GEC. Communication, World Englishes

act sequence

- refer to the actual form and content of what is said - precise word used and how they used

instrumentalities

- refers to the choice of channel (oral, written)

participants

- refers to the people involve in the communication event - participants have to be aware of their roles

ends

- refers to the recognized and expected outcomes of exchange -participants seek to accomplish on occasions

norms

- refers to the specific behavior and properties attach to speaking

setting and scene

- refers to the time and place. - about concrete physical circumstances

key

- refers to the tone and manner in which the message is conveyed

genre

- type of utterance/category (lecture, sermons)

context

-circumstances or events that encompasses the entire communicative event

1. logos - logical appeal 2. ethos - ethical appeal 3. pathos - emotional appeal

3 types of appeals in aristotle's linear model

dell hymes

according to him the vocabulary formality would vary in different physical settings and occasion

paralinguistic element

aspects of spoken communication that do not envolve words (body language, gestures)

robert phillipson

coined the linguistic imperialism

interaction

communication is an ____

purposes and contexts

communication varies in ___

cultural collisions

conflict between their own and the new culture where they currently navigate - miscommunication between collectivist and individualist

culture by schein

consist of shared beliefs, values and assumptions of a group of people who learn from one another

1. dynamic 2. shared 3. learned 4. systemic 5. symbolic

culture is __

1. thinks 2. interacts 3. communicates 4. transmits knowledge

culture shapes how one__

1. source/sender 2. receiver/listener 3. feedback 4. channels 5. noise

elements of communication

physical age culture gender education

example of noise

sight sound taste touch speaking and writing

examples of channels

situational socio-cultural physical interpersonal organizational

examples of context

bilingualism

exonormative stablization: an asset among the natives

indigenous elites

exonormative stablization: natives who have access to developing english proficiency are considered ___

1. the use of english by the foreigners 2. the use of indigenous language by the natives

foundation: 2 linguistic processes

edgar werner schneider

he tries to avoid a purely geographical and historical approach evident in kachru's concentric model

1. self-awareness 2. avoiding stereotypes 3. honesty 4. respect 5. inquiry 6. acceptance of differences and difficulties that occur in communication

how do we achieve intercultural competence?

context

how we communicate is dependent on the ____

1. language nativization/indigenization - implies the adaptation to fit the communicative needs of those adopting it 2. linguistic accommodation - participants in a conversation adjust their accent according tot he speech style of other person 3. linguistic imperialism - person set aside his/her own language to accommodate the other 4. lingua franca - language use as a means of communication between population

important concepts of communication

the language of science

in the context of research, drubin and kellog posit that english is ___

redundancy

is also a distinguishing feature of english

english

is the most dominant language in the world

1. inner circle - historical and sociolinguistic roots of the English language, native speakers (USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada) 2. outer circle - post colonies of great britain and US, own norms and rules (Philippines, India, Malaysia, South Africa, Singapore) 3. exapanding circle - did not play any historical/governmental role, rely on the linguistic norms set by the inner circle (china, indonesia, korea, south america, japan)

kachru's concentric model with definition and countries

ethnocentrism

misguided assumption of a cultural group that is superior to other cultural group

1. aristotle's linear model - the message has crafted 2. laswell's model - based on 5 questions 3. osgood ane schramm's model - circular communication, both encode and decode/send and receives 4. barnlund's transactional model - systematic model, reciprocal sending and receiving and includes noise

models of communication with definition

cross-cultural communication

people from different cultural backgrounds adjust to improve communication with each other

1. competitive pressure 2. globalisation of tasks and resources

reasons why there is a move toward making english a corporate standard (neeley, 2012)

phase 3 approaching 4

schneider claims that yhe Philippines is still in phase

1. foundation -introduction of the english language to a location 2. exonormative stabilization - foreigners establish their community in the new territory 3. nativization - colony is working on its independence 4. endonormative stablization - localized English 5. differentiation - the territoy projects itself as having an identity from a colony

schneider's dynamic model with definition

intercultural competence

the ability to communicate effectively in various cultural context

1. surface culture - foods, art, holidays and celebrations 3. deep culture - marriage, ethics, taboos

the cultural iceburge by edward t. hall

1. opens to more opportunities 2. gain access to different types of media 3. advantage to becoming an interculturally competent person 4. brings nations together

the importance of English as a global language

heterogenous

the more englulish spreads globally, the more ____ it becomes internally (mair, 2013)

language and culture

they cannot exist without each other

intercultural communication by edward T. hall

two or more people with different cultural backgrounds interact and communicate with each other

1. prescriptivist - attempt to legislate what a speaker's grammatic rules should be 2. descriptivist - describe the rule that all knows

two ways to look at grammar

1. dialect - variation of a language pertaining to characteristics of the user 2. register - a set of language item associated with social group

types of language

1. external - physical noise, unwanted sound in the environment 2. internal - person's state or feelings 3. linguistic barrier - no common language code

types of noise in barnlund's transactional model

1. frozen/static - utterance that have been documented (laws) 2. formal/regulated - utterance that follow similar rules about the form (application letter, wedding) 3. consultative/professional - utterance that follow similar rules which seek or provide help 4. casual/group - utterance that follow norms that understood by the group 5. intimate/personal - "private register" - use with family members, partners, and friends

types of registers with definition

language, paralinguistic

we alter our _____ and ____ element according to our intentions and the setting in which we currently participate

1. US 2. thomasites

when the Philippine-American war ended in 1902 and the islands officially became and unincorporated territory of the (1). in a new public school system, the american teachers were called (2).

communication breakdown

when the communicator fails to consider context, there is a possibility of a ____