GACE Special Education General Curriculum - 1, GACE - general special education
What type of test best measures a student's functional capabilities and entry level skills?
criterion referenced measures
A scholastic aptitude test checked against predictive success in academic endeavors, which type of validity is one attempting to establish?
criterion related
child who has difficulty understanding what is said to him, relating it to situations with which hes is familiar, or applying it to a new or different situation, may have a problem
decoding language
strategies specifically designed to move the learner from dependence to independence include
demonstration imitation, assistance, prompting, and verbal instruction; cognitive modeling and self-guidance through overt, faded overt & covert stages
Give an example of cross-modal perception involving integrating visual stimuli to an auditory verbal process
describing a picture
diagnostic prescriptive teaching method
diagnoses and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each student, both cognitively and emotionally, and then establishes an instructional prescription
Cloze test
evaluates a student's understanding of context and vocabulary// presents the reader with a text in which certain words are blocked out, reader must determine probable missing words based on context clues// in order to supply the words, reader must already know them
explain a "group" test
examiner monitors several students at same time
the work-study movement
focused upon the delivery of services within a specific type of inter-agency agreement
test comparing student progress with that of peers of same age or grade level on a national basis, is an example of what type of test
formal test
fluency reading levels
frustrational- less than 90% accuracy Instruction- 90% word accuracy Independent- 95% word accuracy
muscular dystrophy
genetically inherited disease, frequently first manifests in childhood// causes progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
abacus
gives both visual/tactile demonstration of how numbers work and allows a child who processes information through hand/body movement to physically experience numerical relationships.
give an example of a language disorder
aphasia
Curriculum-Based Assessment
A method of monitoring student educational progress through direct assessment of academic skills.
Stanine (STAndard NINE)
A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.
Response to Intervention
A multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. Used to provide extra support for struggling learners and potentially determine whether a student qualifies for special education.
Cerebral palsy
A nondegenerative disorder that affects motor function as a result of brain injury that occurred before, during, or shortly after birth.
What does ADA stand for?
Americans with Disabilities Act
E. Both A & D
An Individualized Education Program (IEP) must include which of the following components? A. The present levels of academic achievement and functional performance B. A record of past student performance C. A description of the student's intellectual functioning D. Annual educational goals E. Both A & D F. Both D & C
Self reinforcement
Telling oneself that one is capable of achieving success
B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time
Leila is a 9-year-old fourth-grader who currently receives special education services under the category of other health impaired. She often acts impulsively and frequently leaves her seat to roam around the classroom. Which of the following best describes a shaping technique a teacher should use to help Leila control her impulse to wander around the classroom? A. Allowing Leila to move freely around the classroom for one minute every half hour B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time C. Reminding Leila that she will lose a classroom privilege whenever she leaves her seat to walk around D. Removing tokens from Leila's class bank account each time she gets out of her seat without permission
Backward design model
Lesson planning method of beginning with the end goal or objective in mind and then building backwards to ensure that all activities, instruction, and practices align to meet the final product or outcome.
Specific learning disability (ex: dyslexia, dysgraphia, discalculia, nonverbal learning disability, etc.)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that affects a child's ability to read, write, listen, speak, reason or do math.
Speech or language impairment
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of communication problems. Those include stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment or voice impairment.
Emotional disturbance
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of mental disorders. They include anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.
Intellectual disability (ex: Down syndrome)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers children with below-average intellectual ability. They may also have poor communication, self-care and social skills.
Other health impairments (ex: ADHD)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers conditions that limit a child's strength, energy or alertness.
Multiple disabilities
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers students with more than one of the conditions from the other major categories.
Deafness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers students with severe loss of hearing that affects their ability to process language through hearing.
Orthopedic impairment (ex: cerebral palsy)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes any impairment to a child's body, no matter what the cause.
Visual impairment / blindness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes both partial sight and blindness. If eyewear can correct a vision problem, then it doesn't qualify.
Deaf-blindness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes children that have both hearing and visual impairments. Their communication and other needs are so great that programs for the deaf or blind can't meet them.
Traumatic brain injury
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes individuals with a brain injury caused by an accident or some kind of physical force.
Autism spectrum disorder
Major disability category covered by IDEA that is a developmental disability. It covers a wide range of symptoms and skills, but mainly affects a child's social and communication skills. It can also impact behavior.
Hearing impairment
Major disability category covered by IDEA that refers to a hearing loss not covered by the definition of deafness. This type of loss can change or fluctuate over time.
Glasser's Reality Therapy
Makes use of an alternative behavior plan, a form of group therapy
Reliability
Measure of how consistently a test assesses over time.
Inter-rater reliability
Measure of how similarly an assessment can be scored by two different raters.
Test-retest reliability
Measure of how stable an assessment's results are from one attempt to another (i.e. whether the same person will have the same results when they take the test two different times)
Validity
Measure of how well an assessment tests what it is supposed to test.
Parallel forms reliability
Measure of how well two different versions of the same assessment yield equivalent results.
Internal consistency
Measure of reliability that determines how steadily different test items measure the same construct (i.e. whether different questions related to the same material yield steady results about the test taker's knowledge of the target material)
IEP section 504
NON-IEP STUDENTS--- have other disabilities, i.e. physical, ADHD, ADD, etc. Requires schools to supply accommodations for all students with disabilities even if they don't have IEPs
Formal operational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 11+ years - abstract thought - ability to logically test hypotheses
Preoperational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 2 to 7 years - symbolic thinking - egocentric perspective
Concrete operational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 7 to 11 years - turning point: logical thought - conservation
Sensorimotor stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - birth to 2 years - object permanence - mental representations of objects
What is a prerequisite skill?
Skill which must be demonstrated before instruction on a specific task can begin
Eustress
Sort if elation or release of anxiety
Project-based learning
Student-centered pedagogy in which students actively explore real-world challenges. Content can be personalized for diverse learners.
D. Both A & B
Students with autism benefit from: A. visual aids B. structure and routine C. flexibility D. Both A & B
C. phonics and word recognition
Students with learning disabilities benefit from a whole-language approach in combination with direct instruction in: A. auditory comprehension B. visual-motor integration C. phonics and word recognition D. visual memory skills
True
True or False? According to IDEA, an IEP must be in effect before special education services or related services are provided.
Norm-referenced assessment
Type of assessment that compares a student's performance against the performance of a group representative of the larger population or sample.
Benchmark assessment
Type of assessment that evaluates student progress at periodic intervals to allow teachers to adapt instruction toward long-term goals; can predict performance on summative assessments.
Formal assessment (or standardized)
Type of assessment that has been previously tested to determine data-based reasoning for the questions and results. Results are typically in the form of statistics. Test administration has standardized procedures.
Informal assessment
Type of assessment that has no standardized procedure and is used to evaluate more regular, daily performance. Examples include observations, projects, and presentations.
Summative assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's achievement at the end of instruction. Used to determine mastery at the end of a unit.
Criterion-referenced assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's performance against a specific goal, objective, or standard.
Formative assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's performance during instruction, usually occurring regularly throughout the instructional unit. Used to ensure students are making adequate progress.
Diagnostic assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction.
Functional language training
Type of communication instruction that involves giving individuals a means of influencing and interacting with the environment in a meaningful way. Often used to provide individuals that struggle to communicate verbally with alternative forms of communication.
Grade-equivalent score
Type of scoring that represents the grade level and month of the typical (median; 50th percentile) score for students.
Person first language
Type of speech in which an individual is not defined by his or her disability; the person is put before the disability. For example, "a student with autism" rather than "an autistic student".
Scaffolding
Umbrella teaching approach// includes prior knowledge, mnemonic devices, modeling, graphs, charts, graphic organizers and information needed prior to starting the lesson such as vocabulary or mathematics.
5 - Average 1 - Lowest 9 - Highest
What Stanine score indicates an average skill level? What is the lowest possible Stanine score? What is the highest possible Stanine score?
Learner, Condition, Behavior, and Criteria for Mastery
What are the four key components of a learning objective?
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004
What does IDEA stand for? In what year was it enacted?
Public Law 94-142
What is another name for the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act?
A student must have a permanent or fluctuating hearing loss that affects the student's educational performance but is not included under the definition of deafness.
What is the IDEA definition of hearing impairment?
The steps are more easily achievable and promote student success.
What is the justification for using task analysis in instructing students with disabilities?
A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon
What is the most important aspect of communicating with a parent? A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon B. describing test results to support the teacher's observations C. coming to an agreement between the parent and the teacher D. recommending next steps for the child
B. explicit and systematic writing strategies (For D, note that research shows that the whole-language approach is ineffective for students with langauge-based learning disabilities and dyslexia.)
When working with students with language-based learning disabilities and dyslexia, a teacher should be aware that the students need: A. opportunities to read aloud in front of the class B. explicit and systematic writing strategies C. teacher-centered whole-class instruction D. daily whole-language-based lessons
Honig v. Doe, 1998
Where student has presented an immediate threat to other, that student may be temporarily suspended up to 10 school days to give the school and parents time to review the IEP and discuss possible alternatives to the current placement.
Standardized test
Which allows for comparison among students to each other, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Teacher-made test
Which has better content validity, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Standardized test
Which has higher interrater reliability, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Standardized test
Which is more likely to yield a true score, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed
Which of the following classroom management strategies is best for a special education teacher to use with students that demonstrate avoidance behavior in writing class? A. Setting a time limit to complete writing assignments so that students may earn free time B. Allowing students to propose or choose an alternative task to the written work C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed D. Keeping a checklist of how much time each student spends on task during the assigned writing time
social maturity may be evidenced by the student's
ability to cooperate, following procedures formulated by an outside party, achieving appropriate levels of independence
What does an intelligence test assess?
abstract reasoning comprehension
IEP's have multiple sections, give examples
academic achievements & functional performance
refers to an individual's experiential background
acculturation
A test which measure students' skill development in academic content areas, is classified as what type of test?
achievement
dispensing school supplies is a component associated with which type of reinforcement system
activity reinforcement
muscular sclerosis
almost never appears in childhood, covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged
What are two ways to pace?
alter subject content or rate at which tasks are presented
True or False - mental retardation characterized as often indistinguishable from normal developing children at an early age
true
Even if guessing results in a correct response, it introduces error into a test score into interpretation of the results. What does this represent?
true factor that affects reliability of the test
social reinforcement
type of reinforcement system is most easily generalized into other settings
Cerebral palsy
umbrella term that groups neurological childhood disorders that affect muscular control; does not worsen over time and cause is located in damaged areas of the brain that control muscle movement
Which electronic devise can assist by dialing a telephone, turning book pages and drinking from a cup?
manipulator robots
What is stated in Public Law 94-142?
match child's education needs with appropriate education services; include parents in education decisions; allow parent to provide input
age appropriate
means mental age, not chronological age
What is required to be eligible for a 504?
must meet definition of a person with disability, meet requirements of a particular program in spite of disability. school, business facility must be federally funded
term for altering of tasks to match student's rate of learning
pacing
What term is used for altering of tasks to match the student's rate of learning?
pacing - alter subject content & rate at which tasks are presented
What recently developed assistive device can "read" aloud sections from a newspaper received electronically?
personal companion
the study of significant units of speech sounds
phonology
example of kinesthetic excercise
playing a game like "looby loo"
define emotional /behavior disorder
poor social skills, poor academic achievers
procedure employed to decrease targeted behaviors include
punishment and extinction
the number of times the behavior is displayed in a given period
rate or frequency
self-monitoring
refers to procedures by which the learner records whether or not he is engaging in certain behaviors, particularly those that would lead to increased academic achievement and/or social behavior
What is a resource room?
regular school environment supervised by a teacher certified in disability
individual with disabilities in need of employ ability training, as well as a job would go to which community service agency for assistance
rehabilitation services
Maze test
related to Cloze test// supplies a number of possible answers and the reader must select the correct one
fair assessment relates to -
representation, acculturation, language
What is required by a student with mild learning and behavioral disability?
require modification in classroom instruction
Two ways an effective teacher cooperate packing as a means of matching a student's rate of learning?
selected content is presented based upon prerequisite skills & task presentations are paced during optimum time segments
Which language skills involve encoding?
self-expression
Cognitive modeling is an essential component of which self-training approach?
self-instructional training
Elaborated Feedback
strategy that involves dialogue with students about what they are doing well and where they need to improve
contingency based self management
student are responsible for monitoring their own behavior
What is required to be eligible for IDEA?
student must have a disability that fits into one category listed in the IDEA law
What factors do an effective teacher vary her instructional presentations and response requirements?
student needs, task at hand, learning situation
What is assessed by criterion referenced measures?
student's functional capabilities and entry level skills
What do achievement tests measure?
student's skill development in academic content areas
What type of assisting technology device is excluded from IDEA?
surgically implanted devices
Give an example of test-retest
survey or test group, then re-administer same evaluation two weeks later
augmentative communication
symbols, aids, strategies, and techniques used to supplement or replace oral language
Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test assesses which type of language component?
syntax
system of rules for making grammatically correct sentences
syntax
According to Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, what are the steps to establishing cooperative learning groups?
teacher selects members of each learning group, teacher directly teaches cooperative group skills, teacher assigns cooperative group activities, teacher evaluates group efforts
PL 99-457
Individualized family service plan - provides services for kids ages 3-5 and their families
Define normalization
opportunity for persons with disability to live as close to normal as possible
What changes were made in 1990 to the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975?
specific teminology
IDEA required members of an IEP team
-Regular Ed teacher -Special Ed teacher -Parent/guardian, -Rep. of local education agency knowledgeable about specialized instruction -Student if appropriate and other people invited by the parents or school.
What terms did IDEA change?
"handicapped" to "disabilities"
What is provided by the ADA?
*signed same year as IDEA by President Bush *gives protection to all people on basis of race, sex, national origin and religion * = opportunities to persons with disabilities in employment, public accommodations,transportation, government services & telecommunication
4 types of Bilingual Special Education Instructional Delivery Models
-Bilingual Support model -Coordinated services model -Integrated bilingual special education -Bilingual special education model.
Bilingual Special Education model
-integrates all school personnel who focus on bilingual special education instruction and services// all professionals have been trained in bilingual special education -(type of bilingual special education delivery service model)
Examples of Passive-Aggressive Behavior
1. Pretending to be in agreement with others 2. Performing poorly on written tasks 3. Damaging intimate relationships
Diana v. State Board of Education
1970, resulted in the decision that all children must be tested in their native language.
Where must an IQ fall for a person to be diagnosed with mental retardation?
2 standard deviation points below mean
What to constitutional amendments leave education up to the states?
9th & 10th
Response cost
A behavior management procedure in which reinforcers are withdrawn as a consequence for inappropriate behavior in an attempt to decrease the behavior. This system is often used with a token economy and needs to be tied to the occurrence of specific, observable behavior.
Anticipatory set (also called an initial activity)
A brief portion of a lesson given at the very beginning to get students' attention, activate prior knowledge, and prepare them for the day's learning.
Scripted reading instruction
A commercial reading program where the program, not the classroom teacher, determines what the teacher says during instruction and/or the particular lessons and the instructional pace.
IDEA
A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. This law governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities.
Authentic assessment
A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills.
Muscular dystrophy
A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences (Not A because it's the teacher's responsibility to show a paraprofessional how to help their students. Not B because a teacher does not have the authority to fire staff. Not D because modeling is more immediate and direct.)
A paraprofessional struggles to support a student adequately in a special education classroom. Which of following is the most appropriate action for the classroom teacher to take? A. Reporting the situation to the supervising administrator B. Replacing the paraprofessional with one who is better trained to support students in the classroom C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences D. Providing articles on research-based strategies and techniques
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)
A plan for special services for young children with developmental delays from birth to three years of age that includes plans for transitioning to preschool. Once a child turns 3 years old, an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is put into place instead.
Cystic fibrosis
A progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and limits the ability to breathe over time.
B. Modeling problems using concrete manipulatives
A second-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics is having difficulty understanding the concept of regrouping when subtracting two-digit numbers. Which of the following is the best strategy the special education teacher can use to support the student's learning? A. Assigning extra practice problems for homework B. Modeling problems using concrete manipulatives C. Providing fewer math problems per work sheet D. Allowing the student to use a calculator to solve problems
D. Student readiness
A special education teacher who notices that some students are easily completing group tasks and others are struggling decides to regroup the students. Which of the following criteria for regrouping is most appropriate for the teacher to use? A. Learner profiles B. Student interests C. Peer relationships D. Student readiness
Behavioral intervention plan
Is applied behavior analysis part of a student's behavioral intervention plan or individualized education program?
Oral Reading Fluency assessment (ORF)
AKA Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) One-minute assessment in which a student reads a grade-level text aloud. Test supervisor notes errors the reader doesn't self-correct and the number of words read correctly.
diabetic hypoglycemia
AKA insulin reaction or insulin shock Occurs when blood sugar falls to a very low level (failure to take insulin or eat often enough). It is important to treat it quickly or the diabetic could faint, in which case an injection of glucagon is administered.
60 days
According to IDEA, a student who is referred for special education services must be evaluated within how many days of the referral date?
C. parents desire another source of information (either to confirm or challenge the results of testing reported by the school district)
According to federal safeguards, an outside evaluation of a student to confirm whether the student has a disability may be approved by a school district if the: A. school district does not provide one when requested B. student has had at least one recent evaluation C. parents desire another source of information D. IEP team requires more data to develop a program
Multiple sclerosis
An unpredictable, degenerative, often disabling disease of the central nervous system that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body, as the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.
No Child Left Behind (2001)
An updated version of the 1965 ESEA. This version increased school accountability and standardized testing, and it introduced adequate yearly progress and resulting consequences.
Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)
An updated version of the 2001 NCLB. This version maintained NCLB's standardized testing requirements, but it leaves significantly more control in the hands of the states/districts.
Pervasive Spectrum Disorders (PSD)
Another name for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). PSD causes disabilities in language, thought, emotion, and empathy.
Integrated Bilingual Special Education Model
Applied in districts with bilingual special educator teachers who can give instruction in the native language, English as Second Language (ESL) training and transition assistance as the student gains proficiency. (type of bilingual special education delivery model)
What type of question would most directly evaluate the utility of instructional material?
Are the materials organized in a useful manner?
Shaping
Behavior management technique that involves choosing close approximations and reinforcing successive approximations to the target each time the desired behavior occurs.
Which of the following will most likely decrease the rate of occurrence for the targeted behavior? A. Negative Reinforcement B. Differential Reinforcement C. Punishment D. Positive Reinforcement
C. Punishment
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Children and adults with_______ typically engage in a series of highly ritualized behaviors that are rigidly performed when they feel stressed. Behaviors include tapping, snapping fingers, blinking, counting and so forth.
Self monitoring
Choosing behaviors and alternatives and monitoring those actions
Collaborative teaching
Classrooms have a lead teacher and a specialized teacher to listen to the lesson then work with special needs children. Other methods include: learning centers/stations in which collaborative teachers are responsible for different areas, assigning special needs students into a resource room, team teaching and/or consultation by the special education teacher to the classroom teacher.
Hudson v. Rowley (1982)
Court case that defined the term "free and appropriate education" in the "least restrictive environment"
REI
Regular education intervention or inclusion
Self evaluation
Deciding the effectiveness of the behavior in solving the problem
Satiation
Decreasing or Eliminating an unacceptable behavior as a result of continued and increased reinforcement of the behavior. (student complains of hunger, in order to stop the complaining, snacks are given to the student)
Acculturation
Differences in experiential background.
What does EHA stand for?
Education for all Handicapped Children Act
In order to prevent bias and discrimination in assessment, what must be provided?
Evaluation materials used to assess a child must be in native language or other mode of communication
A grade-equivalent score of 4.2 indicates a score that the typical student would earn in the second month of 4th grade.
Explain what a grade-equivalent score of 4.2 means.
Assessment in the student's native language
For a bilingual student, what type of extra assessment is necessary to determine baseline skills?
A. visual reminders of appropriate behavior
For students with autism, which of the following is likely to help increase appropriate behavior? A. visual reminders of appropriate behavior B. peer buddy to help regulate behavior C. allowing students to opt out of frustrating academic tasks D. seating students at the front of the classroom
Literature circles (similar to book clubs)
Form of reading instruction in which small groups of students gather to discuss their responses to a reading. Students are typically able to choose books based on their interests (rather than their reading levels) and they are more independent.
Read-aloud
Form of reading instruction in which the teacher reads a text aloud to students.
Guided reading
Form of reading instruction that allows teachers to work with small groups of students while focusing on the students' levels and differentiating instruction within the groups.
Heterogeneous grouping
Forming groups of students with diverse abilities (helpful for students with special needs to be included with stronger peers)
Homogeneous grouping
Forming groups of students with similar abilities (does not promote inclusion)
metacognitive teaching approach
Helping students understand how to "think about their thinking" as they work to solve problems, activate or select strategies to use, and anchor learning in their memory.
Provide periodic review of lessons
How can teachers best help students with intellectual disabilities retain previously acquired skills?
Coordinated services model
IEP team consists of an English speaking special education teacher + bilingual educator. (model of bilingual special education delivery model)
B. shares all responsibilities, including both behavior management and academic content, with the general education teacher
In inclusion settings, the special education teacher: A. acts as an assistant to the general education teacher B. shares all responsibilities, including both behavior management and academic content, with the general education teacher C. observes the general education teacher and offers advice and support for his or her independent teaching D. manages the behavior concerns of special education students while the general education teacher focuses on academic content
D. provide technology software for home use
In order to promote successful use of assistive technology, teachers should try to _____________ whenever possible. A. provide homework that utilizes the technology B. limit work that does not use the technology C. allow the entire class to use the same technology D. provide technology software for home use
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Tourette syndrome
Individuals with _____________________ are rarely aggressive nor are they reluctant to make eye contact or otherwise engage others. Often coupled with OCD. Characterized by explosive sounds (inappropriate words, meaningless syllables), muscular twitches of the face or elsewhere in the body and the complete inability to control the spasms.
Compensatory approach
Instructional approach that looks for ways to build on a student's strengths and work around weaknesses when remedial instruction has not made the desired progress.
Metacognitive strategy
Instructional approach used to help students understand the way they learn and allow students to think about their thinking.
C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services
Jodeen is a 7-year-old who has been evaluated and found to have a mild-expressive language delay. Her hearing is normal, and her functioning in all areas other than expressive language is age appropriate. Which of the following placements would be most appropriate for Jodeen? A. A self-contained special education class with speech and language services B. A part-time placement in a resource room for developmental and oral reading C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services D. A full-time general education placement with an emphasis on reading support
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Often a myriad of symptoms including: disorganization, easily distracted and frustrated, defensive, immature, impulsive, often interrupts conversations and hyperactive behaviors.
C. learners with disabilities will have an opportunity to achieve that is commensurate with that of their peers
On the basis of such cases as Hudson v. Rowley (1982), the courts determined that "appropriate education" means that: A. students will have all the resources and related services needed to fulfill their potential B. services that maximize achievement will be provided to students as long as the cost is not prohibitive C. learners with disabilities will have an opportunity to achieve that is commensurate with that of their peers D. interpreters will be provided for all deaf students
1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Johnson) 2001: No Child Left Behind (Bush) 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act (Obama)
One special education law went through multiple updates and reauthorizations. Name the three different versions of this law. 1965: ____________________________ 2001: ____________________________ 2015: ___________________________
Remedial instruction
One-on-one or small group instruction that focuses on the needs of the individual student.
Biophysical perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes biological factors' contributions to behavior.
Psychosocial perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes familial factors and extra-familial influences like the school, peers, and television.
Behaviorist perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes how behavior is learned, including modeling and observation of others.
Holistic perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the full spectrum of possible influences.
Ecological perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the importance of interactions between the student and their environment.
Psycho-educational perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that focuses on the underlying problems of the child as well as academic achievement.
what principle state that any activity in which a student voluntarily participates on a frequent basis can be used as a reinforcer for any activity in which the student seldomnpaticipates
Premack Principle
Test of Silent Contextual Reading Fluency
Presents a student with a string of words with no spaces in-between. The student must use dashes to separate the words. E.g., Thesmalldogherdedthefluffysheepintothebarn. The/small/dog/herded/the/fluffy/sheep/into/the/barn. The more words a student separates, the higher the silent reading fluency score.
Locus of control
Refers to the way a person perceives the relation between his efforts and outcome of an event.
Generalization
The ability to complete a task, perform an activity, or display a behavior across settings, with different people, and at different times.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities, which prohibited discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications.
Task analysis
The process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components.
Applied behavior analysis
The process of observing and recording data about a student's behavior in order to identify precursors and then develop interventions and consequences to change student behavior.
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) 1975
The first major law that guaranteed the right to a public education for all children, specifically stating that students with disabilities must be given the same opportunities for education as other children. Specifically, this law introduced the idea of a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) and determined that children would be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE) to the greatest degree possible. Also required IEPs. Name the year of this law.
Event Recording
The recording of a behavior each time it occurs during an observation period. Also called frequency recording.
Word-attack skills
The set of skills a student uses to recognize and understand words (e.g. context clues, visual recognition strategies, decoding, sounding out, etc.).
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 A student with asthsma.
This law focuses on vocational rehabilitation, affirmative action and nondiscrimination in employment, and civil rights for people with disabilities. Which section of this law is the basis for special services in education for students with a broad range of disabilities (beyond IDEA's 13 categories)? Give an example of someone who might qualify for a 504 plan but not an IEP.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004
This law is a modification of the 1975 EHA. It was first renamed this in 1990, but it was updated most recently in _____________. As a replacement for EHA, it is the current law for FAPE, LRE, and IEPs.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1965
This law was passed as part of President Johnson's War on Poverty. It was the most far-reaching federal legislation related to education ever passed. It established funding for primary and secondary schools, and it emphasized equal access to education, high standards, and accountability. Ultimately, it established the federal government's expanded role in public education. Name the year of this law.
Similar (students are more likely to transfer learning when the classroom situation & the new situation are similar; i.e. authentic assignments)
To help students transfer learned skills to new situations, teachers should make the learning situation and the opportunity to apply the skill as ____________________ as possible.
C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product (Research shows that students are motivated to learn when they are given choices that reflect personal goals and needs.)
Which of the following is a research-based teaching strategy that best helps students value learning and develop intrinsic motivation to learn? A. Planning instruction to ensure that all students have prior knowledge that they can build on B. Recognizing that students want the recognition and rewards that accomplishments bring C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product D. Encouraging students to do their best although a task may be beyond their abilities
C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives
Which of the following is an example of a curriculum-based assessment? A. Using RTI to compare student performance B. IQ test scores C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives D. Standardized testing
D. Drilling the student on pointing to the sink when he or she wants a drink of water
Which of the following is an example of functional language training for a student who is nonverbal? A. Rewarding the student for making a vocalization approximating a sound made by the teacher B. Rewarding the student for any vocalization made while looking at the teacher C. Drilling on bilabial sounds so the student can say "mama" D. Drilling the student on pointing to the sink when he or she wants a drink of water
D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom (because this allows students an opportunity to practice their new skills in an authentic setting where the teacher can observe generalization)
Which of the following is the best way for a special education teacher to determine the extent to which students have generalized the writing skills they have been working on in his class? A. Moving the students to the library for a group research and writing session B. Asking the students' classroom teachers about their progress as writers C. Inviting a guest teacher to evaluate her students in the resource classroom D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom
A. Providing systematic phonics instruction that incorporates phonemic awareness
Which of the following teaching strategies is most appropriate to address the needs of a second-grade student whose spelling is difficult to decode? A. Providing systematic phonics instruction that incorporates phonemic awareness B. Taking dictation of the student's ideas and preparing a transcript for the student to study C. Removing the expectation that the student will communicate in well-written paragraphs D. Emphasizing classroom activities that involve oral spelling in collaborative groups
Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)
a group of four reading strategies that students with learning disabilities can use to decipher and understand texts// 1) Before reading, preview text. 2) Target clunks (words or syllables the reader doesn't understand) and apply strategies to decode the clunks. 3) Students get the gist by understanding the most important character, setting, event or idea. 4) Students wrap it up by creating questions to discuss their understanding of the text and summarize its meaning.
response to intervention (RTI)
a strategy for diagnosing learning disabilities in which a student with an academic delay receives research supported interventions to correct the delay. If the interventions do not result in considerable academic improvement, the failure to respond suggests casual learning disabilities.
direct instruction teaching method
a teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students, and maximum time spent on learning tasks
give an example of emotional behavior
attention seeking
What modalities are frequently used in the learning process?
auditory, visual, and tactile
How is autism categorized in IDEA?
autism is a separate exceptional category developmental disability that affects verbal/nonverbal communication
Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997
behavior problems in special education students are best handled with positive behavior support
Bilingual Support Model
bilingual paraprofessionals + English-speaking special educators to assist with the IEP implementation
dysgraphia
brain-based disorder in which written expression is impaired: listed under IDEA as a "specific learning disability"
in career education specific training and preparation required the wold of work occurs during what phase
career preparation
accommodations
changes in HOW students learn and are assessed
Modifications
changes in WHAT students are expected to learn
self-instruction
child performs the task while instructing himself, silently or overtly
What is a CST?
child study team
teaching student how to manage their own behavior in school is what type of learning strategy
cognitive
the adult model performs a task while verbally instructing himself
cognitive modeling
method used to increase student engaged learning time by having students teach other students
collaborative learning
cultural load
concerned with how the relationship between language and culture can help or hinder learning.
people with language disorders exhibit what traits
difficulty in comprehending questions, commands or statements inability to adequately express own thoughts delayed language interrupted language development qualitatively different language total absence of language
explain direct versus indirect services of special education teachers
direct services are those in which personnel work with students in the classroom to re-mediate difficulties. Indirect, special ed consult with reg classroom teachers to assist them in teaching students with mild disabilities.
dyscalculia
disability with mathematical problems: numerical sense, equations, identifying numbers, etc "Defines a range of difficulties in math, such as the inability to understand numbers' meanings, measurements, patterns, mathematical terms and the application of mathematical principals. Early cues include a young child's inability to group items by size or color, recognize patterns or understand the meaning or order of numbers."
Define learning disabled
discrepancy between achievement and potential
What factors relate to the eligibility for learning disabilities?
discrepancy between potential and performance
give an example of a speech disorder
disfluency
which category of behaviors would most likely be found on a behavior rating scale
disruptive, acting out; shy, withdrawn; aggressive (physical or verbal)
What must be given to parents, in writing, to parents when proposing a child's education placement?
due process safeguards
child who has difficulty in verbalizing his thoughts and feelings has a problem with what
encoding language
explain adaptive skills
hold cup? reach/grasp for item?
Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
hyperactivity, impulsivity, memory and communication problems, sexually uninhibited, improper language, failure to recognize social cues, inability to focus, and physical problems such as balance.
give an example of tactile perception
identifying a rough surface with eyes closed
What type of testing is appropriate for evaluation of student for eligibility and placement or individualized program planning in special education?
individualized testing
test measuring the content of a social studies unit prepared by a classroom teacher covering an aspect of general curriculum is an example of what type of test.
informal test
What type of information can be provided by a criterion referenced test?
information about whether a student has mastered prerequisite skills
In terms of special education, what would be the MOST restrictive environment?
institutional setting
what is most descriptive of vocational training in special education
instruction focuses upon self help skills, social-interpersonal skills, motor skills, rudimentary academic skills, simple occupational skills, and lifetime leisire and occupational skills
What does IDEA state with regards to the assessing of a child?
it should be continuous and on a regular basis
behaviorists contend that all behavior is
learned
Frustration reading level
less than 90% accuracy in word recognition and less than 50% accuracy in comprehension, retelling a story is illogical or incomplete and the student cannot accurately answer questions about the text. Student is unable to unlock meaning from a text regardless of teacher support or strategies.
Explain how a CST works
meets 1st time without parents, teachers take child's learning concerns to school counselor, counselor contacts parents for permission to perform screening
mnemonic devices
memory technique to help your brain encode and remember information
smallest unit of meaningful language
morpheme ex: "er" on its own has no meaning
study of the smallest unit of language that convey meaning
morphology
Which description best characterizes primary reinforcers of an edible nature?
natural, unconditioned, innately motivating
explain zero reject
no child can be denied an education because they are "uneducable". Main component of IDEA and FAPE.
What was established by IDEA 2004?
no single assessment will be used to determine special education qualification - minority & bilingual
What type of test is the LEAST appropriate for individual program planning?
norm referenced
target behaviors must be
observable, measurable, definable
example of secondary reinforcer
praise or a hug
What is assessed in an IEP?
present level of academic and functioning
A student needs continuous feedback in order to experience small, incremental achievements. What type of instructional material would best meet this need?
programmed materials allow student to chart his progress as he achieves each goal & he can monitor himself and take responsibility for his successes
study of relationships between words and grammatical forms in a language, and their underlying meaning
semantics
which component of language involves language content rather than the form of language
semantics
cooperative learning
small groups of classmates work toward common goals
ability to build and maintain interdependent relationships between persons.
social interpersonal skills
What influences normality in child behavior?
society's attitudes and cultural beliefs
example of environmental elements which influence learning styles
sound, light, temperature and design
What is provided by FAPE?
special ed and related services are provided at public expense; meet standards of state education agency; include preschool, elementary and secondary education; conforms to IEP
What type of testing do kids in a regular classroom receive?
testing primarily related to promotion by grade level
Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test is designed to give the examiner what type of info about a child
the child's expressive grammatical competence
orthography
the conventional spelling system of a language
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship between a spoken sound and the letters predictably used in English to transcribe them
Phonological awareness
the understanding of the sounds that within a spoken word.
phonological awareness
the understanding of the sounds within a spoken word; contributes to fluid reading skills
What is key to encourage the individual to continue the targeted behavrio
timing and quality of the reinforcer
When is an intelligence test used?
to establish learning potential
people with speech disorders exhibit what traits
unintelligible speech or speech that is difficult to understand & articulation disorders speech-flow disorders unusual voice quality obvious emotional discomfort when trying to communicate damage to nerves or brain centers with control muscles used in speech
differentiation teaching method
varies instruction by using different activities that address several learning modalities and ability levels.
the career education movement
was targeted for the general populace of students but included special education students as well
if a student is predominantly a visual learner, he may learn more effectively by
watching a film strip
When would an oral response test not be a good idea?
when assessing something like handwriting
Do self managed student stay in a regular class?
yes
