G12-Intro to Philo (Lesson 2: Method of Philosophizing)

Claim

is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness.

Philosophy

is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of "truth to self", or authenticity.

Habermas' principle of universalization

"for a norm to be valid, the consequences and side effects of its general observance for the satisfaction of each person's particular interests must be acceptable to all."

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Thomas Hobbes

An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand.

doubt

Descartes comes to the conclusion that there is one thing that cannot be doubted, and that is,

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

He says that only the mind, not the body can arrive at clear and distinct ideas which cannot be doubted (Descartes, Moriarty:2008). He arrived at this truth by first, asking if objects that I come to know through my sense can be fully trusted. We know that we cannot because of the deceptive nature of the senses. Descartes then knew that the body and the senses can not be trusted when it comes to arriving at indubitable truths.

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Aristotle

Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise.

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Immanuel Kant

Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively.

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Plato

Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes.

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge.

Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.

Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth.

Meanings of Opinion according to some Philosophers: Sigmund Freud

Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure.

systematic doubt

is employed to help determine the truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.

Fact

is something concrete that can be proven. -are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful.

Philosophical method (philosophical methodology)

is the study of how to do philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.

Richard Rorty

offers a simple way of defining truth: "Truth can be understood as what has passed 'procedures of justification'"

Domains of Truth

Jűrgen Habermas 1979

Doubt

has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.

belief

is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one's senses. the truth. Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

Justification

means the process of proving the truth or validity of a statement. This process is made up of ways of critically testing a claim against a certain criterion.

Opinion

is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In other words, it is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth.

Knowledge

is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since it is true knowing that we are able to determine what is true.