________________

culturally distinct area with large percentage of a particular ethnicity. *Think of slaves in Chinatown*

When you throw a rock or a baseball in the air and you are looking for the distance or height, what equation do you need to use?

d = v0t + 1/2at² * remember that height and distance are interchangeable in this equation.

What is the intensity of a 70 dB sound at a frequency of 103 Hz? A. 10-12 W/m2 B. 10-7 W/m2 C. 10-5 W/m2 D. 10-2 W/m2

dB = 10 log (I/I₀) 70 = 10 log (I/I₀) 7 = log (I/I₀) 10⁷ = I/I₀ 10⁷ * 10⁻¹² = 10⁻⁵ = C

What is the decibel equation?

dB = 10 log [I/I°] dB = Sound Pressure I = W/M² I° = 10⁻¹² W/M²

Adjuvant is _________________

enhance immune response against a pathogen

A kinase is an ________________

enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins. Ex: Glucokinase specifically catalyzes Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate.

The dissociation constant for any acid can be written using the dissociation reaction __________________

for example, HA → H⁺ + A⁻, Remember that The equilibrium constant is the ratio of products to reactants, excluding any pure solids and liquids.

Prolactin is the hormone responsible for ____________________

for stimulating the mammary glands to produce milk.

Sexual Selection is a ________________

form of directional selection pressure in which certain phenotypic features are preferentially selected for during the mating process even if such features (e.g. a peacock's feathers) have no direct correlation with fitness.

In gas chromatography, samples are _____________

heated and vaporized before they are introduced into the separating column. In addition, it also allows us to separate mixtures by their affinity for the solid phase

The eluting strength depends on __________________

how strongly a compound adsorbs onto the adsorbent and, since typical adsorbents are highly polar, eluting strength increases with increasing solvent polarity.

Decarboxylase enzymes are ___________________

involved anytime CO2 is released. Examples include pyruvate decarboxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and, in the process, releases CO2.

Altruism

is a choice made to benefit the greater good, or the community as a whole.

Viscosity is ________________

is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". Ex: for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

Gastrin ________________

is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of HCl by the parietal cells of the stomach

The repertory grid is __________________

is a test designed to reveal the respondent's way of construing the world according to the personal construct theory. It measures personality.

A Holoenzyme is __________________

is an enzyme attached to its cofactor. This is a protein attached to a non-protein.

An apoenzyme is __________________

is an inactive enzyme without its cofactor.

Somatotropin is __________________

is responsible for cell growth and regeneration and also plays a major role in maintaining the health of the brain and other vital organs.

Soaps are formed by the reaction of _______________

long-chain fatty acids (weak acid) with lye (NaOH) (Strong Base). This removes the hydrogen atom from the carboxylic acid group and replaces it with a Na+ ion.

False Consensus Effect is __________________

means that people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same things they do. Ex: Jenny is 13 years old. She believes that smoking marijuana after school every day is a completely normal experience and assumes that all of her classmates do the same thing when they go home.

Endothelium is a type of _______________________

of epithelium that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Sociocultural models of depression focus on _________________

on the individual's social influences and culture

In the Henderson Hasselbach Equation pH = pka + log [H⁻/HA], if H⁻ = HA, what do you know?

pH = pka

cytokine release results in _________________

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and decreased systemic vascular resistance. Vasodilation leads to decreased blood pressure.

What is the equation you use for velocity just before impact

√2gh

What is Gibbs Free Energy equation?

△G = △H - T△S

Ecological Model is ___________________

Ontological, microsystem, and macrosystem is a description of an ecological model. Ex: School systems *Think of nature as being one or a whole such as macro*

The fovea is _______________. The lens is ________________

1. A small point on the retina containing mostly cones (color). Think of the color of a fob key being gray* 1. Where light enters and is controlled by the ciliary muscle

Content Analysis is ___________________.

1. A sociological method that is used to make inferences about "communication" Ex: Can help determine which beliefs the organization publicly organizes.

What are the four fat soluble vitamins that you need to know? Bile is used to ___________________. The fat soluble vitamins are __________________.

1. ADEK. Ex: its absorption depends on fat's absorption from the small intestine 2. Absorb Fat Soluble Nutrients 3. Antioxidants

Period and ___________ are inversely related. The ____________ of a hertz (hz) is the same as a reciprocal second (s⁻¹)

1. Frequency Example: 500 Hz = 1/500 = 1/5 * 10⁻² = .2 * 10⁻² = 2 * 10⁻³ *

Higher pitched sound corresponds to higher _______________. The frequency in this case can be calculated by taking the inverse of the _______________

1. Frequency (and vice verse) 2. Period (F = 1/T)

What are the parts of the brain that have to do with the reward system?

1. Frontal Cortex 2. Nucleus Accumbens 3. Amygdala 4. Ventral Tegmental Area 5. Hippocampus *HAV FN*

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or the Linguistic Relativity is ___________________

Human cognition is affected by its language *Think of Tahir's thinking being affected by language*

_______________ perspective is centered on the use of free will and how to best apply it,

Humanistic *Being human means being free*

_______________ is a unique type of intermolecular force that occurs when H is bonded to very electronegative elements like F, O or N.

Hydrogen Bonding

An organic acid must contain a ____________, a _______________, and there needs to be a hydrogen directly connected to a ______________ They also generally have the formula ___________

Hydrogen, Carbon, Carbon, RCO₂H (Carboxylic Acid)

_________________ is the addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon multiple bond.

Hydrogenation. Ex: Converting an unsaturated fatty acid into a saturated fatty acid.

_______________ are those well-developed, wealthy capitalist nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and strong state institutions

Core Nations. Ex: Western Europe and United States

______________ is the relative incidence of disease

Morbidity

What is the mnemonic you can use for the development of a zygote?

More Blasting Gas, I'm Nervous 1. Morula 2. Blastula 3. Gastrula 4. Neurulation * Remember that all development begins with a zygote*

Motor Neurons are ____________________

Nerve cells that control muscle movements.

Fibrinogen is a _______________________

Soluble glycoprotein that is converted by thrombin into fibrin. Fibrin in turn cross-links aggregated platelets during secondary hemostasis.

How can viruses get into cells?

1. If they are non-enveloped, they trick the cells receptors into letting them in. 2. If they are enveloped, They can either use the receptor trick or fuse with the membrane.

What is special about the cysteine structure

1. If two cysteine structures come close to each other, they can be in a reduced or oxidized form. 2. If they are in its reduced form, they will have its thiol group and it will be in the intracellular environment 3. If both cysteine are in its oxidized form, this will form a disulfide bridge because both H's are gone and they will both be in the extracellular environment.

What is the difference between primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Primary hyperparathyroidism means that the disease is coming straight from the parathyroid hormone. Secondary hyperparathyroidism means that the disease is coming from something else besides the parathyroid hormone.

____________ places an RNA primer for DNA Polymerase to work off of.

Primase

What will the first amino acid of the polypeptide chain be in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

1. In prokaryotes it is Formal Methionine or fMet. This is an alarm system in our bodies which triggers an immune response 2. In eukaryotes, it is Methionine.

Adaptive radiation is _______________

Process by which organisms diversify rapidly into multiple new forms.

Viruses are stored in a ______________

Protein Coat known as a capsid

Kinetochores are _______________

Protein complex assembled at each centromere that serves as the attachment site for spindle microtubules. It is the site at which motors generate forces to power chromosome movement during mitosis.

What triggers stem cells to differentiate?

Proteins keeping cell undifferentiated

What occurs in the "Transport" and "Oxidation" step of Fatty Acid Oxidation?

1. In transport, Acyl-Carnitine uses pores to go from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane and then Acyl-Carnitine Translocase transfers Acyl-Carnitine to the Mitochondrial Matrix. 2. In Oxidation, you oxidize the fatty acid chain in the mitochondrial matrix to obtain ATP by using Carnitine Acyl Transferase II. This forms the Acyl-Coa molecule. 3. The last part of oxidation is there is a cycle of repeating steps These steps use electron carrier molecules which are FAD and NAD and reduce to FADH and NADH2. These steps continue because the ETP is not far away.

_________________ includes nonspecific immune responses. In other words, its responses provide general protection, rather than protection against specific pathogens that have been previously encountered and "remembered."

1. Innate Immune System 2. Among the mechanical anatomical barriers are the first line of defense such as skin, the movement of the intestines, and the oscillation of bronchopulmonary cilia. Ex: Inflammation

_________________ is one of several unrelated genetic conditions where affected individuals show a common phenotype associated with resistance to PTH. Patients have a low serum calcium and high phosphate, because of resistance to effects of PTH at the cellular level.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism *Think of you resisting pseudoscience because there is not proof that their studies work*

What are some of the main functions of estrogen?

1. It causes the endometrial lining to thicken 2. It has a lot of function in the growth and reproductive tract. It is involved in the development of female secondary sex characteristics during puberty 3. It increases High Density Protein which is good cholesterol that reduces risk of bad blood vessels. 4. It reduces Low density protein which is bad cholesterol that increases problems with blood vessels. 5. It also slows down bone breakdown. When females get older, when they don't produce as much estrogen, they are at more risk for developing osteoperosis.

Conflict theory is ______________. In economics conflict theory is called _________________. And everything else is called __________________.

1. It emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. This was developed by Karl Marx *Think of a movie flic, how much tension would there be if the wealthy got the best seats in the movie theatre and the low class got the worse seats* 2. Sub-Structures 3. Super-Structures.

What is the structure of GPCR's? GPCR's interact with _________________.

1. It has a 7 Transmembrane Alpha Helices which is probably the most important characteristic. 2. G-Proteins

What is special about the amino acid Histidine?

1. It has a pka of 6.5 so it can exist in both the deprotonated form and protonated form. This makes it useful to have at an active site of a protein, where it can stabilize or destabilize a substrate.

What is the structure of Maltose? When an anomeric carbon is not involved with a glycosidic bond, it is said to be a ___________________

1. It has an alpha 1,4 Glycosidic bond. The 1 is the anomeric carbon. 2. Hemi-Acetal

The education of a psychiatric disorder which helps a patient with rehabilitation and the goals of a disorder. This is called _______________

Psychoeducation

What is the Hardy Weinberg Equation?

P² + 2pq + q² = 1 (This is to find phenotypes) Also Remember that P + Q = 1 (This is to find genotypes) P² = Dominant 2pq = Heterozygous or carriers q² = Recessive

_______________ is an RNA regulation that is fairly new. It is insertion, deletion, or base substitution. This regulation uses both ADAR and CDAR enzymes. ADAR converts Adenosine to inosine. CDAR converts cytosine to uridine.

RNA Editing * Remember AD is Adenosine and CD is CYDO*

Size-Exclusion Chromatography is ________________. _____________ particles become trapped in the pore system present in the agarose stationary phase, while _______________ particles pass directly through the column.

1. migration of different enzymes would depend on their respective size and molecular mass. 2. Smaller 3. Larger

______________ happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire.

Rationalization. Ex: I got a bad MCAT grade and I blame the MCAT company instead of figuring out what I did wrong

snRNA is _________________

1. or small nuclear RNA, is a class of RNA molecules found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with specific proteins, referred to as snRNPs.

________________ occurs when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires. For example, if the leader really wanted the participants to keep smoking, she would emphatically discuss how they should quit.

Reaction Formation Ex: Another example could be if you like a girl, you might not tell her but might make fun of her instead

Formal Charge Equation

# of valence electrons - sticks - dots

What is a common rule for basic salts and acidic salts? The compounds to the left of the periodic table are more _______________ while the compounds to the right are _______________. Also, nonmetal hydroxides are _________________ and metal hydroxides are

(1) basic salts are more soluble in acidic solutions and (2) Acidic salts are more soluble in basic solutions 2. Basic 3. Acidic 4. Acidic 5. Basic

How do you find the Energy Activation on a graph of Ln K and 1/T?

(Slope) (-R) = -Ea *Slope R is Easy Access*

Hormone Sensitive Lipase is _________________

(think insulin and glucagon) are intracellular and primarily found in adipose tissue where they can be stimulated under fasting conditions to liberate fatty acids for catabolism.

What is the structure of glycerol and ethylene glycol?

*

Recrystallization __________________ It is used to ______________

1. separates substances based upon differences in their solubility. 2. Remove impurities

The birth rate is ___________________. : The fertility rate also a common sociological term, but this refers to the ___________________

1. the common term for number of births per 1000 people. 2. number of children per woman, not per 1000 people.

The melting temperature on a graph (Tm) is ______________________. The most stable protein is indicative of a _________________

1. the temperature at which half of the DNA is denatured 2. Higher Melting Point

The magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to ___________________

1. the weight of the fluid displaced. Therefore, the greater the density of the solution, the larger the buoyant force.

Social Stratification is ______________. It is mostly associated with ________________ theory

1. which refers to hierarchies present in society due to wealth and other resources that society values. 2. Conflict

What kind of glycosidic bonds does starch have? Starch is a __________________

1. α (1,4) Glycosidic bonds. This means it is reactive and can be digested by the enzyme such as amylase which is produced by the salivary glands or pancreas. *Think of being the star student at 14 at Cheshire Academy which made you feel like an alpha.* 2. Is a series of glucose rings linked by glycoside bonds. It also reveals that only the terminal anomeric carbon (containing a free -OH group) is available to be "oxidized".

One of the main ideas that you need to know about glycogen synthase's structure is that it has a __________________. UDP release means that _________________. One of the main ideas you need to know about the structure of glycogen branching is that it has a ___________________

1. α 1,4-glycosidic linkage *Remember these are linear. 2. Glucose was added 3. α 1,6-glycosidic linkage *Remember that these have branches. *Think of a Glyphicon of a fish*

Standing waves in an "open tube", you use the formula ________________. N is = to _________, _______, _________ ,________, and __________

1. λ = 2L/n 2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Standing waves in a "closed tube", you use the formula _______________. The fundamental formula is _____________. N is = to _______, _______, _______ etc. When you find the wavelength in this equation, you can obtain the frequency by using the equation _______________

1. λ = 4L/n 2. λ = 4L 3. 1, 3, and 5 (only odd integers) 4. V = λf

The intravenous solutions used to correct fluid imbalances in trauma patients are aqueous solutions of glucose. Approximately how much glucose is needed to make 1.0 L of a 100 mM solution? A. 18 mg B. 34 mg C. 18 g D. 34 g

1.0 L x .1 M/L x 180 g/mol = 18grams

When analyzing the titration curve, look for the ________________________. The pH at each half-equivalence point represents one of the ________________. For basic amino acids, the pI is the average of the ____________________. A _______________ residue would contribute to a high pI. A _____________ acidic residue would contribute to a low pI

1.Equivalence Point 2. One of the pKas of the amino acid. 3. Two highest pKa values. (You would know if it is basic because it has more basic side chains than acidic side chains) 4. Basic 5. Acidic

What is the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP?

*Also remember that they all have negative charges because of the phosphate* *Also remember that adenine has an NH2 group coming off of the bigger ring structure* *Think of AN*

Breaking a peptide bond is called _______________. This can be done with the help of ____________ and _________________. A specific enzyme that is involved in this is called __________________. Proteolysis is a _______________. Dehydration is the ____________________. Remember that an a peptide chain will attach to the ______________ group because the order of a peptide chain goes from the _________________. Ubiquitination is ___________________

1.Hydrolysis. 2. Strong Acids (Acid Hydrolysis) > This is NON-specific way of cleaving peptide bonds 3. Proteolytic Enzymes (Proteolysis) > This is a specific way of cleaving peptide bonds. 4. Pepsin 5. Subset of hydrolysis SPECIFIC to the cleavage of peptide bonds 6. Reverse process of hydrolysis. 7. N to C side. 8. Targets a protein for degradation by a proteosome

How does PCR Work? Suitable primers have a high _______________

1.PCR is when you amplify copies of DNA. 1. The first step is denaturation which is at 96°C. This separates the strands. 2. Then two primers are usually added but sometimes it can be one. This is called primer annealing and the temperature is reduced to 55°C. 3. Then you extend the primers with Taq Polymerase and this occurs at 72°C. Taq Polymerase is used because it is heat resistant *Think of a VCR plays copies of videos* 2. GC Content

As cells undergo mitosis, _______________, the portion of the DNA on the ends of the chromosomes, gets progressively shorter. These only occur in _________________

1.Telomeres 2. Eukaryotes *Think of humans only being able to use telephones*

An Elimination reaction is _______________________. An E2 reaction has _____________ step(s) where the leaving group is usually a _______________. An E2 reaction just like an SN2 reaction is __________ specific An E1 reaction has ___________ step (s) and a ____________ intermediate. It also is _______________ specific A dehydration reaction is also called an ______________ reaction.

1.The removal of two sigma bonds and replaced by one pi bond. 2. One 3. Halogen 4. Stereo 5. Two 6. Carbocation 7. Non-stereospecific 8. Elimination

d/l

+ =d/- = l Optical Rotation (Has to be determined experimentally

What are the keto-genic amino acids?

1. Leucine 2. Lysine

The transmembrane region of a protein is the portion that spans the _________________. When immersed in aqueous solution, they cause surrounding water molecules to form an _______________ structure. This causes a _____________ in entropy.

1. Lipid Bilayer. This means it is hydrophobic or non-polar. 2. Ordered (Solvation Layer) 3. Decrease

The introduction of cis bonds increases the separation between adjacent alkyl chains which reduces _______________ forces which makes the membrane more fluid.

1. London Dispersion Forces. Remember that London Dispersion Forces are easy to break so that is why they can be reduced. If stuff can easily get through a membrane, that means the bonds holding it are not strong which makes sense why it is London Dispersion.

Perceptual Narrowing is _________________

1. Losing the ability to discern certain stimuli from disuse. Ex: Losing the ability to hear or pronounce certain sounds if these sounds are not used in an individuals language.

The amplitude determines the _____________ of sound

1. Loudness

Myosin is a ________________ that is present in _______________. It aids in the process of _____________

1. Motor Protein 2. Muscle 3. Contraction

Is proline aromatic? Is proline polar or non-polar?

1. No 2. Non-Polar

Anything with that has a lot of C-H's are usually ________________. In Gas-Liquid chromatography, the higher the boiling point, the _____________ the retention time.

1. Non-Polar 2. Higher

______________ organizations where members come together through shared goals such as religious groups or MADD (Mothers against drunk driving)

1. Normative *Think of Norm the pizza delivery guy in There's something about Mary, he was going MADD*

mRNA is transcribed in the _______________, exported to the _________________, where it is bound by a _____________. It will then code for a signal sequence that cause it to be transported to the _____________ and then to the _______________.

1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Ribosome 4. RER 5. Golgi

Lysosome. They function at a _______________.

1. Organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing "degradative enzymes" enclosed in a membrane that deals with digestion. 2. Low pH

Where are Epithelial Cells located?. Epithelial cells are highly ___________________

1. Outer layer of skin and organs. 2. Inside layer of organs and cavities (Alveoli, esophagus) 3. Proliferative. They divide.

What are the main hormone players in calcium homeostasis?

1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)> Peptide Hormone 2. Calcitonin 3. Calcitriol

What is the equation for Work that involves power? A watt is defined in units as _____

1. Power = Work/Time 2. J/s = ft ∙ lb/s = kg ∙ m² /s³

Reverse Transcriptase is when you take ______________ to make _______________. Reverse Transcriptase must also have ______________ polymerase. ______________ are removed from the mature mRNA but ______________ are expressed. Mature mRNA usually do not have _____________ and ______________

1. RNA 2. DNA or cDNA 3. DNA 4. Introns 5. Exons 6. Introns 7. Promoters

When DNA goes to mRNA, it is read by ________________. When mRNA goes to a protein, it is read by ________________

1. RNA Polymerase. 2. Ribosomes

An antioxidant is a ____________________

1. Reducing agent. This means it cannot oxidize anything.

Non-material culture. Symbolic culture is also referred to as ___________________

1. Refers to the ideas, beliefs and attitudes of a society. Ex: Religion, Traditions 2. Non-material culture

Specific Gravity is ___________ and has no ______________

1. Relates Density of an object to the Density of Water. Density of water is either 1000 kg/m³ or 1 g/cm³ 2. Units

______________ inhibit the reuptake mechanism of serotonin from ________________

1. SSRI's (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) 2. Synaptic Cleft

How does cholesterol affect cell membrane fluidity?

1. So at a low temperature, even though normally the phospholipids are close to each other, if cholesterol is now in the cell membrane, this is going to spread apart the phospholipids. Now, more stuff can get in between so this will increase fluidity. 2. At a high temperature, normally the phospholipids will spread apart but because a cholesterol is inserted, the phospholipids will want to attach to the cholesterol and this will decrease the distance between each phospholipid. This causes the fluidity to decrease. *Think of the football field*

What age will be in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's development theory?

0-2 (Coordination of Senses)

1/2⁰ = ________ 1/2¹ = _______ 1/2² =________ 1/2³ = ________ 1/2⁴ = ________

1 .5 .25 .125 .0625

Triglycerides are composed of _______________ and ______________

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

What does pico mean or pN?

1 x 10⁻¹²

BAT (Brown Adipose Tissue) is a __________________ that contains a lot of __________________

1. Specialized Adipose Tissue 2. Mitochondria

Chronic Stress means _______________. Acute Stress means _______________

1. Stress is ongoing 2. Any stress you suffer from for a short period of time

Disulfide bonds are _______________ than hydrogen bonds which means _________________.

1. Stronger 2. It would take larger increases in temperature or acidity to break them.

One of the diagnostic criterion's for Borderline Personality Disorder is _____________________. Personality Disorders are seen to be relatively _____________ thus a part of an individual's "personality."

1. Substance Use 2. Stable

Distilled or Deionized Water can be __________________

1. Supercooled, because mineral impurities and particles have been removed.

During ______________ the ventricles contract and push blood into the body. During _____________ the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria.

1. Systole 2. Diastole

B cell recognition of antigen is not the only element necessary for B cell activation, but this activation can occur in either a _______________ or ______________ manner. Most Antigens are ______________ which means ____________________

1. T- Cell Dependent 2. T- Cell Independent 3. T-Cell Dependent 4. T-Cell help is required for Maximal Antibody Production. Think

__________________ that there is energy exchange but not mass exchange with the surroundings.

Closed system

Spinal Cord Transection

Condition in which the nerves that run inside the vertebral column are damaged. This interrupts the conduction of efferent signals

After lysosome digests in both autophagy and crinophagy, it will release into the _______________

Cytoplasm

_____________ is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Alzheimer's disease is one form of ____________ that gradually gets worse over time. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior.

Dementia

Catecholamines

Derivatives of Dopamine, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), and Epinephrine (adrenaline)

_______________ variables only have two categories.

Dichotomous Variable Ex: Yes or No

Gastric Lipase contributes to _________________

Digestion in the stomach

________________ is a philosophical term that helped to form the field of psychology - it refers to the idea that the mind and the body are two separate entities.

Dualism

_______________ results in expanded trinucleotides associated with a more severe disease phenotype. It will lead to new expansions from generation to generation rather than pass an exact copy of the original trinucleotide repeat.

Dynamic Mutation *

The energy of a photon is related to its wavelength via the equation __________________

E = hc/λ, which turns into λ = hc/E h is Planck's constant (6.62 x 10-34 J•s) c is the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s) E has to be in joules (sometimes they can give you a problem in eV and 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

The kinetic energy of a photoelectron is _____________

E = hf- w (work)

Diamond is an ________________

Elemental carbon, in which each carbon is singly bonded to four other carbon atoms, forming a three-dimensional array of tetrahedral bonded carbon atoms.

What is the electronic configuration of Fe3+? A. [Ar] 4s23d6 B. [Ar] 3d5 C. [Ar] 4s23d3 D. [Ar ] 4s23d9

Elemental iron, Fe, has 8 more electrons than argon. The electronic configuration of Fe is [Ar] 4s23d6. However, we are asked about Fe3+, which has 3 fewer electrons than Fe. But which electrons should we remove first? When writing the electronic configuration of a cation, begin by removing the electrons with the highest principal quantum number. Here, the 4s electrons are less tightly held than the 3d electrons, so they will be lost first. The loss of one additional electron from the d subshell is favored because it results in stable, half-filled d orbitals.

What does a graph look like for 1st order?

For concentration and time, it is curved in the negative direction. For ln[A] and time, it is linear and negatively correlated

What does a graph look like for 2nd order?

For concentration and time, it is steeper than 1st order but curved in the negative direction. For 1/[A] vs time, it is linear in the positive direction

______________ induces a conformational change in the adenylyl cyclase binding site of G proteins, permitting interaction between the G protein and adenylyl cyclase

GTP Binding

The endoderm gives rise to ___________________

Gastrointestinal Tract and Pulmonary (Lungs), Liver and Pancreas *GP*

__________________ is the personal experience of one's own gender.

Gender Identity Ex: This emphasizes the direct relationship between hysterectomy and a change in Sandra's gender identity

Specific Modality Model of Attention is ____________________. Resource Theory of Attention is ________________. Kahneman's Theory of Attention is ______________________

1. Tasks that use the same modality being more likely to interfere with one another. Ex: Verbal modality being used to simultaneously write a letter and listen to the radio. This means they are likely to interfere with each other if done at the same time. 2. Tasks become automatic and therefore requiring fewer attentional resources 3. One single, undifferentiated pool of mental resources

In most cells undergoing meiosis, The nuclear envelope reforms during ___________________

1. Telophase II

_________________ of the blood in the head is greater than the gravitational potential energy of the blood in the leg. As a result the blood in the leg will have a ________________ pressure due to the conversion of the _________________ into the ______________ of molecular motion.

1. The gravitational potential energy 2. Greater 3. Gravitational Potential Energy 4. Kinetic Energy

The sex steroid production begins with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary, stimulating ______________ to convert androgens (coming from the thecal cells) to estradiol by aromatase during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Granulosa Cells

What is the structure and formula for phosphoric acid?

H3PO4

The more C/G residues in a segment, the _____________ the melting point. This is because C/G residues have _______________ bonds

Higher, 3 hydrogen bonds

SDS-PAGE is _____________. Its also breaks up ________________. In SDS-Page you also need to know that smaller sequences run ________________. It separates a protein based on their _______________.

1. Type of Gel in electrophoresis. It gives us the size of a protein. 2. Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Proteins. 3. Faster than larger sequences. 4. Mass

A negative ∆G implies that the protein is more likely to _________________

1. Unfold

If the MCAT gives you a structure and asks which compound would dissolve with the structure, ask yourself __________________

If the vast majority of the structure is polar or non-polar. Ex: Look at the structure retinol. It has an OH group which is polar but most of it is carbons and hydrogens which means it is non-polar.

Anterograde Memory is when ________________. Retrograde Memory is when __________________

1. You have difficulty remembering new things. 2. You can remember things from the past (Ex: Who your family is)

A virus in the lytic phase will _______________

Infect and kill bacteria.

A Mutase is a type of _______________

Isomerase. Ex: Phosphoglucomutase is specifically involved in the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate.

Sensitive Period is _________________

It is also known as the critical period which identifies a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning later in life.

B and Al³⁺ are classic _______________

Lewis Acids. They both have empty orbitals.

______________ design occurs over a period of time.

Longitudinal Design

How do you find the moles of acid in a titration experiment?

Mbase × Vbase = Macid × Vacid = moles acid

_________________ are nearly always the result of the child inheriting mitochondria from ova (the female gamete) rather than from sperm (the male gamete).

Mitochondria Diseases

Dysthymia, Depression, and Anxiety, are all types of _______________

Mood Disorders

Dysthymia is a _________________

More subtle form of depression. This mood disorder may cause feelings of sadness and perhaps pessimism

For a pure compound, the melting point is going to have a _______________ range

Narrow. Ex: 233-235°C

_________________ junction uses ACh, not glutamate.

Neuromuscular Junction

Law of Closure

Objects that are incomplete but grouped together seen as a whole. *Think of a a piece of meat that looks like a triangle and is kosher*.

Viruses are ____________ parasites because _____________

Obligate, it hacks onto things in order to survive.

Which of the following is most likely NOT a symptom of acylcarnitine translocase deficiency? A. Hyperglycemia B. Muscle weakness C. Liver damage D. High ammonia levels in blood

A. If Acylcarnitine Translocase is not working, that means less energy or ATP is being produced. So you would have muscle weakness and liver damage. Cross those off. If there is an abundance of Acylcarnitine not entering the mitochondrial matrix, this causes high ammonia levels. The answer is A, hyperglycemia, because if you block translocase, there will be less glucose in the blood.

What are the acid derivatives that you need to memorize for the MCAT?

Acid halides>Acid chloride > Anhydride > Esters > Amides 1.Acid halides are the most reactive derivatives because halides are very good leaving groups. 2Amides are the most stable derivatives because NR2- is a terrible leaving group. Also, the C-N bond has a partial double bond characteristic. Proteins are made of peptide bonds, and they are very stable. *AHACAEA* A HACA ES AWESOME

______________ amino acids have the ability to become negatively (-) charged.

Acidic

Elemental oxygen and nitrogen are neither ____________________

Acids nor Bases

What are the effects of myelination?

Action Potentials with a myelin sheath also conduct action potentials faster. This is because the capacitance of the membrane is reduced, which decreases the number of ions and time needed to change the membrane potential.

Dimerization usually means ________________

Activated

________________ is directed against particular pathogens to which the body has been previously exposed. These pathogens are "remembered" by specialized cells, leading to a quicker response in the case of a second exposure.

Adaptive Immunity System

X-Ray crystallography is __________________

Allows us to infer the 3D (secondary and tertiary) structure of the protein

_______________ is the inability to speak

Alogia

Peaks around 5-8.5 ppm are indicative of _________________

Amide Hydrogens

A peptide is an ___________ linkage between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another. Amides are stable because they exhibit _________________ between the lone pair on the nitrogen and the double-bond in the carbonyl group.

Amide, Resonance Stabilization

_______________ is the lack of motivation.

Amotivation

_______________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starches to sugars and is produced by the salivary glands and pancreas.

Amylase *Think of Amy's tongue laced with sugar from a pan*

__________________ is the act of relying too much on the first information encountered

Anchoring. Ex: When you are rent shopping for homes, if you saw that the first house was the cheapest out of three homes, you would always go back to that home.

_____________ is the inappropriate development of new blood vessels. This process is an important aspect of the development of cancer.

Angiogenesis

Geometric Isomer

Another form of an isomer. Usually it is cis and trans configurations around a double bond

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Apoptosis is a controlled cell death that uses caspase where Necrosis is a uncontrolled cell death that doesn't use caspase. One thing to note is Cytochrome C is activated by the PRO side of the BCL-2 Family. Cytochrome C helps to shuttle electrons between the 3rd and 4th complex and plays a role in apoptosis. Cytochrome C also activates enzymes in the cytoplasm called Caspases which is a type of protease that breaks down proteins.

Frictional force is equal to the product of the

Appropriate coefficient of friction and the normal force: Ff = μFN

Capacitance is directly proportional to __________ but inversely proportional to the ____________ between the two sides of the capacitor.

Area, Distance

What is the order of most stable to stable for Non-Aromatic, Aromatic, and Anti-Aromatic?

Aromatic > Non-Aromatic > Anti-Aromatic

_________________ is a compound or element that releases hydroxide ions into solution when dissolved in water

Arrhenius Base

________________ carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries from the arteries

Arterioles *Think of your drawing an artistic caterpillar*

Hydrostatic pressure for liquids is linear because __________________

As depth changes, the density of the liquid remains constant.

Dual Coding

Associating Numbers with Mental Images

If the father was neurologically normal, and if DYT2 is a recessive condition, it must be _______________

Autosomal

We have 22 pairs of _________________ and 1 pair of ______________

Autosomes, Sex-Chromosomes

_______________ refers to the overvaluing of information that is readily available. When this term comes up, you think of actual memories that come to mind.

Availability Heuristic.

________________ conflicts, both options are unappealing

Avoidant-Avoidant

________________ is a lack of interest in goal-directed behavior.

Avolition

It was attempted to use dipropyl ether as a solvent and diethyl phthalate as a solute. Dipropyl ether is nonpolar and Diethyl pthalate is polar. What results might be expected, assuming that the diethyl phthalate dissolved as intended? A. Hydrogen bonding between dipropyl ether and diethyl phthalate B. Induced dipole interactions between dipropyl ether and diethyl phthalate C. Dipole-dipole interactions between dipropyl ether and diethyl phthalate D. London dispersion forces between dipropyl ether and diethyl phthalate

B. Diethyl phthalate is a polar molecule and will induce a dipole in neighboring nonpolar molecules. As such, a permanent dipole will exist next to a temporary dipole, and the two will then attract each other due to electrostatic force (the attractive force between positively-charged and negatively-charged atoms). The name for this phenomenon is "induced-dipole" interactions.

Where is Meisnner's Corpuscle located?

Papillary Dermis, right below the epidermis.

Deletion Mutation

Part of a chromosome or DNA sequence is lost

Angiotensin is a __________________

Peptide hormone that leads to vasoconstriction.

What Amino Acid is F?

Phenylalanine

In prokaryotes, the enzymes of the electron transport chain are localized to the cell's __________________

Plasma Membrane

In healthcare _______________ is doing something for the good of your patient

Beneficence

The part of your brain that deals with speaking is __________________

Broca's Area *Think of Emily Brock in the front and Sydney Wickey in the Back*

The primary post-ganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is _________________, and this neurotransmitter is capable of binding to muscarine receptors on target organs. It is involved in _______________ functions.

1. Acetylcholine 2. Muscle

What are the glucogenic amino acids?

1. Alanine 2. Valine 3. Methionine 4. Aspartate 5. Glutamate 6. Asparagine 7. Glutamine 8. Serine 9. Threonine 10. Cysteine 11. Glycine 12. Proline 13. Arginine 14. Histidine

Elastin gives ___________________

1. Connective tissues elasticity; it is not found in the outer layer of skin.

A fixed index of refraction _____________________

1. Doesn't depend on wavelengths

The force of a magnetic field (generated by the wire) on a charge is found with the equation ________________

1. F = qvBsinθ

Sucrose breaks down into ________________

1. Glucose and Fructose

______________ includes facts and concepts. If you have the abbreviations for the twenty standard amino acids memorized, that information is part of your semantic memory.

Semantic Memory

_______________ are those that are in the middle between core and periphery nations. They are not dominant in trade but have a diversified economy.

Semi-periphery Nations Ex: India and Brazil

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects tissue. 1. Areolar: Binds together different tissue 2. Adipose: Does not have fibers and has cushioning 3. Blood: No fibers 4. Fibrous: Strong (Tendons, Ligaments)

One of the body's primary ways of regulating heat is through _________________

Sweating. The evaporation of liquid dissipates body heat, helping to lower the body's temperature and keep it from overheating. Ex: In a dry climate, the low humidity allows water to evaporate more easily, increasing sweating. That increased sweating helps keep the body cool.

Paired samples t-test

Test would be used if the results came from the same participants.

A 109.5º angle exists in _______________ molecules with hybridizations of ______________

Tetrahedral, Sp3

Cognitive behavioral model of depression suggests _____________________

That a person's thoughts and behaviors can cause depression.

A confounding variable is one _____________________

That affects or correlates both the independent and dependent variables in a relationship.

Cultural Relativism is _____________________

That all beliefs are relative to the individual within his or hers own social context. It basically means no one is right or wrong about someone elses culture.

What does 2π =?

That is equal to one full circle. Ex: 5π would be equal to 2 and a half circles

A longer asymptomatic period means ______________

That the disease is more likely to spread and they might not be showing symptoms. This can be very dangerous.

What does the structure of Glycine look like?

The CH2 group is in between the carboxylic acid and the nitrogen

Intergenerational mobility is __________________

The shift in social class from one generation to the next

What occurs in the initiation process of translation?

Translation begins in prokaryotes with the fMet-tRNA entering the P site, causing a conformational change which opens up the A site for the new aminoacyl T-RNA to bind.

Diffusion in psychology refers to a process being ___________________

Transmitted across groups, in this case across SES groups. Ex: Being exposed to and potentially internalizing new learning methods via the school environment would therefore be an example of diffusion.

Light is a _______________ wave.

Transverse. The movement of the medium is going up and the wave is going to the right. *Think of converse shoes in your closet in San Francisco, they were very light on your feet*

Interventional Study

Treatments or protocols intended to affect their measurements, such as experiments.

Inductive Reasoning

Trends to Generalizing *Indianapolis Colts is the best team is based on trends*

If the disorder were ______________ an affected daughter would need to have inherited copies of the mutant X-linked allele from both her mother and her father.

X-Linked Recessive. Males are much more likely to be affected by an X-Linked diseases because they only have one copy of the X chromosome

__________________ which states that people tend to perform their best when they're moderately emotionally stimulated.

Yerkes-Dodson Law *Think of the batters box when the Yankees are playing the dodgers. The players in the box will play their best when they have moderate emotions.*

Exonuclease _______________

an enzyme that degrades the ends of nucleic acids.

How does information travel from the CNS to the periphery?

cerebral cortex → spinal cord → efferent neurons → interneurons → motor neurons → muscle tissue CSEIMM

Retroviruses have ___________ not __________

positive-sense RNA genomes, DNA genomes. Positve-sense RNA means there is reverse transcriptase.

The stress-diathesis model explains ____________________

postulates that some people are born with genetic or biological traits that predispose them to depression. When they are in certain environments, these traits are activated and depression emerges. *Think about you having a genetic condition which you are born with where you are always stressed about a thesis paper, which leads you to depression*

Atrial natriuretic peptide is _________________

released from the atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure. So it decreases blood pressure.

What equation do you use to find the slope of the acceleration?

y2 -y1/x2 -x1

Keq > 1 returns a value of __________

ΔG < 0

Keq < 1 returns a value of _____________

ΔG > 0

Precipitation is _________________. High solubility means that _______________.

1. "Insoluble ionic solid" products of a reaction, formed when certain cations and anions combine in an aqueous solution. *Think of a pre-sip, you have a solid can of coke* 2. Anything is easily dissolving in water

What do you know about angular (azimuthal) quantum numbers?

1. # = l which is the shape of the orbital and angular momentum 2. Meaning = subshell 3. Range = 0 to N-1 (0 = s, 1 = p, 2= d)

What do you know about the Magnetic quantum number?

1. # = ml which is the orientation of an orbital 2. Meaning = specific orbital cloud 3. Range = -l to l

The probability that a carrier parent passes along the mutated allele is _______________. Therefore, the probability that both carrier parents pass along their mutated alleles is _________________

1. .5 2. 1/2 * 1/2 = .25

Out of the 4 bases AGCT, Adenine, has ___________ hydrogen acceptor and donors, Guanine has ___________ hydrogen acceptor and donors, Cytosine has _______________ hydrogen acceptor and donors. Thymine has ____________ hydrogen acceptor and donors

1. 1 Donor and 1 Acceptor 2. 2 Donors and 1 Acceptor 3. 2 Acceptors and 1 donor 4. 1 Donor and 1 Acceptor

How do you write 80db in scientific notation?. If the ratio of dB is 20 to 40, what is the difference in intensity?

1. 1 x 10⁸ 2. 100 because 40 is 2 times larger than 20 and decibels are based on the power of 10. 10² = 100.

A single sports fan is capable of yelling at an intensity level of 80 dB from a given distance. If 10,000 similar fans were all yelling from the same distance, which of the following would be closest to the observed intensity level? A. 84 dB B. 120 dB C.160 dB D.320 dB

1. 10,000 fans have an intensity of 10,000 which is 1 x 10⁴ which is 40 dB. This means the fans have 40 dB more intensity than a single fan so the answer is 80 + 40 = 120 dB

If specific gravity is > 1, ____________ of its volume is submerged, so it will ____________ if placed in water because ___________________

1. 100% 2. Sink 3. That means that the object is heavier than water since water's density if 1g/cm³

The major products of Glycolysis are ______________. All the kinase reactions occur at steps ________________ where. Glycolysis has ________________ inhibition. Products that exert this inhibition do not bind to the active site, instead they bind to the enzyme and cause conformational change. This is called ______________.

1. 2 ATPS, 2 Pyruvate's, 2 NADH's, and 2 H2O's. 2. 1, 3, (ATP to ADP) 7, and 10 (ADP to ATP) 3. Negative Feedback. This is for ATP to make sure there is not too little ATP or too much ATP. 4. Allosteric Regulation

What does right before P represent, P represent, Right after P represent, Q,R,S represent & right after QRS represent in a electrocardiogram?

1. 3. Right before P, this represents the period before the SA node fires. 2. P wave represents atrial contraction and just after the SA Node fires 3. AV node slows down the signal (This allow the blood from the atria to enter the ventricles before their contraction) 4. QRS complex represents ventricular contraction. 4. Right after QRS, this is the period after contraction of the ventricles and before they are repolarized.

Given Mendelian Inheritance patterns, a ___________ ratio means that the original crossed beetles are both heterozygotes

1. 3/1 (25%, 50%, 25% or the ratio 2/3)

There are ______ electron carriers involved in the ETC. They are ___________________. Each carrier in the electron transport chain is only capable of carrying _____________ electrons at a time. Ubiquinone carries ____________ electrons while Cytochrome C carries ____________. Electrons move through the ETC from carriers with ______________ to carriers with ________________.

1. 5 2. NADH-Q reductase, ubiquinone, cytochrome reductase, cytochrome c, and cytochrome oxidase. 3. One or Two 4. 2 Electrons 5. 1 electrons (It only cycles between a ferrous and ferric state during oxidative phosphorylation) 6. Low Reduction Potentials 7. High Reduction Potentials

What are the three processes that make up transcriptional regulation?

1. 5' Cap (The 5' capping replaces the phosphate group at the 5' end with the 5' cap. You can remember this by Five prime = Fosphate 2. Addition of the Poly-A Tail (Adenine are added to the 3' End, remember the 3' end is the hydroxyl group) 3. Splicing (Excising non-coding regions called introns while keeping coding sequences called exons.

mRNA is read in the ________________ by the ______________. ______________ will translate any introns that are not spliced out of the mRNA.

1. 5' to 3' Direction 2. Ribosome 3. Ribosome

What does a mature mRNA consist of?

1. 5'-cap (one base pair), 2. the 5' UTR, 3. coding regions, 4. the 3' UTR, 5. a poly(A) tail

There are ________________ molecules in one ______________

1. 6.02 x 10²³ 2. Mole

Eukaryotes have _______ ribosomes with ___________ units and Prokaryotes have _____________ ribosomes with ______________ units

1. 80s, 60 & 40 2. 70s, 50 & 30

Eukaryotic Flagella are made from a ______________ microtubule configuration. A prokaryotic flagellum is a thin strand of a single protein called ___________________

1. 9 + 2 2. Flagellin

A signal sequence or a signal peptide is __________________

1. A 20 amino acid sequence near the front of the polypeptide is recognized by a protein-RNA. 2. At the beginning of the translated polypeptide may direct the ribosome to attach to the ER, in which case the polypeptide is injected into the ER lumen.

A Plasma Membrane consists of _________________. A plasma soluble protein is __________________.

1. A Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins 2. is one with many hydrophilic domains.

What is a cofactor? They play a critical role in the functioning of ______________

1. A cofactor assists (helper molecule) with catalysis by stabilizing the enzyme. Ex: Mg²⁺ is a cofactor because DNA Polymerase uses it to help stabilize the negatively charged DNA. 2. Proteins. But they are not a protein.

What occurs in the "activation" step of fatty acid oxidation?

1. A fatty acid molecule reacts with CoA which forms an Acyl CoA Molecule (Activated Fatty Acid). Remember that Acyl is a long carbon chain not a methyl (Acetyl). This reaction is coupled with ATP to produce AMP + PP. The PP then reacts with water to form two separate phosphate groups. Acyl Synthetase is an enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. 2. Carnitine basically "bites" into Acyl-Coa and forms Carnitine Acyl Transferase I.

When Pyruvate is converted to Lactate, which reactant/product is receiving electrons? A. NAD⁺ B. L-Lactate C. NADH D. Pyruvate

1. A hydride ion is being added to pyruvate in this reaction. 2. Pyruvate is being reduced in this reaction. 3. Pyruvate is receiving electrons in the forward reaction shown above.

Labeling theory is _______________. This a type of _______________ deviance.

1. A person will once in a while violate a norm, but this violation does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. 2. Primary Ex: Playing hooky from school or work. If people found out it would probably make them upset but it wouldn't affect your reputation long term. *Think of you being labeled a hard worker but out of nowhere you decided to go to New Orleans for a trip. This is a once in a while thing that you rarely do so it would be considered primary deviance.

Authoritarian and Totalitarian governments are characterized by ________________

1. A single political party 2. Control of all aspects of public life 3. Including the economy

________________ is simply an income cutoff; therefore, it is easier to measure than ______________ which requires the researchers to calculate the income distribution for each year of the study.

1. Absolute Poverty. It talks about survival and the minimum you need to survive. 2. Relative Poverty. This excludes you from society and doesn't use survival. *Anytime there are comparisons, relative poverty is useful.

In the After-hyperpolarization or Refractory period, what two parts do they consist of?

1. Absolute Refractory Period. This occurs when the voltage gated sodium channels first close, they are in a special state called the "INACTIVATE STATE". This means a second action potential cannot be generated. 2. Refractory Period. This occurs when the voltage gated sodium channels have become "De-inactivated" and can respond to depolarization. A stimulus could theoretically produce an action potential, but since the cell is hyperpolarized, this stimulus would need to be larger than normal. 3. During Repolarization and hyperpolarization, K⁺ can be inactivated

When you see a graph with velocity on the y axis and time on the x axis, what are you supposed to think of? This will give you the ______________

1. Acceleration ∆V/∆T. Remember if velocity 2. Slope

What are the two main functions of Acetyl-Coa? Remember that Acetyl-CoA doesn't get converted into Oxaloacetate because ______________________

1. Acetyl-Coa enters the Citric Acid cycle which is then oxidized into the CO2 molecules 2. Acetyl-Coa can also be used to produce fatty acid molecules when ATP is too high. 3. It loses its 2 carbons as Carbon Dioxide Molecules

An acid catalyst ___________________. A strong basic catalyst ____________________.

1. Acts by promoting the carbonyl oxygen of the organic acid, making the carbonyl carbon more susceptible to the nucleophilic attack by the alcohol. 2. Deprotonates the alcohol, to form the alkoxide, which is then better able to attack the carbonyl carbon, than the alcohol.

Cultural Transmission __________________. Cultural Lag is ___________________.

1. Addresses how culture is learned. Culture is passed along from generation to generation. Ex: childrearing practice, including when parents expose their children to music. 2. refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this Ex: School Calendars - Most schools still have a 9-month school year which was originally designed to let kids be home working in the fields during the summer when most families were involved in a farming culture.

Where is aldosterone released from? Why does it get released? What happens when there is aldosterone deficiency? Aldosterone is a _________________ hormone.

1. Adrenal Cortex. 2. In response to low blood pressure and low blood volume. 3. Deficiency causes both hyponatremia (low blood Na⁺ concentrations and hyperkalemia (elevated blood K⁺ concentration). This occurs in the distal tubules of the kidneys. 4. Steroid

What are two parts that all reflexes have?

1. Afferent, which is a stimulus that sends a response to the CNS. They have somatosensory neurons which bring back information to the CNS. 2. Efferent, carries information away from the CNS which causes a response. The lower motor neurons control this.

The capacity for retrieving information is usually unaffected by _________________.

1. Aging

There are three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome which are _______________

1. Alarm (represents the initial reaction to the stressor, when the body interprets a threatening situation and begins to respond) 2. Resistance (the body has responded to the stressor but is still on guard if the stressor has only been reduced.) 3. Exhaustion (the stress has been present for a long time and the body has lost its ability to combat stressors and reduce their impact). *ERA*

___________ increases inhibitory GABA activity which prevents _________________, so decreased activity at the GABA receptor in the absence of alcohol would be a logical explanation for _____________________

1. Alcohol 2. Excitation 3. Withdrawal Seizures

How is the production of Acetyl-Coa Regulated

1. Allosteric Regulation of Pyruvate Dehyrdogenase 2. The activators are Coa, NAD⁺, Pyruvate, AMP, Calcium 3. The deactivators are Acetyl-Coa, Fatty Acids, NADH, ATP

Noncompetitive Enzyme will ____________. The competitive inhibitor ________________

1. Allosterically binds enzyme and on an "external site" from active site to "inhibit"/disable enzyme. This has the vmax decreasing and the km staying the same. 2. Bind to the enzyme and enzyme substrate complex

An Open pipe that is unfixed will have _______________. A closed pipe that is fixed will have __________________. If there is a pipe that is fixed and unfixed, _________________

1. An antinode at each end 2. A node at each end 3. There will be an antinode at the unfixed end

Major depressive disorder can be diagnosed once a person has _________________. _____________ is one the major symptoms which is the loss of interest in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.

1. At least one major depressive episode. Major depressive episodes last a minimum of 2 weeks. 2. Anhedonia

________________ theory describes a series of steps infants will progress through as they grow. During the first three months of life, an infant will respond ___________ to any care giver.

1. Attachment Theory 2. Equally

When calculating net charge, focus on the ___________________

1. Basic and Acidic Amino Acids.

A secondary gain is _________________

1. Benefit a client incurs from continuing to present with his issues. Ex: Continuing his relationship with his therapist

Uncompetitive Enzyme is that ______________. A common characteristic of this is it ____________________

1. Both the Km and the Vmax decrease 2. Binds to the enzyme-substrate complex.

Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a ______________ that is secreted by the ________________. It's receptor is ____________________

1. Catecholamine Hormone 2. Secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. It increases the "fight-or-flight response," prepares the body for strenuous activity. 3. GPCR

Batteries provide the energy needed to operate many devices. The _____________ energy is turned into _______________ energy which is then converted to _________________.

1. Chemical 2. Electrical 3. Energy Released or stored by the device

If there are more moles of gas one one side, this will _________________ the pressure. If there are less moles of gas on one side, this will _________________ the pressure

1. Decrease 2. Increase

If NaCl was dissolved in water, the melting point would _______________ and the boiling point would _______________

1. Decrease 2. Increase. The boiling point is elevated because the solute solvent intermolecular reactions, reduces the vapor pressure of the liquid.

Monozygotic means the _______________. Dizygotic means the ________________.

1. Eggs come from the same placenta 2. Eggs come from different placentas.

Dosage compensation is ________________

1. Females have two x chromosomes but only one is expressed and the other is inactivated.

__________________ is the increasing amount of interaction and integration on the international scale through exchange of products, services, ideas, and information. ________________ is an important constituent.

1. Globalization *Think of your globe in your room at Taconic rd in Greenwich. Think of you interacting with the globe as a child*. 2. Immigration.

CRH is released by the _________________. ACTH is released by the ___________________. Cortisol is released by the _________________. It is a ___________________ hormone and one its main functions is to __________________

1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary Gland 3. Adrenal Cortex 4. Steroid hormone, a glucocorticoid 5. Increase blood sugar

Classical Conditioning involves _______________ responses, while the law of effect involves ________________

1. Involuntary responses (Ex: Salivating) 2. Voluntary responses

In equilibrium, there is no _________________ and therefore no __________________. It means there is ______________ velocity.

1. No net torque 2. No net force 3. Net acceleration 4. Constant

What are three factors that affect cell membrane fluidity?

1. Temperature 2. Cholesterol 3. Unsaturated/Saturated Fatty Acids *Acronym TCU* *Think of yourself on the goal post*

What are some of the main functions of testosterone?

1. Testosterone can be converted into a different hormone before going into the nucleus to interact with a different gene (Dihydrotestosterone, excess of this can lead to baldness, and Estrogen ) 2. When you hit puberty, leydig cells start the process of making sperm, they do not produce it. 3. It is responsible for secondary sex characteristics (Armpit hair and pubic hair)

In the Van't Hoff plot, if there is a linear best fit line, what do ∆H and ∆S correspond to?

1. The slope = -∆H/R 2. The intercept = ∆S/R

What do you know about steroid hormones

1. They come from lipids (cholesterol) 2. It's characteristic for its structure (4 ring structure) 3. Its receptor is inside the cell 4. It also affects transcription and translation

What is the structure of RBC's or Erythrocytes? What is located inside of Red Blood Cell?

1. They do not have a nucleus. 2. Iron b/c they have hemoglobin

What do high levels of progesterone and estrogen do? What occurs if progesterone and estrogen levels are low? Low progesterone also leads to __________________ in a female.

1. They inhibit the production of milk. 2. This occurs after birth, which helps stimulate the production of milk for the baby. *Think about milk going through an estuary in Portugal* 3. Menstruation

Ribosomes are the site of _______________. They are located on the __________________. Protein synthesis occurs in the _________________

1. Translation or the site of protein synthesis. 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Cytoplasm

ATPase functions to ________________. During ATP ______________ it forms the products _______________

1. Transport substances across the cell membrane using ATP hydrolysis as a source of energy. It is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane 2. ADP + Pi

If Adenine or Guanine is swapped for either cytosine or thymine, this base substitution is called __________________. This is a swap between a _______________ for a ______________ or a ________________ for a ______________.

1. Transversion 2. Purine 3. Pyrimidine 4. Pyrimidine 5. Purine

_________________ is a complex of three proteins (troponin I, troponin C, and troponin T) required for muscle contraction in ________________ & _____________

1. Troponin 2. Skeletal Muscle and Cardiac Muscle

Enantiomer are a ______________. They have identical ________________. They are also called _______________

1. Type of stereoisomer that has some constituents, same connections, but are are also mirror images of each other. *Picture an ant in the van mirror of your mazda mpv* 2. Boiling Points or physical and chemical properties 3. Optical Isomers since they rotate light in opposite directions

Mirror Neurons are involved in the action of ___________________. During this neurons may ______________.

1. Understanding someone and observation 2. Fire. This can cause an action potential.

An Ionic solid is formed between __________________. When Ion solids are dissolved _________________

1. Undissolved ions. 2. They are free to roam around

Remember that any dissociation reaction that has a negative charge will be __________________

1. Unstable or least likely to dissociate.

In the periodic table, all of the "E's" are _________________ and the atomic radius is ________________. Bond length increases with ________________

1. Up and to the right (This means that as you you go up or to the right, the ionization Energy, Electronegativity, and Electron affinity increase) 2. Down and to the left 3. Atomic Radius

How can you go from a carboxylic acid to an amide?

1. Use PCl5 2. Use an amine

p-Nitrophenol has a pKa of 7.16. Which of the following most accurately approximates the ratio of the conjugate base to p-nitrophenol in the pH 11 stop solution? A. 10,000: 1 B. 100: 1 C. 1: 100 D. 1: 10,000

1. Use the Henderson Hasselbach Equation pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]. 2. 11 = 7 + log [A-/HA] 3. According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, then, log ([conjugate base]/[acid]) is about 4. This corresponds to a conjugate base-to-acid ratio of approximately 104, or 10,000, to 1.

If a signal is transmitted along a segment of nerve axon measuring 5 x 10-4 m, how much time is required for the signal to reach the end of the segment, assuming maximal transmission velocity? Note: Nerve transmission speeds for action potentials are typically quite high, reaching up to 200 m/s. A. 2.5 x 10-6 ms B. 2.5 x 10-3 ms C. 1 x 10-1 ms D. 1 x 10-1 s

1. V = ∆X/∆T 2. 5 x 10⁻⁴ M/2 x 10² M/S 3. 2.5 x 10⁻⁶ s 4. 2.5 x 10⁻³ ms = B

________________ asks a person to perceive two different stimuli and then determine whether or not they are the same or different. Perceiving differences between two stimuli is also known as __________________

1. Weber's Law or Just Noticeable Difference Ex: You are asked to hold a 2lb weight and a 2.05 lb weight versus holding a 2lb weight and 2.21 lb weight. You would notice the the second option more. 2. Discrimination

In sociology, prescriptive refers to _________________ and descriptive refers to _____________

1. What an individual believes should occur 2. Refers to what one perceives is actually occurring *Think of prescribing as aiming to improve* *Think of descriptive as describing the current state*

Spreading Activation suggests that _________________

1. When a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it.

Coordinate Covalent Bond is __________________. Non-Coordinate Covalent bond is __________________.

1. When a single atom donates both electrons between a metal cation and a electron pair donor. Negatively charged amino acids can fulfill this function. Ex: It is usually formed by the bonding of a ligand, acting as a Lewis base, to a metal ion, forming a complex. 2. When each atom donates one electron.

The "Lock and Key model explains _________________. The induced theory explains _________________.

1. enzymes can react with specific substrates. Like and key and a lock, they are specific to each other. 2. enzymes can react with any substrate

hnRNA is ____________________. A non coding strand is _______________. A coding strand is ________________

1. heterogeneous RNA, which is a precursor to mRNA. mRNA is the only coding RNA because it gets translated into a protein. 2. is called template strand which does not code for mRNA 3. Codes for mRNA which is further used for transcription and translation.

The Cytoplasmic Domain contains ___________________. It is located near the _________________ which is not a good area for _________________

1. hydrophilic amino acid residues 2. Transmembrane Region 3. Binding

Deviance is a situation ________________. Primary Deviance is _________________. Secondary Deviance is _________________.

1. in which an individual's behavior violates social norms and induces a negative reaction. 2. deviance from a norm that is considered "acceptable" by society and does not result in any aggressive reactions that could cause ostracism. 3. is not considered acceptable and often results in the individual being excluded from a group.

Mistranslation of codons can cause _______________ which can cause _____________

1. incorporation of incorrect amino acids 2. mis-folding in proteins

Affinity Chromatography is _________________. Affinity chromatography usually has ______________ tagging and a _____________ column. It separates proteins based on their interactions with __________________

1. migration of different enzymes would depend upon their respective affinities for the solid phase. 2. Histidine (He tags) 3. Nickel 4. Specific Ligands

snoRNA is ________________

1. or small nucleolar RNA, are a subset of snRNA and play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and the modifications of rRNA and tRNAs.

What would be the approximate ratio of lactate to lactic acid in the final Lactated Ringer's solution after the initial preparation by Student A? The pH is 6.6 and the Kb is 2.5 x 10⁻¹¹.

1. pH = pka + log [H⁻/HA] 2. You are looking for the ratio of the conjugate base to the conjugate acid so focus on [H⁻/HA] 3. The equation for [H⁻/HA] is 10 (^ph-^pka) 4. You have pH which is 6.6 but you don't have pka, but you can get to pka from Kb 5. 1 x 10⁻¹⁴ = ka * kb 6. 1 x 10⁻¹⁴/2.5 x 10⁻¹¹ = 4 x 10⁻⁴ = ka 7. To get from Ka to pka, you use E-1. 10-C 8. 4-1.10-4 = 3.6 = pka 9. 10 (^6.6-3.6) = 10³ = 1000:1

Whether a reaction is endo- or exothermic is determined by _______________ and not ______________. Whether the entropy of reaction increases or decreases is determined by _____________ and not _______________

1. ∆H 2. ∆G 3. ∆S 4. ∆G

The deprotonation of the pyrroles at physiological pH will result in the ring carrying a ________________. To balance it out the central ion should carry a ________________.

1.-2 charge 2. +2 charge

_____________ forms a Phosphodiester bond between two DNA nucleotides. It is also an enzyme that repairs single-stranded breaks in double stranded DNA molecules. This occurs on the ___________ strand.

1.DNA Ligase *Think of 35 ligers* 2. Lagging

Cytochrome C Oxidase is an ________________. Each molecule of water needs ______________ What happens if you inhibit Cytochrome C?

1.Enzyme responsible for electron transfer in the electron transport chain in complex IV. (ETC). 2. 2 electrons 3. Inhibiting it would slow or stop the ETC. As a result, ATP production would be dramatically reduced, as the ETC is responsible for the majority of ATP production.

________________ reactions lead to squalene and squalene is a precursor to ______________

1.Pyrophosphate, 2. Cholesterol

How does G-protein activation use high energy bonds?

1.When a ligand activates a G protein coupled receptor, 2.It induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 3.The alpha subunit exchanges GTP in place of GDP. 4. The G-protein then dissociates from alpha and alpha regulates other proteins (ex of protein can be adenylate cyclase) in the signal transduction pathway. 5. Once alpha subunit activates a target protein, the target protein then relays a signal via a second messenger. 6. GTP is then hydrolyzed to GDP which means GTP loses a phosphate and the ligand will leave. *LCGASG* Luke Can Get Accepted Schools Graciously

What volume of a .0120 M CaI₂ solution would contain .078 mol solute? A. 35.0 mL B. 65.0 mL C. 350 mL D. 650 mL

1.You have Mol/L and Mol and you are trying to get to mL. You Have to Divide Mol/Mol/L so you are left with L. Then you have to convert Liters into mL. 2. .078 Mol/.0120 M/L = .8L 3. .8L = 800ml which is closest to D.

What equation do you use to find the resistance in a parallel circuit?

1/Rtot = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 Then you take the inverse of that number

In the Henderson Hasselbach equation, Solving for [A-] / [HA] gives [A-] / [HA] =

10(^pH - ^pKa)

A terahertz (T) is equal to how many hertz?

10⁻¹² Hz

What frequency range does an C-O bond have?

1200-1400 cm-1

Starting from a 200-gram sample of iodine-131, how long will it take for it to decay to 50 grams if the half-life was 8 days?

16 days 1. 200 - 100 - 50 (These are two steps) and you multiply it by 8. t = n * T½

What frequency range does a C=O bond have?

1700-1800 cm-1.

In order for an enzyme obeying the Michaelis-Menten model to reach 1/2 of its maximum velocity: [S] must be equal to:

1KM

Which order does radioactive decay relate to the most?

1st order.

The alpha, beta, and gamma carbons are carbons __________, ___________, & ____________ respectively

2, 3, & 4

What age will be in the pre-operational stage of Piaget's development theory?

2-7 (Symbolic thinking)

The oxygen double-bonded to the carbon in glycine is not a true double bond at physiological pH due to resonance with the other oxygen atom. Therefore, it does not have a bond order of _______________

2.0

If you have 10 log 10² = dB, what does dB equal?

20 Log asks what should I raise 10 to get 100. The answer would be 2 but you multiply that by the other 10.*Think of you raising 10 logs at camp chikopi when you went camping*

What frequency range does an alkyne carbon have?

2100-2260 cm-1

The reduction potential of the half reaction that occurs at a standard hydrogen electrode is:

2H⁺ + 2e⁻ > H₂ E = 0.00 V

C-H stretching frequency is expected to fall in the range of _________________

3000 cm-1. Anything with an H group usually falls in this area.

O-H stretching frequency is expected to fall in the range of ________________

3200-3500 cm-1

What is the electron configuration of the Co(II) center found in Vitamin B12?

3d⁷ Remember that there is a +2 charge so you have to take away the electrons from the 4d section first.

In a complete combustion reaction, let's say C-H = 413 Kj/mol, O=O = 495 Kj/mol, C=O = 805 Kj/mol, and O-H= 467 Kj/mol what would be the complete enthalpy?

4 C-H = (413)(4) + 2 O=O = (495) (2) - 2 C=O = (805)(2) + 4 O-H = (467) (4) = -836 Kj/Mol

For a carbon to be a stereocenter, it must be bonded to _____________ different substituents

4. If there are cyclic groups, make sure to continue to go around to see if the substituents are the same.

____________________ focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.

A Phenomenological research

What is a Vitamin?

A Vitamin is an organic cofactor & coenzyme so it is different from a mineral. It also helps enzymes drive chemical reactions forward in biological systems. Ex: B3 is Niacin which is a precursor for NAD. Ex: B5 is a precursor for CoA

Describe what a Buffer Solution is?

A buffer solution is resistant to changes in pH. If you have a weak acid and a conjugate base and you add more weak acid, the protons will react with the conjugate base which will decrease the concentration of the conjugate base and will also remove the protons. If you have a weak acid and a conjugate base and add a strong base to the solution, the strong base will react with the protons of the weak acid which will make the solution resistant to changes in the pH.

____________________ are agents (urea is one example) are capable of denaturing proteins by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that stabilize their configurations.

A chaotropic agent

Tertiary Deviance is _________________

A consequence of a secondary deviance. When a person is labeled as a deviant by society for a long time, he tries to normalize or rationalize his behavior by relabeling it non-deviant. *They basically reject that they are a deviant*

Social anomie is ___________________

A feeling of disconnection from moral boundaries in society. Thus, individuals feeling this way could perceive greater crime rates than what is actually occurring due to the fact that they do not feel that society reflects values that they hold important.

In Drosophila, the white gene for eye color is a recessive mutation on chromosome X. Affected Drosophila exhibit white eyes, while wild-type Drosophila have red eyes. If a white-eyed female Drosophila is crossed with a wild-type male Drosophila, what percent of their female offspring will have white eyes? A. 0 B. 2 C. 50 D. 100

A is correct. If a wild-type allele for white eye is designated as 'X' and the mutated allele as 'x', the white-eye female is xx. The wild-type male is XY. A female offspring will receive a healthy X chromosome from the father and a mutated one from the mother. However, because the trait is recessive and a female has two X chromosomes, none of the female offspring will be white-eyed. Notice that for male offspring, they will all be white-eyed, because they receive the mutated X from mother and a Y from father. Since the males have only one copy of the X chromosome, the trait will be expressed and all males will be white-eyed.

What is the difference between a mature cell and a stem cell?

A mature cell is specialized where as a stem cell is unspecialized that gives rise to mature cells.

Spacing Effect is ________________

A phenomenon where learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to study the same amount of content in a single session.

What is a reflex?

A reflex is a response to a stimulus that doesn't require consciousness Ex: Patellar Tendon Reflex

Life course approach is ________________

A sequence of socially defined events and roles that the individual enacts over time. In particular, the approach focuses on the connection between individuals and the historical and socioeconomic context in which these individuals lived. It is a holistic approach.

Upward Vertical Mobility is __________________

A shift up in social class. Ex: Going from being a labor worker to a doctor.

Horizontal mobility is ____________________

A shift within the same class. Going from being an psychiatrist to a primary care physician

Valproic acid dissociates in water to form its conjugate ion, valproate. Valproate is expected to associate most strongly with a protein rich in which of the following residues? A. K B. D C. E D. S

A. Valproate is going to be negatively charged so it is going to want to associate with a positively charged ion which is K or Lysine.

What does a homozygous pair look like and what does a heterozygous pair look like?

AB = Homozygous Ab = Heterozygous

_______________ is secreted by the pituitary gland. It does not affect the glomerulus, but it does affect aquaporins in the collecting duct.

ADH. *Remember that you are always digging holes in the collecting duct*

Mania describes an ________________

Abnormally elevated state of arousal, with abnormally euphoric or irritable "mood". *Think of Manic and mood*

A prion is a ________________

Abnormally folded protein that induces a normally version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure, which is often deleterious.

________________ is better known for his involvement with the humanistic perspective of personality, where he formed the hierarchy of needs to describe the physiological and psychological needs humans require to be fulfilled.

Abraham Maslow *SELSP*

How does Ca²⁺ reuptake in the ER or Sarcoplasmic Reticulum use high energy?

Active transport of Ca²⁺ against its concentration gradient by Ca²⁺ -ATPase into the the ER requires the hydrolysis of ATP to power the translocation

Delirium Tremens

Acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

________________ is the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

Affect Heuristic. It has to do with how you feel about it.

Addition of aluminium hydride to sphingosine would most likely result in which of the following products? A. (2S,3R)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-3-ol B. (2S)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1-ol C. (3R)-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol D. (2S,3R)-2-aminooctadecan-1,3-diol

Aluminium hydride is a powerful hydrogen donor that is commonly used as a reducing agent. The most highly oxidized area of sphingosine is the alkene bond, since all of the electronegative atoms (O and N) have their electron affinity partially offset by sigma bonds to other elements. Choice D correctly recognizes that hydrogen donation by aluminium hydride would result in the loss of the alkene bond, making it the best choice for this question.

When you come across a flaw question, look for _________________

An equation. And relate the questions to the equation.

_________________ structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function.

Analogous Ex: The wing of a bee and the wing of a bird *Think of the soccer field which is to the left of the Santa Barbara zoo. You will see bees and birds flying around that area and they have the same function.

_______________ is a symptom of depression and means "inability to feel pleasure." that you once enjoyed

Anhedonia

_______________ is involved in regulating autonomic processes in the body.

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus

______________ is a hormone that increases water reabsorption through aquaporin or water channels.

Anti-Diuretic Hormone.

________________ is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Findings have shown a much higher incidence of ________________ among those at or near the top of corporate hierarchies. Those with the disorder tend to display a disregard for the feelings or rights of others, an impoverished moral sense, and aggressive behavior.

Antisocial personality disorder

________________ carries oxygenated blood to the arteries from the heart

Aorta *Think of the first two letters in aorta it is a and o. You can think of oxygen and arteries*

________________ conflict is observed when "one" option has both positive and negative aspects

Approach-Avoidant

Embryonic stem cells ___________________

Are pluripotent stem cells that arise during an early stage in embryonic development and are capable of producing cells of all three germ layers.

Integrins

Are transmembrane receptors that modulate cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Specifically, these proteins often attach the cell to collagen and fibronectin fibers.

_________________ is the lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity.

Asociality

A bacterium has a faulty lac operon in which there is a structural defect in the operator. In this bacterium: A. There is a mutation in a segment of DNA that binds a promoter. B. A mis-sense mutation is found in the gene that codes for the repressor. C. There is a structural problem with a segment of DNA that binds a repressor. D. There will be no proteins available capable of digesting lactose.

B. A lac operon is when the operator which is the segment of DNA that binds to the repressor

How many distinct codons code for amino acids? A. 64 B. 61 C. 31 D. 21

B. There are 4 possible RNA bases or nucleotides, A G C U. Each codon is 3 bases in sequence. Thus, there are (4 x 4 x 4 or 4³ =64) possibilities of them in groups of 3. However, there are 3 stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA that do not code for amino acids.

What does the Kinesthetic System focus on?

Balance and an individual's sense of his body in the world.

_______________ are receptors that measure pressure

Baroreceptors *Think of the barre studio in Eugene. How much pressure is on the barre when people are doing exercises on it.

Only ______________ amino acids have the potential to become positively (+) charged

Basic

SRY Gene

Basically responsible for the initiation of male sex determination in humans.

______________ is related to external stimuli experienced by the person.

Behaviorist Perspective Ex: Classical Conditioning

Cross-Sectional Study

Being surveyed at one time point

Form of groupthink _______________, describes the customers as being aggressive or violent and states that they feel like they are in the right given the circumstances, even though that kind of behavior would usually be unacceptable.

Belief in inherent morality

Out-group Homogeneity is __________________

Believing that all members of an in-group are unique, while all members of an out-group are the same as each other.

_______________ disorder occurs when a subject perceives a defect in the appearance of part of his or her body, and becomes excessively preoccupied with this defect.

Body Dysmorphic *Think of someone always dissing your body so you are always looking in the mirror to make sure that you always look lean*

Lyase

Break molecules into two smaller molecules without using water or redox reactions *Think of you breaking a vase that doesn't have any water in it*

Hypoventilation

Breathing out too little CO2 which means you have increasing CO2 in your body. To fix this, you breathe out more faster to let out more CO2.

Hyperventilation

Breathing out too much CO2 which means you have decreasing CO2. To fix this, you breathe into a paper bag so you can breathe back in most of the CO2 you exhaled

Mixed methods study is _________________

Bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods together.

______________ asserts that as there are more people present in a situation, the likelihood of someone helping goes down rather than up.

Bystander Effect. Ex: Someone is more likely to be helped if there are barely any people around

What is the formula for capacitance?

C = Q/V 1. Q = Coulombs 2. V = Volts 3. The units for capacitance is farads so Coulombs/Volts = Farads 4. The only thing that can change capacitance are the physical characteristics like making the metal bigger or increasing the distance apart.

In the U.S. population, the frequency of the allele for colorblindness, Xc, is 8%. Which of the following is the frequency of colorblind women and colorblind men in the population, respectively? A.8%, 0.64% B.0.64%, 4% C.0.64%, 8% D.64%, 8%

C is correct. For a woman to be colorblind, she must get two copies of the Xc gene. Since the frequency of this gene is 0.08, the odds of being homozygous for the gene are 0.0064, or 0.64%. Males only need a single copy of the Xc gene to be colorblind (since their other gene is Y), making the odds of a male being colorblind 8%.

Let's say only one primer was added to the mixture. What was the most likely outcome during this trial? A.Both of the DNA strands were linearly amplified. B. Only one strand of the DNA was exponentially amplified. C. Only one strand of the DNA was linearly amplified. D. PCR amplification was unable to proceed.

C. Since only one primer is used, each time a strand is replicated, only one strand will have a primer instead of two. If there were two primers, then PCR would be amplified exponentially. However, since each strand only produces one primer, one stand is produced linearly

A human ribosome is 80s. During sedimentation analysis, which of the following best explains why the 60s and 40s subunits together do not result in a 100S ribosome? A. The volume of the ribosome is smaller than sum of the volcanoes of each subunit B. The buoyant force on the ribosome is smaller than the sum of the buoyant forces on each subunit C. The drag force on the ribosome is smaller than the sum of the drag forces on each subunit D. The gravitation force on the ribosome is greater than the sum of the gravitational forces on each subunit.

C. The question asks us to determine why the "sedimentation rate" for the two subunits is not additive. The volumes are additive which means that the buoyant force on subunits is additive. The masses are additive so the gravitational force is additive is well. This means the only remaining force must not be additive. This is the drag force. The drag force has the most to do with the shape of the falling particle, which will change when the subunits come together.

A couple trying to conceive without using IVF methods would most likely have their highest chance of pregnancy: A. early in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. B. after the onset of menses. C. during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. D. midway through the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

C. This is the only option in which the egg would be even be accessible to the sperm.

Which of the following molecules would be expected to have the lowest tissue concentrations in active skeletal muscle deprived of O2? A. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate B. Lactate C. Citrate D. Pyruvate

C. Under anaerobic conditions (in the absence of oxygen), pyruvate undergoes fermentation to lactate in the cytoplasm instead of being transported to the mitochondria for conversion to acetyl-CoA. Thus, acetyl-CoA will not be present to enter the Krebs cycle and will not be converted to citrate.

______________ represents both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype

CO-DOMINANCE. Ex: RB (Red and Blue), both Red and Blue show up

More cortisol secretion means that it would inhibit both ___________________ & ________________

CRH and ACTH. This is because of the negative feedback loop.

Cadherin

Cadherins are transmembrane proteins which play a primary role in cell-to-cell adhesion (remember that C stands for cell-to-cell)

How does calcitonin play out in calcium homeostasis?

Calcitonin will TONE down calcium and phosphate activity in the blood, which means it decreases osteoclast activity and increase osteoblast activity. Since it decreases osteoclast activity, it will decrease Ca²⁺ absorption in the intestines and renal areas.

The _____________ theory is when both the physiological response and emotion occur at the same time.

Cannon-Bard Theory

_________________ work was primarily focused on humanism, not evolutionary psychology.

Carl Rogers

Gases have densities that __________ according to the forces applied to them

Change

Silent Mutation

Changed one of the bases but it does not change the amino acid because more than one codon can code.

Anti-neutrino carries no ___________

Charge. All three neutrinos carry no charge

_________________ is when prokaryotes use their flagellin through this to get to nutrients or to avoid toxins.

Chemotaxis

__________________ stops the acetylcholinesterase from eating up all of the acetylcholine.

Cholinesterase Inhibitor. Ex: This can help neurons communicate more and help with Alzheimers Disease.

According to ______________, individuals have an innate language acquisition device.

Chomsky's Language Acquisition Theory

Androgyny

Combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Case-Control Study

Compare information about individuals with a disease or people without a disease. *Think of the river where Roxanne said Case in Point. We were comparing the size of the tubes*

_______________ represents only 1 allele in the genotype is seen in the genotype

Complete Dominance. Ex: RB (Red and Blue), only Red shows up

_______________ does not evoke a response, but through association with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus: Ex: say that the participants heard a bell each time they received an injection. If, over time, the bell alone started to promote a physiological reaction, then the bell would be a conditioned stimulus.

______________ refers to a change in a person's attitudes or behavior in response to pressure from others in a group.

Conformity

________________ impacts both the independent and dependent variable in a study, often in a way that should be minimized in a research design.

Confounding Variable

Collagen is a primary component in ___________________

Connective tissue, such as that found in the tendons, cartilage, and blood vessels (mainly arteries but not capillaries).

Positive control

Control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect. Ex: Known inhibitor

_____________ in Kohlberg's Stages, individual does what is expected of them by others such as social rules and law

Conventional

Caspase

Cytochrome C activates this enzymes when it moves from the inner membrane to the cytoplasm. Caspase is a type of protease that breaks down proteins.

mRNA degrades rapidly in the ________________

Cytoplasm

_________________ cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells, by binding to a specific antigen associated with MHC Class 1 Molecules present on the surface of all nucleated cells.

Cytotoxic T Cells or CD8+ T cells

Which of the following pairs of solvents would form two separate layers when mixed together in a shaker flask and then allowed to settle? A. Formic acid and ether B. Acetone and toluene C. Methanol and water D. Water and octane

D is correct. Like dissolves like. In all of the choices, the solvents are miscible except for choice D. Water is highly polar, while octane is nonpolar and immiscible in water. Thus, these two solvent pairs won't mix together and will form two layers. A: There are two electron lone pairs on the oxygen of ether. Consequently, ether will be able to hydrogen bond with formic acid. B: Acetone has both polar and nonpolar characteristics. Therefore, toluene, which is less polar than acetone, mixes with acetone. C: Methanol and water are both highly polar and will be miscible. They also share the ability to dissolve via hydrogen bonding.

Which of the following segments of amino acids would be most likely to be found in the membrane-spanning domain of the sodium channel in a nerve axon? A. DDR B. EVE C. LAD D. LIV

D is correct. The inside of the membrane is hydrophobic, so the membrane-spanning domain of a protein will likely consist of more hydrophobic amino acid residues. Only choice D consists of three amino acids all of which have hydrophobic side chains: leucine, isoleucine, and valine all have hydrocarbon R groups as side chains.

Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause acetic acid to completely dissociate in aqueous solution? A. Higher temperatures, which increase the pKa of the acid B. Enzymes that catalyze the forward reaction C. Continuous addition of acetic acid to the solution D. Continuous removal of protons from the solution

D. In acid dissociation reactions, aqueous H+ is a product. Le Châtelier's principle states that removing one or more products will cause equilibrium to shift toward the product side of the reaction. In other words, if protons are continually removed from the solution, acetic acid will continue to dissociate.

Alpha Decay

Decay of two neutrons and two protons (Its a helium nucleus) (Also the mass and protons change). This has a +2 charge.

According to pka + pkb =14, if the pka increases, this means the pkb ________________, which means that you have a _________________

Decreases, Strong Conjugate Base

_______________ are oxidoreductases, or enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions.

Dehydrogenase Enzymes *Think of an ox swimming in the willamette river and a duck is on its back*

_____________ is the loss of personal awareness and sense of responsibility when in a group.

Deindividuation Ex: Mobs *Think of de-individual. You are not acting like you as a person and lose yourself* Think of the main stage at country fair and you see Dean Pritchard*

If the pH > pka it is in its __________________

Deprotonated Form (This is also saying that the pH will increase)

Hybridization

Describes a process of binding through complementary nucleotides. *Think of attaching a your snowboard bindings to Eric's Hybrid*

Egocentrism is ________________

Describes the inability to see any other perspective other than one's own. It is tied to one of Piaget's stages (pre-operational) of childhood development.

Social Control is ____________________

Describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

Having an authoritarian parenting style may lead to healthier results for children in ______________. Particularly in unsafe environments.

Different Cultural Norms

In the doppler effect, the velocity of the fluid must be _________________ from the sound of the velocity

Different, otherwise it doesn't work

Following puberty, the testes begin producing large amounts of testosterone. After production, the testosterone:

Diffuses into the circulatory system and is transported around the body while bound to a plasma protein.

FSH _________________

Directly stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In females, it does so by stimulating the recruitment and growth of the immature ovarian follicle. In males, FSH stimulates primary spermatocytes to proceed through meiosis

The professors are demonstrating a change in their behavior - speaking and questions - based on race and gender. Such changes are

Discrimination *Think of the prison in San Francisco, If criminals want to get out of there, they have to behave*

A ________________ condition displays its associated phenotype with only a single affected allele.

Dominant

What is the exception to the two-hit hypothesis?

Dominant Negative: Mutated p53 protein can prevent the protein product of the normal allele from functioning.

What is the formula for electric field?

E = V/D

The Total Pressure should be the partial pressures of ____________________

Each of the gas components

______________ & _____________ are the two types of sensory memory.

Echoic Memory (3-4 seconds and is information for what you hear) & Iconic Memory (Less than .5 seconds and is information for what you see)

Organized, realistic part of the self that mediates between base desires and moral impulses. This is known as __________________

Ego

Reduction is the gain of an _____________. While we often use the movement of H atoms to spot REDOX reactions, they are defined by the transfer of _______________.

Electron, Electrons

Explain how the Electron transport chain works.

Electrons from NADH₂ and FADH₂ oxidize NADH and then reduce O₂ and release energy. This energy is is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space in the mitochondria. The protons want to get back into the matrix and as they go back in, they drive ATP synthase which produces ATP. You have 10 NADH's and 2 FADH₂ and normally NADH produces 3 ATP's while FADH₂ produces 2 ATPs. This forms 30 ATP from NADH and 4 ATP from FADH₂, plus you have 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Kreb's cycle, which gives you a total of 38 ATP.

the drivers of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reliant on changes in ______________ through breaking and forming high-energy bonds

Enthalpy

What is the equation for Newton's Third Law?

FA on B = - FB on A

Deductive Reasoning

Facts to Facts *Deduct from your taxes is based on facts*

_____________ are intense, short-lived periods of enthusiasm or excitement - usually for a product or a fashion style

Fads

What formula do you use for kinetic friction?

Fnet = Ma = Fapplied- Kinetic Friction

Case Study is _________________

Focus on a small, narrow group of people, with a great deal of description of context and individual detail of subjects.

Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone responsible ______________

For lowering blood calcium concentrations.

Macrophages

Found in the blood are derived from monocytes that originate in the bone marrow, while macrophages in the tissues may also be derived from the embryonic yolk-sac.

_______________ contends that development is motivated by innate drives.

Freud's Drive Theory. This about life and death drives also known as Eros (Life) and Thanatos (Death)

_________________ is involved in reward behavior, inhibition, planning, motivation, and attention

Frontal Lobe

______________ is a a severe emotional disorder characterized by personality derangement and loss of ability to function in reality, but without evidence that the disorder is related to the physical processes of the brain.

Functional Psychosis

______________ refers to the phase in the life cycle of the eukaryotic cell where it has exited the cell cycle.

G0 Phase. This also the phase where the cells are arrested. For example, once they are terminally differentiated, neurons remain in G0 for the rest of their lives.

_____________ are compressible while _________ & ____________ are not

Gases, Solids, and Liquids

What produces Acetyl-Coa?

Glycolysis produces Pyruvate. Pyruvate travels from the cytosol into the mitochondria which is converted to Acetyl-Coa (four carbon compound) by the enzyme Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. Dehydrogenase means "oxidized" so Pyruvate is being oxidized to Acetyl-Coa. During this process, CO2 is cleaved from pyruvate to form acetyl CoA and NAD⁺ is being reduced to NADH.

What type of bond links monosaccharides together in an oliggosaccharide?

Glycoside. This is a type of acetal linkage from a Hemiacetal

_________________ is known in connection to the trait perspective of personality. He argued that three key types of traits contribute to personality: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.

Gordon Allport

________________ suggests that when people who agree with each other get together to discuss an issue, the group tends to push the views of each member to be more extreme.

Group Polarization. Ex: A group of conservative voters discussing the candidates would likely push them to favor the most conservative candidate.

Permissive parenting involves _______________

Having Lax Limits

Frontal but mainly "temporal" lobes are where _______________

Hearing and smell occur

Second Law of Thermodynamics states that _________________

Heat will never been seen to flow spontaneously from a colder object to a hotter object. This is because disorder never decreases due to the entropy.

Randomizing the order of a study ____________

Help to reduce any confounding effects that a previously performed task might have on later results and make the group analysis results stronger.

Salt Bridge

Helps ionize a solution

_________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sugars.

Hexokinase

____________ sexual dimorphism signals intense competition for mates

High

Fats containing saturated fatty acids tend to be _______________ melting and solids at room temperature. Fats containing unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ____________ melting and liquids at room temperature.

Higher, Lower

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a _________________

Hormone released by the hypothalamus in order to regulate the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

β-galactosidase catalyzes the cleavage of lactose using H2O as a nucleophile. This is a classic ________________ reaction

Hydrolysis

Amphipathic is both ______________________

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic. Remember that these structures look like soaps. *Think of the path of soap on your body, it always goes down. A soap has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures*

Peripheral vasodilation is in response to _________________

Hyperthermia (Temp is above normal)

_________________ is characterized by a person worrying that he or she has a serious illness.

Hypochondriasis *Think of the girl that works with Nonda who always thinks that something is wrong with her*

The body's primary "thirst center" in the brain is the ________________, a deep structure that also regulates body temperature, sleep, and appetite. It also coordinates many hormones which are involved in mood regulation

Hypothalamus (Homeostasis)

In Mead's theory of the nature of the self, people are divided into the "______________" and the "__________."

I and Me. 1. "I" is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the "me." or the individual identity stepping in 2. "me" is the collection of attitudes taken from society or "societies view" *Good way to remember this is mead is part of society and I is yourself".

C=O bonds are detected by _______________

IR spectroscopy

What acronym can you use to find nine equations for circuits in Electrophysics?

IRV is a VIP because his CV is top Quality 1. V= IR 2. R= V/I 3. I = V/R 4. P= IV 5. I = P/V 6. V = P/I 7. Q = CV 8. C = Q/V 9. V = Q/C *Remember that R is resistance per unit length*

Natural immunity

Immunity that is present in the individual at birth, prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen, and that includes intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement.

__________________ is an effort by an individual to influence the perception of their image by others in order to either reflect the individual's self-image, or in an effort to match an individual's self-presentation with the individual's expectation of how others wish to perceive them.

Impression Management Ex: If a user of a social media website selects particular photos to post in an effort to present himself to the viewers of those photos in a specific fashion, he is practicing.

_________________ period is when children are sensitive for learning certain things. If this period passes and the child did not learn what he was supposed to learn, he may be unable to learn this item at a later time.

Imprinting Period. Ex: Think of the ducks making imprints in the mud at the wetlands in Delray Beach*

Protic Solvents

In SN1 reactions, the leaving group will be stable if there are protons floating around. Protons floating around means that the solvent is protic. Ex: H20, Methanol

Aprotic Solvents

In SN2 reactions, you can't have protons floating around because otherwise the nucleophile will attack it. This is why you use aprotic solvents Ex: Diethyl Ether, Acetone, or DMSO. There are no hydrogens floating around. * Ill have two apricots*

________________ describes the number of new cases of a disease during a specific time interval.

Incidence *Think of the back steps at Cos Cob school, there were always new incidents there*

_____________ represents a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance Ex: RB (Red and Blue) the color purple shows up Ex: Wings and No wings but shortened wings shows up

____________________ is the proportion of individuals with the mutation who exhibit clinical symptoms of the associated disease. It is also the proportion of individuals carrying a particular allele that also expresses an associated phenotype.

Incomplete Penetrance. *Think of penetration, some sperm will lead to a female being pregnant, where as some sperm will not lead to that*

The two main principles behind Bernoulli's Equation is _________________

Incompressibility and non-viscosity of the fluid

In the lysogenic phase, a virus ___________________

Incorporates into the bacteria and allows the bacteria to grow and reproduce.

__________________ stem cells turn a few specific genes into already specialized somatic cells, like muscle cells. They forget what types of cells they are and revert back and are reprogrammed into a pluripotent cell

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Ex: Regenerative Medicine is a medicine where you repair using your own stem cells.

Simply introducing the new gene to a small number of cells will be _____________, as the remaining cancerous cells will repopulate the tumor and continue to grow uncontrollably.

Ineffective

_______________ refers to a situation where a medical student would conform by turning to others in their group for information about what is correct.

Informational Social Influence. Ex: Think of the wards at OHSU with Renee and the two residents. You turned to them about PCR because you though they had the correct information.

_____________ occurs when an individual conforms his or her behavior to match that of the rest of a group out of the belief that the group is better informed and knows more than the individual.

Informative Pressure Ex: Conform to a third year med students answer because you think they know more than you

When a cation and an anion compete for an active site using competitive inhibition, this can ___________________ a reaction.

Inhibit. Ex: Heavy metal ions can inhibit a reaction.

The Brain develops from the _____________ outwards

Inside

________________ is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise.

Intellectualization Ex: I find out that I have dyslexia and instead of dealing with my emotions I start looking at intellectual articles about dyslexia.

Antisocial PD is unique in that its patients may experience _________________

Intentional malevolence/sadism

_________________ variable have effects that, when combined with the effects of other variables, are not additive. In other words, two variables may impact the dependent variable much more when presented together than one would expect if the effects of each variable alone were added.

Interaction

___________________ calls to attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification.

Intersectionality. Think of a busy intersection, there are different types of cars and this can influence you to not choose a specific car. Ex: An individuals position is not just determined by their social class but also by their race/identity.

________________ is the form of motivation that is driven not by any external rewards, but rather by a person's own desire to engage in an activity.

Intrinsic Motivation. Ex: Student who seeks to master a topic rather than simply get a good grade.

Are the most important steps in gluconeogenesis reversible irreversible?

Irreversible

Hypervariable region (HVR)

Is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides REPEAT (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA).

What is a blastocyst?

It consists of an Inner Cell Mass (ICM) and Outer Layer (Trophoblast). The inner cell mass gives rise to the fetus and these are stem cells called the embryonic stem cells.

What is a dipeptide?

It contains two amino acids. Ex: Aspartame (N-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester)

What does a transducer do on an ultrasound?

It converts electrical energy into sound energy.

If you start to lose O2, what happens to your blood brain barrier?

It gets weakened and your tight junctions are not tight anymore. The proteins start to leak out and cause vasogenic edema (vessels of the brain). This increases the swelling.

Projection and rationalization serve as ego defense mechanisms in those affected by BPD. In which portions of the mind would Sigmund Freud argue that the ego functions in these individuals?

It has the capacity to act through the 1. conscious mind (i.e., awareness at the present moment), 2. the unconscious mind (i.e., processes that occur automatically in the mind and are not available to introspection), and the 3. preconscious mind (i.e., thoughts in the minds that are unconscious but can be recalled if necessary).

What does testosterone do to red blood cells?

It increases red blood cells and stimulates our kidneys to produce erythropoietin. This makes more red blood cells.

Where is the Choroid located?

It is behind the retina.

What is Calcium Homeostasis?

It is the ratio of Osteoclast to Osteoblast. In Osteoclast, there is an increase in calcium and phosphate in the "bloodstream". Remember that osteoclast causes bones to crash. In Osteoblast, there is an increase in calcium and phosphate from the bloodstream to the "bone".

In healthcare, ____________ is fairly choosing what is right for your patient, who should receive a certain treatment, etc.

Justice

What is Bernouilli's Equation and how does it work?

K = 1/2PV² + pgh + P 1. First look at cross sectional area in the kinetic energy equation. The equation that has cross section area is Q = AV. If you have a larger area, velocity goes down 2. Look at height in the potential energy equation 3. Look at pressure change 4. The main point is that K has to be constant Ex: To make K constant, lets say If Area isn't a factor, but height goes down, you know pressure has to go up to make K constant. Ex: To make K constant, Area

What is the Arrhenius Equation?

K = Ae↑-Ea/RT & LnK = LnA - [Ea/R]

__________________ occurs when an individual perceives that his or her efforts will be unsuccessful and, as a result, stops trying to accomplish tasks.

Learned Helplessness Ex: If these people were experiencing a very slow reduction of stress, it is likely they got frustrated and decided that the coping mechanisms were not working and that there was nothing they could do to address their problems.

With decreasing temperature, air is able to hold ____________ H2O

Less. Ex:if warm air could hold 100 g of water in a given volume, then 50% relative humidity would be 50 g of water in the air. And if cold air could only hold 40 g of water in the same given volume, then 50% relative humidity would be 20 g of water in the air. So with the same relative humidity, the cold high-altitude air has less mass of water.

Although xenon-131 and iodine-131 have the same mass number, xenon-131 weighs ___________ than iodine-131 because it has an extra proton.

Less. A proton weighs slightly less than a neutron.

The episodic buffer from working memory can lead to _________________ which is where you store __________________

Long term memory, A lot of information.

What are the strong acids and strong bases?

Look at the periodic table to help you. Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, and Ba are all connected in the 1st and second groups. Cl, Br, and I are also connect. HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4 are really the only ones you need to remember

_________________ refers to an individual shaping his or her self-concept based on an understanding of how others perceive them. According to the concept, we imagine how we must appear to others and through reacting to their imagined judgements, develop our sense of self.

Looking-Glass Self Ex: Mexican women holding the most negative views of hysterectomy was strongly influenced by the women's suppositions about male perceptions

Hyperventilation occurs when there is a ___________ of CO2 and an _____________ in Oxygen in the blood. Hypoventilation occurs when there is _____________ CO2, and a _____________ in Oxygen in the blood.

Loss, Increase, More, Loss

An XY sex chromosome is _______________

Male

______________ cells are multipotent cells which give rise to bone cells, cartilage cells, and adipose cells.

Mesenchymal Cells *Think of Messier falling down multiple times and injuring his bone*

________________ is a statistical technique involving the aggregation of smaller studies pertaining to a certain research question in order to draw a conclusion that is statistically stronger than those of the individual studies.

Meta-Analyses

______________ occurs after cancer is developed. It is when cancer cells travel to different parts of the body.

Metastasis

What is the sound frequency that of the ultrasound machine?

More than the sound frequency of a human ear. 20hz > 20 khz

___________________ and _______________ are unwritten rules in a society about what is considered right and wrong about important issues and are typically very broadly accepted within a given society

Mores and Taboos For example, many religions have prohibitions on cohabiting with a romantic partner before marriage.

__________________ is a globular solid mass of 16-32 blastomeres formed by cleavage of the zygote that precedes the blastocyst.

Morula

Optimum Arousal Theory

Motivated by full alertness or full arousal. Ex: Going on a roller coaster to get a natural high *Think of a roller coaster in the middle of the tennis court and an someone is going up and down on an optimist*

Doppler Effect is used to analyze ________________________

Moving objects or moving fluids.

_________________ disorder occurs when patients have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep craving for admiration. This disorder reflects reality vs. self-concept

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

_________________ is a condition in which people have an excessive sense of self-importance, an extreme preoccupation with themselves, and lack of empathy for others.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

If something is being derived from the organism, it is not called nurture but ________________

Nature

_______________ is a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases and the other decreases.

Negative Correlation. Ex: If students who spent a lot of time participating had lower clinical abilities, this would be a negative correlation.

The phosphate backbone on nucleic acids provides a net _______________ charge on the backbone

Negative. This goes for DNA and RNA.

A cardiac myocyte will not be able to achieve an action potential on its own without its ___________________

Neighboring Cells

Pain Sensation is controlled by ________________

Nociceptors Ex: Think of you eating hot gnocci which can cause pain in your mouth

Meiosis is a ______________ process

Non-cyclical

Law of Proximity

Object close are grouped together. They are the same shape too.

Induced Dipole Bonding is ___________________

Occurs only when a polar molecule induces a nonpolar molecule to become temporarily polar. Ex: BPA is not non-polar, but polar. So induced dipole bonding could not work. You would need a polar molecule and a non polar molecule.

Marginalization is __________________

Occurs when immigrants are not involved in many processes in main-stream society.

A 90° Angle would exist in an ____________ molecule with a hybridization of _______________.

Octahedral, Sp3d2

Write out Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory in a chart. What acronym helps you remember the stages?

Old Age Parrots Love Grapes 1. Oral (Smoke, over-eat, bite nails) 2. Anal (Orderliness, Messiness) 3. Phallic or Genital (Sexual Dysfunction) 4. Latent 5. Genital (Mentally Healthy)

Parasitism

One species benefits while causing harm to the other

What is the equation for the potential energy on a spring?

PE (spring) = ½ kx²

__________________ study examined how people conform to different roles, especially when placed in positions of authority.

Philip Zimbardo Prison Study

If students knew they were getting instruction but the other group was not, they might have expected to do better and had better performance as a result, with the opposite effect for the control group. This is called the ______________ effect.

Placebo. The placebo effect occurs when participants in an experiment demonstrate a certain benefit after expecting to benefit, even though they are not receiving the treatment

________________ occurs when one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.

Pleiotropy. Ex: Phenylketonuria, if not treated can lead to multiple health issues such as intellectual disability.

__________________ cells are part of the blastocyst which specialize into several other cell types. They give rise to the three germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

Pluripotent Stem Cells *Think of a plethora*

______________ is when electric fields oscillate in the same direction such as up and down or left and right.

Polarization *Think of your polar sunglasses, when they are closed, you can only move your finger from the left to the right or along the same axis.

When you see that the Hill Coefficient is greater than 1, this equals ___________________ When you see that the Hill Coefficient is less than 1, this equals ________________ When you see that the Hill Coefficient is equal to 1, this equals _______________

Positive Cooperativity Negative Cooperativity No Cooperativity

_______________ is a relationship between two variables: as one increases, the other also increases.

Positive Correlation. Ex: An example is it increases in class participation are related to higher or better performance in clinical performance, so this is a positive correlation.

_____________ is how common the disease is.

Prevalence

________________ describes new cases and current cases. It also is how common a disease is.

Prevalence *

For nucleic acids, the ________________ structure involves sequence of base pairs

Primary

_______________ reinforcer create natural responses which occur even when no learning or conditioning takes place.

Primary

________________ group is a small group whose members share close, enduring relationships, like a family or childhood friends.

Primary

innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs that must be met to survive is called ___________

Primary Motives

Resocialization

Process of removing the behaviors and roles we have developed over time and replacing them with newly-learned behaviors and roles. Ex: People learning to become different people in the army or prison

Socialization

Process we go through over time as we learn to understand norms, expectations, beliefs, and values.

Luteinizing hormone or LH is a hormone that ______________________

Produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone and androgens.

________________ involves a person taking their feelings about themselves and projecting them onto an external source.

Projection. Ex: The boy is experiencing anxiety and frustration about being perceived as childish and irresponsible, and he projects those fears onto the puppy.

_______________ study when you review incoming data or looks to the future.

Prospective Study

If the pH < pka it is in its ___________________

Protonated Form (This is also saying that the pH will decrease)

What is heavier, DNA or RNA?

RNA is heavier because it has a hydroxyl group versus DNA which only has a hydrogen group.

________________ would decrease the likelihood of selection bias influencing the accuracy of the estimate.

Random Selection

_______________ refers to that the sample of participants was selected so that everyone in the population had an equal chance of being selected.

Randomization

Randomized Control Trial

Randomly assign participants to one of two groups: an experimental group and a control group.

What does a typical Michaelis Menten graph look like and what are the coordinates?

Rate vs. Substrate Concentration

Cognitive Approach

Rational and decision making ability. *Think of you seeing a rat on the logs next to the outdoor clay courts*

Restriction Enzymes

Recognize methylated DNA but when it sees unmethylated DNA such as a virus, it goes and destroys it. Ex: Bacteria use them to get rid of viruses because Bacteria are methylated where as viruses are not. Once they cut the virus, we can synthesize the virus and make more insulin because we can send an insulin gene that attaches to the the sticky ends of the virus.

________________ is a type of bias related to memory.

Reconstructive Bias. *Think of reconstructive surgery on your brain*

E2F is a __________________

Regulatory protein of the cell cycle and is found in ALL eukaryotic cells.

In operant conditioning, shaping occurs when _____________________

Reinforcement is provided as the individual more closely approximates a target behavior. *The shape of the target sign*

___________________ is often used when the target behavior carries with it high risk for relapse or a maladaptive coping mechanism. Examples of relapse prevention strategies are are _____________ and ___________________

Relapse Prevention, peer support, and taught coping skills

Behaviorism

Related to the theories of B.F. Skinner. It is a school of psychological research that focuses on individual behavior alone, ignoring mental states such as beliefs and identities.

Thorndike's Law of effect

Relates to learning through conditioning.

Symbiotic relationships

Relationships between two individuals (or organisms) in which both need each other to survive.

What is the structure of phenylalanine

Remember it has a CH2 group and a benzyl group

What is the structure of Aspartic Acid

Remember it has a carboxylic acid

_______________ is our tendency to overgeneralize from a few characteristics or observations. You're thinking of a prototype.

Representative Heuristic. This can lead to a conjunction fallacy. Ex: It is more likely to be a bank teller and being feminist than just being a bank-teller. In reality though, it is the opposite.

_____________ is an ego-defense mechanism in which a person simply chooses not to think about a painful topic.

Repression

Meso-Compounds

Require 2 chiral centers or more and you have a line of symmetry

Evolutionary Approach

Role Instincts play in motivation. Ex: Baby's sleep, eat, and cry. *Think of a crying baby hitting an approach shot on the tennis court*

Write out the chart for SN1 and SN2 reactions: Rate law, Big Barrier, Alkyl Halide (Electrophile), Nucleophile, Solvent, Stereochemistry

Running Backs Are Not Strong Safeties

A sigmoidal relationship indicates an ___________________

S-shaped plot

What are the 6 universal emotions?

SAD FSH 1. Surprise 2. Anger 3. Disgust 4. Fear 5. Sadness 6. Happiness

Polar Solvents are in both __________ and _________

SN1 and SN2 Reactions

1 atm and 273 K and 22.4 L are the temperature and pressure conditions of _____________

STP

Constitutional Isomer

Same molecular formula but different in connectivity

Assuming you have a stationary phase that is polar, a polar compound will stick to the column and elute _______________

Second

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is ____________________

Secreted by the placenta after implantation, allowing for the maintenance of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone during the first trimester of pregnancy.

_________________ the collection of beliefs about oneself

Self-Concept

A developmental model _________________

Shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life.

Serotonin is ______________

Signaling within the hypothalamus is the key pathway through which appetite and satiation signaling is conducted.

Sympathetic Resonance or the resonance frequency can be found by ________________

Since velocity is constant for a given medium, the equation v =fλ can be used to find the

Viruses can be _____________ RNA or a ___________ DNA, but cannot be ___________

Single Stranded, Single Stranded, Both

Counterculture

Small group within a culture that challenges or rejects the norms and values of the majority from the larger culture. Ex: Hippies

________________ perspective is based upon expectations of others or observation of others.

Social Cognitive. Albert Bandura is most associated with this.

_______________ stem cells repair the system for the body.

Somatic

Cells that are a product of mitosis are called ________________

Somatic Cells Ex: Lung, Heart, Brain

What is a southern blot and what is the process of it? In order for southern blot to be useful, you need to __________________. Most of which are ________________

Southern Blot allows you to visualize a specific piece of DNA that you're interested in using a restrictive enzyme. 1. Take DNA and cleave it which results in smaller DNA In order to visualize it, expose it to an X-ray *Think of SNOW DROP. S lines up with D which is DNA. NO is like Northern which lines up with R, which is RNA. Western lines up with P which stands for proteins. 2. Create or eliminate a restriction site. 3. Palindromes (These are 4-6 bases long)

Peaks that appear between 0-5 ppm are indicative _______________

Sp3 Carbons

Lewis bases are ________________

Species that donate an electron pair.

_______________ is attributing a "cognition" to certain individuals or overgeneralizing.

Stereotyping *Picture your stereo in Connecticut. It was placed on your dresser made of logs*

Aldosterone and Estrogen

Steroid signaling molecules

________________ is disapproval attached to disobeying the expected norms so that a person is discredited as less than normal.

Stigma. Ex: Think of Sigma Chi in Clayton Wellbanks rooms. Because I didn't know where the piece of paper was, he had a stigma that I wasn't smart.

_________________ is a process in conditioning in which the response comes to be paired with more specific stimuli.

Stimulus Discrimination

_______________ is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are NOT necessary for survival.

Stimulus Motive

Self-defeating or self-destructive behaviors often manifest due to an inability to handle ______________

Stress or Anxiety due to lack of confidence

_____________ receptors measure just that - the stretching of tissues. This is one way, for example, that you know your stomach is full.

Stretch *Think of all the tissues you had to use at cucina pizza because you ate so much pizza. You felt full because your stomach was stretching.

If you have a lower pka, this means that the acid ____________

Strong

In order to establish a causal relationship, there must be a __________________ established in which the process of one variable has an effect on the other

Temporal Relationship.

Social Desirability Bias is ____________________

Tendency for people to answer survey questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.

__________________ is any substance that causes a malformation of an embryo.

Teratogen *Think of Tara schoen eating brie and yogurt at SYC*

False Negative Control

Test result appears negative when it should have been positive.

Strategy for RN questions should involve starting with the RN that appears ________________

The Most

How do you find the distance on a velocity vs time graph?

The area under the velocity vs time graph. Ex: The cheetahs distance at 1 sec would be 1/2 (1) (5) because the area is a triangle. The gazelles distance at 1 second would be (10)(1) because the area is a rectangle.

If the pH is < pka, then you know that ____________

The concentration of the weak acid is greater than the weak base (HA > A⁻)

If the pH is > pka, then you know that ___________

The concentration of the weak base is greater than the concentration of the weak acid (A⁻ > HA)

Fluorescence is _________________

The emission of a lower-energy photon from a fluorophore excited by the prior absorption of a higher-energy photon.

Pseudoautosmal Region

The ends of the chromosome where crossing over can occur

________________ system involves gastrointestinal parts

The enteric nervous system. This is part of the autonomic nervous system

The association constant for the given equation is _______________ as the equilibrium constant of the equation as written.

The exact same. Ka = Keq

What does adding electrons to a negatively charged ion do to its radius?

The extra electrons will make the radius larger

What does removing electrons to make a positively charged ion do to its radius?

The fewer electrons will decrease the radius

How many grams of hydrogen gas are required to completely react with 32 g of oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide?

The formation reaction for hydrogen peroxide is H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O2 (l) 32 g O2 x (1 mol/32 g) x (1 H2/1 O2) x 2 g/mol = 2 g H2

Internal Validity is __________________

The less chance for confounding in a study, the higher its internal validity. Ex: Does it take place inside a laboratory?

Cross-Cultural studies are ____________

The look at how different cultures intersect.

Serum albumin is _____________________

The main carrier of free fatty acids in the blood.

What occurs when you add a strong base to a weak acid in a titration experiment?

The pH will go up since when we used up the OH⁻ concentration, the pH was already back up, and this is because we had all of the conjugate base of the weak acid, which makes the solution more basic. Ex: The reaction of NaOH (a strong base) and benzoic acid (a weak acid) will deprotonate the benzoic acid and produce sodium benzoate, a salt. In general, the salt of an acidic species will be weakly basic when dissolved in solution.

What is the function of the spleen?

The spleen removes old red blood cells except iron because that gets recycled. Blood from the heart will also go here.

_______________ also known as the transtheoretical model of change, describes 5 stages which are _______________, ______________, ______________, _______________, and ________________

The stage of change model 1. Pre contemplation: s the first stage of change that describes when person is unaware of the problem (depression) and does not see the need to change. 2. Contemplation: describes the second stage of change, in which a person recognizes that there is a problem and is beginning to think about fixing it. 3. Preparation: is the third stage of change that describes when a person is aware of the problem (depression) and is actively planning to change. 4. Action 5. Maintenance *PCPAM*

Drinking ocean water is ultimately fatal to a human because

The water has a very high solute concentration relative to the body's cells, resulting in cell shrinkage and death. This creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water out of the body's cells, leading to dehydration

Moral development

The way that people learn what is considered "good" and "bad" in their society.

Plasmids can be a great form of gene _______________

Therapy

What is the structure of an amide?

There is an N attached to a carbonyl group

What is the structure of an imide

There is an N between two carbonyl *Think of im identical. You have two identical carbonyl groups next to a nitrogen*

What do the parathyroid hormone and calcitriol have in common?

They increase calcium and phosphate in the blood, which means they increase osteoclast activity and decrease osteoblast activity. Since they both increase osteoclast activity, they will also increase Ca²⁺ absorption in the intestines and renal areas.

What is the function of bone marrow?

They produce platelets and red blood cells.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in ETP

This compound is reduced to form NADH and oxidized back to NAD+ after transferring an electron to Complex I of the electron transport chain.

5' UTR

This is a region of the mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript, so it must be transcribed. It is also either not translated or only partially transcribed.

What is Meissner's Corpuscle?

This is a specific mechanoreceptor. Its function is to perceive light touch in non-hairy skin, such as, putting on a t-shirt. It only works when putting on the t-shirt, not after. This is why in order for meisnner's corpuscle to fire, it requires constantly changing stimuli.

What is important about p53?

This is a tumor repressor protein. 1. It activates DNA repair proteins when DNA is damaged. 2. It holds cell cycle hostage at G1 to S. This gives proteins time to fix the damage and allow continuation of the cell cycle. 3. It binds to DNA and activates genes like P21. This binds the cycli-cdk phase which pushes G1 to S phase. 4. It also functions in apoptosis if DNA is irreparable.

What is the Trophoblast?

This is part of the blastocyst and it surround the Inner Cell Mass (ICM) and the blastocoele.

______________ is the inappropriate transferring of feelings about one relationship to another. The classic example is a patient transferring childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist.

Transference

______________ is DNA from dead cells gets cut into fragments and exits the cell. The free-floating DNA can then be picked up by competent cells. The exogenous DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome via recombination. In short, the genetic component is being altered.

Transformation

The forward reaction rate constant will decrease if the energy of the ________________, and thus the activation energy of the transition process _________________

Transition State, Increases

Which two non-polar amino acids can undergo hydrogen bonding?

Tryptophan and Tyrosine. Remember that Hydrogen Bonding is when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. Tyrosine has an O-H Group. Tryptophan has an N-H group.

In order to have a disulfide bond, you need ________________

Two sulfhydryl groups present in individual cysteine side chains are required

Agarose

Type of Gel in electrophoresis. This gel separates big fragments.

Diastereomer

Type of stereoisomer where they are not mirror images of each other *Think of the stereo in your mazda mpv, there is not a mirror on it*

Environmental Justice is ________________

Typically suffered by those of low socioeconomic status (ex: having a toxic waste dump placed near a poor neighborhood).

T cell receptors rely on ________________

Tyrosine Kinase Pathways

________________ is one for which the subject has not been conditioned.

Unconditioned Stimulus. Ex: Injecting adrenaline in a participant during a psychological study. The injection of the adrenaline is an unconditioned stimulus.

________________ cells create one type of cell

Unipotent. Ex: Epidermal Stem Cells which replaces new skin cells

_________________ is when you move from rural areas to cities.

Urbanization

IF you are stuck on a problem and there is an equation, ____________________.

Use the equation to help you figure out the answer.

Linear regression

Used to predict scores from independent variables

______________ are acellular, so they can neither make use of cell signaling nor can they be destroyed by lysing their cell membrane

Viruses

When subjects are _______________, they are participating in a normative organization.

Volunteering

What equation should you know for the doppler effect?

Vrelative/C = ∆Fobs/Factual = ∆λ/λactual Vrelative = Velocity C = Speed of Wave = 340 m/s 1. Remember that if the velocity of both objects is getting closer, then you add those velocities 2. If the velocity of both objects is getting further apart, you subtract the velocities.

__________________ theory heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in language acquisition, which would involve mirror neurons.

Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory

Who has stronger intermolecular forces? Water or Water & Oil.

Water does because it experiences hydrogen bonding which is the highest type of intermolecular forces. Water and Oil is a dipole-dipole intermolecular force which is weaker than hydrogen bonding. Dipole-Dipole are also polar bonds.

How do we determine what a specific gene does in Gene expression?

We can "knock out" the gene. For example, If you knock out a gene in Milk that is responsible for digesting milk and you can't digest milk, you know that "specific gene" is responsible for digesting milk.

Ammonia is a _______________ base

Weak

What does work done BY the gas and work done ON the gas look like on a graph?

With work done on the gas, the top arrow moves to toward the positive side

Intra means ____________

Within or on the same side

Do fungi have nuclei?

Yes

Can Cysteine be spelled two different ways?

Yes, 1. Cysteine is spelled this way if it is in its reduced form. You can think of e as electrons which means it is reduced or in the intracellular environment. 2. Cystine is spelled this way if it is in its oxidized form which means it is in the extracellular environment. You can think that there is no e so no electrons which means it is in the oxidized form.

Can reactions occur without an enzyme?

Yes, but it will occur at a much slower rate.

Are vitamins different from minerals?

Yes, they are distinct from each other.

How do you find the capacitance is parallel.

You add up all of their capacitances

How do you find the capacitance in series?

You take the reciprocal of the total capacitance

How do you deprotonate a compound?

You use a base. Ex: NaOH

This is where the sperm and the egg fuse, and where stem cells begin. It divides until it reaches the blastocyst stage. This is called a ______________

Zygote. This is an example of totipotency.

Explain Percent Dissociation

[H⁺]/[HF] [H⁺] = 1 x 10⁻⁴ > pH = 4 [HF] = 2 mol/.1L =20 M 1 x 10⁻⁴/2 x 10¹ = .5 x 10⁻⁵ = 5 x 10⁻⁶ * 100% = 5 x 10⁻⁴

Dendrocytes are __________________

a Bone marrow-derived cells are abundant in normal human and murine dermis and occupy the perivascular space, where they are closely associated with mast cells. They are a kind of dermal macrophage.

Li can act as a __________________

a base or nucleophile.

Neutralization is __________________

a chemical reaction in which an acid and base react.

Angle of incidence always equals _______________

angle of reflection

Epimers are ________________

are diastereomers that have multiple stereocenters, but only differ from one another by the configuration at ONE of the stereogenic centers. Ex: An alpha and beta glucose.

Beta waves are ________________

are emitted when an individual is awake and fully alert.

DNA Methyl Transferase is an enzyme responsible for ______________________

catalyzing the methylation and causes Gene silencing of DNA. DNA methyl transferase is usually combined with Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) and it usually occurs in CpG islands since Cytosine pairs with Guanine. Its main function is to physically impede something.

Achieved Status is ______________________

is a social role that is obtained through voluntary action or achievement. Ex: Physicians earn the right to prescribe medication and call themselves doctors after the completion of medical school and residency.

An ascribed status is ___________________

is a status that can't be voluntarily changed (or that one is born with), like sex or age.

Humoral (antibody-mediated) Immunity

is mediated by macromolecules found extracellularly, including antibodies and complement proteins, and includes the accessory processes that produce them and contribute to their function (Th2 and cytokine activation, germinal center formation, memory cell generation, etc.).

A power analysis _________________

it determines the minimum number of participants you need to have in your study.

siRNA binds to ______________

mRNA

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?

pH = pka + log [A⁻]/HA

How can you find the isoelectric point?

pka1 + pka2/2 On average, an amino group will have a pka of 9, and on average, a carboxylic acid will have a pka of 2.

Chondrocytes are ________________

produce cartilage.

Test-Retest Reliability is _________________

refers to the consistency of a measure at different time points. *Test today and then the next test will be 3 days from now*

Internal Reliability is _________________

refers to the consistency within a measure.

Normality is _________________

refers to the number of moles of protons per liter of solution (in other words, to the "molarity of protons"). You can calculate it by taking the concentration and multiplying it by the number of protons.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are _______________

responsible for promoting proliferation by allowing progression through the cell cycle.

An efficient cancer drug ____________________

selectively targets cancer cells

Face validity refers to __________________

subjective perception by other experts of whether the test is relevant to its stated goals.

An outcome bias is ___________________

tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than the original reasoning used to make the decision.

Sigmoidal shape of the curve implies that as each oxygen molecule binds to Hb _____________

the affinity of Hb for oxygen goes up. The four subunits of hemoglobin actually bind to oxygen cooperatively, meaning the binding of oxygen to one of the four subunits will increase the likelihood that the remaining sites will bind with oxygen as well.

Analyte

the substance whose quantity or concentration is to be determined — is reacted with a carefully-controlled volume of standard solution, of which the concentration is known

Viruses are unique in that ________________

they occupy a gray area between living and non-living. They have been described as non-living.

The main function of the Hypothalamus is _________________

to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Integration is _________________

when immigrants merge new and old customs.

Construct validity describes __________________

whether a test measures what it is designed to measure.

What does attenuate mean in an ultrasound?

which is a weakening of the U/S signal.

An ideal buffer should have a pKa ______________

within 1 pH unit of the expected experimental conditions.

What are the units for the free energy equation?

∆G = J mol⁻¹ ∆H = J mol ⁻¹ T = Kelvin ∆S = J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ * Remember to convert everything to Joules***

Assume the hydrolysis of ATP proceeds with ∆G'° = -30 Kj/mol ATP + H20 > ADP + Pi Which expression give the ratio of ADP to ATP at equilibrium, if the [Pi] = 1.0 M? (Note: Use RT = 2.5 kJ/Mol) A. E² B. E³ C. E⁶ D. E¹²

∆G'° is related to the equilibrium constant Keq = ADP + Pi/ATP as ∆G'° = -RT ln Keq. Applying Keq = 1 and using the expression ∆G'° = -RT ln (ADP/ATP) = e³⁰/².⁵ = e¹²

What is the Weber's Law Fraction?

∆I/I Ex: If you are holding a 2lb weight and a 2.21 lb weight, the ∆I would be .21lbs. and the I would be 2lbs. ∆I = Background Intensity I = Incremental Threshold

Saponification represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to completely hydrolyze one gram of fat with a particular average molar mass. What is the "saponification number" for a fat that has MW of 854 g mol⁻¹?

1 g Fat * 1 mol/854 g * 3 KOH/ 1 Fat * 56.1 g/mol * 10³mg/1 g = 200 * Remember that 854/56.1 g = about 3. 56.1 is the MW for KOH

The Majority of steroid hormones have the names that end in _________________. Four main types of steroid hormones are ________________________. Steroid hormones exert their effects by binding to _______________________. Peptide hormones exert their effects by binding to ____________________

1. "-one," "-en," or "-ol." 2. Cortisol, Estrogen, Androgen (Testosterone), and Aldosterone) *CEAA, think of Szia and the fact that Mom worked with hormones) 3. Nuclear Receptors 4. Membrane-Receptors

What do you know about the Spin quantum number?

1. # = ms 2. Meaning = Spin (arbitrary) 3. Range = ±1/2

What is the main function of aldosterone and what are the effects of it? Aldosterone secretes __________________

1. Aldosterone's primary function is increasing reabsorption of sodium ions (Na⁺ ions) in the distal tubule and collecting duct. It also has water retention. 2. K⁺ and H⁺ Secretion

Protein Isoforms may be formed through ______________. _______________ has the ability to select different protein-coding segments (EXONS) of a gene, or even different parts of exons from RNA to form different mRNA sequences. Also know that pre-mRNA's are not _______________. Post-Translational Modification usually ends up being _________________ or ________________

1. Alternative Splicings or Post-translational modifications of a single gene. 2. mRNA 3. Transcribed 4. Secreted (Insulin) 5. Membrane Bound

Actor-observer bias is ________________

1. As actors, we focus on the situation which are external causes. Ex: Maybe I'm he's not talking to someone because he is not feeling well. 2. Whereas when we are observers, we focus on the individual, hence why we make the Fundamental Attribution Error. Ex: He is probably not talking because he is socially awkward.

What are the stages of observational learning?

1. Attention 2. Memory 3. Ability to respond 4. Motivation

Predjudice, Stigma, and Stereotyping all involve ________________. Discrimination involves _________________.

1. Attitudes. Ex: Someone can think something of you. 2. Actions Ex: Someone can prevent you physically from doing something

If the father is a carrier of a disease but does not have it, you know that the disease is _________________ rather than ___________________

1. Autosomal 2. X-Linked

How do neurons react so quickly? Ligand Gated ion channels are _______________. Where do you usually find ligand ion channels?

1. Because of ligand gated ion channels which are also called ion-channel linked receptors 2. One of the major type of membrane receptors. They are transmembrane ion channels that open or close, in response to the binding of a ligand. 3. Neurons. This is because ion channels react quickly to the binding of ligands.

Classical Conditioning is related to the ________________ approach

1. Behaviorist

What are classic flaws that a scientist can encounter when constructing an experiment?

1. Biases 2. Confounders 3. Systematic Errors 4 Too small sample sizes

The cross sectional area is the largest in the _______________ which means it has the smallest ____________. The equation to use for this is called the continuity equation which is ______________. The continuity equation can _________________

1. Capillaries 2. Velocity 3. Q = AV 4. Can be used to make predictions about the velocity of blood as it travels through the blood vessels.

The combination of CO2 and H2O to make ________________. The equation for this is ________________

1. Carbonic Acid (H₂CO₃). 2. CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H⁺ + HCO3⁻

What are the functions of the Microtubule Organizing Center?

1. Centrosome. In the mitotic spindle, the microtubules are dynamic meaning they can be short or long. During separation in mitosis, the microtubules become shorter, and pull chromosomes apart. The centrioles (rods) will serve as an anchoring site. 2. Basal Body. They can function as cilia or flagella. The flagella has a 9+2 arrangement. 3. The microtubule can also play an important role in the transport in neurons

______________ which plays a role in the coordination and regulation of muscular activity and motor activity. These are movements that you do not ________________

1. Cerebellum *Think of Sarah using dumb bells to work out her muscles on her adirondeck chair in Orange County* 2. Have to think about (Ex: writing with a pen or walking)

What is the formula for an alkane, alkene, and alkyne (Straight chain, Double Bond, Triple Bond)

1. CnH2n+2 2. CnH2n 3. CnH2n-2

Gamma Rays are ______________. It would involve _______________ in elemental identity.

1. Electromagnetic Radiation and High Energy Photons. This means they have NO CHARGE so they cause the least damage. 2. No Change

What are two things you should know about the electron transport chain?

1. Electrons are moving from the NADH and FADH₂ and eventually show up and reduce oxygen. As this happens, energy is being released. That energy is used to pump protons from the matrix into the outer component of the mitochondria. 2. Those protons want to get back into matrix. As they go back in, that drives ATP synthase, which produces ATP

_____________ is a glycoprotein hormone that when O2 is low tells the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. This occurs in the _______________

1. Erythropoietin 2. Kidney *Think of you pouring blood into a tin protein can*

X-Linked Dominant usually means that _______________ have the disease. This inheritance pattern can ________________ generations. Affected fathers have all affected _______________. Affected mothers can have unaffected ______________ and pass the trait _________________

1. Females 2. Not skip 3. Daughters 4. Sons (and daughters) 5. Equally to sons and daughters.

Primary Kin are ______________. Secondary Kin are _________________. Tertiary kin are _______________

1. Immediate Family (Husband Wife, Father Daughter 2. Immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (Husband and Mother in Law) 3. Secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (Son of your wife's brother)

Increasing the concentration will ___________ the rate of the reaction. The higher the rate of the reaction the closer it is to the _______________

1. Increase 2. VMAX

When pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-Coa, this reaction is ______________ or -∆G. Fatty acids can contribute to ________________, which means fatty acids cannot produce to the production of ________________

1. Irreversible 2. Acetyl-Coa (Beta Oxidation), NADH, and FADH2. It is called Beta Oxidation because a carbon double bond is added on the beta carbon, as well as an O-H group and a C-O bond. 3. Glucose

R2 value of 1 indicates that the regression line __________________. R2 of 0 indicates that there is __________________

1. Is a perfect fit of the data 2. No correlation among the data.

What are the five conditions that you need to know about Hardy Weinberg?

1. Large Population 2. No Migration 3. No Net Mutations 4. No Natural Selection 5. Random Mating

The brain areas that process that process linguistic information (both production and comprehension) are lateralized in the _________________ hemisphere

1. Left

Carbonic Anhydrase's functions are ________________

1. Maintaining a pH in the blood 2. Transport Carbon Dioxide out of tissue. (Bicarbonate and carbonic acid are more soluble than CO₂ and can be more easily transported in the blood) 3. Regulates Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

When the unit D shows up, the means the final answer has to be in _______________

1. Meters

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all _____________________. Glucose and Galactose have an ______________ while fructose has a _______________

1. Monosaccharides 2. Aldose 3. Ketose

Excess glucose in the urine which can lead to diabetes II, can lead to ________________ solutes in the urine which means that the solution is ________________

1. More 2. Hypertonic

More tolerant means that _____________ of a drug is needed to produce the same effect. Less tolerant means that ______________ of a drug is needed to produce the same effect.

1. More 2. Less

_______________ refers to the brain's ability to form new neural connections in regards to information.

1. Neuroplasticity. It is highest during development and lower afterward. It occurs at the synapsis which is called synaptic neuroplasticity or it occurs at structural neuroplasticity *Think of a plastic brain that only recognizes synonyms at Cos Cob School*

As a tumor grows, it needs to have ________________ grow to provide this __________________ for nutrient exchange. In the absence of new ________________ growth, tumors are limited in ______________

1. New Blood Vessels 2. Surface Area 3. Blood Vessels 4. Volume

What are some of the main characteristics of the prokaryotic cell?

1. No Membrane Organelles 2. Inclusion Bodies (Since they do not have organelles, they use this to store energy) 3. Capsule (Slime Layer) 4. Cell Wall 5. Plasma Membrane 6. Flagellin (Use this to get to nutrients or avoid toxins through chemotaxis) 7. Fimbriae/Pili 8. Circular, Double stranded DNA 9. Nucleoid (Chromosome) 10. One origin or Replication 11. They replicate through Binary Fission, not meiosis or mitosis *NO FF CCCW IB PN

The mass of an object will _________________ when it is moved to a different area. The weight will _________________ if the gravitational field ________________

1. Not change 2. Change 3. Altered

What is the function of sertoli cells? Where are they located? Ovarian cells are ______________ cells.

1. Nourish the developing sperm cells. 2. These cells are located in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and are activated by FSH. 3. Epithelial

________________ break down nucleic acids. ________________ cleaves DNA. ______________ cleaves RNA

1. Nuclease 2. Deoxyribonuclease 3. Ribonuclease

In most societies, one's __________________ is the most important factor determining one's status.

1. Occupation

Coercion Hypothesis is ___________________

1. Parent and child behavior influence each other, with child defiance or compliance leading to the type of command and follow through given from the parent and vice-versa.

Glucagon is a _________________ hormone that is stored in the _______________ of the pancreas. Its receptor is __________________. It __________________ blood glucose by ______________________

1. Peptide 2. Alpha Cells 3. GPCR 4. Increases blood glucose 5. Increasing Gluconeogenesis and increasing glycogen degradation. To remember that glucagon is produced in alpha cells, use the mnemonic GAIB

Being injured for taking a conflict strategy is a classic operant _______________ that will decrease the conflict behavior

1. Positive Punsihment

_________________ phase of the demographic transition is characterized by an aging, declining population with low mortality and fertility rates. ___________________ can change that.

1. Post-Industrial Phase 2. Immigration

An activator is _____________________

1. Protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes. Most Activators are DNA-binding proteins that bind to enhancers or promoter-proximal elements.

Glucocorticoids act on the __________________ causing the __________________

1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Breakdown of Muscle Proteins

If a question asks you about something that is bound or unbound? What do you think we will care about more?

1. Something that is bound

If you had a ration of Y/X and the ratio was less than 1, what does this tell you? What about if the ratio was larger than 1?

1. The numerator is smaller than the denominator. 2. The numerator is larger than than the denominator

When you have lower energy that means the reaction is more _________________ favorable. When the reaction is faster, you know that it is ___________________. If a reaction is kinetically hindered _________________

1. Thermodynamically. This means the reaction is also exothermic. 2. Kinetically Favorable 3. This would cause the activation energy to be high. Kinetically hindered means it is slow so it will probably have a large activation energy.

Glycine and proline are much more likely to be found in the unstructured _____________ of a protein between the larger secondary structures. Remember that Glycine does not have a ___________________.

1. Turn Regions 2. Side Chain

Recombination requires _________________ but ______________ chromosomes. This occurs in Meiosis _______________. Sister chromatids are ______________ and this occurs in Meiosis ________________. Sister chromatids are formed during the _____________ phase.

1. Two homologous 2. Nonidentical 3. 1 4. Copies of the same chromosome 5. 2 6. S

At equilibrium, ∆G = and K =

1. Zero or 0 2. 1

Melanocytes are located _________________ They can use of high rate of metastasis by ____________________

1. between the dermis and epidermis in the skin and are found in close proximity to blood vessels. 2. migrate into the blood vessels and disseminate to other sites in the body

Two things you need to know about a catalyst are ____________________

1. by reducing the activation energy, 2. increasing the steric factor.

Vitamin C is a ________________. Vitamin A refers to _______________. Vitamin B1 is _________________ Vitamin D refers to ________________

1. cofactor in collagen synthesis. 2. a group of unsaturated compounds including retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene. It is involved in proper immune function, normal growth and development (especially of epithelial cells), and vision. 3. otherwise known as thiamine, is one of the B complex vitamins. Its deficiency can lead to memory dysfunction (Korsakoff syndrome) 4. to a group of fat-soluble steroid hormones responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.

If a structure has five bonds coming off the central atom, its hybridization is _______________. The molecular structure is __________________. In addition, the angle it uses is __________________

1. dsp³ 2. Trigonal Bipyramidal 3. 90° & 120°

Promoter Region is __________________. This process requires a __________________ for initiation, followed by an _______________ enzyme catalyzing transcription of DNA into RNA

1. is a DNA sequence at a position where transcription of a gene will begin. 2. Transcription Factor 3. RNA Polymerase

What is the rate for zeroth order, 1st order, and 2nd order?

1. k 2. k[A] 3. k[A]²

Heating curves are related to the equation ________________ only when the ________________. During a phase change energy ______________ bonds and does not change ________________. As you move to the right of the heating curve, ____________ increases

1. q= MC∆T 2. Temperature is rising 3. Breaks 4. Temperature 5. Entropy

_______________ refers to decision-making becoming more irrational or dysfunctional as an in-group increases in size and leads to faulty decisions. Individuals who have ________________ can lead to _______________. ________________ are also key.

1.Groupthink *Think of the sales office in San Francisco. The larger the meeting would get, the more irrational everyones thoughts were* 2. Authority 3. Groupthink 4. Pressures

To find the ratio of a base, you use the _____________________ equation, which is _____________________

1.Henderson Hasselbach Equation, pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]. 2. Solving for [A-] / [HA] gives [A-] / [HA] = 10(^pH - ^pKa) 3. Solve for ka which is Ka * Kb = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴ 4. We can use our shortcut: -log [C x 10-E] = (E-1).(10-C). Ex: Lets say our ka is 4 x 10⁻⁴ (4-1).(10-4) = 3.6

____________ is a big bone marrow cell with a lot of cytoplasm. It is also responsible form making platelets and has a large _______________.

1.Megakaryocyte 2. Nucleus *Think of the Kara K winning a mega lottery at the Nuclear Plant and donating the money to UCSD hospital for bone marrow research

Microtubules are ____________ . _______________ is composed of this. Tubulin is a protein component of ________________. Microtubules are heavily used in _________________ transport through the motor proteins ________________ & ________________

1.Used in both Vesicle transport and in both mitosis and meiosis. 2. Mitotic Spindle. This occurs at prophase I. 3. Microtubules (Specifically dimers of α & B tubulin) 4. Intracellular 5. Dynein 6. Kinesin

What age will be in the formal operational stage of Piaget's development theory?

12 and above (Abstract thinking)

_______________ means that living standards are increasing in absolute terms: you are better off than your parents and your children will be better off than you. ______________ compares your income to your parent's income

Absolute Mobility. Ex: If you make $10K a year and your parents make $5K a year. *Think of you drinking absolute at the restaurant in Fairhope instead of drinking sweet tea at the restaurant in Mobile. Your living standards went up*

Ubiquinone in ETP

Accepts electrons, then passes them off in the ETP. Therefore, it is both reduced and oxidized. It is between two complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and that it resides in the membrane itself.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by reduced ___________________

Acetylcholine production and beta-amyloid plaques in the brain

An _________________ breaks acetylcholine down into acetic acid and choline.

Acetylcholinesterase. It is like a pac-man that eats up acetylcholine. Ex:

What are the enzymes in a lysosome and what happens if these cells burst into the cytoplasm?

Acid Hydrolases. If they burst, their pH of 5 will not be able to withstand the pH of the cytoplasm which is 7.4, so it will not be able to function.

Amphiprotic means to _____________________

Act as an acid and a base Ex: HPO₄²⁻. It can accept a hydrogen or donate a hydrogen *Think of proton which signifies an acid, and you know that amphi means both, so both an acid and a base*

Enzyme Activity

Amount of substrate converted per unit time by an enzyme. It is proportional to velocity but it is not the same thing as velocity. Kcat = Vmax/E Total *Remember that Kcat is proportional to Vmax. If Kcat is low, then the Vmax will be low too* I have a Cat named Max *Remember that E is the concentration* * Vmax is usually a rate like M/s*

What is a muscle stretch reflex?

An example is when a hammer hits the tendon of your knee, and it stretches large groups of muscles in your thigh. Receptors called Muscle spindles detect the muscle stretch and the somatosensory neurons send this information to the CNS. This type is called afferent.

_______________ occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.

Attrition Bias *Think of central middle school. You took a nutrition class with John Henry Hobbs who was a high school dropout*

The most effective technique for sterilizing used laboratory materials is using an ________________, which brings the materials to a temperature over 120ºC and a pressure over 2 atm, which is enough to kill almost anything.

Autoclave

In Distillation Procedures, the substance with the lower ____________________ goes away first

Boiling Point.

When determining the hybridization of a molecule, make sure to count _________________

Bonds connected to the atom and the electron pairs

If a female is colorblind (x-linked recessive trait), how many of her chromosomes will have that trait?

Both. X^b X^b. Both her dad and her mom gave that trait to the female.

Bipolar Neurons are ________________

Brain cells that are involved in sensory responses.

Spindle Neurons are ___________________

Brain cells that facilitate rapid communication. *Think of spin something really fast*

An organic synthesist seeks to identify an efficient stereoselective reagent with which to produce the enantiomer of the biologically active sphingosine molecule pictured in the passage. Which of the following would be the most logical choice to try? A. Tert-butoxide B. DMSO C. Diethyl tartrate D. Propanol

C is correct. This question relies upon prior knowledge that you should master prior to taking the MCAT; the only stereoselective reagent listed is diethyl tartrate. A, B, D: Tert-butoxide, DMSO, and propanol are achiral, making C the only possible answer.

Which event is directly mediated by a ligand-gated ion channel? A. Release of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction B. Influx of Na⁺ across the axon membrane of a somatic neuron during action potential propagation C. Influx of Na⁺ across the motor end plate resulting in the depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane D. Re-entry of Ca²⁺ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to end muscle contraction

C. The influx of Na⁺ across the motor end plate occurs when Na⁺ ion channels bind the ligand acetylcholine.

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

Carboxylic acid with a long, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic tail. An aliphatic tail basically consists of hydrocarbons.

__________________ is any substances that directly causes genetic changes that result in the formation of cancer.

Carcinogen *Cars that release more emissions can be a sin like diesel cars. These cause cancer*

Someone who rationalizes unpleasant behaviors will ___________________

Cast his or her misconduct in a favorable light after the fact.

Carboxylases are enzymes that ___________________

Catalyze carboxylation or decarboxylation reactions.

Kinase

Catalyzes the transfer phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins and are classified as transferases.

In hyperventilation, you exhale CO2 more quickly than ______________

Cells producing it.

________________ is a major component of dietary fiber and is not typically digested by enzymes produced in the human gut due to the B (1,4) glycosidic bonds

Cellulose *think of you having cellulite when you were 14 at Drew's house because you digested too many creme pies*

The ____________________ directs both the Visuo-Spatial sketchpad and the Phonological loop. This information gets stored in the ________________. This all occurs in the ______________ memory.

Central Executive, Episodic Buffer, Working Memory.

_______________ will separate compounds by mass

Centrifugation *Think of the 16th century in Massachusetts during the civil war*

____________ are chromosomal regions linking sister chromatids, not homologous chromosomes.

Centromeres

________________ are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla. Remember, the catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Chromaffin Cells

Nondisjunction

Chromosomes can fail to separate in Mitosis, ANAPHASE Meiosis I, and sister chromatids fail to separate in ANAPHASE Meiosis II during anaphase. Ex: Monosomy

Endonuclease's ____________

Cleaves within a nucleic acid molecule. It is specific for either DNA or RNA.

________________ the mRNA that would be produced has the same sequence as the coding strand, except for the thymines which become uracils.

Coding Sense Strand

_______________ organizations in which members are forced to join. Prison is a classic example.

Coercive *Think of COER who had to go to prison because he graffitied the walls*

The three general types of organizations are _____________, ______________, & _______________

Coercive, Normative, and Utilitarian *UNC*

_______________ is a mistake or deficiency in the way that a person thinks, which can be caused by problems with memory, rational thinking, or a misunderstanding of the situation.

Cognitive Bias

__________________ FEELS DISTRESS when a person's beliefs and reality do not match, or when beliefs conflict with other beliefs. Or it is the unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time.

Cognitive Dissonance. Ex: If someone proved something wrong against your experiment, but you still deny that you are not wrong *Think of Dissonance and Distress*

Cones perceive ____________ while Rods do not perceive _______________. There are more ___________ than ____________

Color. Rods, Cones

The student privately disagrees with the behavior but publicly conforms, which is known as ______________. It is also going along with an explicit request, whether or not you agree with it.

Compliance *Think of the computer room in Greenwich. Eric wanted you to change the channel whenever it was on sports. Even though you changed the channel, you didn't like to change the channel*

Centriole

Composed of short lengths of microtubules arranged in the form of an open-ended cylinder, designed to help chromosomes separate during cell division.

A Double Blind experiment is ___________________

Conceal the identity of control and experimental treatments from both the people giving and receiving the treatment in order to prevent unconscious bias from influencing the results.

_________________ validity are the terms of the study that are defined.

Construct. Ex: If the participants are not reflecting what the researchers intend to measure. *Think of the building they are going to construct next to Lincoln tower. Picture how noisy it would be to study terms there*

Excess _____________ impairs the ability of the hippocampus to both encode and recall memories.

Cortisol

When the Nd-145 decays, it releases a β- particle and an antineutrino to form perpromethate, PmO4-, which is less tightly bound to the gallium. Which of the following charged particles will be attracted to the particle emitted during the decay of 145Nd? A. Electron B. Neutron C. Anti-Neutrino D. Positron

Coulomb's law states that the force between two charged particles is attractive when the charges are opposite and repulsive when the charges are the same. Thus, if the emitted particle is negatively charged (B- Particle), then the particle attracted to it must be positive, like a positron.

_________________ occurs when participants participate in each group in a study.

Cross-Over Design

The macrosystem involves _______________ traits

Cultural

Ventral tegmental area is where the __________________

Dopamine circulating throughout the mesolimbic pathway is largely produced

Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, and Bipolar Disorder are diseases associated with disorders of __________________ activity.

Dopaminergic

If you have equal proportions of adenine and thymine as well as equal portions of cytosine and guanine, this is an example of _____________ DNA

Double Stranded

_______________ refers to the thermodynamically disfavored requirement of forming a cage of polar solvent molecules around surface-exposed hydrophobic portions of a molecule.

Entropic Penalty. *Your going from a hydrophobic molecule to a polar molecule*

_______________ is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.

Eustress *Just think of Eu which in greek means good, this is a good type of stress*

How do you find the ratio of the mass for two gases?

Ex: Molar mass of CO2) / (molar mass of H2O

Drive Reduction Theory

Focuses on drives and needs. Needs drive the arousal state and drive reduces the need. *Think of you driving up to the banksville parking lot and you getting aroused when you see the tennis courts*

Feminist Theory is ____________________

Focuses on power and control of one group (generally males, or patriarchal society in general) over another.

________________ are norms that guide simple, everyday behavior; violating them typically does not have serious consequences.

Folkways Ex: Extending your left hand to shake someone's hand might get you an odd look from the other person, but would not carry a serious sanction.

_____________ says that when someone has agreed to make a small commitment towards something, they are then much more likely to follow up with a greater commitment.

Foot in the Door Technique.

________________ are found in eukaryotes only and are the largest class of membrane receptors.

GPCR's or G-Protein Coupled Receptors

________________ is the set of normative behaviors viewed as acceptable (or desirable), for members of a given sex within a culture.

Gender Role

Critical genes are often conserved across species, and a wild-type copy of human p53 would certainly be _______________ with another human patient.

Genetically Compatible

Pancreatic alpha cells release ______________, a peptide hormone that increases blood glucose levels

Glucagon,

What is more efficient glucose metabolism or protein metabolism?

Glucose Metabolism. Remember that more PDK results in less glucose metabolism which is good because you need to conserve it for the brain.

________________ is one of the most common "excitatory" neurotransmitters of the nervous system.

Glutamate *Think of being a glutton for food and how excited you are to eat*

What Amino Acid is E?

Glutamic Acid

________________ is a phenomenon that takes place when group members are pressured to make decisions. These groups are insulated from outside opinions and make choices irrationally, without truly considering available evidence.

Groupthink Ex: Woman shows up to a meeting showing an article that proves vaccines don't lead to autism or other disease. The women in the group say that is not good evidence and is a conspiracy from drug companies. The parent decides not to speak up again and throws the article in the trash. *The group can cause you to think differently*

What is the formula for Phosphoric Acid?

H3PO4

_______________ is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality in 1951, which investigated the trait of neuroticism in identical (i.e., monozygotic) and fraternal (i.e., dizygotic twins). He also studied extroversion vs. introversion.

Hans Eysenck

Conformational Isomers ___________________

Have no difference in chirality, but are identified by rotation around a single bond or through chair flips.

_______________ structures that are similar, have similar position, similar ancestry, but different functions.

Homologous Ex: Human uses its hand to hold things. Dog uses its paws to walk. A whale uses its fins to swim. *Picture watching dolphins from Dads balcony in Santa Barbara which is next to the zoo. The dolphin and I have different functions. I use my arm to open the door and it uses its fins to swim.

External Validity is ___________________

How well an experiment can apply to real world situations. Ex: Does it take place outside?

Empathy Altruism

Idea that you are more likely to help people towards whom you feel empathy.

________________ refers to a situation where the medical student would conform to a behavior because they like or respect the person who exhibits it.

Identification *Think of Dr. Spight's having a dent in his 911 Porsche in the Caleb's office. This will help you think of Caleb conforming to a behavior because he likes Dr. Spight.

A researcher carries out a column chromatography at physiological pH, using a stationary medium with a net positive charge. If a solution containing the following oligopeptides is poured into the column, which oligopeptide will most likely be found in the first fraction collected? A. DDGE B. EILD C. KRVV D. VEGP

If the stationary phase has a positive charge, anything that is poured into the column that is negative will be attracted to the positive charge and elute more slowly. Anything with a positive charge means it is not polar and will elute more quickly. Answer choice C has the highest positive charge with +2.

What explains higher boiling points?

Intermolecular forces. (London Dispersion, Hydrogen Bonds, Dipole Dipole) and molecular weight (higher MW means a higher boiling point)

A bond order of 1.0 is ________________

Is a single bond. Typically, single bonds are longer than double bonds, which are longer than triple bonds.

What does aliphatic mean?

It does not contain a ring in the structure.

How does ADH affect collecting duct of the kidney?

It increases the reabsorption of water, which decreases the osmolality of blood (chemicals in your blood) and conserves blood volume. This means it will increase blood pressure. Thus, the body will secrete ADH when blood pressure is low and when blood osmolality is high *Think of a designated hitter at Jupiter Field, he drinks water to retain it in his body, this will prevent osmolality from getting too high*

What is a DNA replication error?

It is when there is a mistake during DNA replication. Ex: C becomes T instead C becoming G.

In order for KCl to depolarize the cell membrane,

It must modify the cell's resting potential in such a way as to make the interior of the neuron more positive relative to the extraneuronal environment.

Catalytic Efficiency

K cat/Km *A Cat on Kami*

In the Arrhenius Equation, if T goes up, what happens to K?

K goes up. Normally, if two numbers are on the same side on the numerator, they both go up and down. However, if there are exponents involved, whatever happens to the exponent, you follow the opposite of what happens. Ex: In K = Ae↑-Ea/RT, If Ea goes up, K goes down.

What are the units for force?

Kg ∙ M/s²

_________________ is responsible for importing and breaking down sugar molecule lactose to use a source of energy.

Lac Operon

________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose.

Lactase

Gel-Filtration Chromatogrpahy (Size Exclusion Chromatography)

Large molecules go to the bottom but the small molecules remain at the top. This is the opposite of Gel Electrophoresis. Gel-filtration is a sub category of Size-exclusion chromatography.

If light is entering a more dense medium towards the normal, the angle of incidence will be _____________ than the angle of refraction

Larger

Eukaryotic ribosomes are __________ and contain ___________ rRNA than their prokaryotic cousins

Larger, More

Histone Deacetylase (HDAC)

Leads to condensing of the chromatin structure and decreases transcription. Its basically the same thing as Heterochromatin

______________ are enantiomers that rotate plane polarized light a certain amount of degrees counter-clockwise

Levorotatory

The hippocampus is responsible for what type of memory?

Long Term Memory

A species with _________ sexual dimorphism contains males and females that look mostly identical and typically form pair bonds and mate for life.

Low

For a compound that has impurities, the melting point is going to ____________ and ____________ the melting point range

Lower & Broaden. Ex: 195°C-220°C

The more A/T residues in a segment, the ___________ the melting point. This is because A/T residues have ______________ bonds

Lower, 2 Hydrogen Bonds

__________________ the pH will protonate residues and potentially disrupt the structure of the protein, causing it to unfold.

Lowering

Carbonic acid and its conjugate base (bicarbonate) play a large role in ______________________.

Maintaining the pH of the human body.

What is compound is Mn?

Manganese

_____________ is a collective delusional belief that something is threatening (like vaccines). It spreads through fear and misinformation.

Mass Hysteria Ex: Other examples can be people reacting to extreme weather or people falsely believing they have a disease like anthrax.

Internalization in psychology is _________________

Means something like membrane receptors are taken up in vesicles and transported into the cell (away from the membrane) for either degradation or recycling.

What occurs during eukaryotic translational initiation?

Methionine-charged initiator tRNA is brought to the P-site of the small ribosomal unit. Further, the 5'Cap, found on the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA molecules containing the codon, consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to the primary mRNA transcript via an unusual 5' to t' triphosphate linkage. This guanosine residue is methylated at the 7 position directly after capping.

What is the standard value for the normal force on an object positioned on an inclined plane? (Frictional Force)

Mg Cos θ

What is a major example of a cytoplasmic component?

Mitochondria

The equation for molality is _____________

Moles/Kg *Think about how much the LAL court weighs*

What is the equation for molarity?

Moles/L It usually look like M

_____________ is a macrophage that engulfs Red Blood cells and gets rid of them and platelets

Monocyte

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Motivated to satisfy needs in a particular order. Basic needs are at bottom of the pyramid. Think of Lazlo behind the front desk at banksville tennis center balancing a pyramid of balls.

_______________ cells can give rise to many types of cells, but only ones within a specific family.

Multipotent. Ex: Hematopoietic Stem cells will replace red blood cells but can also differentiate int blood cells like lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils *Think of you being a multimillionaire because you invented a new red blood stem cell*

________________ is a highly toxic alkaloid to the cholines and has neurologic effects. It is isolated from certain mushrooms.

Muscarine *Think of Elon Musk on mushrooms at Burning Man and drank alkaseltzer*

The Mesoderm gives rise to __________________

Musculoskeletal System, Circulatory System, Kidneys, Genitourinary, and Bones *MSU*

__________________ is any substance that causes a genetic change

Mutagen *Think of mut, it sounds like mutation which is a disruption in your DNA*

What is the standard half-life equation that you need to know?

N = N₀ (1/2) ^ t/t½ N = Amount left N₀ = Original T= Time t½ = Half Life

_______________ is a neutral type of stress. It happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn't actively or directly affect you.

Neustress Ex: If a natural disaster occurred on the other side of the world, this would be stressful but it would not affect me. *Think of Neu as neutral which means that something is not being affected*

Do enzymes affect equilibrium concentrations?

No

Does Gluconeogenesis use kinase?

No, Gluconeogenesis uses Phosphatase which is the opposite of Kinase.

Eukaryotes have a spliceosome. Do prokaryotes have a spliceosome?

No, they do not.

Do enzymes change thermodynamic properties such as the free energy of a reaction?

No, they only change the rate of a reaction

______________ is a subtype of conformity pressure in which the individual knows that the others are incorrect, but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group.

Normative Pressure Ex: Even though someone may be wrong, you may agree with their answer so they like you

Opaque means _________________

Not transparent

Polymerization

Nucleotides are strung together to form a single-stranded RNA strand, not the joining of two complementary strands *Picture Mehr watching along came polly when he has a single blond stand*

______________ is a statement that suggests there is no relationship between two variables.

Null Hypothesis. *Think of the word nill which means zero. This can tell you there is zero relationship between the variables.

Snell's Law equation is __________________

N₁Sinθ₁ = N₂Sinθ₂ *If N is lower it will have a bigger angle. If N is higher, it will have a smaller angle*

_______________ is an homotropic allosteric modulator of hemoglobin

O2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen.

Socioeconomic status is typically measured by ___________________

Occupation, employment, household income, and educational attainment *OIEE*

Expectancy Effects are _______________

Occur when participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study, based on the observation of others. Ex: if, during the study, participants in opposing groups were present during post-treatment ratings

Commensalism

One species benefits while not causing harm or help to the other.

Self Esteem

One's level of how much they respect themselves. *Think of all the respect signs that fraternity brothers made around the chapter room*

________________ exchanges both mass and energy with its surroundings.

Open System

________________ is the process by which antibodies bind to and recognize antigens on the surface of a pathogen. The antibodies then attract macrophages to phagocytose the invader.

Opsonization. This is not a function of a macrophage, it just attracts them.

Transverse waves __________________

Oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Ex: Light and Electromagnetic Radiation

What component of the earth's current atmosphere was purposely excluded from the original Urey-Miller experiment?

Oxygen. Oxygen was not present in the early earth atmosphere. Second, oxygen would have generated an explosion.

The ____________ is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands

Pancreas

_________________ involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

Passive Immunity

_______________ are those that have a small upper class that controls most of the economy. Most people are uneducated and are poor. In addition, they are influenced by core countries.

Periphery Nations Ex: Latin America and Africa

What are peroxisomes and what is their function.

Peroxisome is an organelle that protects a cell from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and breaks it down into water and oxygen. It is similar to a lysosome in that it digests.

______________ are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people. Ex: Are they kind or trustworthy?

Personal Constructs

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.

_______________ reinforcer is one which, when given (or applied) to the subject, helps to reinforce certain behavior.

Positive Ex: Here, the electrodes are more effective as a positive reinforcer compared to the food; this can be seen by looking at the charts and observing that the percentage of monkeys who touch the painted circle increases faster,

______________ in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by personal morality and universal ethical principles

Post-Conventional

_______________ refers to strength of information flowing through a particular part of the nervous system can increase.

Potentiation of Response in Cells

______________ in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws.

Pre-Conventional

Anticipatory socialization

Preparing for future life roles. Ex: Child anticipates parenthood by observing what their parents do.

Boiling Chips

Provide nucleation sites that give the liquid a place to start forming bubbles to prevent superheating

What is the structure difference between furan and pyrrolle

Pyrrole has an N, while Furan has an O

During _________________ breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and shallow; eyes jerk rapidly, and limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. Also, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, and the body loses some of the ability to regulate temperature.

REM Sleep

Decreased number of alveoli in the lungs leads to respiratory distress because of __________________

Reduced surface area in the lungs.

The gain of hydrogens constitutes a _____________ reaction

Reduction

______________ groups are groups one is likely to mentally compare oneself to.

Reference. Ex: Individuals from another country often emulate the attitudes and behaviors of groups that they admire and would like to join.

Intragenerational is ____________________

Refers to mobility within a generation such as you and your brothers.

What is the structure of Lysine

Remember it has a lot of CH2 groups

Intergenerational is ___________________

Researchers measured mobility across generations such as you and your parents.

Phosphatase

Responsible for dephosphorylation Ex: It can be used as an intermediate in gluconeogenesis

_________________ study is when past information is used.

Retrospective Ex: Medical Records

_______________ theory posits that emotions are based on a physiological stimulus which the mind then puts into a particular context. Processing the context or understanding/cognitive ability of the stimulus creates the emotion experienced.

Schacter Singer Theory. Ex: Participants had different levels of emotional response based on what type of information they received.

________________ are networks of information that allow certain other kinds of information to be transmitted more easily.

Schemata. Ex: If a boy already has a gender schemata that includes certain ideas about masculinity, and football easily fits that schemata, it will lead to the boy developing this attitude about football and masculinity. *Think of the schemes of football that you watch on your TV in West Palm Beach on the NFL Network*

Looser, more temporary groups such as coworkers are ______________ groups.

Secondary

_______________ is a self-assessment centered on an individual's ability to perform a specific task or set of tasks.

Self-Efficacy

_______________ is an over-arching evaluation of one's self-worth.

Self-Esteem

______________ it also includes conceptions of one's past, present and future selves.

Self-Schemata

Form of groupthink _______________, not speaking up about wanting to behave less aggressively

Self-censorship

______________ is a long-term strategy that usually involves self-reflection and taking regular notes on your behavior, thoughts, and attitudes over time.

Self-monitoring

Microtubule de-polymerization is responsible for _____________________

Separating chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis I or II. It does not contribute to overall cell migration.

Which amino acid is S?

Serine

What are the uncharged side chains on the amino acid chart?

Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine

_____________ would indicate the presence of aryl hydrogens: hydrogen atoms that are bonded to a benzene ring sp2 carbon atom.

Several Large Peaks

_______________ refers to the degree to which males and females resemble each other.

Sexual Dimorphism.

_________________ refers to biological differences based on gender.

Sexual Dimorphism. Ex: Color, Size

________________ refers to things of value that one possesses by virtue of social networks, rather than through material possessions. Ex: Someone can get skip a line at a club or doesn't have to wait to get a reservation because they know someone.

Social Capital

________________ is the tendency for people to perform better when in the presence of others.

Social Facilitation *Think of the middle school auditorium at Central. You practiced your lines enough that when you had to perform, you did the best in front of the school*

___________________ experiment looked at how and why people adopt majority group decisions.

Soloman Asch's conformity experiment

The more polar a compound, the higher its _______________ in aqueous solution?

Solubility

_________________ is unchanged in the net ionic equation, i.e. appears the same on both sides of the reaction.

Spectator Species. Ex: If it is not on both sides then it is not a spectator ion.

In the demographic transition, ________________ a country is pre-industrial and has high mortality and fertility rates.

Stage 1

What does a graph look like for zeroth order?

Steep and negatively correlated for both concentration vs time and straight line plot.

On a graph, the acceleration is the largest where the slope is the ____________________

Steepest

Self-reported information is always vulnerable to _________________

Subjective Bias

Reducing Sugars are

Sugars that is capable of acting as a "reducing agent" because it has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars and they contain "hemi-acetal groups".

Part of the self that generates moral behavior and is critical of the self's thoughts and actions. This is known as _________________

Super-Ego

Stimulation of the iris dilator muscle is a result of activation of: ___________________

Sympathetic Motor Neurons

_______________ carry electrical signals related to sensory information to the central nervous system.

Sympathetic Sensory Neurons

____________ is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Synapsis. There is also crossing over in prophase I.

Cochrane reviews are _________________

Systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. .

_______________ is a tyrosine derived hormone. Thyroid hormones are lipid soluble amino acid hormones and act at the level of transcription (unlike peptide hormones)

T4 *Think of 4 T-rex's eating a ton of fat*

What are the values for Tangent?

Tangent goes up when you start at 0°

The DNA-RNA hybrid involves pairing between two strands of nucleic acids, and this would fall under _______________ of nucleic acids. You can also see an L-shape.

Tertiary Structures. Ex: The visual shows the folding of a molecule that gives it an L shape *Think of the turtle that folds his 3D glasses into an L shape*

In a certain kinetics experiment, the enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP proceeds at a constant rate of 2.0 uM∙s⁻¹. If the volume of the solution is 1.0 mL, what is the total number of ATP molecules that hydrolyzed after 1 min?

The Liters and seconds can be cancelled out by multiplying 2.0 x 10⁻⁶ M ∙L ⁻¹∙s⁻¹ * 60 s * 1.0 x 10⁻³ L = 1.2 x 10⁻⁷ Mol *Remember that M ∙ s⁻¹ is M/ L∙s

________________ helps you identify specific electrons within an atom or orbital.

The Quantum Number

Elongation

The adding of subunits to make a longer strand of a macromolecule

The main brain regions that are recognized to constitute the core limbic system are _______________

The amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and hypothalamus *AHLSH*

Whenever you see an experimental feature question you know you have to look in _________________

The passage

L-DOPA

The precursor for Dopamine, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), and Epinephrine (adrenaline). It's also used to increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. (Picture you smoking dope at Central Park)

Intragenerational mobility is ___________________

The shift in social class within a generation

A strong wind lifts a 2-g leaf and propels it 3 m along a spiral path to reach a height of 2 m above the ground. What is the work done by gravity throughout this process? A. 0 J B. 0.04 J C. 0.06 J D. 0.10 J

The work done by gravity can be calculated as the change in potential energy of the leaf. The initial potential energy of the leaf is zero. The final potential energy of the leaf at a height of 2 m can be calculated using the potential energy formula: U = mgh = (0.002 kg)(10 m/s2)(2 m) = 0.04 J

Shielding means ___________________. What are the effects of shielding? What kind of chemical shift does shielding have?

There is more electron density. Ex: CH4 is an example because there electrons are spread out. 1. Decreases magnetic field 2. Decreasing magnetic field decreases the energy difference 3. Decreasing the energy difference decreases the frequency. 4. Upfield

Aneuploidy

There is variation in mitosis. The chromosome count will either be 47 or 45 and is caused by nondisjunction.

What is the function of RBC's or Erythrocytes?

They bring O₂ to different parts of the body

What role do histones and nucleosomes possess relating to nuclear DNA and mitosis?

They facilitate mitosis by helping to supercoil nuclear DNA into chromosomes.

What is Pacinian's Corpuscle?

This is a type of mechanoreceptor that requires deep touch such as someone poking you. It is located in the hypodermis which is deep.

Framing

This is another factor that affects decision making. It means how your presenting decision. Ex: If you frame a scenario where 200 people will be saved versus 1/3 the chance to save 600 people, even though they are both the same, most people will choose the first option because it may sound better

How come prokaryotes don't have a 5'Cap and Poly-A-Tail to prevent mRNA from being degraded?

This is because Transcription and Translation occur at the same place and same time.

How does testosterone regulate itself?

Through the feedback loop. The hypothalamus regulates testosterone by sending a signal to the the anterior pituitary gland. Ex: It kind of works like a thermostat.

If Bernouill's Equation gets complicated, what equation can you use?

V = √2gh

______________ is a measure of sympathetic nervous system activity that relates to the vagus nerve.

Vagal Tone

__________________ is when a phenotype is expressed differently among individuals with the same genotype.

Variable Expressivity Ex: Wardenburg Syndrome. Patients that have this usually have different colored eyes. Variable expressivity is different from Penetrance.

Moderating variable is _______________

Variable is one which AFFECTS the intensity of the relationship between and independent and dependent variable. Something that wouldn't be a moderating variable would EFFECT the study.

Euploidy

Variation within chromosome sets

If you have a higher pka, this means that the acid is ________________

Weak

The three component theory of stratification or Weberian stratification states that __________________

Wealth, prestige, and power influence the way that individuals treat one another.

Gender Dysphoria

When a person's gender identity does not match his or her physical sex

What occurs if both either the afferent or efferent system is not working properly?

You will have a diminished reflex

Write out the stages of development in Male and Female Gametes.

*GCSTM Go Crab Some Tail Man

What is the structure of Ribose?

*Remember that it has two OH's on the bottom of the five ring structure.

What does a lewis-acid base reaction look like?

*Remember they have coordinate covalent bonds*

What is the structure of a cellobiose?

*Think of a cello, it looks like a bass. Remember that B is a bird and they fly up. Cellobiose is a disaccharide

What are the structural differences for amide and amine?

*You can think of an amine as an a minus, you're taking something away which would be the carbonyl group*

In an electrolytic cell, the charges of the anode and cathode match the charge of the battery. What are they?

+ Anode matches the + on the battery, -Cathode matches the - on the battery.

What is the Nernst Equation? It is used to predict _____________________

1. E = E° - (RT/nF) ln Q 2. Cell voltages under non-standard conditions.

What is the structure of phosphatidylcholine. PhosphatidylCholine is a type of _____________.

1. Lipid

At equilibrium, the free energy change is ________________. The variable Q is another way of saying _________________.

1. Zero 2. Keq

What is the pH of a 0.010 M perchloric acid solution?

.010 M = 1.0 x 10⁻² pH = -log[H+] = -log[10-2] = 2.

What do you know about primary quantum numbers?

1. # = n which is the main energy level 2. Meaning = Shell 3. Range = 1 to n

Klinefelter's Syndrome is ___________________. Down Syndrome is ___________________. Turner Syndrome is ____________________

1. (Small Testes or sterile, this is XXY, a trisomy of the sex chromosomes) or 2. (Mental Retardation, this is trisomy 21 which is the trisomy of the Autosomal chromosomes. 3. XO, a monosomy of the sex chromosomes

What is the structure of GTP and GDP? They are both ________________, which are composed of _________________.

1. *Remember that guanosine has the carbonyl group on the bigger ring structure. * Think of GO* *Also remember that when GTP goes to GDP, GTP loses a phosphate through phosphatase. 2. Nucleotides 3. At least one phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a five carbon sugar

If you have 0.010 M sodium hydroxide solution at 25°C, how do you find its pH?

1. .010 M = 1.0 x 10⁻² M 2. Taking the negative logarithm of the OH gives you a pOH of 2 3. pOH + pH = 14 4. 14 -2 = 12 = pH

A P-value between _______________ shows that the results are significant.

1. .05 & .01. The lower the results, the more significant.

In experimental assays, approximately 93% of the 145Pm decay product is produced in the first 100 minutes. If a hospital requires at least 250 g of 145Nd to complete a standard cardiac image, how long will it be before it must replace a 2000 g sample?

1. 250g/2000g = 1/8 2. 1/2^n = 1/8, which means n =3 3. 7% is left over which is closest to .0625, which means 4 half lives have passed at the 100 minute mark 4. Determine the length of the half life which is 100/4 = 25 5. 25 * 3 =75 minutes

A 5' Phosphate on DNA will attach to a __________________ on the DNA structure. Sugar Phosphates form the ______________ of the double helix bond. Bases form the _____________ of the double helix bond. Guanine will equal the amount of _____________ in a DNA sequence.

1. 3' Hydroxyl group 2. Exterior 3. Interior

Incentive Theory is __________________. There is _____________ meaning to the behavior.

1. A reward, tangible, or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action. 2. Positive Ex: Getting a promotion or something intangible like job satisfaction.

What are the steps in the power-stroke of muscle contraction?

1. ATP binds to myosin head and myosin releases actin 2. ATP then turns into >> ADP + Pi + Energy and this releases energy to cock the myosin (spring back) into a high energy conformation 3. Pi is then released from myosin which releases energy of the cocked position and causes the myosin protein to push on actin which is the "power stroke" 4. ADP is then released.

What is an ultrasound and what kind of frequencies and wavelengths do ultrasound machines have? The frequency of waves ____________ change when they go to different mediums.

1. An ultrasound is used for medical imaging without causing the patient harm. High frequencies and low wavelengths according to the equation, V =λf. If we have high frequencies and low wavelengths, we have less diffraction which means the waves in an ultrasound won't be as spread out. 2. Do not

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiontensin I into _________________ which ____________________

1. Angiontensin II 2. Stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

_______________ is a zymogen precursor to angiotensin released by the liver in response to low blood pressure. The liver is responsible for the breakdown of ________________. ______________ is also produced in the Liver

1. Angiotensinogen *Think about how tense you are before your first sip of Gin. This will increase your blood pressure* 2. Toxin (Caffeine and Alcohol) 3. Bile. It is then transported to the gall bladder to be stored and concentrated

Schizophrenia and Bi-Polar Disorder both exhibit symptoms of _________________. Schizophrenia only experiences symptoms of ___________________

1. Anhedonia 2. Delusions 3. Disorganized Speech

In Ion Exchange Chromatography, there is both ________________ chromoatography which is when ______________ and ________________ chromatography which is when _______________.

1. Anion Exchange 2. Uses a positively charged resin that binds anions, making anions elute out slower. 3. Cation Exchange 4. Uses a negatively charged resin that binds cations, making cations elute slower

B cells produce _________________ and are used for ________________ immunity. They are generally involved in ________________ infection. T cells produce _________________ and are used for ______________ immunity. They are generally involved in __________________ infection.

1. Antibodies in the bone marrow. 2. Humoral (antibody-mediated) Immunity 3. Bacterial 4. No antibodies but T-lymphocytes 5. Cell Mediated (Inside cells) 6. Viral

Immunoglobulin is ____________________. The two main components of its structure is ______________ & _______________

1. Antibody produced by the immune system to bind to and neutralize antigens. 2. Variable (This matters the most because it binds to the antigen) 3. Constant (This is the same within an IG class)

ELISA measures ________________. If the measures are higher in the experiment than in the control, it is ____________

1. Antigen Levels 2. Upregulated Think of Elisa Sandler as an ANT

What are three functions of Macrophages?

1. Antigen presentation. 2. Phagocytosis 3. Cytokine release

The _____________ is where all blood must exit the heart before it is pumped to every possible location in the body. As the blood travels away from the heart and diffuses through increasingly smaller blood vessels, the mean arterial pressure _______________. It is the pressure differential between the _______________ and the __________________ that drives the blood through the body. Therefore the blood will be lowest in the ______________ and the highest in the _______________.

1. Aorta 2. Decrease 3. Aorta 4. Right Atrium 5. Right Atrium 6. Aorta

The lysosome is split up into two types of digestion called ______________ and _________.

1. Autophagy: Self-eating, which is digestion of other parts of the cell or other cells. Ex: Macrophages of immune system engulf bacteria and then get digested & lysosomes. 2. Crinophagy: Digest excretory products. Ex: If extra hormones are secreted, they will be broken down by the lysosome

On a pedigree, if you see that each generation carries the disease and approximately half of the children with an unaffected and affected parent are affected, you know that it is __________________. An affected parent usually passes the trait to either ___________ or _____________ of offspring.

1. Autosomal Dominant 2. All 3. Half

On a pedigree, if you see that each every other generation carries the disease, you know that it is ___________________. In this inheritance pattern, the number of affected males is usually ___________ to the number of affected females.

1. Autosomal Recessive 2. Equal

Arteries carry blood ____________ the heart and it also carries _____________ to the tissues. Veins carry blood ______________ the heart and it also carries ___________ away from the tissues. Blood travels from the heart to the ______________, through the capillaries and back to the heart via the ________________. Pressure __________ at each subsequent stage so pressure is the _____________ at the aorta and the _____________ in the veins.

1. Away from the heart 2. O2 (except for pulmonary arteries) 3. Toward 4. CO2 & Waste 5. Aorta 6. Veins 7. Drops 8. Highest 9. Lowest

What are the values for Sin and Cos?

1. Cos goes down from 0 to 90 2. Sin goes up from 0 to 90

What must vectors have in order for expression to occur?

1. Bacterial origin or replication 2. One restriction enzyme site to allow for the insertion of foreign DNA into the vector through ligation 3. Transcription initiating sequence

Self-Efficacy is a ______________ that was developed by ______________. What types of efficacy are there? What are its sources?

1. Belief in one's capability to succeed in a certain situation. It was developed by 2. Albert Bandura. 3. There is strong efficacy and weak efficacy. In strong efficacy you rise which is recovery, interests, strong commitment, and Enjoy. In weak efficacy, you fall which is Fail, Avoid, Lose, and Lack. 1. Master of Experience 2. Social Modeling 3. Social Persuasion 4. Psychological Responses *Think of casey doing up downs in the chapter room. He rises and falls and still feels EMPPTY

REM sleep is characterized by waves similar to ____________ waves but with a less regular distribution. If someone lacked proper REM sleep, they would begin it __________________

1. Beta 2. Faster than someone who goes through proper REM sleep.

Carbonic Acid gets broken down into _________________. And that gets broken down into _______________ which is a _____________

1. Bicarbonate 2. Carbonate 3. Base

A person living at a higher elevation will produce more _____________ because there is ____________ oxygen in the air. The kidney has receptors that read the oxygen levels in the blood and produce ________________ in order to produce more blood cells.

1. Blood Cells 2. Less Oxygen 3. Erythropoietin

For a Doppler shift to take place at all, the sound source (the device) and the object must be ______________ relative to each other. For this reason Doppler ultrasound is often used for ________________

1. Blood Vessels or Lymphatic Vessels

How does Blood enter the heart and then leave the heart?

1. Blood enters the heart through the vena cava 2. Travels to the Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Semilunar Valve 6. Pulmonary Artery 7. Lungs 8. Pulmonary Vein 9. Left Atrium 10. Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve) 11. Left Ventricle 12. Semilunar Valve before exiting the Aorta

Straight chain alkanes have higher _________________. Because they have more surface area that can contact adjecent molecules, they experience more __________________. They also pack together better, increasing intermolecular force. These higher intermolecular forces raises _________________. Branched compounds have ___________________.

1. Boiling Points 2. London Dispersion Forces 3. Melting Points 4. Lower Melting Points

What is the purpose of the of the 5'Cap and the Poly-A-Tail? Where does Transcription and Translation occur in eukaryotes?

1. Both prevent the mRNA from being degraded by enzymes. 2. Transcription occurs in the nucleus 3. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where there are ribosomes

Motor Cortex is in your ___________. It functions to ________________

1. Brain 2. Control voluntary movements

Sleep Apnea is related to abnormalities in _____________________

1. Breathing Pattern while sleeping, such as pauses in breathing or shallower breathing.

Flashbulb Memory is ___________________

1. Brown and Kulik (1977) coined this term when they found that people claimed to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event.

Cis Fats have a kink which means it is ___________, thus, leads to ______________. Electrostatic Repulsion means they cannot _________________. Trans fats do not have as much _____________ so they can ______________.

1. Bulky 2. Greater Electrostatic Repulsion 3. Pack together tightly 4. Electrostatic Repulsion 5. Pack more tightly Think of your hair having great electrostatic so all your ends will go up which means they are going away If your hair is less electrostatic, then they will pack tightly together

_______________ force is the weight of the water displaced which is _______________. The equation for this is also known as the __________________.

1. Buoyant Force 2. Volume of Water Displaced (Force/Density of Water), * Density of Water * Gravity *Think of buoy in the water that has a vol sign on it which means Vol Play Games* 3. Archimedes Principle

What is the molecular weight for glucose and sucrose?

1. C6H12O6, MW = 180 g/mol 2. C12H22O11 (342 g/mole)

What are the stimulants that you need to know?

1. Caffeine 2. Nicotine 3. Cocaine 4. Meth *CNCM*

Muscle activation also requires release of __________ from the ________________ to cause a mechanical response in the muscle. _______________ will bind to troponin to initiate muscle contraction

1. Calcium, 2. sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Calcium

Leak Channels are _______________. They are ___________ all the time. The sodium-potassium pump is __________________. It will use the energy of one ATP to actively transport 3 sodium ions ______________ of the neuron in exchange fro 2 potassium ions being transported to the ________________ of the neuron. Because more positive ions are going ______________ this makes the inside more ________________

1. Channels that allow ions to pass across the membrane. 2. Open 3. An active ion-transporter. 4. Outside 5. Inside 6. Outside 7. Negative

The looking-glass self was developed by _______________. It suggests that ________________

1. Charles Cooley. 2. The self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us. This can be on correct or incorrect perceptions. Ex: A teacher grades my paper with a ton of corrections. This may make me feel that my teacher does not think I'm smart enough or I am not a good student which are incorrect perceptions.

The peptide bond displays partial double bond character because of the ______________. The peptide bond is found in a _______________ configuration.

1. Delocalization of electron density from the peptide (amide) nitrogen through the peptide carbonyl carbon and onto the peptide carbonyl oxygen. 2. Trans

Complex II, like complex I, transfers electrons to ________________. Complex I receives electrons from _____________ and Complex II receives electrons from _____________ Complexes ____________ have pumps and complex _____________ does not. Out of all the complexes, complex ___________ has the lowest reduction potential and complex ______________ has the highest reduction potential. During the pumping, the _________________ has the lower pH

1. Coenzyme Q or Ubiquinone 2. NADH 3. FADH2 4. 1, 3, & 4 5. 2 6. 1 7. 4 8. Intermembrane

Attitudes are described in three components which are __________________.

1. Cognitive Involves a person's belief about something 2. Affective: Involves a person's feelings (emotional) 3. Behavioral: The attitude affects how we behave

What is the order of the structures when urine leaves the kidney?

1. Collecting Duct 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra *KUBU K stands for kidney*

Explain Column Chromatography. If silica is used in column chromatography, then you know the column will be _________________. If something is the eluent it will be in the ______________ phase.

1. Column Chromatography is used to separate polarity differences. Its stationary phase (polar) are polar beads and its mobile phase (non-polar) is some type of liquid. Polar solvents will elute more slowly because they attach to the beads and non-polar solvents will elute quicker. 2. (Stationary Phase) which is usually polar 3. (Mobile Phase which is usually hydrophobic

What do you know about tyrosine derivatives

1. Comes from tyrosine (amino acid) 2. It is special because it comes from one amino acid and can act like a polypeptide hormone and a steroid hormone. Ex: Thyroid glands (T3 and T4 which act like steroids) Ex: Catecholamines (They come from the adrenal medulla which are involved in our fight or flight responses like epinephrine or norepinephrine. These act like peptides

Competitive Enzyme will _______________ (1-5) . The competitive inhibitor will _______________ (6)

1. Competes with substrate to bind to the active site. 2. Can be overcome by providing enough substrate, that the inhibitor never finds the enzyme, 3. The vmax will always be the same and the km will increase. 4. Enzyme concentration is constant 5. It either includes or excludes the inhibitor 6. Bind to the enzyme

Km is ________________. They can also be used to

1. Concentration of a substrate at which the kinetics experiment reaches half the maximum velocity. Remember that Km is always on the X axis. 2. Represent a measure of the binding affinity of an enzyme for a particular substrate.

When you have a completely folded protein, that is called a _________________. This is achieved by having the correct ____________________. If the structures breakdown, and misfold, there is a chance of _______________

1. Confirmation of a protein 2. 1°, 2°, 3°, and 4° Structure 3. Disease

________________ refer to increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one in which the original learning took place. It can also alter your ______________.

1. Context Effect. Ex: If you learned a word in the same spot of the library, each time you went to that spot, you would probably remember the word better. 2. Perception

The independent variable is the one that the researchers ________________ and the dependent variable is the one that they _________________

1. Control or are being manipulated 2. Measure

As long as objects are where they belong, if a focal point is positive, you know that the mirror and lens will be ________________ and the image will be ________________ & _________________. If the focal point is negative, you know that mirror and lens will be ________________ and the image will be ________________ & _______________. Also if the object is where it is supposed to be, the d₀ is ________________. If not, it is _______________.

1. Converging 2. Real 3. Inverted 4. Diverging 5. Virtual 6. Upright * Use the phrase Eye am positive that the real are inverted* 7. Positive. 8. Negative

In projectile motion questions, with respect to horizontal values, you use ___________ θ and for vertical angles you use ______________ θ.

1. Cos 2. Sin

_______________ validity is the extent to which a test reflects a specific quality (like empathy) or set of abilities. To measure it __________________

1. Criterion *Think of you predicting how many floors the new building next to Lincoln will have, if you get it right, you will cry tears of joy* 2. Researchers typically compare their test to another test that is used most often in the field.

__________________ Model is where African-Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. The 1st stage, pre encounter, African Americans tend to ___________________

1. Cross Nigrescence Model 2. View the majority caucasian culture as being more desirable. *Think of the country Niger, and Val Kilmer and Michael Douglas are being praised by their people*

How would you calculate the solubility @25°C for Cu(IO₃)₂ if the Ksp is 6.9 x 10⁻⁸?

1. Cu(IO₃)₂ > Cu²⁺ + 2IO₃²⁻ 2. s + 2s 3. Ksp = [Cu²⁺] [IO₃²⁻]² 4. Ksp = [s] [2s]² 5. Ksp = 4s³ 6. 6.9 x 10⁻⁸ = 4s³ 7. s = 4.6 x 10⁻³

In series circuit, the ______________ is the same and you add the sum of the _______________ through each circuit. In a parallel circuit, the _____________ across each component is the same, and the _____________ is the sum of the ______________ through each component.

1. Current 2. Voltage 3. Voltage 4. Current 5. Currents * Think of Siri recommending the same curry recipe but changes the volume all the time* Think of paradise having different wave currents but same sun volts*

Out of Nucleosome, Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, and DNA helix, which is the most compact and which is the least compact? Put them in order from Least to Most.

1. DNA Helix (Least Compact) 2. Euchromatin (Loosely Condensed) 3. Heterochromatin (More condensed) 4. Nucleosome

_________________ ε and δ are principally responsible for the elongation of the leading and lagging strands, respectively, during DNA replication. Both polymerases read the parental nucleotide template in the _____________________

1. DNA Polymerase 2. 3' → 5' direction, adding nucleotides to the growing strand in the 5'→ 3' (antiparallel) direction.

What are the two categories for Tumor Suppressors?

1. DNA Repair 2. Cell Cycle Repressors (These repressors are essential for the continuation of the cell cycle. If they are not repressed, the cell cycle does not go on.

In the heat of combustion of cycloalkanes, increasing the amount of carbons will _________________. If you have decreasing amount of carbons, this will __________________.

1. Decrease the heat of combustion because you use -∆H/# of CH₂ groups to find out the stability. This increases the stability. 2. Increase the heat of combustion which decreases the stability. *The trend is the opposite of alkanes*

Hydrogenation usually ____________ the oxidation number of the atom the H becomes attached to, it is generally considered ________________

1. Decreases 2. Reduction

As the number and electronegativity of the halogens present decreases, the polarity of the molecule __________________. If two molecules are identical such as C-C, this is usually ___________ polar than C-H.

1. Decreases as well. This leads to a non-polar molecule. 2. Less Polar because identical atoms are usually the least polar

Insulin ____________________ blood glucose by increasing _______________ & _______________. It is produced in the _______________ and stored in the ____________. It also ________________ the rate of the anabolic processes. Insulin's receptor is ___________________

1. Decreases, Increases glycolysis and Increases Glycogen Synthesis 2. It is produced in the pancreas. 3. It is also stored in the beta cells in the pancreas. It increases Glucose Uptake by the liver and muscles. 4. Increases 5. Tyrosine Kinase To remember that insulin is produced in beta cells, use the mnemonic GAIB

Cis double bonds tend to introduce "kinks" in phospholipid chains, _________________ the packing efficiency, and ______________ the fluidity of the membrane. Trans double bonds would ______________ packing efficiency because its stackable, and ________________ the fluidity of the membrane.

1. Decreasing 2. Increasing 3. Increasing 4. Decreasing

Symbols are ______________. Language constitutes _______________

1. Defined as representations with shared meaning among the individuals within a culture or subculture 2. A subcategory of symbols which is a set of representations that conveys meaning about the world.

Endothermic reactions are the rate ________________ step. Exothermic reactions are the rate _____________ step. Rate limiting steps are the reactions that occur __________________ which is usually when the activation energy is the __________________.

1. Determining 2. Limiting 3. Most slowly 4. Largest 5. Thermo

The element is D is also known as ________________ which is slightly heavier than _______________

1. Deuterium 2. Hydrogen

Electrolytic Cell is a ________________. The reduction occurs at the _______________ which is _______________ charged. It cell potential will always be _______________

1. Device that uses an electrical potential to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction 2. Cathode 3. Negatively *Think of electricity having a lot of negativity* 4. Negative

Gases enter and exit Red Blood Cells through _________________ across the RBC plasma membrane.

1. Diffusion

Lipid soluble molecules are absorbed through _______________ directly through the plasma membrane of intestinal cells. _____________ is used for things like carbohydrate monomers and amino acids. The plasma membrane permits molecules to pass through if they are __________________

1. Diffusion 2. Active Transport 3. Non-Polar

The only process available for the removal of wastes by the Bowman Capsule is _______________ which is aided by the __________________.

1. Diffusion 2. Hydrostatic pressure of blood.

Psychophysical Discrimination Testing __________________. Operational Span Testing is _________________

1. Directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties. Ex: Change the size slightly between two objects until subject notices a difference) 2. Test to see the general capacity of working memory tasks, patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (is 4/2 -1 = 1?) then read a word after such as SNOW, after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation.

3° Tertiary Structure is ________________ that is stabilized by _______________. There are also ____________ interactions, _______________ packing, and also __________________. ______________ group interactions also contribute here. There is also ________________ of a polypeptide chain. The folding of a tertiary structure occurs in the _________________

1. Distant Group Interactions 2. Hydrogen Bonds 3. Van Der Waals Interactions 4. Hydrophobic 5. Disulfide Bridge Formation 6. Side Group 7. Turning and Bending 8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

__________________ is a "reducing agent" often used during SDS-PAGE to further denature proteins by reducing/cleaving ___________________ and breaking up the ___________________ structure (oligomeric subunits). If Disulfide Linkages are oxidized, they __________________. If Disulfide Linkages are reduced _________________. In SDS-PAGE, remember that the lightest protein will __________________

1. Dithiothreitol(DTT) 2. Disulfide Linkages 3. Quaternary Structure (Oligomeric Subunits) 4. Don't break 5. They do break. 6. Travel the furthest

Gram Negative Bacteria are a broad class of bacteria that _________________. Its structure is ______________ Its stain color is ______________. This type of bacteria can cause ___________________

1. Do not retain the crystal violet stain 2. They possess "only" a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. 3. Pink 4. Sepsis. This is an inflammation response to infection.

Drugs that are prone to abuse act on reward pathways, and the main "reward" neurotransmitter is ________________. It is also involved in __________________ functions.

1. Dopamine. This is a chemical released by nerve cells to other brain cells. 2. Muscle

The small intestine consists of three parts which are _________________Mostly _________________ occurs in the small intestine. The large intestine is where _________________ occurs. The large intestine is also called the ________________

1. Duodenum, Jejunum, and the Illeum. 2. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients 3. Absorption of Water Ex: If your large intestine does not get enough water, Diarrhea occurs. 4. Colon

What equation gives you the energy of individual photons of light? All photons travel at the ___________________. The intensity of electromagnetic radiation is proportional to __________________

1. E = hf or E = hc/λ E = Energy of photon (Joules) h = Plancks Constant (6.626 x 10 ⁻³⁴ J∙s) f= Frequency (hz) sometimes it can be written as E =hf/λ to show that energy and wavelength are inversely related. * Each has fotos of Max Planck the building* * What this equation really says is that the greater the energy of a photon, the higher its frequency. 2. Speed of Light 3. The number of photons emitted

The researchers want to use narrow-spectrum LEDs to make their lamp more efficient. Assuming that the energy of a photon absorbed by porfirmer is transferred without loss to oxygen, what wavelength of light should the researchers select? (Note: Planck's constant is 6.626 x 10-34 J∙s) The increased reactivity is reflected in a free energy gain of 94.6 kJ/mol in singlet oxygen versus triplet oxygen. A. 1000 nm B. 1250 nm C. 2500 nm D.3000 nm

1. E =hf. Remember than E is proportional to frequency. 94.6 Kj/Mol/6.02 * 10²³ Mol = 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁹ J (We can divide 94.6 by Avogadro's number to figure out the energy required for 1 atom to transition: 2. 1.5 x 10⁻¹⁹ = 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ J * f f = .2 x 10⁻¹⁵ 3. C = λƒ Remember that C is the speed of light which is 3 x 10⁸ M/s 3 x 10⁸ M/s / .2 x 10 ⁻¹⁵ or 2 x 10⁻¹⁴ = 1.5 x 10⁻⁶ which is 1500 nm, which is closest to B

Homolytic Cleavage is when _________________ while Heterolytic Cleave is when _________________

1. Each atom gets one electron (Also known as a free radical) 2. Only one atom gets both electrons and the other atom gets nothing.

Anti-Aromatic is ___________________ Are anti-aromatic compounds stable?

1. Each atom in Ring must be sp2 hybridized 2. Planar (Flat in same place) 3. Cyclic 4. Follow the 4n rule. There usually even pairs of double bonds in the cyclic structure. 5. No they are the least stable.

Aromaticity is ___________________. Are aromatic compounds stable?

1. Each atom in Ring must be sp2 hybridized 2. Planar (Flat in same place) 3. Cyclic, 4. A number of delocalized π electrons that is even, but not a multiple of 4 (follow the 4n + 2 rule). The number of electrons is as follows, 2, 6, 10, 14 and they are usually odd pairs of double bonds in the cyclic structure. 5. Yes

__________________ is a theory that describes the ways in which persuasive information may be processed. The ELM proposes two major routes to persuasion: _________________ & ___________________.

1. Elaboration likelihood model (ELM). 2. Central Route (Persuasion will likely result from a person's careful consideration of the merits of persuasive information. ) 3. Peripheral Route (Persuasion results from a person's association with positive or negative cues such as the ATTRACTIVENESS of the message source and its related presentation. *The central route is more important when the recipient has the motivation to think about the message and its topic. It is usually more important than the peripheral route. The peripheral route is used when the recipient has little or no interest in the subject (Ex: More attractive representatives)

An ion-dipole interaction is _________________. An ionic bond is _________________.

1. Electrostatic attraction between the partial negative charge of water and positive charge of nickel. 2. Electrostatic attraction following transfer of electrons from the metal nickel to water.

__________________ factors are very similar in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. _______________ is also similar in both.

1. Elongation 2. Prokaryotes have four elongation factors, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G, and EF-P, while eukaryotic have two elongation factors, eEF-1 and eEF-2. eEF1 has two subunits and they are analogous to EF-Tu and EF-TS. *Think of Elon Musk Driving a Tesla Pro in Eureka.* 3. Super-coiling in DNA

________________ are a type of glial cell that line the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain. These cells synthesize and secrete of ___________________

1. Ependymal Cells 2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Ex: Think of Cory Monteith the celebrity getting an appendectomy and spinal cord surgery*

What is the structure of a triacylglycerol? Fats are stored in Adipose Tissue primarily as ___________________

1. Esters derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. 2. Triacyglycerol

During the female menstrual cycle, _____________ levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase, which causes a surge in levels of __________________ hormone and _________________ hormone. An ____________ receptor, is a dimeric intracellular receptor that binds to DNA and controls the expression of relevant goods.

1. Estrogen 2. Luteineizing Hormone (LH) 3. FSH 4. Estrogen

What are the five schools of thought that help us understand "motivation" better?

1. Evolutionary Approach 2. Drive Reduction Theory 3. Optimum Arousal Theory 4. Cognitive Approach 5. Maslow's Hierarchy Needs DOMEC *Think of you getting motivated on the tennis court. You just played at the DOME C in banksville*

Combustion reactions are ________________ reactions. The complete combustion reaction is _________________. Incomplete combustion reactions are __________________. Some of the various products that combustion and incombustion reactions form are

1. Exothermic 2. CH₄ (g) + O₂ (g) > CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O (l) *Think of COCOH* 3. Due to an insufficient amount of oxygen and result in the incomplete removal of electrons from carbon atoms. 4. H₂O, CO₂, CO, and Elemental Carbon (C)

The Long term memory consists of ________________ and _________________

1. Explicit (Declarative) Memory are facts and events. This is where semantic memory (facts) and Episodic Memory (Events) is stored 2. Implicit (Non-Declarative ) Memory is when you can't really articulate it. This is where procedural memory (Knowing How) and priming (Retrieval Cue) is stored *EDIND*

Disulfide Bridges have _______________ environment because it is ________________. When disulfide linkages are separated, they have an _______________ environment because they are _______________

1. Extracellular 2. Oxidized 3. Intracellular 4. Reduced EOIR. Think of the character Eyore

What are the two equations you should know for spring problems?

1. F = (1/2π) (√K/M) M = Mass K = Stiffness 2. T = 2π √m/k T = Period or the to make 1 full cycle 3. f = 1/T

_______________ can produce energy in the presence or absence of O2. What happens in the presence of O₂? What happens in the absence of O₂?

1. Facultative Anaerobes 2. Under more O₂ The bacteria undergo aerobic respiration, which produces approximately 19 times as many ATP molecules per molecule of glucose as does anaerobic respiration. 3. Under less O₂, less ATP is produced, which fuels binary fission.

What are the three types of collective group behavior?

1. Fads (Enthusiasm for a short period of time where people get excited over products or fashion) 2. Mass Hysteria (Delusional beliefs about something that causes fear but in reality is not true) 3. Riots (form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people). *FRHM*

Adipocytes are ________________ and have a ____________

1. Fat Cells 2. Nucleus

Ten moles of the monoprotic, weakly acidic medication aspirin were added to water to make one liter of solution. If the pH of the resulting solution was 5.9, what is the approximate Kb for the non-diffusible form of aspirin? A. 0.1 B. 0.01 C. 0.001 D. 1

1. Find Ka 2. The formula for Ka = [H⁺][A⁻]/HA 3. H⁺ = 10⁻ph = 10⁻⁶ 4. Since HA dissociates into equal part H⁺ = 10⁻⁶ and A⁻ = 10⁻⁶ 5. Since a small amount of weak acid will dissociate, 10 M is a good measure for HA 6. (10⁻⁶) (10⁻⁶)/10M = 10⁻¹²/10 = 10⁻¹³ = ka 7. ka * kb = 10⁻¹⁴ 8. 10⁻¹⁴/10⁻¹³ = 10⁻¹ = .1

What are the two types of nuclear reactions that convert mass into energy?

1. Fission which breaks up heavier elements into lighter elements 2. Fusion which combine lighter elements into heavier elements.

____________________ of personality views that personality consists of 5 factors, remembered with the acronym ______________. The acronym stands for ______________, _______________, ________________, ________________, and __________________

1. Five Factor View of Personality 2. OCEAN 3. Outgoingness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Venturi Effect states _________________. According to the Bernoulli principle, then, _______________ must decrease to conserve energy. A venturi tube means that ___________________

1. Fluid's velocity must increase as it passes through a constriction based on the continuity (Q=AV) principle. 2. Hydrostatic Pressure 3. There is a constricted region or decreased area in the middle of a tube

Intermediate filaments such as keratin are directly responsible __________________. They are made up of __________________. They are different than microtubules and microfilaments in that they are _________________

1. For structural integrity or support in skin. 2. Different proteins that are strung together into polymers. 3. Permanent/Less dynamic Think of Kara being an intermediate for chick fil A and selling skin products*

________________ are molecules or atoms that contain one unpaired valence electron. As such, they typically serve as highly reactive __________________

1. Free Radicals 2. Oxidizing reactions *Think of an ox surfing radical waves at worth ave on an electric surfboard and one electron is flying*

_______________ involves the attribution of other individuals' actions to their personalities. For example, if someone drives too fast on the freeway, we may attribute this behavior to recklessness or carelessness. We use attribution to _________________

1. Fundamental Attribution Theory *FAT* Think of some people saying oh she is probably lazy, that is why she is so fat when it could be that she has a medical condition. 2. Explain the causes of behavior

Melting is known as the heat of ______________ while Boiling is known as the heat of _______________. The heat of vaporization for a given compound is usually _________________ than the heat of fusion because ________________.

1. Fusion 2. Vaporization 3. Larger 4. The transition from liquid to gas requires more significant intermolecular bond breaking than the transition from solid to liquid

_________________ are specialized proteins that have the ability to bind to GTP and GDP. All _____________ that interact with GPCR are heterotrimeric meaning __________________

1. G-Proteins 2. They have three different subunits which are alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha and gamma have tails because they are attached by lipid anchors.

There is regulation in mitosis at two phases which are ______________ & ________________. There are proteins that regulate mitosis which are ________________ & __________________

1. G1 to S Phase 2. G2 to Mitosis 3. Cyclin Dependent Kinase and Cyclins

Gas Liquid Chromatography. Remember that the compounds that elute the fastest will have the ___________________. This is due to ____________________

1. GLC is is used to separate polarity differences. The stationary phase (polar) is liquid attached to a packed column and the mobile phase (non-polar) is a gas with w/ a carrier gas like He. Polar solvents will elute more slowly because they attach to the beads and non-polar solvents will elute quicker. 2. Lowest Molecular Weight and Weakest Intermolecular Forces. 3. differences in boiling points. Smaller structures have lower boiling points and will thus elute faster than those with higher boiling points.

During the ionization of transition metals, electrons from 4s sub-shell orbitals are _________________

1. Generally removed before those from 3d sub-shell orbitals.

________________ or _______________ is when two chromosomes swap information. This happens to the rest of the chromosomes during _____________ and it increases ___________________.

1. Genetic Recombination 2. Crossing Over 3. Meiosis 4. Genetic Variability

_________________ cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the ______________ and __________________ system.

1. Glial 2. Central Nervous 3. Peripheral Ex: Oligodendrocytes, Schwann, Ependymal (SEO) *Think of the characters from Glee using SEO to promote their singing group*

When Glycogen is formed from glucose, the main enzyme used is _________________. When Glycogen is is reversed back to glucose, the main enzyme used is _________________

1. Glycogen Synthase 2. Glycogen Phosphorylase *Remember that insulin leads to glycogenesis which is the formation of glucose so glycogen synthase would be used in this sequence. If glucagon was produced, then Glycogen would use glycogen phosphorylase to go back to glucose.

What are the processes that glucagon uses to release glucose into the bloodstream?

1. Glycogenolysis (Reversible). This is the breaking down of glycogen which in turn gets converted into glucose. 2. Amino Amino acids can undergo Gluconeogenesis (Reversible) which is bunching amino acids together and forming glucose. 3. Glucagon can turn fatty acids into Ketone bodies (This is only to be used by the heart and the brain). This is called Ketogenesis (irreversible). This is used for last minute starvation, which is caused by the activation of sympathetic nervous system

What are three things that insulin does to glucose? Insulin is cleaved into mature form within the __________________

1. Glycolysis (Irreversible). This produces ATP anywhere in the body. 2. Glycogenesis (Reversible). This decreases glucose It is the energy to be stored short term in the liver or the muscle. 3. Lipogenesis (irreversible). This produces lipids. It is energy stored for long term in adipose tissue 4. Endomembrane

In frequent and prolonged fasting, the blood becomes _____________________. This leads to _____________________

1. Gradually deprived of glucose, which lead to hypoglycemia. 2. Gluconeogenesis which results from ketogenesis

GHRH (Growth Hormone Receptor Hormone) acts to stimulate _________________.

1. Growth Hormone

Write out the chart for Psychoactive Drugs. _______________ is the psychoactive drug with the lowest dependence.

1. HOSD (Hallucinogens, Opiates, Stimulants, Depressants) 2. Hallucinogens

Narcolepsy is characterized by _________________. It is also characterized by __________________ and by _____________

1. Hallucinations before falling asleep and during naps. 2. Sleep Paralysis ( Inability to move when waking up or falling asleep) 3. Cataplexy (Loss of muscle control)

What are the two functions of Tumor Suppressors? A common example of a tumor suppressor is __________________. A tumor suppressor is usually __________________ apoptotic

1. Halting the effect on the regulation of the cell cycle 2. Promote Apoptosis 3. P53 4. Pro

What does the mRNA look like in Eukaryotes before it is about to be translated?

1. Has a 5' Cap which is a guanine nucleotide and has a methyl group attached. The 5'cap is also a recognition site where the ribosome binds 2. It has a non-coding region 3. It has a AUG Codon 4. It has a stop codon 5. It also has a Poly-A-Tail which are nucleotides that are all adenines and are all pretty long.

What does mRNA look like in Prokaryotes before it is about to be translated?

1. Has a 5' Side 2. It has a Shine-Delgarno sequence which is a recognition site that ribosome recognizes and binds to the non-coding region during initiation. 3. It has a AUG codon 4. It also has a stop codon 5. It has a non-coding region but it does not read that part

B amino acids _________________. __________________ is the only amino acid without a B carbon

1. Have their amino group bonded to a beta carbon rather than an alpha carbon 2. Glycine

Fractional bond orders would result in ___________________

1. Having resonance structures that have different bond order. This is best determined by drawing lewis dot structures.

Chaperone proteins __________________. Clathrin proteins ___________________

1. Help guide the protein as it is folded, they are not added. They assist in non-covalent folding and the assembly of other macromolecules. 2. plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. *Think of catherine zeta jones riding a vespa*

CO2 can bind to _________________ and it can dissolve in some degree in _________________

1. Hemoglobin 2. Blood

Glycolysis must be activated when glucose levels are _______________ and when ATP levels are ________________

1. High 2. Low

Gases behave most ideally under ________________ & _______________. In ideal gases, collisions between molecules are __________________. There are also no ________________ forces between CO2 molecules. We also know that ideal gases have no _________________

1. High Temperatures and Low Pressures 2. Perfectly Elastic 3. No attractive and repulsive forces 4. Volume

_______________ is found to repair DNA damage in _______________ and is especially useful in repairing double-strand breaks.

1. Homologous Recombination 2. Eukaryotes

Melatonin is a ___________ produced by the ______________ that is inhibited by ______________

1. Hormone 2. Pinneal Gland 3. Light

The key questions about the use of iodine-131 or any other radioisotope as a tracer are _________________

1. How quickly does it decay 2. How much energy does it produce. *Often these two things are related, as a substance with a very brief half-life produces a lot of energy in a short period of time.

_________________ gas typically acts as a reductant

1. Hydrogen *Think of you at the lab at portland state. Puddles the duck is using your area to do an experiment on hydrogen*

Alcohols will form significant _________________ bonds in the ________________ phases. A Neat liquid is a _______________. A Nujol Mull _________________. In the _____________ phase however, the ______________ bond interactions are broken, which alters the ___________ stretch to about _____________ cm-1

1. Hydrogen Bonds 2. Solid and Liquid Phases 3. Pure substance in the liquid phase 4. Is a suspension of a finely ground solid in mineral oil, both of which are typical methods used for recording the IR spectra of organic compounds. 5. Gas 6. Hydrogen Bond 7. O-H 8. 3700 cm-1

Vasodilation is the result of _______________

1. Hypoxia.

The phase change reaction for vaporization is ___________________

1. H₂O (l) ↔ H₂O (g)

If each member of a couple is heterozygous for homocystinuria, and they have a child, what is the probability that the child will have at least one normal allele?

1. If both parents are heterozygous, then they have each have a 50% chance of passing on the abnormal allele. 2. A child that is either homozygous for the normal allele or heterozygous will have at least one normal allele. 3. There is a 25% chance (Remember, 50% x 50% = 25%) that a child will receive both abnormal alleles from the parents, leaving a 75% chance that the child will have at least one normal allele. Alternatively, you could do a Punnett square analysis to come with the same answer.

How does Pro-Apoptotic react with expression and cancer. How does Anti-Apoptotic react with expression and cancer.

1. If it increases expression, it decreases the risk cancer. 2. If it decreases expression, it increases cancer. 1. If Anti-Apoptotic increases expression, it increases the risk of cancer 2. If Anti-Apoptotic decreases expression, it decreases the risk of cancer.

What are some of the basic things you need to know to solve logs?

1. If you have log (.1), you put .1 into scientific notation which is 1 x 10⁻¹. The exponent which is -1 is your answer. 2. If you have -log (.1), you put .1 into scientific notation which is 1 x 10⁻¹ but since there are two negatives, the answer becomes *Remember that the exponents in scientific notation will usually be your answer unless there is a number in front of log.

Where is sperm produced? The epididymis is _________________. The urethra is _______________. The prostate _____________

1. In the seritoli cells of the seminiferous tubules. Not in the leydig cells. 2. Is where sperm completes maturation and becomes motile. 3. Upon ejaculation, sperm is propelled here 4. has fluid that contributes to sperm.

In your small intestine you have two zymogens. Zymogens are ________________. The two zymogens in your small intestine are _________________. These zymogens becomes _______________ enzymes which are _________________. In your stomach the zymogen would be ___________ and it turns into _______________

1. Inactive Precursors. 2. Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen. 3. Active 4. Trypsin and Chymotrypsin 5. Pepsinogen 6. Pepsin

In the heat of combustion of alkanes, increasing the amount of carbons will ________________. If you have a set of alkanes with the same formula but different shape, the one with more branching will have a ________________

1. Increase the heat of combustion (-∆H) which means it is less stable. 2. Decrease in heat combustion (-∆H) which means it is more stable. *Think of alka seltzer has more CO2, which causes more heat*

__________________ cells are limited in size because nutrients must move through a cell by _________________. _____________ cells can grow larger because the ___________________ effectively increases the _________________ across which nutrients can be delivered and waste products removed.

1. Individual 2. Diffusion 3. Tissue 4. Circulatory System 5. Surface Area

Upward Social Comparison is _________________. Downward Social Comparison is ________________.

1. Individuals compare themselves with group members who are seen as having high status. (Ex: You > Me) 2. Individuals compare themselves with someone who has a lower status than them. (Ex: Me > You)

Frameshift Mutation

1. Insertion or deletion of "Bases" (A, T, G, C). in a DNA nucleotide sequence. It is NOT due to the substitution of a single nucleotide. They change the reading frame of RNA and remember that RNA is read in groups of three or codons. This also might shorten or lengthen the protein. 2. The polypeptide will be shifted downstream so the carboxy-termincal sequence will be affected, not the amino-terminal sequence.

Diabetes patients cannot produce _______________ and might have ______________ in the cells, which can lead to _______________

1. Insulin 2. Low blood glucose or high blood glucose 3. Ketoacidosis

______________ level increases after consumption of a meal. While prolonged activation of leptin is likely to be unhealthy, it will certainly not lead ________________

1. Insulin. 2. Weight Gain

Which order depends on concentration the most and the least?

1. Zero does not depend on concentration at all. Ex: 3° = 1 2. 1st order depends on concentration a little Ex: 3¹ = 3 3. 2nd order depends on concentration the most Ex: 3² = 9

What are the two types of behaviors that are explained in attribution theory? The three important cues of attribution theory relate to the _____________ model

1. Internal (Dispositional) Ex: Consistency (time) such as your friend is consistently flaky for not hanging out 2. External or Environment (Situational) Ex: External situations have to do with Distinctiveness (situation) such as a calm friend all of sudden getting really mad and Consensus (people) such as 20 people all being late at once. *DIES* & *CDC* 3. Kelley's Covariation Model

__________________ is a non-coding sequence that is spliced. This only occurs in __________________

1. Introns 2. Eukaryotes. This is why Eukaryotes have a spliceosome and prokaryotes do not.

Ethnographic Methods _________________

1. Involve systematic observation of a complete social environment.

Dissociative Disorder is _________________

1. Involves disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. Generally they use defense mechanisms. Ex: A patient who is experiencing severe marital problems reports having no memory of any life events surrounding the marriage and the spouse. The patient's memory for other life events is intact.

Primary Socialization is ___________________. Secondary Socialization is ___________________. Anticipatory Socialization is ________________. Re-socialization is _________________

1. Involves individuals learning the basic rules and norms of their culture. It typically takes place in the home. 2. Refers to the process of learning norms and behaviors which are appropriate to a smaller group within a larger society. Ex: School Setting 3. When individuals attempt to predict or rehearse appropriate behavior for future situations 4. When previous behaviors and reflexes are replaced with new behaviors and reflexes.

______________ is an essential element associated with the thyroid function. T3 and T4 are hormones that are used for ________________.

1. Iodine (I) 2. Metabolism

X-rays or gamma rays are forms of _______________ radiation. _____________ radiation does not break bonds and will NOT denature something.

1. Ionizing 2. Non-Ionizing

Adding a fluorescent tag is ________________. A transcript is the same thing as ________________. Cellular Fractional is _________________. The pull down method is _________________. You cannot label something with cells that underwent _________________

1. Is a great way to locate a protein 2. mRNA, which doesn't help localize a protein. This is because all intracellular proteins have transcripts being processed in the cytoplasm. 3. This method would allow you to break up the cell and figure out what organelle the protein is congregating in 4. It relies on antigen/antibody recognition followed by some isolation step (mass spec, etc) in order to target a protein of interest 5. Apoptosis

A CT scan __________________, A mRI is _____________, An fMRI is _________________, An EKG/ECG is ________________, and EEG is __________________.

1. Is similar to MRI that gives structural information, yet it is less detail and uses radiation. It's very similar to an X-ray. 2. Looks at structural anatomy using highly specialized magnets. So you can visualize brain structures on a 3d level with a lot of detail, such as bone, fluids, cartilage, etc. 3. Also known as functional MRI, measures blood oxygenation levels in Brain Tissue. (the f in fMRI can tell you that it stands for blood FLOW) 4. A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. 5. Electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain 1. Think of you getting an X-ray in CT when you broke your arm. Its not as detailed. 2. Think of magnets in Rhode Island that can be seen with 3D glasses. 3. Think of blood flow measured at the providence hospital in Rhode Island

________________ exchanges neither energy nor mass with its surroundings. At equilibrium, there are _______________________

1. Isolated System 2. No energy gradients within the isolated system, so energy is maximally dispersed, resulting in maximal entropy

What are the branched amino acids? What is the non-branched amino acid?

1. Isoleucine, Leucine, and Valine. 2. Alanine

What is a dissociation constant (Kd) used for? The main equation you need to know for Kd is _______________

1. It is useful to quickly compare binding affinities of enzymes to their substrates. A low Kd means the greater the enzyme-substrate binding affinity. This is because Kd is inversely proportional to ka A High kd means the lower the enzyme substrate binding affinity. This is because Kd is inversely proportional to ka. 2. Ka = 1/Kd Ka = (Binding Affinity) * Remember that affnity graphs sometimes have absorbance on the y axis. This represents the affinity which is the inverse of Kd.*

Organisms are classified in a hierarchy which are ________________. The farther you go down the hierarchy, __________________

1. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. King Philip Can Order Fries, Grits, and a Shake 2. The more closely relates organisms are

What do the lineweaver-burk plots look like for enzyme inhibition? The slope of the lineweaver-burke plot for uncompetitive is __________________. The slope of the lineweaver-burke plot for competitive is _________________. The slope of the lineweaver burke plot for non-competitive is _____________

1. Km/Vmax 2. 1/Vmax. Remember the competitors cross like swords 3. -1/Km *To know what goes in the denominator just ask yourself what is constant, Ex: In competitive, Vmax is constant so you put that in the denominator*

Hindsight bias is also known as the ___________________

1. Knew it all along effect. Ex: You predict the Yankees will win the world series and they end up winning and you say, I knew it! It is also the same thing as overestimating a prediction which could have not been predicted

What are the six peptide hormones that are found in the anterior pituitary gland? What are the two peptide hormones found in the post pituitary gland? Peptide hormones are hydrophilic and ____________________ in blood.

1. LH, FSH, GH, TSH, ACTH, and Prolactin *FLAT PG* or ANTs eat HALF PiT, I = ignore 2 Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin. Don't forget that these hormones are produced in the Hypothalamus. 3. Soluble

What are the three regulated genes contained in the lac operon?

1. Lac Z (Enzyme that cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose) 2. Lac Y (Needed for Lactose Catabolism) 3. Lac A (Needed for Lactose Catabolism *Think of Milking a cow by some ZAY*, It sounds hay but it is zay.

_______________ is due to shear forces (friction) between the fluid and the solid surface of the tube. This results in layers having a gradient of _________________, in which the flow is the fastest in the _______________ of the tube (where friction is low) and slowest near the _______________ (where friction is high).

1. Laminar Flow 2. Velocities 3. Middle 4. Surface

A system that is far from equilibrium contains _____________________ energy gradients which are able to perform ______________

1. Large 2. Work

What are the effects of an axon diameter?

1. Larger Diameter Axons conduct action potentials faster than smaller diameter axons. This is because in smaller diameter axons, there are fewer potential pathways for an ion to go due to other ions floating around.

________________ is the amount of energy needed for the fusion (melting) of 1 unit of mass. The substance with the _______________ latent heat of fusion requires the least amount of energy per unit mass for melting. More of a substance with the ________________ latent heat of fusion can _______________

1. Latent Heat of Fusion 2. Lowest 3. Lowest 4. Melt

When a bigger protein or molecule is bound, you detect _____________ but when a big protein is not bound, you detect ______________

1. Less of it 2. More of it

When polar molecules are mixed with water, this mixes well. As a result, water molecules form a _______________ solvation layer around them, and the change in entropy is ________________.

1. Less ordered 2. Increases or is less negative

_______________ are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All of them are _____________ when they are produced stem cells in the bone marrow.

1. Leukocytes 2. Nucleated

Two misconceptions about ligand ion channels are _____________________

1. Ligand ion channels are not the same as voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage gated ion channels are the difference in membrane potentials. 2. Ligand Ion channels are not stretch activate channels. Stretch activated channels depend on the deformation of the cell membrane.

2° Secondary Structure is the ______________ and it is determined by ______________. The two motifs you should know in a secondary structure are ____________ and _______________. There are hydrogen bonds between the __________________

1. Linear Sequence Folds 2. Backbone interactions which is determined by hydrogen bonding. 3. Alpha Helix (Loosely Coiled) 4. B-Sheet (Parallel and Anti-Parallel) 5. Carbonyl Oxygen and Amide Protons

1° Primary Structure is the ______________ and it is determined by _________________

1. Linear Sequence or Amino Acid residues 2. Covalent Peptide Bond linking each amino acid

_______________ are formed by free-radical attack on a lipid. Thus, we expect the location with the most ________________ to be someplace where oxygen is participating in a redox reaction. As it so happens, the electron transport chain, which is located on the _________________. has oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor. The electron transport chain can "leak," producing free radicals

1. Lipid Peroxide 2. Lipid Perodixation 3. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for synthesizing _______________ & ______________

1. Lipids and Steroids

Chylomicrons are __________________. Their main function is __________________. They are released into the _______________.

1. Lipoproteins consisting of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins 2. Chylomicrons transport fat from the small intestine to other areas of the body. 3. Lacteals (lymphatic vessels) originating in the small intestinal villi

Parasympathetic Nerves have ____________ pre-ganglionic axons and ______________ post-ganglionic axons. Sympathatic Nerves have ______________ pre-ganglionic axons and _______________ post-ganglionic axons.

1. Long and Short 2. Short and Long Ex: If you pre-ganglions are myelinated, you know that Parasympathetic nerves will be faster than sympathetic nerves because parasympathetic nerves have longer pre-ganglion axons than sympathetic nerves.

Formation of a acetal disaccharide requires _____________. Open Hemi-acetals _______________

1. Loss of a molecule of water, so the molecular weight of a disaccharide will be 18 amu (1 O, 2 H) less than the combined mass of the two monosaccharide components. 2. Do not require water

How does temperature affect cell membrane fluidity?

1. Low temperature, the phospholipids will be closer together which means there is less space so the fluidity will decrease. 2. High temperature, the phospholipids will be further apart which means there is more room in between the phospholipids so the fluidity will increase. *Think of the football field*

A higher km means a ___________ affinity. A lower km means a _____________

1. Lower, Lower affinity means it is harder for the substrate to find that enzyme. 2. Higher. A higher affinity means it is easier for the substrate to find that enzyme.

Retroviral Replication uses both ______________ and ______________ cycles.

1. Lytic 2. Lysogenic (This retrovirus does not have a repressor gene though)

Stereoisomers are _________________. In order to find a certain amount of stereoisomers in a structure, you use the equation ___________________. If a structure has 4 stereoisomers but there is a plane of symmetry, it means ____________________.

1. Made up of same thing, connections are the same, but the 3-D configuration is different. 2. 2↑n - # of meso compounds (n = the amount of chiral carbons and double bonds, these can be assigned E or Z) 3. That it will have meso isomers, and it probably will not have 4 stereoisomers.

X-Linked diseases cannot pass from _________________. They can only pass from _________________ or ________________

1. Male to Male 2. Female to Male or Female Offspring

The Y-linked inheritance pattern only affects ______________ and never ________________. An affected father has all affected _________________. An unaffected father ______________ have an affected son

1. Males 2. Females 3. Sons 4. Cannot

X-Linked Recessive usually means that more _________________ have the disease. This inheritance pattern can _______________ generations. Unaffected females can have affected _______________. Affected females has all affected _____________ but can have both affected and unaffected __________________

1. Males 2. Skip 3. Sons 4. Sons 5. Daughters

_________________ came up with the __________________ experiment. The experiment involved A baby exploring space while the mother was present with a stranger, the baby only with the stranger, and then the mother coming back with the stranger. The two types of attachment studied in this experiment are _____________

1. Mary Ainsworth 2. Strange Situation 3. Secure Attachment and Insecure Attachment

_______________ was created by _________________. It describes the modern form of rationalization which was developed by Max Weber. The rationalization of society involves ________________, ________________, and __________________.

1. McDonaldization 2. George Ritzer 3. Shift towards rational means 4. Societal Control such as Bureaucracy 5. Achieving sameness or unity across diverse markets. *Think of Chris Webber and George Forman eating at McDonalds in West Palm Beach*

Sound waves are what type of energy? It relies on the ___________________ in the medium through which it travels. The closer the molecules are together, the __________________ the waves travel.

1. Mechanical energy 2. Collision of Adjacent Molecules or Vibratory changes in pressure 3. Faster. Ex: Steel. In a solid, the molecules are closer together as opposed to liquid or gas.

________________ is the lower half of the brainstem and deals with ________________ functions of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure control.

1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Involuntary * Think of taking long breaths meditating however think of it as involuntary*

Solid to Liquid is ______________. Liquid to solid is ________________. Liquid to Gas is _______________. Gas to Liquid is _______________. Solid to Gas is _______________. Gas to Solid is ________________

1. Melting 2. Freezing 3. Evaporation or Vaporization 4. Condensation 5. Sublimation 6. Deposition

The portions of a heating curve in which the average kinetic energy is not changing, are at the ___________________ & __________________

1. Melting Point 2. Boiling Point

We know that bile works to form ______________. It is able to do this because it has both ______________ and ______________ portions. Bile is also _____________ because it neutralizes excess gastric acid entering the duodenum from the stomach, thereby ______________ duodenal pH. Biles main function is to _________________

1. Micelles (This has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends) 2. Hydrophobic 3. Hydrophilic 4. Alkaline 5. Increasing 6. Solubilize ingested lipids

Km is the ___________. The Km is an _____________ measure of an enzyme's affinity for a substrate.

1. Michaelis Menten Constant or the concentration of substrate which is on the x axis. 2. Inverse Ex: If there is a high affinity, you know that there is a low Km and vice versa.

_______________ are composed of "actin" and are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and play a role in ______________. Their function is ______________. Actin polymerization and depolymerization refer to ______________ filaments.

1. Microfilaments or Thin Filaments *Think of Fil Rosenthal Acting* 2. Muscle Contraction 3. Gross movement of the cell which is making the cell longer (actin polymerization) or shorter (actin depolymerization). Remember that Depolymerization leads to vasodilation which results from smooth muscle relaxation. Ex: Use gross movement in cell division or an amoeba moving around a food molecule. * My muscles get SAD when weights are on my LAP* 4. Thin Filaments. Myosin is the thick filament.

If Adenine and Cytosine pair up or Guanine and Thymine pair up, this is called _________________

1. Mispairing or Mismatching

What does the numbering look like for purines and pyrimidines? An RNA nucleoside weighs _________ than a DNA nucleoside. An RNA nucleotide weighs ______________ than a DNA nucleotide

1. More 2. Less

The location of GLUT Transport 1 is in ________________. The locations of GLUT Transport 2 is in __________________. The locations of GLUT Transport 3 is in _________________. The locations of GLUT Transport 4 is in ____________________. The locations of GLUT Transport 5 is in _________________________

1. Most Cells. 2. Liver, B-cells, Hypothalamus, and the Small Intestine 3. Neurons, Brain, Placenta, and Sperm 4. Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Fat (This is actively increased by the presence of insulin!) 5. Small Intestines, Kidney, Sperm (Also involved in fructose transport) *Think of Fraternity locations at State because of the word GLUT* 1. Picture the Pit having 1 bucket of cells 2. Picture SAE having a pool filled with 2 Livers because they are hyper. 3. Picture Sig EP having 3 brains and placentas in their front driveway 4. Picture Kappa Sigs halloween party with 4 Skeletons and hearts in their chapter rooms 5. Picture Sigma Pi's house letters being written in 5 Small intestines and Kidneys

What do you know about the polypeptide/protein hormones? Steroid hormones will bind in the _________________

1. Most of our body's hormones 2. Small or Large 3. They are made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum 4. It's receptor is on the cell surface. It will initiate a cascade effect of secondary messengers inside the cell. 5. Nuclear Receptor

Osmosis is the _________________. Diffusion is the _________________. Active Transport is ________________. Facilitated Diffusion is __________________.

1. Movement of Water, uses passive transport, and the direction of movement is High to Low 2. Ion/Compound that moves through the membrane, uses passive transport, and the direction of movement is High to Low 3. Using ATP to move across the membrane (usually against a gradient), uses active transport, and the direction of movement is Low to High 4. Giving something a way to PASSIVELY diffuse and requires a protein. It uses passive transport, and the direction of movement is high to low.

4° Quaternary Structure has _____________ Polypeptides. Each polypeptide is termed a _______________. Like the tertiary structure, quaternary structures also play a role in ____________. Quaternary structure is due _________________ and ____________________

1. Multiple 2. Subunit 3. Disulfide Formations 4. Hydrophobic Interactions 5. Bonds between side chains of amino acids on the protein.

When adding chemical reactions, the associated equilibrium constants can be ___________________

1. Multiplied together to give the equilbrium constant for the overall reaction.

What are three main things you should know in enthalpy reactions?

1. Multiply the enthalpy whenever there are coefficients. Ex: if enthalpy is 188J and there are coefficients of 2, the new enthalpy would be 188 * 2. 2. Flip the sign when you go from one reaction to another. 3. When you add two or more reactions, you add the ∆H's

If a molecule has a hemiacetal group then it can undergo _________________. Saccharides undergo _______________ if they are capable of ring-opening. The process of ring-opening occurs at a _____________ and the intermediate is an _________________. These sugars are termed ________________ because of its oxidation.

1. Mutarotation. 2. Mutarotation 3. Hemi-acetal group 4. Aldehyde 5. Reducing Sugars

________________ is a dielectric material that forms a layer, _______________, insulate neuronal axons of the central and peripheral nervous system.

1. Myelin 2. Myelin Sheath

The interior of an axon is _______________ charged while the outside of an axon is _____________ charged. Electric Fields exit from ______________ charges to ____________ charges. The extracellular side of a cell tends to be ________________ charged.

1. Negatively 2. Positively 3. Positive 4. Negative 5. Positively

What cells do not divide that much or at all and are most likely to be in the G0 phase?

1. Neurons 2. Kidney Cells 3. Liver Cells

What are some of the main organelles of the eukaryotic cell?

1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Nucleolus (rRNA gets produced here) 4. Ribosomes 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (This is continuous and the proteins produced (protein translation) her are sent to the Golgi Apparatus) 6. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi sends the proteins from the ER to other parts of the cell. This is where post translational modification occurs) 7. Lysosome ( This is similar to peroxisome in that it is a recycling center) 8. Peroxisome (Toxic species like peroxide are reduced into non-toxic forms by this, this is also one of the recycling centers) *GRENN LM P*

What are the steps in Base Promoted Ester Hydrolysis or Saponification?

1. OH⁻ attacks the carbonyl group which is a nucleophilic addition reaction. 2. This forms an O⁻ or Carbanion Tetrahedral Intermediate. The electrons then go back to the carbon group and force the OR group to leave. 3. Acid base proton transfer. The OR group picks up the proton, and electrons move back and you end up with a carboxylate anion *Think of Spon attacking a carb or a Dorito at a BP gas station*

Stem Cells have two mechanism in place to make sure that their numbers are maintained, what are they?

1. Obligate Assymetric Replication (Stem cell divides into mother cell and daughter cell) 2. Stochastic Differentiation (One stem cell differentiates into two daughter cells instead of a mother and daughter cell) *DORAS* Think of Dora the explorer getting treatment for stem cell at the scripps in San Diego*

Radicals are unstable compounds with unpaired electrons and requires there to be an _________________. They are also highly reactive __________________ that tend to receive electron density in the form of a _____________________

1. Odd number of valence electrons. Ex: Nitrogen Monoxide has a total of 5 + 6 = 11 valance electrons and has a lewis dot structure with an unpaired electron. 2. Electrophilic species (not a nucleophile) 3. Single Electron Transfer

_________________ are glial cells that coat axons in the central nervous system with myelin.

1. Oligodendrocytes Ex: *Think of how nervous the glee club would be if they turned into legos*

Dalton is essentially the same as ____________ unit and ________________. The molecular mass of an amino acid is _______________ and if you had 288 amino acids that would equal _______________ kda

1. One atomic mass Ex: 50 Kilodaltons is 50,000 amus Think of Andy Dalton weighing as much as an atomic bomb* 2. Grams/Mole. 3. 110 Da (Daltons) 4. 32 kda

Negative Feedback is _________________. Positive Feedback is ________________.

1. One of the products downstream in a reaction series comes back and inhibits the enzymatic activity of an earlier reaction. 2. An elevated variable sends a signal back to a location that triggered that response to release more of it. Ex: The elevated metabolic rate sends a signal back to the thyroid to release more TH, which causes further escalation of the metabolic rate.

Hypophyseal Portal system is ________________. A Hepatic Portal system is _____________________. A portal system is __________________

1. One of two portal systems which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary in the brain allowing for quick transport of hormones leading to rapid effects. 2. One of two portal systems and it carries blood through a second set of capillaries in the liver before returning to the heart. 3. Goes from one capillary bed to another without returning to the heart in between.

Caste System is _______________. It is also known as a _____________ system.

1. One which one's social status is determined hereditarily. Ex: If you are born into a class, most likely you will stay in that class. You wont switch to another class. *Think of your cast when you broke your arm, it doesn't move* 2. Closed which means you cannot really move around a lot.

What is the process of a ligand binding to a ligand ion channel?

1. Only specific ligands bind to specific channels which is also known as the lock and key or the updated version which is induced fit. 2. Once a ligand binds, it causes the channel to open up. 3. The ligand will usually bind on the extracellular side and binds to an "allosteric site" which is away from the middle of the channel. 4. Once the ligand binds, it controls the opening and closing of the ion channel by altering the protein confirmation of the entire protein. 5. Once the channel opens, it lets ions (K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+) move through the open channel. This causes changes in the electrical properties of a cell. It also means you converting extracellular electrical signals into a intracellular electrical signal.

________________ act on endorphin receptors

1. Opiates

In a galvanic cell or electrolytic cell, current and electrons flow in ________________ directions. The salt bridge moves in the same direction as the ____________________.

1. Opposite 2. Electrons

If there are fewer gas molecules as products than reactants, the system becomes __________________. If there are more gas molecules as products than the reactants, the system becomes __________________. If heat is a product, you know the reaction is ________________. If heat is a reactant, you know the reaction is ________________

1. Ordered (Less Entropy) 2. Less Ordered (More Entropy) 3. Exothermic 4. Endothermic

If a polyatomic ion ends in ite, the last part of the name becomes ________________. If a polyatomic ion ends in ate, the last part of the name becomes _______________.

1. Ous Acid 2. Ate Acid

What are the biases that help us from making correct decisions?

1. Overconfidence: More likely to be confident than being correct such as being overconfident on a test and then doing poorly. 2. Belief Perseverance: This is ignoring facts that you don't want to hear. Ex: During election time, you might ignore something when people say bad things about the candidate you like 3. Confirmation Bias: Seeking out only confirming beliefs and nothing against yours. *COB*

Permanganate is a very good ___________________ and its formula is _______________

1. Oxidizing Agent 2. MNO₄⁻ *Remember that anything with O is usually a good oxidizing agent*

Compound that is reduced = Compound that is oxidized =

1. Oxidizing Agent or Oxidized 2. Reducing Agent or Reduced Think about every reaction being both reduced and oxidized

________________ participates in positive feedback and causes the contraction of smooth muscles which are called _______________ in the uterus DURING LABOR. It is also essential for the release of milk from the alveoli through the nipple, to the baby. It is predominately implicated in bonding and intimacy interactions

1. Oxytocin. *Think of swallowing an oxycontin pill that releases milk from your nipples.* 2. Myotrium

What is the equation for calculating Power with work? What equation would you use if work had to do with k?

1. P = Force * Distance (Work)/Time. Remember that Time should be in seconds. 2. 1/2Kx²

______________ SCAN uses radioactive labeled glucose to detect METABOLICALLY ACTIVE tissues (such as cancers). More metabolically active tissues use ________________, therefore will light up more.

1. PET SCAN 2. More Glucose

Glucagon is released by the ______________ in response to _______________. It's main purpose is to increase ______________ to increase ________________. Glycogen is a ______________ of ______________ and is stored in the _____________, therefore, most of glucagon's actions occur in the ____________

1. Pancreas, 2. Low blood glucose levels, 3. Glycogenolysis, 4. Blood glucose. 5. Polysaccharide, 6. Glucose, 7. Liver, 8. Liver.

Explain Paper Chromatography. During paper chromatography, ________________ determines the migration of the individual components in the sample.

1. Paper Chromatography is used to separate polarity differences. Its stationary phase (polar ) is an adsorbent and its mobile phase (non-polar) is a liquid in the solvent. If the problem uses ether, think SOLVENT. 2. Hydrogen Bonding

Somatostatin is a ___________. It is secreted by the ________________. It is inhibited by both ___________________. It is triggered by ________________

1. Peptide hormone and a growth hormone inhibiting hormone. It also inhibits everything in the GI Tract 2. Delta cells of the pancreas. 3. Insulin and Glucagon 4. High glucose and amino acid levels. *Think of everyone inhibiting Stalin from being reelected*

If a girl was submerged in an icy creek, her body would immediately respond to the cold by attempting to increase thermogenesis (heat production) and heat conservation. This can be accomplished by ___________________, ________________, and ________________

1. Peripheral Vasoconstriction 2. Piloerection (erection of hair of the skin due to contraction of the tiny muscles that elevate the hair follicles above the rest of the skin to trap heat) 3. Shivering (Bodily response to hypothermia) 4. Non-Shivering Thermogenesis

Phase diagrams indicates _________________. The triple point is ______________. The critical temperature is ___________________. The critical pressure is ___________________. The critical point is _________________. The supercritical fluid is ________________.

1. Phases of a substance at different pressures and temperatures. 2. Only point where a substance can exist in equilibrium between solid, liquid, and gas 3. Above this temperature, a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. 4. The pressure required to produce the liquid phase when the substance is at critical temperature. 5. The point where the critical pressure and critical temperature meet. 6. Fluid beyond the critical point has characteristics of both gas and liquid.

What amino acids use both Ketogenic and Glucogenic?

1. Phenylalanine 2. Tyrosine 3. Tryptophan 4. Isoleucine

What are two types of phosphates?

1. Phosphoglycerides. This has glycerol coming off it. The first two carbons on the glycerol have fatty acids coming off while the third has a phosphate. The simplest phosphoglyceride is a phosphotidate and the most common is phosphotidate choline 2. Sphingolipids contain an amino group and a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon component *Think of cleaning a swing with glyceride which is a type of soap*

Photons, a form of energy, are a reactant in __________________, which makes ________________ an ________________ process.

1. Photosynthesis 2. Photonsynthesis 3. Endothermic

The first level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is _________________. The second level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is _________________. The third level is ______________________. The fourth level is ________________. The last level is _________________

1. Physiological (Food, Water, Rest) 2. Safety 3. Love & Belongingness (Friendships, Family) 4. Esteem 5. Self-Actualization (Realizing your full potential)

What are the three components of emotion?

1. Physiological Arousal (How your body reacts to emotions) 2. Subjective Experiences (How you and interpret your emotions) 3. Expressive Displays (How you express your emotions) *PASEED* Think of your emotions in the bunk when you paseed the biology final*

Dipole-dipole forces are present only between ______________ molecules. London Dispersion forces can occur between ______________ molecules.

1. Polar 2. Non-Polar

Most of the mRNA found in bacteria are ______________, while Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are said to be ________________ when they contain coding sequences for a single polypeptide.

1. Polycistronic 2. Monocistronic

Benzoαpyrenes are ____________________. Its metabolites are highly _________________. Degradation orally-ingested vitamin D is a _____________________.

1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) commonly produced as a byproduct of incomplete combustion 2. Carcinogenic 3. Common Metabolic Pathway

What are three types of hormones you need to know?

1. Polypeptides/Proteins 2. Steroids 3. Tyrosine Derivatives

______________ is a portion of the brain stem that contains nuclei and relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum. It is also involved in "sleeping and respiration". It is mostly involved in the ______________ nervous system

1. Pons *Think of Bernie Madoffs yelling fore when he rings the wall street bell* 2. Autonomic

The four phases of mitosis are _________________. Each of there functions are __________________. It is especially important to realize that mitosis results in ________________

1. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. 2. Prophase is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into chromosomes. The spindle apparatus begins to form. 3. In metaphase, chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. 4. In anaphase sister chromatids split at their attaching centromeres and segregate to opposite sides of the cell. The split is called disjunction. 5. In telophase, the nuclear membrane reforms, followed by the reformation of the nucleolus. 6. Genetically Identical Daughter Cells

A node is a _____________. An antinode is _______________. In a closed tube, the pressure wave of the fundamental resonance starts at the ________________ and goes into the tube, is reflected of the ______________ and returns to the open end. The tube length represent __________________. Overtones occur by _________________. The first overtone of closed tube resonator is called the _________________. There are ______________ nodes and ___________ antinodes. The second overtone is called the _______________. There are _____________ nodes and _____________ antinodes

1. Position in a standing wave that produces destructive interference, resulting in zero amplitude. 2. Position in a standing wave where there is maximum constructive interference. 3. Opening 4. Closed End 5. One quarter of a wavelength, L = 1/4λ, with one node and one antinode 6. Increasing the frequency such that multiples of half a wave length result in standing waves. 7. Third Harmonic. L = 3/4λ 8. 2 9. 2 10. Fifth harmonic. L = 5/4λ 11. 3 12. 3

Histone Acetyltransferase (HAT) is __________________

1. Post-translational modification of proteins 2. Leads to uncoiling of the chromatin structure and increases transcription. Its basically the same thing as Euchromatin.

If Q > Ksp, ______________ . If Q < Ksp _______________, If Q = Ksp, _____________. Q is called the ______________.

1. Precipitation will occur and supersaturated 2. More Solid will dissolve and unsaturated and precipitation will not occur 3. More solid will dissolve or precipitate saturated *Bottom of the graph is less saturated, Top of the graph is more saturated*, look at Q. 4. Ion Product

What are the three stages that George Mead came up with?

1. Preparatory Stage [Imitation such as playing with pots and pans when a person cooks] 2. Play Stage [Pretend Play or Role Taking] [Play as mother, fathers, or doctors. 3. Game Stage [Generalized other] [Multiple Roles] [Significant Other like family and teachers] *Think of PPG to help you remember this*

Isoelectric Focusing (IF) is a __________________. In an IEF apparatus, the anode is _______________, while the cathode is _____________. Thus, negatively-charged amino acids will move toward the ____________. In order to separate the proteins in isoelectric focusing, ___________________. In isoelectric focusing, the band that doesn't interact with anything is called ______________

1. Procedure that separates proteins or amino acids by isoelectric point. 2. Positive 3. Negative 4. Anode (positive) 5. A stable pH gradient must be established on the gel. 6. HOT ATP

If K is greater than 1, then you know the reaction favors the _______________. If K is less than 1, you know the reaction favors the _______________

1. Products. 2. Reactants

Transfection and transduction are means of horizontal gene transfer amongst _________________. Transposable elements or transposons are responsible for __________________

1. Prokaryotes 2. Moving Genes around in the Eukaryotic Genome

Photoreactivation is a ______________ process to __________________.

1. Prokaryotic 2.reverse damage done by UV light; humans use a separate process.

What are the two regulatory sequences in the Lac-Operon?

1. Promoter 2. Operator

Transcription requires a ________________ while DNA replication requires a _________________. The five main steps in DNA Replication are ________________________

1. Promoter 2. Primer 3. (1) Helicase unzips the double helix, (2) RNA Polymerase builds a primer, (3) DNA Polymerase assembles the leading and lagging strands (4) RNAase H removes the primers, (5) DNA Ligase joins the okazaki fragments together.

_____________ is a segment of DNA. It binds to RNA polymerase to start or initiate transcription. They are located near the __________________

1. Promoter 2. Transcription start site of genes, on the same strand, and upstream of DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand)

In fertilization, the cell membranes of the oocyte and sperm fuse. Each forms a __________________ which _________________

1. Pronucleus 2. Migrate towards each other in preparation of the first meiotic division.

A female is born with all the eggs she will ever have but they are halted in ___________________ until the child reaches puberty. After puberty, each month an egg develops in the _______________ but remains in _____________ phase of meiosis until it is fertilized in the Fallopian tube by a sperm cell Then meiosis finishes.

1. Prophase I 2. Follicle of the ovary 3. Metaphase II

_________________ act by hydrolyzing peptide bonds in the residue sequences for which they are specific, resulting in the digestion of proteins. Hydrolysis of peptide bonds forms _________________. Proteases in essence _______________ proteins.

1. Proteases 2. Small Proteins * Think of a pro giving a pep talk about protein powder* 3. Cleave

What are the three functions of Epithelial Cells?

1. Protection Ex: Our esophagus has a stratified epithelium which is two or more layers to protect our esophagus from sharp or hot foods. 2. Exchange nutrients Ex: Nutrients will diffuse from the underlying tissues through the basement membrane into the epithelial cells. 3. Secretes Enzymes. Also know that these cells DIVIDE a lot.

_____________ are enzymes that often catalyze chemical reactions. Catalysis often requires ______________. If a protein catalyzes the phosphorylation of another protein, then that protein will likely utilize _______________

1. Proteins 2. ATP 3. ATP

IgG antibodies __________________. IgE antibodies __________________. IgM antibodies ______________________. IgA antibodies _________________

1. Provide most of the human immune response throughout the body. 2. Are involved in allergies and anti-parasitic responses. 3. Comprise the early immune response to pathogens before an effective IgG antibody response can be initiated. 4. Are present in mucosal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract, saliva, and urogenital tract.

The Myosin filaments will _____________ on actin filaments. Since the sarcomere is shortening, the myosin and actin must be pulled toward the ________________. They Myosin and Actin are the ___________ Band and just the Actin is the ____________ Band.

1. Pull 2. Center 3. A (Since the I band is just 1 you know that it is both Myosin and Actin) 4. I (Think of Actin as just 1 which kind of looks I)

________________ are vessels that carry deoxygenated blood. They carry blood from the ___________ side of the heart to the _____________ to be reoxygenated.

1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Right 3. Lungs *Think of there being to much pulp in the your lungs that you cannot breathe* Also Arteries has r in it which helps you know that it comes from the right side

What are the three reactions that you need to know for gluconeogenesis?

1. Pyruvate uses the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase to make Oxaloacetate (4 carbon compound). This reaction uses ATP and Oxaloacetate was made from amino acids being broken down. Oxaloacetate is then catalyzed by PEP Carboxylase to form Phosphoenolpyruvate. This reaction uses GTP 2. Fructose 1-6-Bisphosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate by the enzyme Fructose 1,6-Biphosphotase. This enzyme is the opposite of kinase. 3. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into glucose using Glucose-6-phosphotase. This removes the phosphate from Glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphatase is used in the breakdown of glycogen and people without this enzyme are hypoglycemic which means your glucose is low.

If there were alleles for an eye color that were B= brown and b = blue, and there was a 9% of a population has blue eyes, what is the frequency of the dominant allele and the heterozygous allele?

1. P² + 2pq + q² = 1 2. q² = 9% which is .09 which means q = .3 3. Remember that P + Q = 1 4. 1 - .3 = .7 5. .7² + 2 (.7) (.3) + .09 6. .49 + .42 + .09 7. Dominant Allele frequency is .7 and the Heterozygous Allele frequency is .42

What are the two R constant you need to know for the MCAT?

1. R = 8.314 J/Mol * K. You use this in the Arrhenius Equation 2. R = .0821 L * ATM /Mol * K for PV = nRT

If you are given volts, but need to find the answer in Ohms, how can you get there? Remember that voltage is proportional to the __________________. If the voltage stays the same but the resistance goes up, you know the the current will _______________

1. R = V/I. 2. Current. This means that the current is inversely proportional to the resistance. 3. Go down

How does transcription work in Eukaryotic Cells?

1. RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter which is a sequence. 2. RNA polymerase separates the strands 3. RNA polymerase codes for RNA in one direction from the 5' to the 3' end (Coding strand and RNA strand are the same except the uracil and thymine) The template strand is where we extend the mrNA). 4. Terminator is a signal that is used so RNA Polymerase stops. This is the pre-mRNA and its needs to be processed 5. How is it processed? There are exons which have a modified 5' cap and a poly-a-tail which keeps the mRNA from getting damaged. 6. mRNA also has a nonsequence which are introns. These don't code for a gene so they get spliced out. 7. Now you have a mature mRNA.

How does transcription work in a bacteria?

1. RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter which is a sequence. 2. RNA polymerase separates the strands 3. RNA polymerase codes for RNA in one direction from the 5' to the 3' end. (Coding strand and RNA strand are the same except the uracil and thymine) The template strand is where we extend the mrNA) 4. Terminator is a signal that is used so RNA Polymerase stops. RNA polymerase lets go and the mRNA is done.

The colors of the visible spectrum are determined by the mnemonic ___________________. When you start at R, its energy is the ______________, and when you start at V, its energy is the ________________. If you have low energy, that means your wavelength is ________________. If you have higher energy, that means your wavelength is _______________. You can determine this by the equation _________________

1. ROY G BIV 2. Lowest 3. Highest 4. Longer 5. Shorter. 6. E =hf/λ (Ex: If the wavelength goes up, the energy goes down)

________________ mixture is composed of 50% dextrorotatory enantiomers and 50% levorotatory enantiomers. Such a mixture will _______________ plane-polarized light. Chiral compounds _______________ rotate plane polarized light

1. Racemic 2. Not Rotate. This is because 50% dextrorotatory will rotate clockwise but when that is used up 50% of levorotatory will unwind it. *Think of two cars racing each other, not two planes* 3. Can

The limiting reagent is in the __________________. In order to find the limiting reagent you have to _________________ and __________________. The reactant that is has leftovers is in ________________. The reactant that is completely used up is _________________.

1. Reactant. 2. Balance the equation 3. Calculate the moles of the reactant 4. Excess 5. Limiting Reagent.

A negative lens will form a _____________ image while a positive lens will form a ______________ image.

1. Reduced Virtual 2. Enlarged Virtual

Habituation is __________________

1. Reduced responding to a repeated stimulus. Ex: If you keeping tasting lemons, the salivation will decline because you are used to the taste. So you switch to a lemon.

What is the structure of Asparagine? A mutation from Glycine to Asparagine affects only _________________

1. Remember it has an amide at the end. Remember that since it has an amide on the end, it does not have charged side chains so it is neutral. It does not tend to gain or lose protons. 2. The side chain of the amino acid

An unknown fluid has a specific gravity of 0.750. What is the volume of 22.5 kg of this fluid? A. 10 L B. 20 L C. 30 L D. 40 L

1. Remember that specific gravity is the density of an object over the density of water. 2. 22.5 kg * 1 M³/750 kg * 1000L/1M³ = 3. = 30 L

What is the order when moving fluid from the blood, through the nephron, and exiting the body?

1. Renal Artery 2. Glomerulus 3. Proximal Tubule 4. Descending Loop of Henle 5. Ascending Loop of Henle 6. Distal Tubule 7. Collecting Duct 8. Ureter 9. Bladder

In the kidney, filtration occurs in the ________________. Reabsorption and secretion mostly occur in the _________________. The loop of Henle concentrates solute in the _________________. The distal tubule empties into the __________________, which concentrates the _________________. The amount of filtrate is related to the _________________. The descending Loop of Henle is _________________ to water. The ascending loop of Henle is ______________ to water and actively ________________. The loop of Henle increases the solute concentration of the ______________, while decreasing the solute concentration of the ______________. This process makes it possible for urine to become concentrated in the ___________________.

1. Renal Corpuscle (Bowman's Capsule and the Glomerulus) 2. Proximal Tubule. This is through active or passive transport 3. Medulla 4. Collecting Duct 5. Urine 6. Hydrostatic Pressure of the Glomerulus 7. Permeable to water 8. Impermeable to water 9. Transports sodium to the kidney 10. Medulla 11. Filtrate 12. Collecting Duct

What are the other regulatory sequences in the lac operon besides the promoter and operator?

1. Repressor Protein and Repressor Promoter. When Glucose is transcribed, the repressor protein binds to the operator which interferes and represses the binding of RNA Polymerase which wants to bind to the Lac Promoter. This prevents and represses the transcription of these genes for lactose metabolism. 2. If glucose is not readily transcribed, an alternative source is available. Lactose enters slowly, and a metabolite of lactose called allolactose, binds to the repressor, and the repressor changes conformation and causes it to fall of the operator. Now since the repressor is gone, RNA then transcribe 3 genes leading to higher levels of proteins.

Likert scales ________________. Their weaknesses are may avoid extreme responses and gravitate toward the mean, which is known as the __________________. If they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study, they may select certain responses to please the researcher, which is known as _________________. They also may want to portray themselves as being more empathetic or less negative or emotional, which could be a more socially acceptable but less honest way to respond; this is known as the _____________________

1. Require participants to rate their agreement with statements about attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. 2. Central Tendency Bias 3. Acquiescence bias. 4. Social Desirability Bias

Most neurons @ rest, meaning not receiving input, having stable separation of charges across the cell membrane is called a ___________________. There are more _________________ charges on the inside and more positive charges on the outside. The valve we used to quantify charge separation on the inside is ___________ mV and _________ mV on the outside

1. Resting potential. 2. Negative 3. Positive 4. -60mV 5. 0 mV

______________ is an enveloped, single stranded RNA Virus. Inside of the envelope, it will carry three proteins which are _____________, ______________, and ____________________. One of the most common retroviruses is __________________ which infects _______________

1. Retrovirus. 2. Reverse Transcriptase (incorporate RNA into DNA) (This uses DNA Polymerase) 3. Integrase ( Used during Lysogenic b/c it integrates HIV DNA into the host and it clips off the 3' end and forms sticky ends. The specific bond that gets cleaved is O-P 4. Protease (Used during lytic cycle which cleaves proteins so the viruses are more mature) 5. HIV 6. CD4 T Cells (Helper T-cells). The other T cells are called CD8- T Cells which are cytotoxic cells. They target virus-infected cells.

_________________ Phosphorylation of proteins is an important regulatory mechanism that occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Phosphorylation usually occurs on the amino acids ________________

1. Reverse 2. serine (S), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y), and histidine (H) residues in eukaryotic proteins. *SYT*

most of the left side of the body and the left field of vision is under the control of ________________. The right brain is typically associated with __________________. The left brain is often described in relation to

1. Right Brain (Music, Visuospatial, Emotion) 2. Creative or artistic aspects of consciousness (R = ART) 3. Logic or Analytical Thinking (Left = Logic)

What is the Role-Taking theory and what are the different stages?

1. Role taking theory is when a child learns to develop an ability to understand the perspectives and feelings of others as they mature. 2. Ego-Centric Role Taking: Child can't understand that another person has another perspective than his own. (3-6 years old) 3. Subjective Role Taking: Child can understand that others have different points of view and those perspectives can differ from child's point of view. (7-8 Years old) 4. Self-Reflective Role Take: Child can understand points of view of other people can relate to each other, both outside of the Childs view (8-10 years old) 5. Mutual Role Taking: Child can understand points of view of other people can relate to each other, both outside of the Childs view (10-12 years old) *Think of Watching Joe Scarborough saying roll tide in your apartment at home. The couch on the right, there is an eggo waffle, there is a sub in one of the picture frames, Alex understands myself, and then pretend there is a mutt to the left of the coffee table*

Rate of effusion depends on __________________. You also use the equation ___________________. In rate of effusion questions, if the the answer is 2, the percentage of that is _______________. If the answer is 1.5, the percentage of that is ________________. The rate of effusion is inversely related to _____________________

1. Root-mean-square speed, which is calculated using the formula vrms = √(3RT)/M. 2. rate1/rate2 = √(T1/T2) 3. 100% (2-1 =1) 4. 50% (1.5-1=.5) 5. Molecular Weight (Ex: The higher the rate of effusion, the lower the molecular weight)

Secretory Proteins are synthesized in the ____________________. They release their contents through ________________. In the reverse process of this __________________

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. Exocytosis 3. Endocytotic vesicles made at the cell membrane are shuttled back to the Golgi for recycling of the cell membrane.

Enantiomers have the ___________________ physical properties whereas diastereomers have __________________ physical properties. In order to separate a racemic mixture, you need to have a __________________

1. Same 2. Different (Think of diastereomer and different). This also makes the it easier to seperate. 3. Chiral Compound

With Z, the two carbons on the double bond are going in __________________. With E, the two carbons on the double bond are going in __________________

1. Same Direction 2. Opposite Directions * Only look at the carbons attached to the double bond and ask yourself what direction each carbon is going away from the double bond*

The base promoted ester hydrolysis which is also known as ___________________. is when ____________________. Base promoted Ester Hydrolysis use is mainly for __________________ by using the enzyme ________________.

1. Saponification 2. Lipids are broken down into smaller lipids or ester bonds. 3. Fat Metabolism 4. Lipase (This enzyme is saturated) and uses hydrolysis of triacyglycerides

How does unsaturated/saturated fatty acids affect cell membrane fluidity?

1. Saturated fatty acids are symmetrical so they will be close together. This is going to cause the fluidity to decrease. 2. Unsaturated acids have a double kink so they do not have symmetry so they will not want to be close to each other. This increases the fluidity *Think of the football field*

________________ is a type of glial cell that performs a similar function to Oligodendrocytes but it occurs in the Peripheral Nervous System.

1. Schwann Cells *Think of swan's lined up next to the glee club drinking perrier water*

cAMP is a ______________ messenger that can stimulate _____________, which phosphorylates its target and passes along the cell.

1. Secondary Messenger 2. Protein Kinase A

What are two ways that hormones can act on the cell?

1. Secondary Messengers (Hormones bind to receptor and secondary messengers released inside of the cell) 2. Primary Messengers (Steroids can cross the membrane without binding to the cell) The primary messengers will bind either to the nucleus or the cytoplasm which affects transcription or translation.

What are the three terms that can relate to self?

1. Self Esteem 2. Self-Efficacy 3. Locus of Control *Think of how you learned a lot about yourself at the sigma chi fraternity house*

______________ describes a person behaving in a certain way because they believe that they are supposed to behave that way. _____________ describe how a person believes they are to behave, and their behavior follows.

1. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 2. Gender Stereotype

To be a stem cell you need two properties which are ________________ and _________________

1. Self-Renewal which means to divide and divide but one remains a stem cell. 2. Can differentiate which means it has potency.

How do you get from the siRNA to the antisense strand? Draw it out. The mRNA strand represents the same sequence as the _________________ on DNA with the exception of uracil and thymine.

1. Sense Strand

___________________ is the shuffling of the genetic deck which recombines genes of two parents. It will increase __________________ in the next generation. This increase will help improve survival of species.

1. Sexual Reproduction 2. Variation

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for what type of memory? The frontal cortex handles many ______________ processes such as _________________

1. Short and Working 2. Executive 3. Making Decisions *RAMP Reward, Attention, Memory, Planning*

An enhancer is a ____________________. They are generally _____________ acting but can be ________________ or ______________ from the transcriptional start site.

1. Short segment of DNA that can be bound by transcription factors (activators) to enhance transcription of a gene or genes. 2. Cis acting 3. Upstream 4. Downstream

Social Model of Disability is determined by the _________________. Cultures being merely exposed to each other does not lead to more ________________. In fact, it tends to lead to more _________________.

1. Sick Role 2 Dysfunction 3. Agreeableness 4. Negative Views of Each other

__________________ is a disease cause by genetic mutation. The effects of this disease are usually found at the _______________ level but are expressed by the mutated ________________

1. Sickle Cell Disease 2. Protein Level (The mutation that causes sickle cell disease results in a mutated form of hemoglobin called Hbs. S means sickle cell. The difference between Hbs and hemoglobin is the amino acid residue glutamate is being replaced with a valine amino acid residue.) 3. DNA

Point Mutations can be a _____________________

1. Silent Mutation (No change in amino acid) 2. Missense mutation (replacement of one amino acid ex: sickle cell disease) 3. Nonsense mutation (stop-codon)

_______________ only affects only the ends of the chromosome arms and one arm of each chromosome, while __________________ events can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms (two different places of that arm) and also usually affect just one arm of each chromosome.

1. Single Cross Over 2. Double Cross Over

Where will you find Skeletal muscles? Skeletal Muscles are _______________ and ______________

1. Skeletal muscles will be attached to the tendon or bone 2. Voluntary 3. Striated

Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts in the ______________________. It functions to ___________________

1. Small intestine upon the entry of food into the duodenum from the stomach. 2. functions to aid a series of processes involved in digestion such as suppressing hunger, inhibiting gastric emptying, stimulating pancreatic acinar cells.

A corepressor is a __________________

1. Small molecule or protein that represses the expression of genes by binding to and activating a repressor transcription factor. The repressor in turn binds to a gene promoter which blocks transcription of that gene.

Gap junctions are __________________. They are usually found in ______________ muscle. Desmosomes are _________________. They are usually found in ________________. Tight Junctions _________________. They are usually found in _______________.

1. Small tunnels that connect cells, facilitating the movement of small molecules and ions between cells. They are found usually in tissue that spread action potentials. 2. Cardiac Muscle (Think of a GAP sweater, the letters are adjacent to your heart* 3. When you join two cells at a single point. They do NOT use cell to cell communication, only cell adhesion. 4. Stressed epithelial like skin such as "intermediate filaments" 5. Form a water-tight seal from cell to cell that can block water, ions, and other molecules from moving around and past cells. 6. Epithelial tissue like the kidneys, intestines, or bladder

For isoelectronic species, cations have the _____________ radii. For isoelectronic species, anions have the ____________ radii.

1. Smallest 2. Largest Isoelectronic Species are K⁺, Ca²⁺, Ar, Cl⁻

Capillaries are the _____________ blood vessels in the body that are made up of ____________________

1. Smallest 2. Single layer of "endothelial" cells

Where will you find smooth muscles? Smooth muscles are _______________ & ______________

1. Smooth muscles are found in hollow organs such as your stomach or bowel. Smooth muscles can also be found in blood vessels like your aorta but not your capillaries. 2. Involuntary 3. Non-Striated

__________________ is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. ______________ influence occurs most often when the situation is ambiguous. We have choices, but do not know which to select; there is a crisis and we have no time to think or experiment, as a decision is required now; others are experts. If we accept the authority of others, they must know better than us.

1. Social Proof, also known as 2. Informational social influence. Ex: if the first-year resident conforms because of informational social influences, he most likely does so because he assumes that the third-year residents know what they are doing, considers them experts, and thinks that he can trust that their opinion is correct.

_________________ is the perpetuation of social norms through socialization and social institutions. Two major socializing forces are _____________ and _________________.

1. Social Reproduction 2. Family 3. Peers

The standard practice of what to do when boarding an elevator is a structure or a form of ____________ order. Institutionalized means having become _____________ in society.

1. Social. 2. Embedded

What happens when ACH reaches the synaptic cleft?

1. Sodium channels from the muscle have receptors called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ACH attaches to the receptor and opens the muscle cell and causes sodium to influx into the muscle cell. 2. Once we depolarized the membrane enough, calcium then enter which is called Voltage-Gated Calcium Release. 3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum then releases the calcium and this process is called calcium induced calcium release. 4. There are proteins that link muscle cells together. These proteins are called Gap Junctions. They allow for cations to flow from one muscle cell to another which causes syncytium.

Trans fats are more _____________ at room temp while cis fats are _______________ at room temp. Which fat is worse? Solubilization is more dependent on ____________ than structure

1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Trans 4. Size

How do you get sex cells? Germ cells produce _____________ and give rise to the ______________. In humans, germ cells develop into either __________________

1. Some of the cells from mitosis differentiate into "Germ Cells" such as gonads (testes or ovaries). Through the process of meiosis 2. Gametes 3. Egg 3. Mature Egg or Sperm

Cocci are referred to as _______________. Bacilli are referred to as ______________. Genus Spirillum are typically _________________. Spirochetes are _______________.

1. Spherical Bacteria (Think of a coach holding a basket ball) 2. Rod Shaped Bacteria (Think of your back looking like a rod) 3. Spiral-shaped bacteria 4. Corkscrew-shaped bacteria (Think of spiros opening up a bottle of wine with a corkscrew)

When looking at a standard reduction potential chart, the more positive the voltage is the more ________________ the reaction according to the equation ________________. The relationship between cell potential and the Gibbs Free Energy Change (∆G) is, ∆G = -nFE

1. Spontaneous 2. ∆G = -nFE

Mutations can be inherited or occur ________________. They originate at the _______________ level but are usually found in the _________________ level. Mutations do not originate in the ________________ or _____________ level

1. Spontaneously. Note that sometimes you might not notice a symptom of the mutation because it could be a mild mutation. 2. DNA (A cells DNA stores all of its genetic information. A mistake her would lead to all future hemoglobins produced. From a mutated gene, overall mutations usually result from a mistake in the DNA 3. Protein 4. mRNA 5. Protein.

Red blood cells in an isotonic solution would _______________. Red blood cells in a hypotonic solution would _________________. Red blood cells in a hypertonic solution would _______________.

1. Stay the same. 2. Burst 3. Shrivel

What are the four areas in glycolysis that use ADP and ATP?

1. Steps 1,3, 7, and 10 2. 1 and 3 are ATP to ADP 3. 7 and 10 are ADP to ATP

If there is a substitution on an amino acid and changed a side chain from Methionine to Alanine, there would be decreased ________________

1. Steric Constraint. Also known as going from a larger amino acid to a smaller one.

If the blood vessels lose their elasticity and become stiff, they will not be able ___________________. This would lead to a __________________

1. Stretch as Much. 2. Blood Pressure Increase (Hypertension)

_________________ completely dissociate in solution but _________________ do not dissociate in solution

1. Strong Acids 2. Weak Acids

Craving is the __________________. Withdrawal is __________________

1. Strong desire to ingest a drug 2. Physical or Mental symptoms that occur when you stop taking a drug

The average human body contains approximately 5 Liters of blood. If the blood has a density of 1060kg/m³, what is the total mass of blood in the average human? Note: 1L = 1000 cm³ A. .212 kg B. .530 kg C. 5.30 kg D. 10.6 kg

1060 kg/m³ * 1m³/10⁶ cm³ * 1000cm³/1L * 5L = 5.30 kg

What happens in a SN2 reaction? Remember that in an SN2 reaction, the stereochemistry will _________________

1. Strong nucleophile attacks the carbon and then the leaving group leaves. These reactions are best with a primary carbon or methyl group and there can't be steric hindrance (tertiary carbons) 2. Have a change in configuration. Ex: If it is S in priority. The configuration will become a R because of the backside attack.

________________ is a disaccharide that is composed of glucose and fructose. Like alcohols, sugars have _____________ groups that can ________________ to water molecules.

1. Sucrose 2. Hydroxyl 3. Hydrogen Bond

Splicing is necessary for _________________. It occurs in _______________ because you have to splice out the _____________ before it can leave the _______________

1. Survival 2. Transcription (DNA > mRNA) 3. Introns 4. Nucleus

_______________ forms after synapsis occurs. This helps ___________ crossing over to swap material.

1. Synaptonemal Complex 2. Chromatids

Effective antibody-mediated memory is compromised by __________________ because ________________

1. T-Independent B cell activation 2. All memory B cells are derived from germinal centers.

Explain Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). In TLC, In TLC, streaking can be caused by ____________________. Rf = ___________________. Solvent affects __________________. The equation for Rf is _________________

1. TLC is used to separate polarity differences. Its stationary phase (polar) is a glass or plastic with adsorbent material and its mobile phase (non-polar) is a liquid mixture. If the problem uses ether, think SOLVENT. 2. There is also the Retardation Factor or Retention Factor which is how much it slows down. The lower the rf, the more polar it is since its didn't travel far. The higher the rf is, the less polar it is since it traveled far. 3. Overloading the spot with sample, Using a sample that is too concentrated, and using a sample this is IMPURE. 4. Solute Distance/Solvent Distance

TRH production increases _______________ hormone which would also increase ____________ production. This type of hormone is a __________________.

1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) 2. T3 and T4 Production 3. Tyrosine Derivative. This means that it cannot diffuse through a membrane like a steroid.

__________________ is involved in relaying sensory and motor information to the rest of the brain. It is also involved in memory and it regulates _______________

1. Thalamus 2. Bodily Functions

How is the oxidation process in Fatty Acid Oxidation regulated?

1. The Rate Limiting reaction is catalyzed by Carnitine Acyl Transferase I. If this is going, more energy or ATP is created. 2. Malonyl-CoA makes a lot of fatty acids. So if this is going on then that means it is inhibiting the rate limiting step of oxidation which is Carnitine Acyl Transferase and this means more fatty acid is being produced but less energy is being created.

When a G-Protein is inactive, __________________. When a G-Protein is active, ____________________

1. The alpha subunit binds to GDP 2. The alpha subunit binds to GTP

The kinetic molecular theory says ___________________ This relationship can be shown by the formula _______________.

1. The average kinetic energy of a sample of gas depends only on the temperature of the sample. 2. KE = (3/2)KBT, where KB is the Boltzmann constant.

What is more critical for the overall structure of the protein, the surface of the protein or the core of the protein?

1. The core of the protein. 2. A surface residue that isn't critical for structure may still be critical for the function of the protein and may be important for binding a substrate. Ex: A helpful analogy is a modern skyscraper: the outside wall is often made of glass and steel, with a concrete core that serves as the main weight-bearing material.

A genomic library includes _________________. cDNA library is derived from __________________. This means that the genomic library is ____________ than the cDNA library. A genomic library includes both ______________ while the cDNA library only has ______________ regions. Which has promoters a genomic library or a cDNA library?

1. The entire genome of an organism. 2. The extracted mRNA 3. Larger 4. Coding and Non-Coding 5. Coding (the non-coding regions were spliced out during the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA) 6. A genomic library does but a mature mRNA does not so a cDNA library does not include promoters.

Stranger Anxiety is _________________

1. The fear of strangers that infants commonly begin to express around 8 months of age.

The primary reason certain chromosomal disorders are deadly is because ________________. The more genes a chromosome has, __________________.Trisomy 21 is survivable and results in __________________, while Trisomy 14 is __________________.

1. The genes on the chromosome that are lacked or in excess impact fetal survival. 2. The more likely that an aneuploidy of that chromosome will be fatal to the fetus. 3. Down Syndrome 4. Incompatible with life

Chromatic Aberration is _____________________. If you shine a white light __________________.

1. The materials of index refraction depend on the wavelength of light. 2. Different wavelengths will reflect at different angles.

Write out the diagram for how an action potential works in a myocyte. Calcium is normally released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum after ________________. After calcium is released the muscles _________________ and myosin releases ____________.

1. The membrane is depolarized. 2. Begin to Relax 3. Actin

Chemioosmosis is __________________. Substrate Phosphorylation is __________________

1. The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. Ex: The hydrogens going through ATP synthase is an example of Chemioosmosis 2. When ATP is produced directly in Glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle. It facilitates without chemiosmosis or oxidation and is just an "enzyme" (It is the opposite of oxidative phosphorylation)

How does our brain tell our muscles to contract? What is the purpose of the muscle cells?

1. The neuromuscular junction which is where motor neurons talk to muscle cells. This involves the axon terminal which is the end of an axon and is part of a neuron that casts a signal away. A muscle cell sits adjacent to the axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction. 2. It increases surface area. With increased area you can have sodium channels present. This will help us transmit a message into the muscle cell. You also have calcium channels which are situated deep within the muscle cell.

An antisense strand is _________________. The sense strand is ________________

1. The opposite of the strand of mRNA except you would switch out the U's with T because it is on DNA (Example: If the mRNA is AUG, then the antisense would be TAC) 2. The same strand as the mRNA strand except you would switch out the U's with T's because it is on DNA. (Example: If the mRNA is AUG, then the sense strand would be ATG) *Think about it, sense makes sense. Anti-Sense means it is the opposite of making sense*

Proto-Oncogenes can usually increase the risk of cancer if ________________. A common example of a proto-oncogene is __________________. They are also usually __________________

1. The proto-oncogene is mutated to oncogenes. *Remember that we have a lot of proto-oncogenes.* 2. RET 3. Autosomal Dominant

The Na⁺/K⁺ pump brings the action potential back to _________________. During the sodium potassium pump, the Na⁺ goes ______________ and the K⁺ goes ______________. Block a potassium channel would result in _________________. The Na⁺/K⁺ pump is an _______________ channel which is responsible for causing the neuron to _________________

1. The resting membrane potential (a negative value) 2. Out 3. In 4. A prolonged action potential because hyper-polarization would not occur. 5. Active transport channel 6. Repolarize and become ready for the next action potential.

The proximal stimulus is _______________. The distal stimulus is ______________.

1. The stimulus registered by the sensory receptors. 2. The actual stimulus or object in the real world you end up sensing and then perceving, which results in the proximal stimulus.

Centrosomes are _________________. They are made of _________________. Heterochromatin stains more heavily than ____________________.

1. The structure from which the spindle fibers develop during mitosis 2. Heterochromatin. 3. Euchromatin

Response Bias or Survey Bias is _________________

1. The tendency of a person to answer questions on a survey untruthfully or in a misleading way

Instinctive Drift is ___________________

1. The tendency of an animal, of any species, to revert to the unconscious and automatic behavior that interferes with operant conditioning and learning responses. An animal trainer will likely AVOID this. Ex: You want a pig to deposit money into the bank but before it does, it plays around with the coin in some mud.

The job of the lymphatic system is to exchange fluids between _______________ & ________________. _________________ usually causes the swelling of lmyph nodes.

1. The tissues 2. Circulatory system 3. Infection

Lowest bond dissociation enthalpy means __________________. Hydrogen bonds vary in strength depending upon the donor and acceptor atoms. Which of the following hydrogen bonds has the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy? (A dashed line indicates the hydrogen bond in question.) A. F-H - - - :O B. N-H - - - :O C. O-H - - - :O D. P-H - - - :O

1. The weakest bond 2. D Fluorine is the most electronegative atom on the list, followed by oxygen, then nitrogen, and lastly phosphorus. You aren't given electronegativity values on the MCAT, but you are expected to know the periodic trend, which is that it increases across a period and decreases as you go down a group. Fluorine, nitrogen, and oxygen are all more electronegative than phosphorus. Therefore, they will produce a stronger hydrogen bond.

How does an axon send a message to the muscle cell?

1. There is a signal cast away from the motor neuron to the axon terminal. That signal is the form of an influx of sodium ions, so this is a depolarized membrane which propagates the signal to this axon terminal. 2. There is also calcium running in as well, which plays the major role. This is because our axon terminal has vesicles that have a message waiting to be released into the space between our axon terminal and the muscle cell. This message is a neurotransmitter. Neurons use this to transmit a message. 3. The neurotransmitter we use in the neuromuscular junction is Acetylcholine (ACH). When there is an influx of calcium into the axon terminal, the calcium will bind to the vesicle with ACH. The vesicle is then attracted to the membrane and fuses with it and is released which is called "Exoocytosis". "Endocytosis" would be when vesicles enter cells by fusion of vesicles 4. This releases ACH in the synaptic cleft which is the area in between our presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane.

What is special about both proline and glycine?

1. They are both alpha helix or beta (secondary structure) sheet disrupters or breakers which means they are unable to form hydrogen bonds.

Gram Positive Bacteria have a _________________. Its stain color is ______________

1. Thick Peptidoglycan Layer in their cell wall outside the cell membrane which retains the crystal violet stain. 2. Purple

If calcium binds to troponin, what occurs? This will cause the muscles to _______________

1. This causes the tropomyosin to get out of the way and now myosin can bind to actin. 2. Contract

Transmembrane Protein _________________. A cytoplasm generally prefers ___________________ amino acid residues. Transmembrane proteins enter the endomembrane system (These are organelles, you can think of it as an assembly line) by docking at the ______________. This is facilitated by a ________________

1. This is a integral membrane protein that typically has hydrophobic amino acids arranged in an alpha helix. However, some integral membrane proteins form a channel that allows ions or other small molecules to pass 2. Polar 3. Rough ER 4. Signal Sequence

Secondary Active Transport is __________________.

1. When one molecule diffuses down its gradient, and this favorable change is paired with the unfavorable movement of another molecule against its gradient. Ex: Glucose is expelled while the sodium potassium pump is working

Two Hit Hypothesis

1. This relates to tumor suppressors. It says that both alleles (copies of a gene, you have two copies, one from mom and dad) must be mutated, if you have one then there is a backup second copy. (Autosomal Recessive) Ex: Oncogenes are dominant so it only needs one mutation. Ex: Tumor suppressor genes are recessive so it needs both alleles to be mutated. 2. This was first detected in pRB (retinoblastoma protein)

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

1. This states that the internal energy (total energy) equals the heat energy plus the work (∆U = Q + W). This is work done on the gas where we add the energy and the gas is gaining energy. 2. It can also mean that the internal energy equals the heat energy minus the work (∆U = Q - W). This is work done by the gas which means it is doing work on the surrounding environment. This is the area under the curve.

Within the _____________, T cells mature; specifically T cells that recognize and attack self-antigens are eliminated. This process occurs in two steps where t cells undergo ________________ & ________________

1. Thymus 2. Positive Selection (Cell comes in contact with self-MHC and those with no interaction are destroyed) 3. Negative Selection (T-Cells with high affinity interaction are eliminated through apoptosis, avoiding autoimmunity)

Intrinsic Motivation would be ________________. Extrinsic Motivation would be _______________.

1. To not reward a task that one already enjoys doing. (Enjoyment, growth, purpose, curiosity) 2. To reward a task that one already enjoys doing. (Promotions, pay raises, bonuses)

What happens if you have too much calcium or too little calcium due to a dysfunction in calcitonin or parathyroid hormone?

1. Too much calcium can lead to lethargy, fatigue, or memory loss. 2. Too little calcium can lead to muscle weakness or convulsions which can lead to seizures

Several factors that can cause strain in a cyclic molecule are:

1. Torsional strain, caused by electron clouds of the molecule's substituents getting too near one another; 2. Non-bonded strain, caused by substituents on non-adjacent ring atoms being brought in close proximity (thus causing more electronic repulsion) 3. Angle strain, caused by the bonding electrons of ring atoms being brought closer that is dictated by hybridization and VSEPR theory.

If you have a base substitution of adenine for guanine or cytosine for thymine, this is called. _______________. The base substitution is either between two ________________ or two ___________________

1. Transition. 2. Purines 3. Pyrimidines

_________________ is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance (i.e. cells do not respond properly to insulin).

1. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

How do you find the partial pressure of a gas?

1. Usually you look at the ratio first and take the percentage of that gas and divide it by 100%. Then you multiply it by the total pressure which could be 760 mmhg. PO2 = [(mol O2) / (total mol)] x Ptotal Ex: If you were looking for the PO2 of oxygen where the ratio of noble gases to oxygen was 7:3 You would know that oxygen's ratio was 30/100 and you would multiply that by the pressure which could be 760 mmhg.

______________ organizations where members are compensated for their involvement. This could be a company or a ________________

1. Utilitarian *Think of Utility companies. People who work their get paid for their service* 2. School. It doesn't have to be money, it can be a diploma too.

_________________ are the workhorses that pump blood into pulmonary and system circulation at high pressure, while the ______________ do the much less taxing job of moving blood into the _____________.

1. Ventricles 2. Atria 3. Ventricles *Think of when you vent, you let out a lot of steam. When you are at Aria, you are more relaxed and do less work*

____________________ are typical in dominant traits where the phenotype is very likely to show up in every generation. If the question states that the disease is rare. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the pattern of inheritance is

1. Vertical patterns of inheritance 2. Horizontal

Working memory processes different components which are the _______________ and _____________

1. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad. This is where visual information is processed. 2. Phonological Loop. This is where words and numbers are processed.

If a cube is submerged or floating in water, you know that the buoyant force is equal to the volume of the water displaced * density of water * gravity. In addition, the volume of the water displaced is equal to ________________ so the specific gravity will be the ________________ to _________________

1. Volume of the object. 2. Ratio of the weight of the object 3. The buoyant force Ex: 5kg * 10 m/s² = 50 N Weight of Object and Buoyant Force = 13N

In the doppler effect, if the objects are approaching each other, what occurs with the wavelength and frequency?

1. Vrelative/C = ∆Fobs/Factual = ∆λ/λactual Vrelative = Velocity 2. If the objects are approaching each other, the wave gets tighter, so the frequency gets higher and wavelength is smaller.

When you have ka, how can you get to pka?

1. We can use our shortcut: -log [C x 10-E] = (E-1).(10-C). Ex: Lets say our ka is 4 x 10⁻⁴ (4-1).(10-4) = 3.6

Given a 5.0-ampere current running for a total of four hours and ten minutes, what will be the amount of hydrogen gas produced in an electrolysis reaction? (Faraday's constant = 96,485 C per mole of electrons) A. 0.19 moles B. 0.39 moles C. 0.78 moles D. 1.6 moles

1. We know that the current is 5.0 A, or 5.0 coulombs/s. To find coulombs, we simply need to multiply by seconds. Four hours and ten minutes is equal to 250 minutes, or 15,000 seconds. 2. (5 C/s)(15,000 s) = 75,000 C of charge transmitted (75,000 C) / (96,485 C/mol) ~ 0.8 moles of electrons transferred (as 75/96 is slightly larger than 75/100, or 0.75) However, we are not quite finished. According to the reduction half-reaction, only one molecule of H2 is created for every two electrons. Thus, the amount of hydrogen gas produced must be approximately 0.4 moles

Consider the chemical reaction NH4+(aq) + NO3- (aq) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l). Trial [NH₄⁺] [NO₃⁻] RxN Rate 1 .010 M .020M .20 M/s 2 .015 M .020M .30 M/s 3 .010 M .010M .05 M/s The rate law for this reaction is: A. rate = k[NH4+][NO3-]. B. rate = k[NH4+]²[NO3-]². C. rate = k[NH4+]²[NO3-]. D. rate = k[NH4+][NO3-]².

1. We should first identify two trials where only one of the reactants changes concentration. 2. In [NO₃⁻], trials 1 and 3 changes by a factor of 2 while [NH₄⁺] is the same. The RxN rate changes in those trials by a factor of 4. 2^n =4 so N = 2. This means NO₃⁻ is second order 3. In [NH₄⁺], trials 1 and 2 change by a factor of 1.5 while [NO₃⁻] does not change. The reaction rate for trials 1 and 2 change by a factor of 1.5. 1.5^n = 1.5 so N =1 4. This means the rate order for [NH₄⁺] is 1 while the rate order for [NO₃⁻] is 2 so the answer is D.

Explain Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. We use the oxidation of NADH in the beginning to pump hydrogen protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space and let them go back through the ATP synthase which jams the phosphate into the ADP to produce the ATP. ATP is the final step. 2. Oxygen is being reduce during this.

Gases are formed when intermolecular forces are _____________. Solids or liquids form when intermolecular forces are ________________. Because of this concept, Gases are favored at _________________ and solids are favored at _________________. For most substances on a phase diagram, the line between the __________________ is _______________. This means _________________. For water on a phase diagram, the line between the __________________ is ____________. This means _________________

1. Weak 2. Strong 3. High temperatures and low pressures 4. Low temperatures and high pressures 5. Solid and Liquid 6. Positive 7. Solid is more dense than water. 8. Solid and Liquid 9. Negative 10. Water is more dense than solid

What happens in a SN1 reaction?

1. Weak Nucleophile Stays and leaving group leaves 2. Weak Nucleophile then gives its electrons to a tertiary or secondary carbon

Working Memory is _______________ and ___________. It is associated with the ________________ cortex. This was developed by __________________

1. Whatever you are thinking about right at this moment (Decision Making). 2. When your mind can hold 7±2 pieces of information. This is why phone numbers have 7 digits, because we are able to hold 7 digits in our head. 3. Prefrontal 4. George Miller

Native State is ___________________ and operates with _________________ structures. The Denatured State is ________________ and retains the ________________ structure. The reduced state is when a reducing agent __________________

1. When a protein is properly folded or assembled, which is operational and functional. 2. Secondary through Quaternary 3. When weak interactions are disrupted leading to a loss of these forms of structure 4. Primary 5. Will only disrupt disulfide bonds.

Role conflict is ________________ and Role strain is _____________________

1. When a single individual has different roles. Ex: Worker, Student, Father 2. The tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role. Ex: Athlete

Cultural Assimilation is ______________. The classic "________________" idea indicated this attitude

1. When an ethnic minority sacrifices its own culture to integrate into society. Ex: In the late 19th and 20th century, much of the focus was on assimilating minority groups into the majority culture, rather than respecting their cultures as distinct and worthwhile in their own right. 2. Melting Pot *Think of a melting pot in the FAU standardized patient meeting area*

Where will you find cardiac muscles? Cardiac muscles are _______________ and ___________________

1. Your heart 2. Involuntary 3. Striated

Endosymbiosis is __________________. The endosymbiotic theory is ________________. All cells contain ________________ are assemblages of RNA and protein that are responsible for translation and have a very ancient origin and this is not an example of endosymbiosis

1. When one organism lives inside another one. 2. certain organelles of the eukaryotic cell, especially mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts, originated as bacterial endosymbionts. 3. Ribosomes

Social Loafing is _________________

1. When people are more productive alone than in a group. Ex: If you are in a group project, you might not do any work because you know everyone else will.

What happens to NADH when pyruvate goes to lactate and when Lactate goes back to Pyruvate? When pyruvate goes to lactate, this occurs because of a lack of _________________

1. When pyruvate goes to lactate, NADH gets oxidized to NAD⁺ by lactate dehydrogenase. 2. When lactate goes to pyruvate, NAD⁺ gets reduced to NADH 3. Oxygen

The common ion effect is _________________

1. When the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is reduced in a solution that contains an ion in common with that salt. Ex: To reduce the solubility of ferrous (II) hydroxide, you want to add a compound that is similar to ferrous (II) hydroxide. Hydroxide is a base, so you would probably want to add a base to reduce the solubility, so ammonia can be a base you can add.

How are viral particles released in HIV? The cells plasma membrane will donate ________________

1. When you have reverse transcriptase, Integrase, and protease, you have all of the parts that can self assemble into new viruses. However, when it is missing its envelope, they are called immature viruses which means they take advantage of the membrane and "bud off". Before the immature viruses infect other cells, they mature by protease cleaving other proteins. 2. Lipid Envelope

Nucleolus. It disassembles at the beginning of _________________

1. Where ribosomal rna gets produced 2. Mitosis, so it is not that significant in the mitosis process.

How do you find the work of something? A horizontal force of 100 N is applied to a 50-kg box that is accelerating at 1 m/s2 on a rough, horizontal surface. What is the work done by kinetic friction if the box is moved 4 m? A. 0 J B. -150 J C. -200 J D. -400 J

1. Work = Fd Cosθ 2. C is correct. Fnet = ma = Fapplied - Fk, where Fk is the force of kinetic friction. Use this formula: (50 kg)(1 m/s2) = 100 N - Fk 50 N = 100 N - Fk Fk = 50 N To calculate work, we use W = Fd cos θ. W = (50 N)(4 m)(cos 180º) = -200 Nm = -200 J

The abscissa is also known as the ________________. The ordinate is also known as the ________________.

1. X Axis 2. Y-Axis

X-Linked traits are located on the _______________. Males pass their X chromosome to their _______________ offspring and their Y chromosome to their _____________ offspring. If children of an affected X-Linked male and a homozygous healthy female are born, _____________ of the children will most likely have the disease.

1. X-Chromosome 2. Female 3. Male 4. None.

Can H₂O, O₂, and CO₂ pass through the cell membrane via passive diffusion?

1. Yes, because they are not charged and they are small. Big molecules usually need active transport.

The difference between anabolic pathways and catabolic pathways are that anabolic means _________________ which is a _______________ reaction. Catabolic pathways are when ________________, which is a ______________ reaction.

1. You are making smaller molecules to larger molecules 2. Reduction 3. You are breaking down larger molecules to smaller molecules. 4. Oxidative Ex: Glycolysis and Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids to Acetyl-Coa *Think of Anabolic steroids making you bigger and a pussy cat means that you are smaller*

Autosomal Dominant means ___________________. Autosomal Recessive means ___________________. -/- means _____________________ ++ means __________________ +/- means ______________________

1. You need both copies of the gene to function. 2. Need one copy of the gene to function 3. Two copies of the allele 4. Two copies of Wild type 5 One normal copy and one abnormal copy

Objective means ___________________. Subjective means ___________________

1. You're sticking to the facts. 2. You have feelings

_________________ is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. _____________ is equal to the __________________. ________________ the stiffer the solid material is

1. Young's Modulus 2. Slope of the graph (stress/strain) 3. Young's modulus 4. The higher the Young's modulus. This also means that the higher the slope, the more stiff it is.

Selective Attention is ________________

1. Your ability to focus on something that is relevant to the task at hand while ignoring other information. Ex: Shadowing, which is a task where you have headphones on and you listen to one task on ear while listening to another task on another ear.

Astrocytes are __________________ . They are also located in the ______________________. Microglia are ________________ Ependymal Cells are ________________

1. a glial cell and are a key component of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. 2. Central Nervous System 3. Glial cells derived from mesoderm that function as macrophages (scavengers) in the central nervous system *Micro kind of sounds like Macro, which can help you think of macrophages* 4. Produce cerebrospinal fluid. *Pen looks like your spine*

WISC which is also known as Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children shows _____________________ and ________________

1. a mean of 100, std dev of 15. 2. one std dev, aka 85 and 115, is 68% two std dev, aka 70 and 130 is 95% three std dev aka 55 and 145 is 99.7%

Anomie is _______________ This was developed by ____________

1. is a breakdown of social norms and involves discarding usual ethical and moral standards. This leads to a widespread sense of alienation between individuals and their society. This was *Think of anomaly, you are an outlier, so you separate yourself from society. 2. Emile Durkheim

A transport protein is _________________. The protein assists in the movement of substances by using _________________

1. is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. 2. Active Transport or Facilitated Diffusion Ex: Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins

Vasopressin is _________________. It increases ________________. It is produced in the ___________________

1. is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This causes the collecting ducts of the kidneys to reabsorb water, diluting the blood and raising blood pressure. Ex: Coffee and Beer are ADH blockers which increases urine volume 2. It also increases blood pressure 3. Hypothalamus

Anabolism is ____________________. When does it occur? Catabolism is __________________. When does it occur?

1. is protein formation. 2. occurs primarily during the fed state and should be associated with glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipid storage. 3. is protein breakdown 4. Occurs primarily during the fasting state and should be associated with gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, beta-oxidation, and ketone body synthesis.

A codon is made up of ____________ which only allows for the nucleotides _______________. With 64 possible codons and only 23 amino acids, a single amino acid may be coded for by several different codons. The most common variation, by far, is in the _______________

1. mRNA 2. A, G, C, and U 3. Third Base

What is tautomerization, or the keto and enol forms of a structure? In order to tautomerize into the enol form, an ____________ must be abstracted. A tautomer is more stable if it is ______________ and doesn't have _______________ charges

1.Tautomerization is when a keto (C=O) goes to a enol (alkene with an alcohol) 2. Alpha Hydrogen *Many aldehydes and ketones exist as tautomers* 3. Conjugated (Double Bonds) 4. Formal Charges

What is the thin lens equation?

1/f = 1/do + 1/di 1. Focal distance is the distance from the center of the length to one of the two focal points. For convex lenses, focal distance will always be positive. For concave lenses, the focal distance will always be negative. 2. Object Distance is the distance from the center of the lens to the object. For convex and concave lenses, the lens will always be positive 3. Image Distance is the distance from the lens to where the image is and you go parallel, not diagonal. The image will be positive if the image is on the opposite side of the object. The image will be negative if it is on the same side of the object. *Think of you watching koi (Foi) in that thin pond in Orlando*

C=C groups stretching frequency is expected to fall in the range of _____________

1580-1640 cm-1

_______________ implies that the stimulus was indeed present on the list, but the participant did not recognize it.

A Miss

False Consciousness is ________________

A belief by individuals that doesn't reflect the reality of the system. Ex: Believing in mobility when there is actually little mobility is an example.

At excess levels, which of the following could serve as an activator of the TCA enzyme citrate synthase? A. ADP B. Citrate C. Succinyl-CoA D. NADH

A is correct. TCA is another name for the Krebs, or citric acid, cycle. Increased concentration of ADP signals that more ATP is needed. Therefore, the citric acid cycle enzyme in question will be activated by the presence of ADP. B: Citrate is the product of the enzyme citrate synthase. Through negative feedback, citrate accumulation would inhibit further citrate production. C: Succinyl-CoA is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. Excess accumulation of cycle intermediates would serve as a signal that enough citric acid cycles have been run. Excess succinyl-CoA would most likely inhibit the cycle. D: NADH is a product of the citric acid cycle. Therefore, its production would act to inhibit the cycle.

An object weighs 150 g in air, 75 g when fully submerged in water and 60 g when fully submerged in an unknown fluid. What can be concluded about the specific gravity of the unknown fluid and the order of layers when water is mixed with the unknown fluid (assuming the unknown fluid is immiscible in water)? A. The specific gravity of the unknown fluid is 1.2, and water will be the top layer. B. The specific gravity of the unknown fluid is 0.83, and the unknown fluid will be the top layer. C. The specific gravity of the unknown fluid is 0.56, and the unknown fluid will be the top layer. D. The specific gravity of the unknown fluid is 1.5, and water will be the top layer.

A is correct. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. The buoyant mass, and therefore the mass of the displaced water, is Mw = 150 g - 75 g = 75 g. Since the density of water is 1 g/cm3, VW, the volume of displaced water, is 75 cm3. Since the object is also fully submerged in the unknown fluid, Vfluid, the volume of the displaced unknown fluid, is also 75 cm3. The buoyant mass and therefore the mass of the unknown fluid is 150 g - 60 g = 90 g. Using the mass and the volume of the unknown fluid, ρfluid = 90 g / 75 cm3 = 1.2 g/cm3. The specific gravity of the unknown fluid is the ratio of the density of the unknown fluid to the density of water: SG = 1.2 / 1 = 1.2. Since the unknown fluid is denser than water, it will occupy the bottom layer and water will occupy the top layer. B: This answer choice results from dividing 75 cm3 by 90 g, instead of vice-versa. C, D: These answers result from miscalculations.

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A mechanoreceptor helps us perceive TOUCH and generates an action potential, which generates a signal that transmit it to a neuron and sends it to our CNS. This is an afferent system.

If the recessive phenotype is expressed in 32 out of 200 individuals in a population. How many individuals in this population would be carriers of the disease? A. 32 B. 48 C. 96 D. 128

According to Hardy Weinberg equations, q² = .16 so q = .4, so p = .6. 2pq = 2(.4)(.6) = .48. So 48% of the population will be heterozygotes, meaning 96 individuals.

Amphoteric means to ___________________

Act as an acid and base Ex: HPO₄²⁻. It can accept a hydrogen or donate a hydrogen *Think of all the acids in pho*

The difference in structures between an alpha helice and beta sheet.

Alpha Helice= Coil Beta Sheet = Polypeptides that are fully extended, not coiled.

Percent Dissociation

Amount Dissociated/Initial Concentration *100 Ex: Original [HF] = 2 moles / 0.100 L = 20 M [H+]/[HF] = (10-4 M H+) / (20 M HF) = 5 x 10-6 % dissociation = 5 x 10-6 x 100% = 5 x 10-4 % dissociation = 5 x 10-4% = 0.0005%

What does lysine have at the end of its side chain?

An amine group (NH3)

In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the __________ and reduction occurs at the _____________

Anode, Cathode: Remember An ox and Red cat

________________ conflicts, two options are both appealing.

Approach-Approach

What Amino Acid is N?

Asparagine

Brainstem structures are primarily involved in _____________________

Autonomous Function

In healthcare ______________ is the idea that people have the right to choose what is best for their health.

Autonomy

Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can sometimes derive energy from the oxidation of sulfur-containing species. Which of the following can NOT be oxidized by anaerobic bacteria? A. H2S (aq) B. SO42- (aq) C. S2O32- (aq) D. S8 (s)

B is correct. Of the answer choices, the oxidation number for sulfur would need to be in a reduced form. The highest oxidation state for sulfur is +6, corresponding to the loss of all of its valence electrons. The oxidation number for sulfur (x) in sulfate, SO42-, can be determined by assuming that the oxygen atoms are oxides having a -2 charge and that the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the overall charge of the ion, giving -2 = x + 4(-2) -2 = x - 8 +6 = x The oxidation number of sulfur in sulfate is +6, and choice B is the best answer.

An anionic region is best stabilized by a __________________

Cationic Residue. Ex: An anionic residue would be stabilized by the amino acid Lysine

In Sherif's Robber's Cave Experiment ______________________

Children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have NEGATIVE attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably. *Social research has shown that cultures being merely exposed to each other does not lead to more agreeableness. In fact, it tends to lead to more negative views of each other.*

Disjunction

Chromosomes separate in opposite poles in the anaphase process of mitosis or in meiosis.

_________________ is a phenomenon in which our mind convinces us that something is true when it isn't.

Cognitive Distortion

Absorbance spectroscopy such as UV-Vis is a type of absorbance spectroscopy, that would be effective at determining __________________

Concentration. You determine the concentration by beer's law *Think of absorbing beer in Asheville and concentrating on the river*

Independent samples t-test

Conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups.

________________ variables have an infinite number of categories.

Continuous Ex: If the question was something like "how many full-time jobs have you had?" or "how many hours do you work each week?" there would be more than two categories for responses

Negative Control

Control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect.

The idea of ____________ is central to the testing of any medical intervention.

Controls

Hyperopia, Presbytopia, or Farsightedness is when the image is formed behind the retina. A _______________ lens will fix this and focus the image closer to the retina.

Converging/Convex . This means that F and P are positive according to the equation 1/P + 1/Q = 1/F = P. Ex: Far-sighted people will have a +2 diopter.

Water

Molecule that is bent and has an angle of 104.5°

______________ design involves the measurement of a group of people at a particular time, as opposed to over a longer time interval (as in a longitudinal study).

Cross-Sectional Design

______________ relates to non-financial things of value associated with higher social class (certain accent, high education, style of dress)

Cultural Capital

What is the formula for ethanol? This is is a ____________ acid

C₂H₅OH. Weak Acid

________________ refers to strength of information flowing through a particular part of the nervous system can decrease

Depression of Response in Cells

Type of conflict that consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics. This is called _________________

Double approach-avoidant conflicts

Ultraviolet Radiation, Infrared Radiation, and Microwave Radiation are all forms of _________________

Electromagnetic Radiation *Think of an IMU which is an electronic device that measures and reports a specific force on an aircraft* Picture an IMU on the second story of the balcony at the USTA campus when you were watching the planes

When bone marrow produces red blood cells and platelets, a precursor with a nucleus goes through mitosis until there is no more nucleus and then a red blood cell is formed. This is called ______________

Erythropoiesis

How does Gel Electrophoresis work?

Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA or proteins based on their size and charge. You need Gel and electrophoresis. In Electrophoresis, you need an electric field in order to get the bands to move. You hook up a battery to the gel electrophoresis which creates an cathode (+) at the bottom and an anode (-) at the top. DNA is negative so when you insert it in the bottom, it will try to go to the anode. The bigger piece of DNA stay at the bottom and the smaller pieces go to the top.

________________ is a means by which, in part, gender roles are established. This social conditioning stems from societal reinforcements and punishments of gender-related behaviors.

Gender Conditioning

___________________ is a cognitive theory of how individuals acquire and understand elements of gender and sex-linked characteristics from their surrounding culture and how those characteristics are transmitted inter-generationally.

Gender Schema

Cell Differentiation's Goal is to change _________________

Gene Expression. It turns genes on or off and this can be done by 1. Transcription factors which is internal or 2. Induction which is External. Induction is very important

The phenomena observed by the geneticists is referred to as ________________, whereby the symptoms of a genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age and with increasing severity over succeeding generations.

Genetic Anticipation

Explain how the H2CO3/HCO3- Buffer System works and write out the equation

H20 + C02 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ H2CO3 is Carbonic Acid HCO₃⁻ is Bicarbonate 1. Lets say you have an underproduction of Bicarbonate, that means the reaction will shift to the right and the pH will go down since there will be more H⁺. 2. Lets say Carbonic Anhydrase (enzyme) is working in the reverse direction, this means the reaction will shift to the left and make less H⁺ which mens the pH will go up.

Form of groupthink _______________, mention taking excessive risks because they feel optimistic about a positive outcome (i.e., not getting in trouble)

Illusion of invulnerability

The carbon chain length of fatty acids is related to increased intermolecular forces between the atoms of the chain, and thus, ________________ in the boiling and melting points of fats.

Increases

If two isomers do not have the same chemical formula, they are not _______________

Isomers of each other.

Cell-mediated immunity _________________.

Is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

Authoritative is _________________

Is associated with optimal outcomes. It involves having limits, but not being overly-punitive.

Passive immunity

Is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another.

What is retrograde transport?

Is when you reverse the motion such as making a protein go from the Golgi Apparatus back to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Isomerase

Isomerases convert a molecule from one isomer to another (including stereoisomers and constitutional isomers)

Aquaporin channel transport of water is passive, meaning _______________

It only allows molecules to move down their concentration gradients. Ex: Hypotonic solutions follow this because water can move down their concentration gradient into the cell. It does not follow active transport.

Active Transport means that ________________

It requires energy to move against its concentration gradient. Ex: If water were to move out of its cell, it would need energy which is not very favorable for water.

Passive Transport means that _________________

It uses proteins to cross the membranes down its gradient and that no energy is required. Ex: Water can do this when going into a cell because it does not need energy to do this.

Whenever there is an equilibrium reaction, ATP will ________________

Not be produced

Law of Similarity

Items similar are grouped together

What are the units for Boltzman's Constant?

J/K The constant is essentially 1.38 x 10⁻²³ J/K

The _____________ theory is your minds interpretation of your physiological response.

James-Lange Theory. Ex: You're sad because you cry. Ex: Participants should have had an equal level of emotional response regardless of information

What is are the units for the kinetic energy equation?

KE= 1/2 MV² Energy = Joules Mass = Kilograms Velocity = M/S

How can you find Ka if you have Kb?

Ka * Kb = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴

Source monitoring is _________________

Keeping track of where various information came from. Ex: Did they see the yield sign or stop sign on tv or in a written description.

What is an example of a transferase?

Kinase. These move functional groups from one molecule to another. *Think of Mark as a transfer student from SBCC to UCSB. He was more functional as a student then when he transferred from Canterbury to SBCC.

As an object falls ____________ that it gains is equal to ________________ that it loses

Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy

Only ______ isomers are used to form proteins during ribosomal protein synthesis.

L

________________ states that separate genes which encode separate traits are passed down from parent to offspring independently of each other.

Law of Independent Assortment. Ex: There is no correlation or linkage between eye color and wing characteristics, they are independent of each other.

In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from species with ___________ positive reduction potential to those with _________ positive reduction potential.

Less, More

The law of diminishing returns refers to __________________

Lessened results gained from some action over time.

______________ is a lone electron pair acceptor.

Lewis Acid *Think of Carl Lewis accepting acid in the Olympic Games*

When anything is smaller than the critical angle in total internal reflection, ____________ will escape

Light

Doppler effect can be observed with ______________ and ________________

Light & Sound Waves (Longitudinal Waves)

In an extraction procedure, why can't copper (II) ions be directly extracted into an organic solvent?

Like other ions, positively-charged copper (II) ions will be more soluble in an aqueous (polar) solution than in an organic (hydrophobic) solvent. Unless an extractant is added, the copper ions will not significantly partition into the organic layer.

_______________ supports a variety of functions, including adrenaline flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and smell. EMOTION is also housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.

Limbic System

Law of Continuity

Lines are seen as following smoothest path

When a virus is in the cell, it can be impatient which is known as the ____________, or it can wait for a while, which is called the _____________

Lytic Cycle (The viruses start making copies of RNA or DNA, and they make a large number of viruses until the cell lyses (cell death) or breaks open. Now the viruses are released into the environment and can infect other cells) The lytic cycle will create more phage proteins. Lysogenic Cycle (The virus combines with the hosts genetic information so the host can't tell that it is there. It's quiet or is not active because it is repressed. When the repressor gene is weakened though, the host will try to repair itself. It will cut out part of its DNA, which is also the virus, and now the virus is active. Now the virus can lyse the cell, and infect other cells. It also uses mitosis.

In order to find the height in a thin lens, what equation do you use?

M = -di/do + M = Non-Inverted -M = Inverted - di = non inverted + di = inverted *Think of my negative dingy is on the dock. The dingy is non-inverted if M is positive and inverted if M is negative*

Analytic Techniques

Mass Spectrometry, Different Scent Profiles of each molecule, Rotation of Plane-Polarized Light

Vmax

Max Velocity or Max rate at which a reaction can occur given the amount of enzyme concentration. It is the y axis

Who developed theories of symbolic interactionism that emphasized how individuals relate to society, and where one of his ideas was the concept of the iron cage.

Max Weber. Ex: Chris Webber puts a thumbs up to show that he is okay to play in the basketball game

Anything that vibrates or oscillates an object has the ability to produce a ________________ or ______________

Mechanical Wave or Sound Wave. These are also known as "longitudinal waves" or compression waves. The direction of longitudinal waves are parallel. *Think of the word sound, it reminds you of long island sound, you can think of long as longitudinal*

Parietal structures are primarily involved in ___________________

Mechanoreception (Touch) *Think you TOUCHING the ball after you parred the hole*

________________ variable is one which explains the relationship between two other variables.

Mediating

_________________ variable is one which explains the relationships between two other variables.

Mediator Variable. Ex: Education might be a mediator variable in that it explains why there is a relationship between self-exam and social status. If we remove education, the relation between the two variables disappear. *Think of Mark being the mediator variable because he explains my relationship with Mom*

The brainstem is composed of ____________________

Medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. *PMM*

Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella are composed of bundles of _______________. Prokaryotic Flagella are formed from the protein _______________

Microtubules, Flagellin

_________________ organizations are ones that just attempt to copy another organization.

Mimetic

_______________ can occur when you misinterpret their autonomic arousal?

Misattribution of Arousal. Ex: The subjects who were uninformed about the potential effects of the adrenaline injection incorrectly thought that they were emotionally responding to the arousing situation.

Where does gluconeogenesis take place?

Mitochondrion and Cytosol, and more specifically the liver

Certain tissues like skin tissue are able to regenerate due to the ability of their cells to undergo ________________

Mitosis. Ex: Epithelial cells

________________ variable influences the strength of a relationship between two variables.

Moderator Variable. Ex: Social status and frequency of testicular exams. Age might be a moderator variable in that the relation between social status and testicular self exam might be stronger for old men and less strong or non-existent for younger men. *Think of City place because it is a moderate city and a lot of old people live there*.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse or severe malnutrition, or both. *Think of Nate Poliakoff taking Vitamin B1 for a weight lifting competition*

________________ are large-molecule neurotransmitters and are not typically targeted by addictive drugs.

Neuropeptides. They are small protein-like molecules (peptides) used by neurons to communicate with each other.

General paresis

Neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by late-stage syphilis.

Does recombination or crossing over occur in sex chromosomes?

No, because crossing over does not occur between the SRY gene and the rest of the x chromosome. It only usually happens in the pseudoautosomal regions.

Are the compounds in the UV spectrum colored?

No, only a visible spectrum would be colored.

Are plants immune to viruses?

No, plants are not immune to viruses. Ex: Tobacco mosaic virus is one example of a virus that affects plants, despite their cell walls.

________________ studies draw inferences from a sample regarding the effects of an independent variable on a population, but where the independent variable is not specifically manipulated by the researcher. Common examples include case-control, cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort and ecological studies.

Observational Studies

_________________ create or form myelin sheath in the central nervous system which increases nerve conduction velocity. They create ___________ neurons

Oligodendrocytes. Multiple

Skinner's Little Albert Experiment represented ___________________

Operational conditioning and Generalization.

O₃

Ozone and takes part in ozonolysis, which results in the oxidative cleavage of alkenes. 1. It is usually reacted with a reducing agent (commonly zinc metal or dimethyl sulfide) 2. It usually forms an aldehyde and a ketone.

______________ is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others, but does not have a full-blown psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia.

Paranoid personality disorder

The digestive system combines glucose materials into stored glycogen, which is accomplished through the use of the _________________ nervous system.

Parasympathetic

We lower the boiling point by reducing the ___________________ which can be done by ________________________

Patm. Vacuum Distillation

Cultural Universals

Patterns or traits that are shared by all societies around the world.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

People act based on the meanings of cultural symbols or "values" that are derived from social interaction. It is based on SMALL SCALE interactions and is also the view that an individual's experiences influence his or her perceptions. Ex:Arab IMGs want to attain the identity of "American doctor," which has certain cultural symbols and norms attached to it. It was developed by Max Weber

Kin selection

People will help their relatives even when it is costly to them. Ex: Some Kathoey sex workers come from poor rural areas of Thailand and give a large portion of their earned money to their family members, even when they may be struggling financially themselves

Selye's Adapatation Syndrome is ___________________

People's response to various stressors is similar. It is not specific to one stressor.

Self-serving bias is ____________________

People's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

Locus of Control

Perceived control of events in life. There is internal locus of control and external locus of control. Internal is you attribute your results to yourself. External is you attribute your results externally *Think of Lucas's room in the dungeon of sigma chi*

________________ is preconceived "opinions or attitudes" that are usually negative and not based on any facts or experience.

Prejudice. *Think of Gollum saying my precious. Nonda says she hates that movie with an attitude when she hasn't watched it.*

_____________ uses RNA nucleotides to create an RNA molecule

RNA Polymerase III

The social gradient in health is ________________

Refers to a socioeconomic disparity in healthcare. Those at the top of the socioeconomic pyramid tend to have better health outcomes overall simply because they have access to better hospitals, better providers, better health options, and end up with better health overall.

Cardiac arrest results in cessation of muscular activity, including that of of the diaphragm. This results in ________________

Reduced gas exchange and increased CO2 and increased lactic acid production. These factors would decrease blood pH which is known as acidosis.

Tollens test is intended to identify _________________

Reducing Sugars. Sugars with hemiacetal groups like glucose can undergo mutarotation, allowing them to be "oxidized", which is when the glucose chair conformation constantly opens, rotates, and closes

Positron Emission

Reducing the amount of protons while the mass stays the same. You're left over with a +charge.

Material Culture

Refers to the physical objects or belongings of individuals in a particular society. Ex: Cars, Books, Buildings

Sound energy is attenuated as it passes through the body because parts of the signal are ______________

Reflected Scattered: waves are scattered in all directions in a non-uniform manner. This is especially true for very small objects or rough surfaces and results in less signal being able to propagate. Absorbed: (able to penetrate further or reflect back to the transducer). Refracted: (change in the direction of a sound wave when it is incident upon a tissue at an oblique angle and is determined by Snell's law) Diffracted. RARDS (Ultrasound can detect these because it shows up as black)

Voluntary muscles may contract involuntarily due to a _______________

Reflex Arc. The classic example is the patellar tendon reflex, in which sudden stretching of the patellar tendon leads to an involuntary contraction of the quadriceps. Such contraction occurs before the signal has even reached the brain.

Subsequent washing with ethanol helps __________________

Removes adsorbed water. Since ethanol has a higher vapor pressure than water, it facilitates the drying of the solid.

_______________ cleaves the zymogen into angiotensin I

Renin *Think of you "running" away from Angiotensinogen I*

Shadowing in psychology is ________________

Repeating something word for word. Ex: Repeating digits presented to a specific ear.

Missense Mutation

Replaces one amino acid. The polypeptide does not get longer or shorter. Generally, it is the least harmful.

________________ create or form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. They create _________ segment of __________ axon.

Schwann Cells. One. *Remember that the outer part of the Schwann cells have a nucleus. Also think about how Swans swim in the Pond. P stands for Peripheral Nervous System

For nucleic acids, ________________ structure involves base pairing interactions such as hydrogen bonds and tRNA cloverleaf.

Secondary . Ex: tRNA cloverleaf, hairpins, and pseudoknot of telomerase *think of a second structure next to temple bar that has a cloverleaf on the front*

Glycoproteins (or carbohydrates associated with proteins) either occur as _________________ or __________________

Secreted extracellular proteins or as an extracellular segment of integral membrane proteins. They would not be found on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane

_______________ refers to a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate.

Selection Bias

___________________ is that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are NOT REAL in and of themselves. They only exist in reality through SOCIAL AGREEMENT. The theory does not hold that things exist in a universal sense outside of their historical context.

Social Construct Theory. The mediating force in this interaction is primarily language. *Think of the house in PB that you called a construction site, everyone used to have social interaction in the kitchen.

Functionalist Theory or Functionalism

Society working together to maintain social equilibrium It typically concerns itself with the interaction of macro-level institutions and social structures rather than individuals' beliefs and identities. This was developed by Emile Durkheim *Think of Dirk Nowitzki only being able to function with a Big Mac* The mac is supposed to represent macro which is the whole picture.

________________ is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. It is not part of the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

Mitosis is when ___________ cells divide but the chromosomes will be ______________ and have _______________ chromosomes. It also known as a _______________ process.

Somatic, the same, 46, cyclical

Genetic Bottleneck is _________________

Some event (e.g. earthquake, fire, drought, war) leads to fewer genes from the larger gene pool being passed to the next generation. Because fewer genes remain in the next generation to be passed on, overall genetic diversity in the population is reduced.

______________ represents light sleep, where one drifts in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows.

Stage 1 (Theta Waves) *1 looks like a joint which is smoked by thetas*

In the demographic transition, _____________ the population grows dramatically because mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high.

Stage 2

_____________ eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves called sleep spindles.

Stage 2 (Sleep Spindles + K Complexes) *S stands for second which is the second stage and it is where you see spindles occur or you can think of it as special K)

In the demographic transition, _______________ the fertility rate drops due to social changes. The population still grows, but more slowly. The mortality rate is low too.

Stage 3

_______________ referred to as Delta sleep because of the delta waves that occur during this stage. _________ is a deep sleep that typically lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and bed-wetting typically occur at the end of ______________. This also known as a _____________ sleep

Stage 3 + 4, Deep. *Think of you being in a deep sleep on the delta flight*

_________________ of the demographic transition corresponds to a slowly-growing or shrinking population associated with low mortality and fertility rates. It is relatively constant and leading to a stable or slowly declining population.

Stage 4

______________ major contribution to the fields of psychology and sociology was his obedience experiment

Stan Miligram

_________________ study examined factors related to obedience to authority and identification with obedient roles.

Stanley Milgram's electric shock study

What are the steps in Claisen Condensation?

Step 1: An α-proton is removed by a strong base, resulting in the formation of an enolate anion, which is made relatively stable by the delocalization of electrons. Step 2: The carbonyl carbon of the (other) ester is attacked by the enolate anion/nucleophile. Step 3: The alkoxy group is then eliminated, and the alkoxide removes the newly formed doubly α-proton to form a new, highly resonance-stabilized enolate anion. Aqueous acid is added in the final step to neutralize the enolate and any base still present. The newly formed β-keto ester or β-di-ketone is then isolated.

_________________ occurs when individuals perceive that they are expected to perform in a certain way based on a stereotype, such as gender norms about academic performance. These individuals then unwittingly follow this pattern.

Stereotype Threat

________________ occurs when an individual's behavior changes based on perceived negative stereotypes about himself or herself.

Stereotype Threat. Ex: Girls cannot become doctors because they are normally housewives

_______________ is associated with more acceptance and greater use of emotion-focused strategies to manage reactions to events.

Strong Religiosity

Ka is associated with ___________ acidity

Stronger

________________ describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information.

Stroop Effect. Ex: It is easier to recognize the word green written in green than the word green written in red. *Think of the Dr. Miller's office, and how you felt stroopid after you did that exercise*

According to psychodynamic theory, ____________ occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit.

Sublimation Ex: I have unacceptable urges to yell at my parents but instead I play tennis for 2 hours to get rid of that urge.

In the Henderson Hasselbach Equation pH = pka + log [H⁻/HA], what what happens if H⁻ increases or HA decreases?

The pH increases

Social Alienation is __________________

The phenomenon of being isolated from the mainstream of society.

What is the structure of Thioacetate?

Thioacetate is a an ester that has a sulfur instead of a non-carbonyl oxygen. *Think of a mester at theo's office*

Deshielding means ________________. What are the effects of deshielding? What kind of chemical shift does deshielding have?

There are no electrons or less electron density. Ex: Hydrogen bonds decrease electron density which makes it de-shielding Ex: If you have more protons, this decreases electron density. 1. Increases the magnetic field 2. An increase in magnetic field increases the difference energy 3. An increase in energy increases the frequency. 4. Downfield

What is a nucleosome?

These are very compact repeating units in chromatin which are made up of 146 base pairs of double DNA that is wrapped around a core of 8 histones. Acetylation occurs at the tails of the histone proteins.

Spindle Fibers

These attach to the chromosomes through the kinetochore if disjunction occurs correctly but it might not attach correctly during non-disjunction.

What do acetylation and elimination have in common?

They form additional C-C bonds.

What is the function of platelets?

They form clots when you have problems with your blood vessels

How do viruses get into bacteria?

They use bacteriophages which inject their genetic material inside the bacteria.

Repressor

This can bind to the operator on DNA which impedes expression on the gene.

Monosomy

This can occur from nondisjunction where you have one less homologous chromosome. Ex: Turner's Syndrome

Trisomy

This can occur from nondisjunction where you have three homologous chromosomes. Ex: Klinefelter's Syndrome or Down Syndrome

What is a coenzyme?

This is a carrier molecule. Ex: NADH is a carrier molecule for NAD⁺. Ex: CoA carries acyl groups.

What is inotropy? How do you get inotropy to work?

This is getting myosin heads to work. 1. Increasing Calcium 2. Making Troponin C to be "more sensitive" or making binding to calcium more easy.

What is the Oedipus Electra Complex and what stage is it in?

This is in the phallic stage where female children compete with their moms for their dad and where male children compete with their dad for their mom.

What is Beta-Oxidation

This is just a fancy way of saying that the position of the carbon in the fatty acid chain that is being oxidized. Specifically, it is two carbons away from the carbonyl group in Acetyl-Coa.

What is the Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

This is part of the blastula and gives rise to the fetus.

What is the pI or the Isoelectric point?

This is the pH of an amino acid that has a neutral charge or NO NET CHARGE. It is nice to know the Isoelectric point, because then we can predict whether or not it will charged at a certain pH.

What is a cord blood?

This is the umbilical cord after the baby is born and can be reused because it has a lot of multipotent stem cells.

What is important about pRb (retinoblastoma protein)?

This is tumor repressor protein. It prevents a cell from replicating when DNA is damaged. Ex: It prevents G1 from going to the S phase and also attracts Histone Deacetylase to chromatin which reduces S-phase of transcription factors.

What is a northern blot?

This is used for RNA Fragments *Think of SNOW DROP. S lines up with D which is DNA. NO is like Northern which lines up with R, which is RNA. Western lines up with P which stands for proteins.

What is gastrulation?

This is when a single layered blastula becomes a three layered gastrula which is ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

False Memory is ________________

This is when some explains something that is inaccurate but with extreme confidence.

What is a zwitterion?

This is when there is both a positive and negative charge present on an amino acid

What does AMP mean in gluconeogenesis?

This means that ATP is running out so you probably do not want to use gluconeogenesis since this requires ATP.

What is a Bronsted Lowry Acid?

This means that the acid can donate its proton. When the acid does donate its proton, it becomes a conjugate base.

A student performs an experiment and determines that the aqueous decomposition of chloromethyl methyl ether at 650°C is first order with a half-life of 118 seconds. If the student began the experiment with 5 moles of chloromethyl methyl ether (C2H5ClO), how much remained after 354 seconds? A. 125 mg B. 625 mg C. 5 x 104 mg D. 1 x 105 mg

This question provides a half-life and then requires us to find out how much of the original molecule is left after (354/118) = 3 half-lives. The molar mass of chloromethyl methyl ether (C2H5ClO) is 80.51 g, which we can round to 80 g. A compound loses 50% of its current amount after each half-life, so 3 half-lives means (½)3 = 1/8 will be left. 5 moles of chloromethyl methyl ether x 80 g/mol = 400 g. After 3 half-lives, 400 g (1/8) = 50 g = 50 g • 103 mg/g = 5 x 104 mg.

________________ cells is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an example.

Totipotency Ex: Zygotes *Think of a potato being divided into multiple tater tots.

Tactile Perception involves perceiving information related to _______________

Touch, not an activity which requires observation and understanding of others.

An inhibitor of histone deacetylase would keep

Transcription Going

An inhibitor of histone acetylase will prevent histones from being acetylated, and this results in ____________

Transcription Not Going

_______________ is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus or bacteriophage

Transduction

If you have the radius, and the constant time is 10m/s, how can you get velocity?

V = 2πr/T

What is the equation for average velocity?

V = D/T

The equation relating frequency (f), wavelength (λ) and the speed (v) of sound is _______________

V = fλ V = M/s f = Hz λ = meters *Vultures are fast*

What is a Western Blot?

Western blotting is used to identify proteins in a sample. The proteins bind with antibodies. *Think of SNOW DROP. S lines up with D which is DNA. NO is like Northern which lines up with R, which is RNA. Western lines up with P which stands for proteins.

Axonal Transport is ________________

When Kinesin and Dynein transport substances from the soma to the synaptic terminal. This is an important function that microtubules play in the internal transport or neurons

Secondary Deviance is _______________

When a person repeatedly violates a social norm, which leads others to make assumptions about that person and assign a label to him or her. Ex: Addict or a psycho. They are usually shunned from groups and affect your reputation.

What does dibasic mean?

You think of Bronsted Lowry Base which means that the base will be a proton acceptor. So if you have the weak acid Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4), it would be dibasic if it was HPO₄ because it can accept two more protons. If it were monobasic, the formula would be H2PO4 because it can only accept one proton.

What occurs when you add a strong acid to a weak base?

You will have a low pH because you sopped up all of the base but some of the conjugate acid is left over so you end up with a weak base.

What occurs when add a strong base to a strong acid in a titration experiment?

You will have a neutral solution so the pH will be = to 7. You might have some conjugate bases left over but since you have a strong acid, the conjugate bases don't do anything.

Galvanic Cell is a ___________________ The reduction occurs at the _______________ which is __________________ charged. To remember which electrode is positive and which is negative the mnemonic is the word _____________ = ________________. For a galvanic cell, the total cell potential is the sum of ____________________ and its cell potential will always be _______________. The electrons will flow from the _________________. The current will flow from the _________________. Current will flow from a _____________ potential to a _______________ potential. The difference between these potentials is called the _________________. All reduction reactions have a ______________ E value. All oxidation reactions have a _________________ E value.

1. "Battery" device that uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce an electrical potential 2. Cathode 3. Positively Charged *Think of having a gal is positive* 4. GAIN = Galvanic Anode is Negative 5. The reduction potential of the cathode and the oxidation potential of the anode (E° = E°cat + E°an). 6. Positive 7. Anode to the Cathode 8. Cathode to the anode 9. High (Cathode) to Low (Anode). 10. Voltage 11. Positive 12. Negative

Disulfide Linkages only form between the side chains of ______________. When cysteine forms disulfide bonds, it is being ____________ and when it goes back to cysteine it is being _____________. Cysteine forms ________________ bonds in the form of disulfide bonds. Disulfide bonds occur between _______________ and they are _______________ molecules

1. Cysteine Residues 2. Oxidized 3. Reduced 4. Covalent Bonds. 5. Sulfur Atoms 6. Structurally Rigid

The ____________ the bond order, the ____________ the bond and the stronger the ___________________ are.

1. Higher 2. Stronger 3. Vibrational Stretching Frequencies. Ex: Double bond is stronger than a single bond.

What is the equation for Power? Watt is ___________ or the _____________ of energy per ______________

1. P (Watts) = IV, P = I²R, or P = V²/R 2. Power 3. Joules 4. Second

________________ all of the orbitals have the same principal quantum number such as a nonmetal. _______________ the principal quantum number of the d orbitals is one less than the principal quantum numbers of the s and p orbitals, such as transition metals. ______________ yields 5 substituents.

1. Sp3D2 2. D2sp3 hybridization (Ex: 3. DSp3

In the ∆G = ∆H - T∆S equation, what happens if ∆G is + or -? What happens if ∆H is + or -? What happens if ∆S is + or -?

1. The reaction is Non-Spontaneous and Spontaneous Respectively 2. The reaction is Endothermic and Exothermic Respectively 3. For a positive entropy this means entropy increases which means the products have more disorder than the reactants. For negative entropy, this means the reactants are more disordered than the products.

Index of Refraction affects _________________. The equation for the index of refraction is __________________ Monochromatic Light _________________

1. Velocity of Light 2. N = C/V, C = Speed of Light or 3 x 10⁸ M/S 2. Is composed of light of a single wavelength.

Parallel-plate capacitor. The equation for electric field is _________________

1. When a voltage is applied, charges will accumulate on the "conductive" plates 2. E = V/D E= Electric Field V = Voltage D = Distance

What is the equation to find final velocity? How can you find acceleration afteR? The acceleration units (M/s²) are also equal to _______________

1. vf² = vi² + 2ad 2. Acceleration = (Final velocity - Initial velocity) / time. 3. Grams

The Nernst equation is ________________. If the electrical potential is positive, you know it is a ______________ cell because the ∆G is ______________. This means that K is ________________. If the electrical potential is negative, you know it is a ______________ cell because the ∆G is _______________. This means that K is ______________

1. ∆G = -nFE E= Electrical Potential 2. Galvanic 3. Negative. 4. > 1 5. Electrolytic Cell 6. Positive 7. < 1

The carbonyl stretching frequency falls in the range of __________________

1700-1750 cm-1

Which amino acid is C?

Cysteine

Which amino acid is M?

Methionine