Fundies Final Exam (Prep U)

A new graduate nurse asks a nurse manager working at the community health center, "I've heard people talk about community health nursing and community-based nursing. Is there a difference?" Which response by the nurse manager would be appropriate? "Community health nursing involves care for entire populations whereas community-based nursing focuses on individuals and families in that population." "There really isn't any difference between the two at all. Both terms are used to denote health care for all groups of people." "Community health nursing focuses primarily on providing care to people in their homes and living in a specific community." "Community health nursing emphasizes the need to address the cultural differences among the individuals and families in the community while community-based nursing does not."

"Community health nursing involves care for entire populations whereas community-based nursing focuses on individuals and families in that population." In contrast to community health nursing, which focuses on whole populations within a community, community-based nursing is centered on the health care needs of individuals and families. Nurses practicing community-based nursing provide interventions to manage acute or chronic health problems, promote health, and facilitate self-care. Nursing care provided within a community must be culturally competent and family centered.

What is the definition of wellness? Being without disease An active state of being healthy A desire to be without disease Maximizing the state in which you live

An active state of being healthy Explanation: Wellness, a reflection of health, is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health. It is not simply an absence of disease or a desire to be without disease, nor is it maximizing the state in which one lives.

Which are characteristics of chronic conditions? (Select all that apply.) Require lifelong management Are rarely curable Resolve spontaneously Have a prolonged course Have a rapid onset

Are rarely curable Require lifelong management Have a prolonged course Explanation: Chronic conditions typically have a slower onset and prolonged course, do not resolve spontaneously, are rarely curable, and require lifelong management. Acute conditions typically have a rapid onset and short course and resolve spontaneously or are curable.

The parents of a blended family have a baby boy age six months who is due for immunizations. The clinic closest to their home has recently closed, and they feel intimidated by the prospect of going to the large, university hospital near their home. Which type of factor is the primary influence on this aspect of the family's health? Economic factors Family risk factors Lifestyle influences Community health care structure

Community health care structure The size, location, and services of health care offerings in a geographical area are components of the community health care structure and its influence on health. Family functioning, lifestyle, and economic considerations are not primary influences on the family's actions.

The nurse is planning interventions to promote the health of a family with young children. Which family task does the nurse need to consider when planning interventions? Moving from the family home Coping with loss of energy and privacy Balancing teenagers' freedom with responsibility Maintaining ties with younger and older generations

Coping with loss of energy and privacy Explanation: A family with young children needs to cope with loss of energy and privacy of the parents. A family with adolescents and young adults must balance the teenagers' freedom with responsibility. A family with middle-aged adults strives to maintain ties with both younger and older generations. A family with older adults may contemplate moving from the family home they have lived in for years.

A nurse is planning a health fair in the community to highlight promotion and prevention of the leading cause of death in the United States. Which disease process should the nurse address? Emphysema Coronary artery disease Lung cancer Cerebrovascular accidents

Coronary artery disease Explanation: Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Lung cancer, emphysema, and cerebrovascular accidents are not the leading causes of death in the United States.

A nurse caring for patients with diabetes knows that this is a characteristic of a chronic illness: It is a temporary change. It causes reversible alterations in A&P. It requires special patient education for rehabilitation. It requires a short period of care or support.

It requires special patient education for rehabilitation. Explanation: Chronic illness is a broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health, with one or more of the following characteristics: it is a permanent change; it causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology; it requires special patient education for rehabilitation; and it requires a long period of care or support.

A client with Alzheimer disease in a nursing home is more compliant in following directions for dressing and feeding with one nurse than with other staff members. This phenomenon is best explained by aggression. empathy. the Therapeutic Model of Interaction. the Health Belief Model.

the Therapeutic Model of Interaction. Explanation: The Therapeutic Model of Interaction is client-centered and emphasizes the relationship between the health professional and the client. Although empathy on the part of the one nurse could contribute to better compliance by the client, there is no evidence that this is the case and many other factors could be involved. Aggression is not a factor that would contribute to increased compliance by the client. The Health Belief Model focuses on how a client's beliefs about health and health care influence the client's health status and response to health. In this case, the client's beliefs about health do not seem relevant.

A nurse is planning education on self-administration of insulin to the client and the client's family members. The client asks the nurse why the family members are also included in the teaching. What should the nurse's response be? "Family members are a point of contact and are able to check on your progress." "Family members can take you to the hospital if any emergency occurs." "Family members are equally involved in planning and implementation of care." "Family members are at risk of developing diabetes mellitus in the future."

"Family members are equally involved in planning and implementation of care." Explanation: Family members should be included in the client's care and allowed to assist with the client's adjustment to the diabetes medication regimen. The family member may assist the client during an emergency, but this is not appropriate. Making the family member the point of contact to check on the client would likewise not be appropriate because it devalues the client. Finally, the family members may be at risk at developing diabetes in the future, but this is not relevant to the current case.

According to Archer, what are the three general types of communities? Financial, protective, and valued Emotional, structural, and functional Healthy, cultural , and independent Connected, casual, and formal

Emotional, structural, and functional Explanation: Archer described three general types of communities: emotional, structural, and functional.

A nurse is assessing a family with adolescents. The family consists of a father, mother, a 13-year-old son, a 14-year-old son from a previous marriage, and a 16-year-old daughter. Which statement by the parents would lead the nurse to suspect a potential risk factor for altered health with this family? "We've taught our kids to be assertive when appropriate." "All of us have faced problems along the way but we've worked them out." "We've encouraged our kids to talk to us about sex and sexually transmitted infections." "Our 16-year-old just seems to butt heads with us at every turn."

"Our 16-year-old just seems to butt heads with us at every turn." Explanation: The statement about the daughter butting heads with the parents may suggest a conflict among family members and thus a risk factor for altered health. Being assertive (not aggressive), being able to problem-solve, and having open communication about sexually transmitted infections promote family health.

The mother of three young children makes the following statements to the nurse working in community health. Drag and drop each statement in the order of priority from Maslow's basic priorities to Maslow's more complex priorities. Use all options. "Sometimes we run out of food the day before I get paid." "I keep my kids' clothes clean, but we don't have money for the latest styles." "My teenage son is so quiet. He works and goes to school all the time and doesn't have time for friends." "I try to get along with our neighbors, but they are from a strange culture with weird ideas." "There have been two murders in our neighborhood in the last year."

"Sometimes we run out of food the day before I get paid." "There have been two murders in our neighborhood in the last year." "My teenage son is so quiet. He works and goes to school all the time and doesn't have time for friends." "I keep my kids' clothes clean, but we don't have money for the latest styles." "I try to get along with our neighbors, but they are from a strange culture with weird ideas." "Sometimes we run out of food the day before I get paid," is an issue of physiologic health and reflects the most basic of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. "There have been two murders in our neighborhood in the last year," reflects a safety and security issue which is Maslow's second level. "My teenage son is so quiet. He works and goes to school all the time and doesn't have time for friends," reflects an absence of love and belonging that is the third level of Maslow's hierarchy. "I keep my kids' clothes clean, but we don't have money for the latest styles," may reflect a potential issue with self-esteem which is the fourth Maslow level. "I try to get along with our neighbors, but they are from a strange culture with weird ideas," reflects an inability to accept others as they are which is an issue with self-actualization.

A 48-year-old client was just diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The client has a body mass index of 35 and leads a sedentary lifestyle. The nurse informs the client of risk factors for the diagnosis and the need to change diet and exercise behavior. Which client statement indicates a need for further teaching? "I need to start slow on an exercise program approved by my healthcare provider." "Over 80% of cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented if the risk factors were eliminated." "There is nothing that can be done anyway; chronic diseases cannot be prevented." "The major causes of chronic diseases are known."

"There is nothing that can be done anyway; chronic diseases cannot be prevented." Explanation: The major causes of chronic diseases are known, and if these risk factors were eliminated, over 80% of cases of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes would be prevented and over 40% of cases of cancer would be prevented. Of the ten leading causes of death in the United States, seven are chronic illnesses. The statement that the client should start slow on an exercise program approved by the client's healthcare provider is true.

The nurse is admitting a 38-year-old client to the oncology unit whose religious background is different from the nurse's own. The nurse is assessing how the client's religion may affect the client's health care needs. Which question by the nurse is the best way to consider the client's religious practices in the plan of care? "I am a Christian and believe in Jesus. What does your religion believe?" "Do you have any dietary restrictions that we should know about?" "What can we do to help you meet any religious needs you may have?" "Will your religion allow us to give you blood if you need it?"

"What can we do to help you meet any religious needs you may have?" Explanation: The nurse should always respect the client's religious beliefs and ask whether the client has any religious needs that may affect health care. Comparing the client's beliefs with those of the nurse is inappropriate. Asking general questions about the client's religion would not identify other aspects of religion that might affect health care. A too-narrow focus on only dietary restrictions or specific medical treatments will not give the nurse enough information to develop an inclusive plan of care.

A nurse has the Petty Family as a client, who consists of a wife, husband, and their 4-year-old daughter. The husband has been unemployed for 8 months, and they lost their apartment. The family has been staying in neighborhood shelters and, on occasion, with the husband's father for a night or two. When evaluating this family, the nurse identifies this family as which type? A blended family An extended family A homeless family A multigenerational family

A homeless family Explanation: This family is homeless, which is considered a nontraditional family. A multigenerational family is one in which several generations or age groups live together in the same household. A blended family is formed when parents bring unrelated children from previous relationships together to form a new family, and an extended family consists of a relative, such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents, who live in close geographic proximity to each other.

A nurse provides interventions for clients in a long-term care facility to help them meet their intellectual needs. Which nursing actions promote these needs? Select all that apply. A nurse shows residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. A nurse manager shuts down a cafeteria to investigate cases of food poisoning. A nurse refers a client experiencing dysfunctional grief to a grief counselor. A nurse provides education about foot care to a client with diabetes. A nurse sets up a pet therapy program for the residents. A nurse explains to an obese client the benefits of following a healthy diet.

A nurse provides education about foot care to a client with diabetes. A nurse explains to an obese client the benefits of following a healthy diet. A nurse shows residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. Explanation: The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. These influence the person's responses to teaching about health and reactions to nursing care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors. Examples would include a nurse providing client education about foot care to a diabetic client, explaining the benefits of following a healthy diet to an obese client, and showing residents a video discussing modified activities for older adults. The nurse manager shutting down a cafeteria to investigate cases of food poisoning, or referring a client to a grief counselor, would not address the intellectual needs of a client.

An adolescent confides in the school nurse that the adolescent is arguing daily with her mother and often wonders whether her mother loves her. The school nurse recognizes that the student faces which of the following risk factors for altered family health? A lifestyle risk factor A psychosocial risk factor A biologic risk factor A developmental risk factor

A psychosocial risk factor Explanation: Conflicts between family members are considered psychosocial risk factors. Lifestyle risk factors are habits or behaviors people choose to engage in such as smoking and exercise. Developmental risk factors are characterized by vulnerability to negative social and environmental influences, such as peers and underage drinking. Biological risk factors are related to genetics, the brain, health habits, and medical issues.

When providing care to a client, the nurse prioritizes the client's needs. Which intervention would the nurse employ to meet the client's physiologic needs? Select all that apply. Including the client's spouse in the client's plan of care Assessing the client's skin color Promoting a high-fiber diet Weighing the client Teaching the client about a procedure

Assessing the client's skin color Weighing the client Promoting a high-fiber diet Physiologic needs—for oxygen, water, food, elimination, temperature, sexuality, physical activity, and rest—must be met at least minimally to maintain life. These needs are the most basic in the hierarchy of needs and the most essential to life, and therefore have the highest priority. Assessing skin color, weighing the client, and promoting elimination via a high-fiber diet are interventions focused on meeting the client's physiologic needs. Teaching the client about a procedure helps meet the client's emotional safety and security needs. Including the client's spouse in the plan of care addresses the client's love and belonging needs.

Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care? Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Administration of immunizations to a 6-month-old child Blood pressure screenings at a senior center Teaching stress reduction classes at a wellness center

Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Explanation: Tertiary prevention begins after the illness and is used to help rehabilitate clients. Speech therapy is an example of tertiary preventive care. The administration of immunizations and teaching stress reduction classes are examples of primary preventive care. Blood pressure screening is an example of secondary preventive care.

Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care? Blood pressure screenings at a senior center Teaching stress reduction classes at a wellness center Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Administration of immunizations to a 6-month-old child

Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury Explanation: Tertiary prevention begins after the illness and is used to help rehabilitate clients. Speech therapy is an example of tertiary preventive care. The administration of immunizations and teaching stress reduction classes are examples of primary preventive care. Blood pressure screening is an example of secondary preventive care.

How can the nurse best demonstrate being a role model for health promotion? Educate others about healthy lifestyles Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol Prevent exposure to communicable diseases Take prescribed medications accordingly

Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol Explanation: Nurses can best role model health promotion strategies by engaging in behaviors and activities that demonstrate a healthy lifestyle. The other options do not meet the definition for role modeling.

Which activities would the nurse consider to be lifestyle risk factors for the development of health problems? Select all that apply. Participating in extreme sports Maintaining a stressful job Avoiding exercise Living in an area with high smog levels Family history of hypertension

Avoiding exercise Participating in extreme sports Maintaining a stressful job Explanation: A sedentary lifestyle, high stress, and participation in risky sports are all examples of lifestyle-related risk factors for disease and illness. A family history of an illness is a genetic risk factor. Pollution is an environmental consideration.

A nurse is developing a plan of care for a client to meet the client's self-actualization needs. The nurse would focus on which area as most important? Emphasizing the client's strengths Addressing the client's problems Promoting socialization Reducing fear

Emphasizing the client's strengths To help meet a client's self-actualization needs, the nurse focuses on the person's strengths and possibilities rather than on problems. Reducing fear would assist in meeting the client's safety and security needs. Promoting socialization would aid in meeting the client's love and belonging needs.

A nursing student's parents are both physicians. The nursing instructor may feel the student has Difficulty in changing her attitudes Defined her future Been socialized in healthcare Been educated in healthcare

Been socialized in healthcare Socialization happens by the process of living and experiencing in family and society. If the student comes from a family of healthcare professionals, this too is part of the socialization process.

Why are health promotion and illness prevention a key responsibility of nurses? Chronic illnesses can cause pain and suffering. Treatment of chronic illnesses is very expensive. Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. People do not like to be sick and feel bad.

Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world. Explanation: Because chronic illnesses are the leading health problems in the world, health promotion and illness prevention activities are vital to nursing care. By endorsing health promotion and illness prevention, the nurse can assist the client to achieve optimal health even with a chronic illness. It is true that treating chronic illnesses can be expensive, they do cause pain and suffering, and people do not like to be sick, but these are not the most important reasons for promoting health and preventing illnesses.

A community is defined as a social group that may or may not share common geographic boundaries yet interact because of Economic interests Political beliefs Common interests Similar school districts

Common interests Explanation: Community is defined as a social group, whose members may or may not share common geographic boundaries, yet who interact because of common interests or shared values to meet the needs within a larger society. A community assessment allows the nurse the opportunity to understand the community. Members of a community may or may not have similar school districts, common economic interests, or common political beliefs.

The charge nurse is assigning client care for the upcoming shift. Which is the priority evaluation when performing this task? Examine the departmental budget to determine the financial consequences of staffing patterns. Calculate the number of staff scheduled to work the oncoming shift. Determine the level and intensity of client care needed according to physical and psychosocial factors. Consider the educational level and experience of the nursing staff.

Determine the level and intensity of client care needed according to physical and psychosocial factors. Level and intensity of client care based on physical and psychosocial factors is the priority evaluation when using Maslow's hierarchy of needs. While the other options may impact staffing, these are not the priority when making client care assignments.

Which theorist supports the developmental framework of family assessment? Satir Minuchin Bowen Duvall

Duvall Duvall supports the developmental framework of family function. Minuchin, Satir, and Bowen are nurses whose family nursing theory is based on systems theory.

A teenaged client reports having diarrhea before every test in school. The nurse recognizes that this client needs to focus on which dimension of health? Physical dimension Emotional dimension Intellectual dimension Sociocultural dimension

Emotional dimension Explanation: This is an example of the emotional dimension. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities and past experiences, whereas the physical dimension includes factors such as genetics, gender, and race. The sociocultural dimension relates to a client's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.

Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor? Environmental risk factor Physiologic risk factor Health habits risk factor Lifestyle risk factor

Environmental risk factor Explanation: Working and living environments may contribute to disease. Working with cancer-causing chemicals is an example of an environmental risk factor for illness. Physiologic risk factors are those relating to an individual's body or biology. Lifestyle risk factors are habits or behaviors people choose to engage in. A health habit risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

A nurse is assessing a family and identifying where the family is in the family life cycle. During this assessment, the nurse applies Duvall's theory. Which theory forms the basis for Duvall's theory? Kohlberg's theory of moral development Piaget's theory of cognitive development Erikson's theory of psychosocial development Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development Duvall (1985) identified critical family developmental tasks and stages in a family life cycle. Duvall's theory, based on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, states that all families have certain basic tasks for survival and continuity, as well as specific tasks related to developmental stages throughout the life of the family. Freud, Kohlberg, and Piaget are not associated with Duvall's theory.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, with a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL (31.91 mmol/L), vomiting, and shortness of breath. This client has experienced which phenomenon? Morbidity Infection Risk factor Exacerbation

Exacerbation Explanation: This client has experienced a significant exacerbation of a chronic disease (diabetes mellitus), which has manifested as an acute threat to the client's health. Morbidity is an epidemiological statistic of the frequency of a disease. The client's problem does not have an infectious etiology. A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Which are factors that impact how a client defines health? Select all that apply. Society Culture Community Music Family

Family Culture Community Society Explanation: Each client defines health in terms of the client's own values and beliefs. The person's family, culture, community, and society also influence this personal perception of health. Music does not affect how a person defines health.

The nurse in the adolescent in-patient psychiatric unit is interviewing the family of a 16-year-old client admitted for depression and threatened suicide. What assessment information is most essential for the nurse in determining the affective and coping function of the family? Responsibilities of the adolescent Family patterns of communication Environmental hazards in the home Employment history of the parents

Family patterns of communication The five major areas of family function are physical, economic, reproductive, affective and coping, and socialization. When assessing the family of a depressed client for affect and coping function, it is helpful for the nurse to be aware of the family's communication style. This information can help identify family difficulties and teaching points that could benefit the client and the family.

A group of nurses is participating in a community health fair and is engaged in primary prevention activities. Which activities would these nurses be leading? Select all that apply. Accident prevention education Skin cancer screening Rehabilitation for relief of low back pain Family planning services Heart-healthy nutrition services

Family planning services Accident prevention education Heart-healthy nutrition services Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Examples of primary-level activities are immunization clinics, family planning services, providing poison control information, and accident prevention education. Other nursing interventions include teaching about a healthy diet, the importance of regular exercise, safety in industry and farms, using seat belts, and safer sex practices. Screenings are a major activity in secondary health promotion. Rehabilitation is associated with tertiary health promotion.

When caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with a chronic illness, the nurse understands the importance of promoting health by highlighting which concept? Focus on what can no longer be. Focus on what is possible. Focus on why the client has the illness. Focus on the altered functioning.

Focus on what is possible. Explanation: When a client has a chronic illness, the nurse needs to make every effort to promote health with a focus of care that emphasizes what is possible rather than what can no longer be. The focus should not be on the altered functioning or what can no longer be as this does not assist the client to move to promoting health in the current state. The basis for the change or why the client has an illness is not easy to determine.

The nurse is aware that basic client needs must be met before a client can focus on higher ones. According to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, which example would be the highest priority for a client after physiologic needs have been met? Grab bars are installed in a client bathroom to facilitate safe showering. A nurse identifies strengths in a client who is scheduled for a mastectomy. A nurse arranges for a teenage client to have visits from school friends. A client enrolls in art class after recovering from major surgery.

Grab bars are installed in a client bathroom to facilitate safe showering According to Maslow, safety and security needs follow basic physiologic needs; therefore, grab bars in a bathroom helps ensure safety in the client's shower. Enrolling in an art class would meet love and belonging, self-esteem, or self-actualization needs. Arranging for a teenager to have friends visit would help in meeting love and belonging needs. Identifying strengths in a client demonstrates self-esteem needs.

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity? Wellness Health Host Holism

Health Explanation: The World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Wellness is a dynamic and conscious process of making choices to achieve one's highest level of potential. Holism is care that addresses all dimensions of a person, including mind, body, and spirit. Host is the person who experiences an infection.

When providing care to a client, the nurse integrates knowledge that a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. The nurse is demonstrating an understanding of which health model? Clinical model Health belief model Holistic health model High-level wellness model

Health belief model Explanation: According to the health belief model, a client's beliefs and actions are related and influenced by the client's personal expectations in relation to health and illness. According to the clinical model, health is defined narrowly as the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. The holistic model views individuals as ever-changing systems of energy, and the interaction of a person's mind, body, and spirit within the environment. The high-level wellness model is the recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning.

Which is the most accurate definition of health? Health is a state of maximal wellness. Health is a lack of disease. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Health is a reflection of wellness and requires a conscious and deliberate effort to maintain.

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Explanation: Health is viewed as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The other options would not be the best definition of health.

Which definition of health is the best? Health is the absence of disease. Health is how people feel. Health is a state of complete well-being. Health is the lack of physical symptoms.

Health is a state of complete well-being. Explanation: A classic definition of health is that health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or physical symptoms. Health encompasses a state of mind and not just how a client feels.

A client comes to the health center for a routine visit. During the visit, the client tells the nurse, "I'm motivated to do things now to make sure I'm the healthiest I can be." When planning this client's care, the nurse should focus on which area? Health promotion Illness prevention Self-concept Diagnosis of disease

Health promotion Explanation: Health promotion is the behavior of a person who is motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential. In contrast, illness/disease prevention, also called health protection, is behavior motivated by a desire to avoid or detect disease or to maintain functioning within the constraints of an illness or disability. Self-concept incorporates both how people feel about themselves (self-esteem) and the way they perceive their physical self (body image). Diagnosis of disease involves a medical aspect such that a disease is traditionally diagnosed—and treatment is prescribed—by a physician or advanced practice nurse, whereas nurses focus on the person with an illness.

A community health nurse arranges for a dental checkup camp for the local children in the school district. Which of the following would most likely be the nurse's goal for this health camp? High-level wellness Reversal of self-care deficit Illness prevention Health promotion

Health promotion Explanation: The education on lifestyle choices is part of health promotion activity, which focuses on protecting the person's health. The goal of the prevention of illness is to detect and prevent the illness. High-level wellness focuses on maximizing the person's highest potential for functioning. Reversal of self-care deficits would involve therapeutic interventions that are directed at contributing factors.

A hospital nurse assesses clients in various stages of illness. Which statements accurately describe client responses to illness based on Suchman's stages of illness? Select all that apply. Most clients complete the final stage of illness behavior in the hospital or a long-term care setting. In stage 2, most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions. When help from a health care provider is sought, the person becomes a client and enters stage 3, assuming a dependent role. When a client decides to accept a diagnosis and follow a prescribed treatment plan, he or she is in stage 4, achieving recovery and rehabilitation. In stage 1, the person defines himself or herself as being sick, seeks validation of this experience from others, and gives up normal activities. In stage 1, pain is the most significant symptom indicating illness, although other symptoms, such as a rash, fever, bleeding, or cough, may be present.

In stage 2, most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions. When help from a health care provider is sought, the person becomes a client and enters stage 3, assuming a dependent role. In stage 1, pain is the most significant symptom indicating illness, although other symptoms, such as a rash, fever, bleeding, or cough, may be present. Explanation: When a person becomes ill, certain illness behaviors may occur in identifiable stages (Suchman, 1965). These behaviors are how people cope with altered functioning caused by the disease. They are unique to the person and are influenced by age, gender, family values, economic status, culture, educational level, and mental status. Stage 1 is experiencing symptoms, but the client does not define himself or herself sick until Stage 2. Stage 2 is assuming the sick role, focusing on the symptoms and bodily functions. Stage 3 is assuming the dependent role, accepting the diagnosis and following the prescribed treatment plan. Stage 4 is achieving recovery and rehabilitation. This can occur in a variety of health care settings, including the home setting.

Which are stressors that affect the health of the family? Family members who live in the same geographic location Many job opportunities with adequate income Inadequate childcare services Public transportation present throughout the community

Inadequate childcare services Explanation: Inadequate childcare services is a major stressor for many families. Communities that offer many job opportunities tend to have low unemployment. Families that have adequate income to meet the needs of the family tend to have higher health. Public transportation facilitates access to health care. Other family members who live nearby are a source of support.

The nurse is assessing a family parented by a 60-year-old grandmother and three school-age grandchildren. The nurse is aware that which problem may occur in a single-parent family at a greater level than in other types of families? Increased financial concerns Conflict between family members Lack of knowledge about child safety Child abuse and neglect

Increased financial concerns Explanation: Many single-parent families are headed by women. Single parents often have special problems and needs, including financial concerns and role shifts (i.e., having the roles of both parents). Single-parent families are not less knowledgeable about child safety than other family types, nor is there a higher incidence of child abuse, neglect, or conflict among family members.

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease? It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. It is a sequela of acute illness. It takes a long time to cure. It persists for a long time.

It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. Explanation: Chronic illness has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time. It is usually seen in old age. It may or may not be due to acute illness. Chronic diseases are a major cause of morbidity in the population.

Which behaviors are necessary for a person to successfully adapt to a chronic illness? Select all that apply. Give up control of one's life Maintain a positive self-concept Learn to live as normally as possible Accept dependence and adjust to it Maintain a sense of hope

Learn to live as normally as possible Maintain a positive self-concept Maintain a sense of hope Explanation: To successfully adapt to a chronic illness, the person must learn to live as normally as possible and maintain a positive self-concept and sense of hope, despite symptoms and treatments. It is important that the person maintain a feeling of being in control of his or her life, as well as in control of the prescribed treatments. The client needs to maintain independence and not dependence on chronic illness outcomes.

A young couple who have been married less than a year are having difficulty with adjusting to parenting. What is a contributing factor to this level of maladjustment? Economic difficulties associated with parenting Stress of education, job, and parenting Involvement from significant others Limited time in learning to be a marital partner

Limited time in learning to be a marital partner Tasks that the family does not complete at any one developmental stage can produce chronic difficulties as the family struggles to master tasks at the next stage. The couple is struggling due to them only being together married for less than a year and the difficulty of a having a child in this short time frame. Nothing in the stem alludes to the couple having issues with the stress of education, job, and parenting nor economic difficulties or involvement with significant others.

A nurse is providing care to a client who is feeling lonely and isolated. In an effort to develop a trusting nurse-client relationship, the nurse exhibits a caring attitude, ensures the client's privacy, and spends time with the client to promote therapeutic communication. The nurse is meeting which category of client needs? Safety and security Self-esteem Love and belonging Physiologic

Love and belonging Explanation: People who believe that their love and belonging needs are unmet often feel lonely and isolated. The nurse addresses this by establishing a nurse-client relationship based on mutual understanding and trust (by demonstrating caring, encouraging communication, and respecting privacy). Physiologic needs are the most basic in the hierarchy of needs and the most essential to life. Safety and security needs have both physical and emotional components: physical safety and security means being protected from potential or actual harm; emotional safety and security involves trusting others and being free of fear, anxiety, and apprehension. Self-esteem needs include the need for a person to feel good about himself or herself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those accomplishments.

The community environment affects the well-being of the individual and the family. Which is the health responsibility of the family? Facilitate health care services Provide educational facilities Maintain a healthy lifestyle Provide recreational services

Maintain a healthy lifestyle Explanation: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is the health responsibility of the family. Providing educational, health care, and recreational services is the responsibility of the community.

A client comes to the health center for a follow-up visit. Assessment reveals that the client is experiencing problems ambulating and moving about due to degenerative joint disease; in addition, the client is feeling isolated due to the limitations in mobility. The client also reports feeling anxious about the future related to the mobility issues and being unable to fulfill the role as the major provider. Which need would the nurse identify as the priority? Role change Mobility Feelings of isolation Anxiety about the future

Mobility Although all of the needs listed need to be addressed, the nurse would identify mobility issues as the priority need based on Maslow's hierarchy. In addition to it being a physiologic need, it also appears to be the underlying issue related to the client's other needs. Addressing mobility may have a positive impact on the client's other needs.

The nurse is giving a talk to a local community group on the harms of smoking. The nurse tells the group that a risk factor is something that increases a person's chances for illness or injury. What type of risk factor is smoking? Modifiable Secondary Primary Nonmodifiable

Modifiable Explanation: Risk factors are defined as modifiable (things a person can change, such as quitting smoking) and nonmodifiable (things that cannot be changed, such as a family history of cancer). Primary and secondary are not associated with risk factors.

A family that consists of two homosexual parents and three children living in the same house is an example of which type of family? Single-parent Extended Nuclear Blended

Nuclear The nuclear family is also known as the traditional family and is composed of two parents and their children. The parents might be heterosexual or homosexual, are often married or in a committed relationship. An extended family includes aunts, uncles, and grandparents. A blended family is also a traditional family formed when parents bring unrelated children from previous relationships together to form a new family. A single-parent family involves one parent and may be the result of marital separation or divorce, the death of a spouse, or the parent never having been married.

The nurse is caring for an 85-year-old client hospitalized for dehydration. The nurse notices that the client is shivering and takes the client's temperature. The nurse notes an oral temperature of 97.8°F (36.6°C). The client also reports being "chilly." Which nursing action is most appropriate? Assess the client's respiratory rate. Offer the client an extra blanket. Increase the client's oral fluid intake. Notify the physician.

Offer the client an extra blanket. Thermoregulation is a physiological need. The human body functions within a narrow temperature range with an oral temperature of 97.5 to 99.5°F (36 to 38°C). Homeostatic mechanisms and adaptive responses, such as shivering (to increase body temperature) or sweating (to reduce body temperature), help to maintain body temperature. Offering the client a blanket is appropriate because the external body covering will increase the client's low body temperature. Notifying the physician is not necessary because the temperature is within normal range. A normal or low temperature is not an indicator of dehydration, so increasing the intake of oral fluids is not necessary. A normal or low temperature is not an indication of respiratory distress, so an assessment of the client's respiratory rate is not necessary.

A client states, "I must be in poor health because I am a senior citizen. That's what my neighbor says, and she is older than I am." This statement is an example of which type of influence on a person's health beliefs? Peers Family Culture Religion

Peers Explanation: This is an example of peer influence. Other influences on health beliefs include culture, religion, and family.

While providing client care, a nurse determines that a client adheres to the health belief model. What would the nurse need to assess as a factor possibly affecting the client's response to illness? Personality characteristics Nutritional awareness Stress management Environmental sensitivity

Personality characteristics Explanation: The health belief model provides insight into the connection between the way a person sees one's own state of health, and that person's response to health, illness, and treatment. According to the health belief model, personality characteristics affect the person's response to illness. Nutritional awareness, stress management, and environmental sensitivity are wellness behaviors that promote healthy functioning and help prevent illness.

The nurse is preparing to talk to a local community group regarding chronic illness. The nurse informs the group that both external and internal factors influence a person's health. When discussing the fact that the male client has a higher chance of developing lung cancer due to his gender, which dimension is the nurse referring to? Physical dimension Emotional dimension Intellectual dimension Environmental dimension

Physical dimension Explanation: The physical dimension includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender. These components strongly influence the person's health status and health practices. Since lung cancer is more frequent in men, the male client is at a higher risk of developing lung cancer due to his gender. Emotional dimension refers to feelings. Intellectual dimension is cognitive ability. Environmental dimension is related to a client's environment, including work and school.

During the nurse's admission interview the client says, "I don't get too much rest because I am in nursing school and work full time to support myself and my kids." The nurse classifies this statement as an issue at which level of Maslow's basic needs? Safety and security Self-esteem Love and belonging Physiologic

Physiologic Explanation: Rest is a basic physiologic need, because it allows time for the body to rejuvenate and be free of stress. Lack of sleep and rest may become a safety issue if not addressed. Love and belonging is related to acceptance in a group. Self-esteem is related to how one sees one's self.

The nurse enters the client's room in the acute care unit immediately after the client experiences a generalized tonic-clonic type seizure in bed. What is the first action the nurse should take? Document the type of seizure in the client's health record Reorient the client to person, place, and time. Notify the physician. Position the client in a side-lying position.

Position the client in a side-lying position. The need for oxygen is the most essential of all physiological needs. Aspiration is a risk for the client after a seizure because of lethargy and increased oral secretions. The client needs to be positioned on the side to allow the secretions to drain from the mouth. Immediately following a seizure, the client experiences postictal confusion, which usually resolves in 1 hour unless complicated by a head injury or hypoxia. Notifying the physician and documenting the type of seizure are good interventions after the client's airway is secure and breathing is normal.

A nurse is immunizing children against measles. This is an example of what level of preventive care? Primary Secondary Tertiary Chronic

Primary Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Immunizations are an example of primary health promotion. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.

The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. Which level of health promotion is this an example of? Medical Tertiary Primary Secondary

Primary Explanation: Primary health promotion and illness prevention is directed toward promoting good health and preventing the development of disease process or injury. Primary-level activities include immunization clinics, providing poison-control information, and education about seat belt and child-safety seat use. Secondary-level activities include screening programs and early identification of disease. Tertiary-level prevention is concerned with returning the client to the optimal function after diagnosis. Medical is not a level of health promotion or illness prevention.

What level of prevention is represented by educating a group of clients on breast self-examination? Tertiary prevention Educational prevention Secondary prevention Primary prevention

Primary prevention Explanation: Primary prevention focuses on the health of a person with the goal of preventing disease or illness. Self-breast examination education is primary prevention. Secondary prevention refers to screening and early detection of disease. Tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitation and prevention of complications after diagnosis with a disease. Educational is not a level of prevention.

A nurse is educating clients on the need for calcium intake to prevent bone loss. What level of prevention does this represent? Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Primary prevention Residual prevention

Primary prevention Explanation: Primary prevention or primary health care involves the education of clients in the prevention of disease. Secondary prevention pertains to early detection of disease. Tertiary prevention pertains to preventing further complications and providing rehabilitation following diagnosis of a disease to restore optimal function to the client. Residual is not a level of prevention.

Which is an example of tertiary health promotion? Family counseling Water treatment Pap tests Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begin after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Therefore, rehabilitation is an example of tertiary health promotion. Family counseling and Pap tests are examples of secondary health promotion. Water treatment is an example of primary health promotion.

A client is admitted to the mental health center with attempted suicide. Which of the client's problems is the priority for the nurse to manage? Feelings of not belonging Low self-esteem Lack of support Risk of self-harm

Risk of self-harm Explanation: Safety and security are the priority for the client, so the risk of self-harm is what the nurse must address first. Lack of support, low self-esteem, and feelings of not belonging, although still important to address, are not as critical as safety and security.

The client is admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed. The physician ordered a colonoscopy. Which level of care encompasses this procedure? Tertiary Quanternary Primary Secondary

Secondary Explanation: Secondary care delivery is when primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing. Therefore, this scenario portrays secondary level of care. Primary care delivery is provided by the first healthcare provider or agency a person contacts. Quaternary care is an extension of tertiary care and includes experimental medicine and procedures and highly uncommon, specialized surgeries. Tertiary care is health services provided at hospitals or medical centers that have complex technology and specialists.

Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in which level of health care? Secondary care Primary care Tertiary care Extended care

Secondary care Explanation: Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in the secondary level of health care. The first contact with a general physician is the primary care, and the reference to a highly specialized facility for desensitization is the tertiary care level. The secondary and tertiary care facilities are equipped to provide highly specialized care. Extended care is care provided to clients who no longer require acute hospital care.

A nurse is caring for an adolescent who lost a leg in a motor vehicle accident. Which human need would the nurse most likely need to address? Self-actualization needs Love and belonging needs Self-esteem needs Safety and security needs

Self-esteem needs The options listed are stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The adolescent would have issues and concerns in the self-esteem stage. Self-esteem needs would include fear, sadness, loneliness, and accepting self; all would be appropriate with this client. Love and belonging would focus on the sociocultural aspect and would include areas such as relationships with others, communication with others, support systems, being part of a community, and feeling loved by others. Safety and security would focus on the environmental aspect and would include areas such as housing and community/ neighborhood to name a few. Self-actualization needs are in the intellectual and spiritual dimension and would include areas such as thinking, learning, decision making, values, beliefs, and helping others.

What are some examples of healthy self-care behaviors everyone should adopt? Select all that apply. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours each night Eating regular healthy meals Maintaining an ideal body weight Exercising infrequently Having a low self-esteem

Sleeping 7 to 8 hours each night Eating regular healthy meals Maintaining an ideal body weight Explanation: Some self-care behaviors that everyone should adopt to promote health are: sleeping 7 to 8 hours regularly, eating regular and healthy meals, maintaining an ideal body weight, having a regular schedule of exercise, using alcohol in moderation if at all, not smoking, and maintaining a positive self-concept.

Which lifestyle factor is associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases? Exercise Smoking Eustress Gastrointestinal disease

Smoking Explanation: Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, chronic stress, and sedentary lifestyle, increase the risk of chronic health problems, such as respiratory disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Exercise, eustress, and gastrointestinal disease have not been shown to be factors that have contributed to the increase in chronic conditions.

Parents raising two school-aged children incorporate their religious beliefs into the family's daily life. The family's beliefs regarding religion include dietary considerations, worship practices, attitudes, and values. This is an example of which function of the family? Physical Affective and coping Reproductive Socialization

Socialization Through socialization, the family teaches; transmits beliefs, values, attitudes, and coping mechanisms; provides feedback; and guides problem solving. Incorporating religious beliefs, values, and attitudes is an example of socialization. Physical functions of the family include providing a safe, comfortable environment necessary for growth and development, rest, and recuperation. The reproductive function of the family is raising children. The affective and coping function of the family involves providing emotional comfort to family members.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism. The client states that it is nearly impossible to quit drinking because of the deep entrenchment of alcohol use in the client's circle of friends and line of work. As well, the client claims to have thought that drinking only beer and foregoing hard alcohol would prevent health problems. This client is exhibiting health consequences rooted in which human dimensions? Sociocultural and intellectual Emotional and environmental Environmental and spiritual Physical and emotional

Sociocultural and intellectual Explanation: That the patient is situated in a context that normalizes heavy alcohol use is an example of the sociocultural dimension. The client's ignorance of the health consequences of drinking beer rather than spirits is a component of the intellectual dimension.

The nurse is assessing the communication style of the client. Communication is an example of which dimension of the individual? Physical dimension Environmental dimension Sociocultural dimension Emotional dimension

Sociocultural dimension Explanation: Communication is essential for interaction with others and is an example of the sociocultural dimension. The physical dimension includes physiological health and nutrition. Housing and community are examples of the environmental dimension. The emotional dimension includes fear, sadness, loneliness, and acceptance of self.

Which needs are being met when a nurse recommends a senior citizen community center for an older client who is living alone? Spiritual needs Intellectual needs Emotional needs Sociocultural needs

Sociocultural needs Explanation: Increased social interaction, as would be provided by visiting a senior citizen community center, would primarily address a client's sociocultural needs. Emotional needs address how the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions. Long-term stress affects body systems, and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change the body's responses to illness. The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences. Spiritual beliefs and values are assessed when addressing spiritual needs.

A nurse is caring for a client who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The client is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a client with a chronic illness? The disease is no longer present. Symptoms are not experienced. The symptoms of the illness reappear. New symptoms occur at this time.

Symptoms are not experienced. Explanation: Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and many have periods of remission (the disease is present but the client does not experience symptoms). Exacerbation is when the symptoms of the disease reappear. Chronic illnesses do not go away; the disease continues to be present.

The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of heart failure. This admission is the client's third admission within 90 days. The nurse educates the client with the goal of preventing readmission. Which nursing activity for this client would represent tertiary-level prevention? Assessing for risk factors for heart disease Screening for tuberculosis Teaching about adhering to a low-sodium diet Screening for breast cancer every 5 years

Teaching about adhering to a low-sodium diet Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate the client to a maximum level of functioning. Nursing activities on a tertiary level include teaching a client with heart failure the importance of adhering to a low-sodium diet. Primary prevention teaching is an important activity. However, before teaching can be initiated, it is essential that the nurse engage the client in a discussion about health risks and the implications of these risks. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of diseases found.

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care? Secondary Chronic Tertiary Primary

Tertiary Explanation: Tertiary health promotion and illness prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate clients to a maximum level of functioning. Referring an HIV-positive client to a local support group would be an example of tertiary preventive care. Primary health promotion and illness prevention are directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. Secondary health promotion and illness prevention focus on screening for early detection of disease, with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found. The term chronic is not related to health promotion.

A client has had a total knee replacement and is receiving care that includes learning to walk with a walker. What level of prevention is most applicable to this client? Secondary prevention Residual prevention Primary prevention Tertiary prevention

Tertiary prevention Explanation: Tertiary prevention in health care deals with rehabilitation of the client. Teaching the client to walk with a walker is tertiary prevention. Primary prevention refers to health promotion or illness prevention. Secondary prevention refers to screening and early detection of disease.

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors? The High-Level Wellness Model The Agent-Host-Environment Model The Health-Illness Continuum The Health Belief Model

The Agent-Host-Environment Model Explanation: The Agent-Host-Environment Model is useful for examining the cause of disease in an individual. The agent, host, and environment interact in ways that create risk factors. The Health-Illness Continuum is a way to measure a person's level of health. The High-Level Wellness Model is characterized by functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment. The Health Belief Model is used to describe health behaviors.

A nurse observes that a client who has pneumonia is in the recovery and rehabilitation stage of the illness. Which statement describes the client response that the nurse would expect at this stage of the illness? The client assumes a dependent role. The client seeks medical attention. The client recognizes symptoms of illness. The client gives up the dependent role.

The client gives up the dependent role. Explanation: In the recovery and rehabilitation stage, known as Stage 4, the person gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities. The client would not seek medical attention, assume a dependent role, or recognize symptoms of illness in this stage. Stage 1 is when the client would recognize symptoms of the illness. Stage 2 is when the client would seek medical attention. Stage 3 is when the client would assume a dependent role.

In conjunction with the client, the nurse has set the following client outcomes. Which client outcome reflects Maslow's level of self-esteem needs? The client will identify two people that can be called to assist with transportation to the physician's office by March 9. The client will identify the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia by January 22. The client will ambulate 20 feet using a walker by May 2. The client will verbalize feelings of increased confidence in performing a finger-stick blood sugar.

The client will verbalize feelings of increased confidence in performing a finger-stick blood sugar. Explanation: Identification of signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia will promote the safety of the client. Physical activity, such as ambulation, is essential for Maslow's physiologic needs. Social support that meets a transportation problem represents a solution to feeling love and belonging. Self-esteem is enhanced with feelings of increased confidence in skill performance.

The home health nurse is making an initial assessment visit to a family that consists of two parents and twin 3-year-old boys. During the interview, the nurse is most concerned if the client makes which statement? The mother states, "We like to pay cash for the things we need." The father states, "I don't discuss money matters with my wife because I don't want her to worry." The mother states, "This house would be a mess if I didn't clean it every day." The father asks the nurse, "Do you mind if my little boy sits on my lap during the interview?"

The father states, "I don't discuss money matters with my wife because I don't want her to worry." Explanation: Effective and healthy families exhibit open communication among its members. Protecting the spouse from worry by not discussing money matters stifles communication and jeopardizes the family's affective and coping functions. It is appropriate for a father to provide emotional comfort to his son by allowing him to sit on his lap during the interview. Paying cash is an appropriate way to manage family finances. The mother is stating her personal belief about housework in a clear and open manner.

Place the following nursing interventions in order of priority according to Maslow's hierarchy of basic needs. The nurse teaches the client about foods high in fiber. The nurse teaches the daughter how to administer the client's insulin. The nurse assists the client in making a phone call to the client's daughter. The nurse positions the bed of the Muslim client who is bedfast toward Mecca

The nurse teaches the client about foods high in fiber. The nurse teaches the daughter how to administer the client's insulin. The nurse assists the client in making a phone call to the client's daughter. The nurse positions the bed of the Muslim client who is bedfast toward Mecca. The most basic level in the hierarchy, physiologic need of elimination, would be addressed when the nurse teaches the client about foods high in fiber. By teaching the daughter how to administer the client's insulin, the nurse meets that client's physical safety needs. The nurse facilitates the love and belonging needs of the client when assisting the client in making a phone call to the client's daughter. The nurse who positions the bed of the Muslim client who is bedfast toward Mecca is helping the client to reach self-actualization, the highest level on the hierarchy.

A family assessment of a father, mother, and four children has suggested the presence of several risk factors. Which aspect of the family's structure and function would be considered a psychosocial risk factor? The family lives in a small apartment in a poor neighborhood with high crime rates. The family's electricity has been cut off at various times due to nonpayment. The parents have a tumultuous relationship, with frequent separations in the past. The mother has a history of heavy alcohol use.

The parents have a tumultuous relationship, with frequent separations in the past. Conflict is an example of a psychosocial risk factor. Chemical dependency is considered a lifestyle risk factor, whereas a lack of adequate housing is an environmental risk factor. Lack of electricity is an economic risk factor.

Which statement is true regarding Friedman's theory of family-centered nursing care? Illness of one family member strengthens the roles of the sick member in the family structure. The focus on health should be directed at improving the health of the sickest member of the family. The family is composed of independent members who live and function individually. The role of the family is essential in every level of nursing practice.

The role of the family is essential in every level of nursing practice. Explanation: Friedman and associates identified the importance of family-centered nursing care, based on four rationales. First, the family is composed of interdependent members who affect one another. If some form of illness occurs in one member, all other members become part of the illness. Second, a strong relationship exists between the family and the health status of its members; therefore, the role of the family is essential in every level of nursing care. The third rationale is that the level of health of the family and, in turn, each member can be significantly improved through health-promotion activities. Finally, illness of one family member may suggest the possibility of the same problem in other members; through assessment and intervention, the nurse can assist in improving the health status of all members.

What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for? To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. To formulate care plans for the disabled population. To define a medical framework for the care of the disabled. To create a forum for improving rehabilitative care.

To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors. Explanation: Several models of health promotion and illness prevention have been used to help health care providers understand health-related behaviors and adapt care to people from diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. The models include the health belief model, the health promotion model, the health-illness continuum model, and the agent-host-environment model. These models do not define a medical framework in the care of the disabled; these models do not create a forum for improving rehabilitative care; and these models do not formulate care plans for use with the disabled.

A nurse has chosen to characterize a new initiative as "wellness promotion" rather than "health promotion". Which statement best describes the difference between the concept of wellness and the concept of health? Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. Wellness is determined by age-related expectations, whereas health is an achievable state at any point in the lifespan. Wellness is dependent on the resolution of acute and chronic illnesses, whereas health can exist at any stage or condition. Health is a state that can be promoted and protected by nursing practice, whereas wellness is solely dependent on the client.

Wellness is an active state, whereas health is a more passive state dependent on the absence of disease. Explanation: Good health is a passive state wherein the person is not ill. Wellness is a more active state, regardless of one's level of health. Wellness is not contingent on the resolution of disease or illness and it supersedes age. Both health and wellness can be influenced by nursing practice.

The nurse in a free clinic caring for clients uses the Health Belief Model, which is based on three components. What is the main focus for this model? How health is a constantly changing state Factors that predispose a person to infectious diseases How people interact with their environments What people believe to be true about their health

What people believe to be true about their health Explanation: The Health Belief Model focuses on what people perceive or believe to be true about themselves in relation to their health. The Health Promotion Model focuses on how people interact with their environments, as they pursue health. The Health-Illness Continuum Model focuses on health as a constantly changing state, whereas The Agent-Host-Environment Model explains how certain factors place a person at risk for an infectious disease.

A home health nurse is visiting a family after the recent death of their matriarch. The nurse observes that the family is dressed in black, all of the mirrors are covered, and that the immediate family is sitting on square wooden boxes instead of chairs. The nurse asks what is happening, and is told, "We are Jewish, and the family is 'Sitting Shiva'." This family is fulfilling which family function? economical function socialization function affective and coping functions physical function

affective and coping functions Explanation: This family exhibits the function of affective and coping by observing the ritual of "Sitting Shiva." By observing this Jewish, seven-day period of mourning for first-degree relatives (husband, wife, parent, or child) the family provides emotional comfort to family members, helps to establish their identity, and maintains it in times of stress. Economical function provides financial aid to family members. Physical function provides a safe, comfortable environment necessary for growth and development. Through socialization the family teaches values, attitudes, and provides feedback, and with the function of reproduction the family produces and raises children.

A client has a Staphylococcus infection in a decubitus ulcer. In this case, Staphylococcus is the: host. environment. disease. agent.

agent. Explanation: The agent is any factor that leads to illness. The client is the host of the infection. The environment is setting in which the infection occurs. The disease is a pathological process that can result from the infection.

To be an effective change agent for wellness, the nurse must: lead a sedentary lifestyle. drink caffeinated beverages. consume a diet low in fat. skip breakfast to reduce calories.

consume a diet low in fat. Explanation: Nurses focused on wellness advocate the use of lifestyle modification skills that alleviate stress and promote a state less susceptible to disease, such as eating a diet low in fat. Skipping breakfast, drinking caffeinated beverages, and being sedentary are not associated with improved health or wellness.

A client with Crohn's disease in remission is admitted to the nursing unit for follow-up care. The remission state is characterized by: reactivation of the disease and presence of symptoms. periodic occurrence in clients with long-standing diseases. disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. permanent relief from the signs and symptoms.

disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. Explanation: Remission is a temporary state of disappearance of the signs and symptoms related to a particular disease. It is of short duration, but the duration is unpredictable. It is a condition opposite to exacerbation, which is characterized by reactivation of symptoms. Remission is not permanent, but is rather a temporary relief from signs and symptoms. Exacerbation is the periodic occurrence of disease in clients with chronic diseases.

The nurse is assessing the family structure of the client. The family household comprises two parents, three children, and one grandparent. The nurse recognizes that this is a(n): extended family. blended family. traditional family cohabiting family.

extended family. Explanation: An extended family is composed of family members, including aunts, uncles, and grandparents, who live in close geographic proximity to one another. A traditional family consists of two parents and their children. A blended family is formed when parents bring unrelated children from previous relationships together to form a new family. Unmarried individuals who choose to live together for a variety of reasons form a cohabiting family.

When chronic illnesses and disabilities are present, individuals benefit most from activities that: help them eat well. help them maintain independence. preserve their social interactions. accomplish financial stability.

help them maintain independence. Explanation: Although their chronic illnesses and disabilities cannot be eliminated, adults can benefit most from activities that help them maintain independence and achieve an optimal level of health. The other answers, while beneficial, are not as helpful.

The recognition of health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning is defined as: agent-host-environment. health belief model. high-level wellness. illness.

high-level wellness. Explanation: High-level wellness is defined as recognizing health as an ongoing process toward a person's highest potential of functioning. The Health Belief Model focuses on how the client's beliefs about health influence the client's health and response to health and health care. Illness is a person's response to disease. the Agent-Host-Environment model explores the factors that contribute to infection in a client.

The body's attempt to restore balance through self-regulatory mechanisms is termed: homeostasis. equilibration. self-conception. biofeedback.

homeostasis. Explanation: Homeostasis is the organism's attempt to restore balance. Equilibration is a distractor for this question. Self-conception is related to the individual's feelings and attitudes about oneself. Biofeedback is a relaxation technique.

A comprehensive definition of family is that it is a social group with members who share common values, interact over time, and participate in religious rituals. maintain order and safety. evolve psychologically over time. occupy specific positions.

occupy specific positions. Explanation: The family is a social group whose members share common values, occupy specific positions, and interact with each other over time. A group need not participate in religious rituals, evolve psychologically over time, or maintain order and safety to be defined as a family.

A client enjoys eating high-calorie carbohydrate meals, but understands her blood sugar can increase sharply, ultimately causing the feeling of butterflies in her stomach as her blood sugar decreases. This is considered: a holistic approach. illness prevention. self-concept. health promotion.

self-concept. Explanation: A person's self-concept is influenced by having knowledge and the ability to care for oneself, recognizing one's strengths and limitations.

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with nutritional deficits. Which is the priority intervention for this client? teaching about weight loss programs teaching about intake of food and vitamins teaching about binge eating acknowledging weight problems

teaching about intake of food and vitamins Explanation: Priority management, according to Maslow's hierarchy, starts at physiological needs and includes the need for oxygen, food, water, rest, and elimination. Therefore, teaching the client about intake of food and vitamins is most appropriate for the client who has nutritional deficits. Teaching about weight loss programs, teaching about binge eating, and acknowledging the client's weight problem are examples of other needs that are not the priority.