Fundamentals of Speech-Midterm

Entertain

provide (someone) with amusement or enjoyment during a speech.

Communication process

sender, message, receiver, feedback. Send/receive simultaneously Verbal/non-verbal deedback. Relationship Dynamic

Anecdote

short, entertaining, real-life story

Special occasion speeches

speeches that are given in observance of an important milestone or event in one's life

Audience diversity

the cultural, demographic, and individual characteristics that vary among audience members

Context

the environment in which communication occurs: who (sender-receiver) communicates what (message) to whom (receiver-sender), why a message is presented (purpose), where (setting) it is presented, and when (timing) and how (channel) it is transmitted

General purpose of speech

the overall goal of your speech identifies the overall goal of your speech—to inform, describe, explain, demonstrate, persuade, celebrate, memorialize, entertain, or eulogize

Receiver

the person who decodes a message

Ethical responsibility

the two most important aspects in ethical communication include your ability to remain honest while avoiding plagiarism and to set and meet responsible speech goals.

Fear

the usual reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined danger

Hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Distractions

things that draw away attention during a speech.

Customize

to prepare something to meet a particular need or requirement.

Persuade

to win someone over by arguing or asking

Nervousness

uneasiness or worry about something

Shared meaning

when both the speaker and receivers have mutual understanding of a message

Purpose of introduction

written to catch attention of audience

Golden rule of listening

"Listen unto others as you would have others listen unto you"

Communis

"Shared understanding"

Impromptu

"Shared understanding"

Outline

An organized tool that helps to organize and clarify your thoughts. Is required in most speech classes because it is clear, precise, logical, and is uses a specific set of symbols that more obviously demarcate main points from subpoenas.

Full-sentence outline

An outline that is written in full sentence statements rather than bulleted points. It is helpful as a planning tool because you will better remember ideas that you had to carefully structure.

Adrenaline

A hormone that gives the body extra energy

Audience interviews

A set of question asked to the speaker about particular topics discussed within their speech.

Audience surveys

A set of questions asked of audience members to determine their views on the topic(s) being presented.

Extemporaneous speech

A speech is delivered from a prepared outline or notes. Refers to presentation outline, but do not read. It sounds natural and spontaneous, permits eye contact, and can respond to audience feedback.

Ad-Lib speech

If you do this in a speech, you say something that has not been planned or written beforehand.

Noise

Anything that interferes with the message.

Feedback

As you give a speech, this is responses, mostly nonverbal, from listeners. This influences you while you are speaking.

Approach to podium

Be confident when walking to this thing. Get comfortable and place your notes the way you want them.

Clarity

Clearness, accuracy. A simple, concise style when delivering a speech.

Interaction model

Communication between a sender and a receiver that incorporates feedback

Audience-centered speaker

Considers the knowledge, interests, beliefs, attitudes, and values of the audience

Situation

Context= time and place of communication.

Eye contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Auditory distractions

Distractions caused by sounds

Apologizing to the audience

Don't do this in a speech because it yields nothing. If you do this, you are automatically setting yourself up for failure before even beginning your speech.

Interference

Is anything that blocks or hinders the accurate communication of a message. Speaker-generated interference. Internal interference External Interference

Pitch

Is the range of your voice from high to low sounds.

Stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs

Physical distractions

Listening disturbances that originate in the physical environment and are perceived by the listener's senses

Gestures

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. They are supposed to be non-conscious, without thinking about them. When we do think about them they become uncomfortable and inhibited.

Channel

Pathway used to transmit the message.

Adaptation

Phase in the speech process about 60 seconds into the speech. Takes place even more swiftly for low-anxiety speakers, usually 15 to 30 seconds. During this phase symptoms diminish, reaching a more comfortable level within a couple minutes.

Posture

Position of the body in relation to the surrounding space. By this, your speech can either be good or bad. Has a lot to do with how your speech will turn out.

Introduction

Prepares an audience for a speech to be given by a featured speaker.

Audience Analysis

Purpose is to adapt to likely interest and concerns of your audience. Th speech address a very likely concern, namely, speech anxiety.

Manuscript

Read the pages of a fully written speech. Ensures one speaks precisely. Difficult to sound natural and difficult to deliver a speech with sensitivity to audience response.

Motivational

Requires a lively, enthusiastic delivery, especially if you are speaking to a large audience. Your voice may be loud, pace fairly rapid, body movements dramatic, eye contact intense and direct, and facial movements expressive.

Fight or flight response

The physiological defense-alarm process triggered by stress

Pronunciation

Saying words correctly as indicated in any dictionary based on Standard English rules- can be a credibility issue.

Listeners responsibilities

Selecting Attending Understanding Remembering Responding

Articulation

Speaking words clearly and distinctly.

Plagiarism

The dishonest theft of another words that has become an increasing problem.

Conclusion

The ending of a speech that should create a sense of unity, like completing a circle. Three ways: Summarize Main Points Refer to introduction Make a memorable finish. Do not end abruptly, or apologize for running short on time, or ramble. Be cons and to the point when finishing the speech.

Memorization

The process of committing something to memory

Analyze/Adjust

The purpose of the text. ... Note who the target audience is and how the speech connects to its audience through anecdotes, specific wording, and/or examples that relate to its audience.

Effective Listening

The receiver is involved in the listening experience by paying attention to visual cues from the speaker and paralingual characteristics, and by asking relevant questions.

Rhetoric

The scientific study of persuasion, however, began less than a century ago in the United States.

Celebration of life

The term ______ is fairly loose. There are no formal arrangements or traditional procedures because events are specifically tailored to the deceased or the wishes of their family and friends. Fundamentally, what sets them apart from funerals is the atmosphere. Rather than focusing on grieving a loss, they place more emphasis on celebrating the life in a joyous manner.

Practice

To do something repeatedly so it becomes the standard. Learning a speech so that on reveal day you are prepared for the speech and whatever comes a person's way.

Inform

To give information

Inflection

Vocal variety Raise and lower the pitch of your voice.

Fake Listening

When people look at the speaker and seem to be listening but are just pretending

Attitude

a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude object

Brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

Dialect

a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Ethics

a system for judging the moral correctness of human behavior by weighing that behavior against an agreed upon set of standards of right and wrong

Definition communication

a transactional process of sharing meaning with others

Questionnaire

a written set of questions to be answered by a research participant

Hostile audience

an audience in which listeners are predisposed to disagree with the speaker.

Signpost

an organizational marker that indicates the structure of a speech and notifies listeners that a particular point is about to be addressed

Speech evaluations

are usually more helpful when they are objective in nature

Speech of introduction

prepares an audience for a speech to be given by a featured speaker

Demographics

characteristics of an audience such as age, gender, culture, ethnicity, and group affiliations

Nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech. Not using words to communicate.

Business casual dress

intended to project a more comfortable, relaxed feel while still maintaining a high standard of professionalism

Mental distractions

internal sources of interference that occur when our own mind gets in the way of our ability to concentrate and listen.

Sexist language

language that creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is superior to another

Listener

o As the receiver of the message. o Active participant o Focused concentration o Open mind/reception

Message

o Information communicated through verbal and non-verbal symbolsto the listener. o Words-10% o Tone-40% o Volume o Body Language-50% o Facial expressions o Posture Tone

Speaker

o Speaker as the source or originator of the message o 1 on 1/small group/class of 20/class of 100/auditorium/mass media

Attending

paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate

Selecting

picking out; choosing