General Org. Chem

What are the cellular advantages to feedback inhibition?

-It regulates the quantities of substances in a cell. -It keeps excess products from accumulating. -It allows a cell to respond quickly to changing situations and environments.

The active site of an enzyme is a small portion of the enzyme molecule. What is the function of the rest of the huge molecule?

-To stabilize the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme. -To provide sites for enzyme control and regulation. -To align the active-site functional groups that catalyze the reaction. -To hold the substrate in place

Which 3 atoms have the highest EN?

1. Florine, 2. Oxygen, and 3. Nitrogen

Strong oxidation of a primary alcohol will produce

a corboxylic acid

What type of alcohol would not be oxidized with any type of oxidizing agent?

a tertiary alcohol

The products of acid hydrolysis of an ester are

alcohol + acid

When an amide is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, the products are an

ammonium ion and a carboxylic acid.

[O] above a reaction arrow means

an oxidation reaction is occuring

One requirement for the reactants in the formation of polyester is that each molecule contain

at least two functional groups that can form ester linkages.

The products of basic hydrolysis of an ester are

carboxylate salt + alcohol

Oxidation of an alcohol group results in the formation of a

carboxylic acid for 1st degree alcohols, ketone for 2nd degree alcohols, and no reaction for 3rd degree alcohols

An enzyme that becomes overactive during a disease is best regulated by which of the following?

competitive inhibition because it competes with a substrate for binding to the active site and will regulate enzyme activity if it becomes overactive.

An enzyme that springs into action when a traumatic injury occurs is best regulated by which of the following?

covalent modification; regulates the enzyme activity of enzymes that spring into action

The reactants needed to produce simple polyesters are

diacids and dialcohols.

The reactants needed to produce simple polyamides (nylons) are

diacids and diamines

An enzyme needed only when there is low blood glucose is best regulated by which of the following?

feedback control and covalent modification

When an amine behaves as a base it ________ a hydrogen ion to form a(an) ________ ion. A) loses; hydronium B) loses; ammonium C) gains; hydronium D) loses; hydroxide E) gains; ammonium

gains; ammonium

How do you know what compound is more volatile?

the lowest molecular weight

Reaction - Alkenes + Water

the product is an alcohol; -ene to -ol

Change in water solubility of straight-chain primary alcohols as molar mass increases

the water solubility decreases. This occurs because the polarity of the hydroxyl group, which is the reason for the interaction with the polar water molecules, becomes less important as the size of the non-polar hydrocarbon portion of the molecule increases.

Organic compounds which are sulfur analogs of alcohols are referred to as

thiols

The mechanism of enzyme control that is similar to noncompetitive inhibition because both involve interactions with the enzyme at locations other than the active site is

Allosteric interaction

When an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid at high temperature the major product is a(n)

Amide

How can you distinguish between a competitive inhibitor and an uncompetitive inhibitor experimentally?

Because competitive inhibition is reversible, addition of a large amount of the normal substrate will reverse the binding of the inhibitor, and the rate of reaction of the normal substrate will return to its usual value. The effects of noncompetitive inhibition cannot be reversed by addition of excess substrate.

Unique characteristics of carbon that make it the bass of such a large number of organic compounds?

Four valence electrons & very small atom so it always forms 4 strong covalent bonds. Bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings.

Which aspect of enzyme structure is related to our dietary need for trace minerals?

Co-factor

Which types would you expect to be involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme?

polar acidic basic

When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid the major product is a(n)

Ester

Explain why LDH has two different forms, each accepting one of the enantiomers of the substrate, lactate, but not the other.

If a substrate is chiral, an enzyme usually catalyzes the reaction of only one of the pair of enantiomers because only one fits the active site in such a way that the reaction can occur.

Amino Acids used in proteins are generally

L-amino acids & alpha-amino acids

How Soap Works

Soap molecules are salts of fatty acids, which are long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrocarbon part of the molecule is hydrophobic. This part of the molecule interacts readily with grease but not with water. The end of the molecule containing the carboxylic anion is hydrophilic. It does not interact with grease, but interact with water. When a soap removes a grease spot, its hydrophobic portion interacts with the grease and breaks it into small droplets. Many of these grease/soap units self-assemble into a micelle, consisting of a grease droplet surrounded by soap molecules with the hydrophilic carboxylate groups facing outward.

Oxidation reactions are defined differently in organic vs inorganic chemistry. Explain

The inorganic definition of oxidation is loss of electrons. The organic definition is formation of additional bonds between carbon and oxygen (or decrease in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds) These are similar because when carbon forms a bond with electronegative oxygen it essentially loses some of its attraction for its electrons.

How is the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction affected by increasing enzyme concentration?

The rate increases directly as the concentration of enzyme increases with excess substrate.

When an enzyme is saturated it

is in low concentration relative to the substrate, and the reaction rate approaches its maximum

Because amines are basic, they often accept a proton. What does do to the N atom?

it result in a positive charge

Common reactions involving amines

neutralization - an amine reacts with an acid to form an amine salt ionization - an amine reacts with water to produce an alkyl ammonium ion and a hydroxide ion

Oxidation of a tertiary alcohol will produce

no reaction

Which types of side chains would you expect to participate in holding the substrate in the active site?

nonpolar polar acidic basic

When an alcohol reacts with phosphoric acid, the product is referred to as a

phosphate ester

Reaction of an ester with a strong base is called

saponification

The most common reactions involving aromatics are?

substitution; only reactions that don't break the ring