GeD 107 MIDTERM CHAPTER 1 TO 4

HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF

"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means.

Importance of Ethics

(1) through ethics people can determine the difference between right from wrong, good and bad; (2) people can eliminate actions that do not conform to what is right; (3) people will be very careful to the actions and decisions to make; (4) people will not be disturbed of the internal and external factors of not doing the right thing; (5) establish good habits of characters of a person; (6) come up to rational decisions in facing an ethical dilemma; (7) it makes a person responsible in the family, school and society; (8) a person becomes sensitive to the needs of others more than himself or herself; and (9) reminds a person to fully need conscience in decision making and a person can acknowledge the actions made.

Ethical Issues

1. Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior. 2. Toxic workplace culture. 3. Discrimination and harassment/ Peril of employee favoritism. 4. Unrealistic and conflicting goals. 5. Use of the organization's technology, social media use, technology, and privacy concerns. 6. Business travel ethics.

Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior.

A leader of the organization must act with candor, be an example to his subordinates, with upright moral values.

Kurie & Albin (2007),

A moral dilemma is a situation in which people assume that they should morally do one thing and that they should morally do another thing,

Kvalnes (2019)

A person experienced with a dilemma must decide whether the moral duty will be given priority; "whatever action is taken will offend an important moral value."

Self Infected Dilemma

A prior personal mistake arise to a moral dilemma.

Kohak (1984)

According to __________, culture is at the root of human alienation from the environment.

Zimmerman explicated (2017)

According to ____________culture as the characteristics and awareness of a specific community of people, including language, religion, food, social behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and the arts.

Sociologists

According to___________culture consists of ideals, beliefs, language systems, communication, and behaviors that people have in common and that can be used to describe them as a group.

1. The Filipino people are very resilient. 2. Filipinos take pride in their families. 3. Filipinos are very religious. 4. Filipinos are very respectful. 5. Filipinos help one another. 6. Filipinos values traditions and culture. 7. Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebration. 8. Filipinos love art and architecture. 9. The Filipinos are hospitable people.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO CULTURE

Gap vs Overlap

Clear things with the subordinates.

The Filipino people are very resilient.

Despite the negative experience of the Filipinos particularly during calamities and catastrophes, Filipinos able to manage and handle a difficult situation lightly. They can still smile and always manage to rise above the challenge.

Normative Ethics

Examine whether or not a particular act should or should not be carried out.

Filipinos values traditions and culture.

Filipino traditions and culture are very important for Filipinos. They spent time on celebrations such as birthday parties, reunions, festivals, etc. They dedicate every gathering for continuing a good relationship with each other even over lavish food.

Filipinos help one another.

Filipinos are known to bayanihan or comunity spirit where everyone helps each other to make the task easier without expecting in return.

Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection

Filipinos are superficial and dreamy. They lack self-evaluation and reflection of the situation.

Filipinos take pride in their families.

Filipinos first and foremost priority is the family. Thus, whether you are part of the immediate family or you belong to the third and fourth generation you are cherished as a family member. Even the closest friends are regarded as a family too.

Kanya-kanya Syndrome

Filipinos have self-serving attitude that generates feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others (status vs prestige).They have personal ambition but insensitive to common will (people and own country).

Colonial Mentality

Filipinos have what we call patriotism vs active awareness mentality. They appreciate too much other nationality and foreign products than native ones (local vs imported)

Filipinos are very respectful.

Filipinos used po and opo, words that usually at the end of the sentences when addressing the elders. They also pay respect to someone older than them through pagmamano which means raising the backs of the hands of their elders to their forehands as a sign of respect.

Theory and Practice

Freedom highlighted the autonomous right of all individuals to conceive of happiness in their way. Interference with another's freedom is understood as coercing the other to be happy as the former sees fit.

Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebration.

In the Philippines, Chrismas songs started to play in the malls, restaurants, respective homes from September and last until the second week of January the next year. They hang a parol and assembling the Chrismas tree with the decoration of balls in different colors, toys, and others. Children and adults, any generation are excited to sing Christmas carols to every house. They have misa de gallo and noche buena for the celebration ofChristmas with the family.

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Irrespective of our wishes or desires, a categorical imperative binds us as everyone has a responsibility not to lie, regarless of conditions and even though it is in our interest to do so.

Ethics or moral philosophy

It can be provisionally described as the empirical study of moral decisions. It is a discipline concerned with what is morally good and evil, right and wrong. The word often refers to any scheme or philosophy of universal ideals or beliefs.

PERFECT AND IMPERFECT DUTIES

Kant believes that perfect duty is more important than an imperfect duty: when a conflict of duty arises, perfect duty must be carried out.

GOOD WILL AND DUTY

Kant started his ethical philosophy by arguing that the only virtue that can be uncontroversial good is good will.

(Leandro, Jr & Gubia-on, 2018)

Moral standards refer to the guidelines we have on the types of acts that we find to be morally permissible and morally unacceptable.

Etiquette

Refers conventional ways and uses the rules of etiquette. Decorum implies modesty and a sense of what is becoming or is fitting for a person of good breeding: a fine sense of decorum.

ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL DILEMMA

Refers to a situation that causes an organization to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers. - Leaders on how to manage people in the company or organization.

Dilemma

Situation were a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, either or whish is acceptable .

Extreme Personalism

The Filipinos always try to give an interpretation of the actions or they take things personally. They say thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-compliment) 2. Extreme Family Centeredness

Lack of Discipline

The Filipinos have a rather relaxed attitude, but bad time management (famous Filipino time). They are impatient and unable to postpone incentives or rewards. They want to take shortcuts or the 'palusot' scheme and careless.

Extreme Family Centeredness

The Filipinos have very high family protection whether in good or poor condition and circumstance (consentidor) (overprotected)

"ethos"

The concept is derived from the Greek word which may mean tradition, habit, character, or attitude.

Differentiation vs. Integration

The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a classic dilemma. The

Filipinos love art and architecture.

The gigantic and tall buildings everywhere signify Filipinos creativity in art and architecture. They love to design, think, and have a passion for aesthetic value which is unique and different.

The Filipinos are hospitable people.

The visitors whether foreigners or Filipinos are very much welcome for the Filipinos during festivities and even no occasions that when they arrive at the place, the Filipinos entertain them wholeheartedly. Offer the best food, utensils, and the place to stay. The visitors will feel at home.

Filipinos are very religious.

There are so many religions in the Philippines, nowadays, different denominations and yet they value their beliefs. For the Roman Catholics, they pay their respect to the different cross, images of Sto. Nino, the Litte Christ, and other religious articles can be found in the house. Every almost all religion, they go to Church every Sunday and sometimes twice or three times a week.

Passivity and Lack of Initiative

They 're demanding someone's accomplishment, so they're not displaying the same flag just because of race. They are rather complacent (relax) but they often have a sense of urgency. The Filipinos have a positive personality, but a lack of self-confidence and a deep desire to achieve their goals.

Maboloc, 2012

This also aims to clarify and prescribe common expectations on what human beings should do to interact with others in society and in a meaningful way.

Kant's

Views, which is libertarian freedom is not absolute, but in fact, it is the subjugation of oneself to one's wish.

1. Extreme Personalism 2. Lack of Discipline 3. Passivity and Lack of Initiative 4. Colonial Mentality 5. Extreme Family Centeredness 6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome 7. Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection

WEKNESSES OF FILIPINO CHARACTER

a. Differentiation vs. Integration b. Gap vs Overlap c. Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity d. Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence

What are the five concepts in the structural moral dilemma

Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence

When individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated. On the other hand, if the units and responsibilities are too closely connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time or excessive coordination.

Meta-ethics

____-discipline that relies on meaning. Refers to questions about the nature of moral statements, the purpose and significance of moral facts, and concerns about the interpretation and justification of moral statements.

Moral Dilemmas

______-is a situation in which a decision- maker must give preference to one moral principle over another.

Lederach, (1995)

_____________-introduced culture as the collective knowledge and schemes generated by a group of people to perceive, view, convey, and react to the social realities around them.

KANT'S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM

____________is the right to control one's actions based on reason, not desire. All of this can be simplified to the definition of autonomy.

Cole (2019)

__________defined culture as a concept that refers to a broad and diverse collection of often intangible areas of social life.

Structural moral dilemma

_________is that selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge.

Constitution: Article VI, Section 28 of the Constitution

_________provides that "the rules of taxation shall be uniform and equal" and that "a democratic system of taxation shall be established by the Congress."

Moral Philosophy

________deals with moral ideas such as what human beings "must do or how human beings should be."

Applied Ethics

________is a philosophy that discusses strong and basic moral issues linked to abortion.

UNIVERSALIZABILITY

_______an act is only permissible if one can have the principle that allows an action to be the universal law by which everybody acts.

Autonomy

_______derives from the Greek term, which translates into self-legislator.

Etiquette

_______is a decorum, propriety means reverence for the formal criteria governing conduct in a civilized society.

Normative ethics,

_______which concerns human behavior in general, is to address our questions about the essence of human behavior.

Cultus

_______which means giving respect to the sacredness of all. Originally, culture is not contrary to nature but is commonly accepted as a human being's role in it.

cultus

culture is derived from the Latin word,

Good will

is a wider conception than the will of obligation.

Individual ethical or moral dilemma

pertains to a situation where individuals confront with a number of factors such as peer pressure, personal financial position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical standards.

Leano Jr. & Gunta-on (2018),

the study of ethics should consider making it possible for an individual to fully understand what his conscience is, how he has gained it, how far he is willing and able to respect his outward manifestations with protection, and how well he can strengthen it and make it even smarter.

National law National Internal Revenue Code

—enacted as Republic Act No. 8424 or the Tax Reform Act of 1997 nd subsequent laws amending it;