G&D infancy to Adolescents

Which would a nurse include in a parent teaching about the enhancement of gross motor skill development in the toddler?

"Encourage your child in soccer play." Soccer play helps strengthen the skeletal muscles of lower limbs and improves gross motor skills in the child.

Which statement made by a 13-year-old's parents needs correction in regard to appropriate parenting practices? Select all that apply

"I will motivate my child to perform well in exams by comparing them to their siblings" "I will teach my child to make decisions and understand consequences as a adult would" The nurse should suggest that the parents avoid comparing the adolescent to their siblings to prevent the development of an inferiority complex. The nurse should encourage parents to allow adolescent children to make their own choices and learn from them, even when those choices are not the choices an adult would make.

The nurse is explaining which developmental milestone a child's parents would expect to see at the age of 18 months. Which statement made by the parents indicates the need for further instruction? Select all that apply

"My child will be able to take a few steps on tiptoe" "My child will be able to pick up objects without falling" "My child will be able to kick a ball without losing balance"

Which statement made by a parent supports a nurse's finding that an adolescent is in the fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

"My child yells at me when I forbid him from attending any late night parties" According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, adolescents develop formal operations thinking and analytical thinking. Therefore, adolescents tend to question parents and manipulate their thinking.

Which statement, by the parent of a 7-month-old infant, indicates that the child may have delayed fine motor development?

"My infant is not able to use both hands while grasping objects." The child will develop the ability to grasp objects with both hands at the age of 4 months. Therefore, a 7-month-old child who is unable to use both hands to grasp objects may have a delay in fine motor development.

An anxious parent of a 6-year-old child expresses that the child looks slimmer than a year ago, although the nurse finds the child's height and weight to be age-appropriate. How would the nurse respond to this parent?

"The fat has diminished, and the fat distribution pattern has changed" As the preschooler develops into a school-age child, the fat in the body diminishes, and the distribution pattern of the fat changes, making the child appear slim. Looking slimmer during school age is a normal part of growth and development.

Which response would the nurse give to parents who are worried that their 8-year-old child is very thin and looks unattractive because of large teeth?

"The pattern of fat distribution changes in children of this age" School-age children look slimmer compared with how they looked as preschoolers. This is because their fat distribution pattern changes and most of the fat diminishes. The early years of middle childhood, when the new secondary (permanent) teeth appear too large for the face, are known as the ugly duckling stage.

When assessing the cognitive development of a 9-year-old child, which characteristic indicates inadequate development?

Believes there are more blocks when spread out on the floor than in the container At age 5 to 7, children learn that simply altering the arrangement of objects in space does not change certain properties of the objects. A 9-year-old should be able to resist perceptual cues that there are more blocks when on the floor than when in their container.

Which stage of psychosocial development would an individual successfully master to achieve self-control and willpower, according to Erikson's theory?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt In the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, the child becomes more independent and develops autonomy by making choices. Limiting the choices and enacting harsh punishment lead to feelings of shame and guilt. Therefore, the individual who succeeds at this stage will achieve self-control and willpower

Which stage of psychosocial development best describes the behavior of a preschooler who insists on having breakfast alone, even though the child is unable to eat properly?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Which stage of Freud's psychosexual development will the nurse observe in a 3-year-old child?

Anal stage The anal stage of development is seen in a child at 1 to 3 years of age, during the time the child is being toilet trained.

According to Piaget, which cognitive behavior would the nurse expect in a 7-year-old child?

Classifies and sorts facts to solve problems A 7-year-old child is usually in the concrete operation stage of Piaget's development theory and should have the ability to classify and sort facts to solve problems

The nurse is teaching a toddler's parent about behavioral interventions for the promotion of age-appropriate growth and development. Which intervention would the nurse suggest?

Do not punish the child in front of others According to Erikson's stages of development, a toddler is in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. At this age, the child may feel small and self-conscious when scolded in front of other children; therefore, the parent should not react negatively to the child in front of others

During a well-baby clinic visit, the nurse finds that a 1-year-old infant says "ma" and "pa" only and uses gestures to communicate. Which nursing evaluation is appropriate related to this finding?

Exhibits normal language development Infants usually use very few words to convey their needs and rely mostly on gestures. Therefore, the infant has normal language development.

A 13-year-old states, "I don't know if I want to go to college or start working after high school." Which stage of psychosocial development describes this child's uncertainty?

Identity versus role confusion This child's statement indicates a struggle to establish a sense of identity, which is characteristic of the identity versus role confusion stage.

The nurse observes a 20-month-old toddler saying sentences such as, "I play," and "No sleep." Which does the nurse conclude about the child's communication?

Language acquisition is age- appropriate Children begin to use two-word sentences at 18 to 24 months of age. Therefore, the nurse concludes that the child's language acquisition is age-appropriate.

Based on growth and development factors, which task is appropriate for a 6-year-old child? Select all that apply.

Playing spelling games, Taking baths without supervision, Using a knife to spread butter on the bread A 6-year-old child has adequate physical and cognitive development to enjoy oral spelling games. The child would be able to take baths without supervision and has the ability to use a knife to spread butter on the bread. An 8- to 9-year-old child is able to comb their hair independently and can also help with household work

Which stage of cognitive development would the nurse suspect in a child who says, "My doll is crying because it is feeling hungry"?

Preoperational This statement indicates that the child is in the preoperational stage because the child is demonstrating animism. He or she believes that inanimate objects have lifelike thoughts, wishes, and feelings.

A 10-year-old is unable to make friends and has trouble completing school tasks even with parental motivation. Which characteristic of this child indicates a failure at the Erikson's developmental stage of school-age children? Select all that apply

Sense of inferiority, sense of inadequacy During the industry versus inferiority stage (6 to 11 years of age), children will learn to work and play with their peers, and they thrive on accomplishments and praise. Without proper support for learning, they develop a sense of inferiority and inadequacy. Therefore, if the child fails to learn socially productive skills at this stage even with proper support, it will result in a sense of inferiority and inadequacy

While sitting on the counter, a child touches a pan on the stove and burns his or her hands. The child learns that is is not safe to touch objects on the stove. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development would the child's behavior demonstrate?

Sensorimotor The sensorimotor stage is governed by sensations in which simple learning takes place. During this stage, children develop a sense of cause and effect as they direct behavior toward objects and solve problems primarily by trial and error. The child burns his or her hands after touching the cookware on the stove and

Which physical parameter in a school-age child indicates inadequate growth and development?

The child's leg length has decreased in comparison to height In school-age children, physical growth is manifested as increases or decreases in the body parts in relation to each other. If the child's leg length is reduced in relation to the height, this indicates physical growth is inadequate.

Which type of reasoning is observed in the preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Transductive Transductive reasoning is observed in the preoperational stage, in which the individual thinks that because two events occur together, they cause each other.

The nurse suspects that a 7-year-old child has impaired cognitive development. Which inability supports the nurse's conclusion?

Unable to copy a diamond shape Concrete operations are well developed in a 7-year-old child. The child has the ability to copy a diamond, repeat three numbers backward, and perform mechanical reading. Therefore, an inability to copy a diamond indicates that the child has impaired cognitive development.

While playing, a child takes a few pebbles and places them in order from smallest to largest. Which stage of cognitive development does the child's behavior demonstrate?

concrete operations During the stage of concrete operations, the child's thought becomes more logical and coherent. The child in this stage is able to classify, sort, order, and organize facts about the world to use in problem solving. Therefore, the child placing the pebbles in order of smallest to largest indicates that the child is in the stage of concrete operations.

According to Freud's theory, in which stage of development can a child identify with the parent of the same sex?

phallic The development of sexual identity is the major developmental task in the phallic stage. Therefore, identification with the parent of the same sex takes place in this stage.