Genetics Ch 8

18. Examples of euploidy include _____ diploidy. _____ triploidy. _____ tetraploidy. _____polyploidy. _____ aneuploidy.

????

41. Visible or measurable characteristics of an organism, resulting from its genotype, are called its ______.

????

20. Edward and Patau syndrome are examples of __________. A. aneuploidy B. allopolyploidy C. autopolyploidy D. translocations

A. aneuploidy

9. What causes gene duplications? A. crossing over of misaligned chromosomes B. deletion of important genetic information C. reciprocal translocations D. position effect E. None of these choices are correct.

A. crossing over of misaligned chromosomes

42. Genetic abnormalities that occur after fertilization may result in some tissues of the body differing in their genetic composition. This is called ________. A. mosaicism B. polyploidy C. polypheny D. genetic variation

A. mosaicism

31. The short arm of a chromosome is denoted by the letter _______ and the long arm by the letter _______. A. p, q B. s, l C. q, p D. c, d

A. p, q

17. A translocation cross may occur in an individual which has which of the following? A. reciprocal translocation B. unbalanced translocation C. simple translocations D. All of these choices are correct.

A. reciprocal translocation

21. What are Klinefelter and Turner syndromes examples of? A. sex chromosome aneuploidy B. autosomal aneuploidy C. reciprocal translocations D. paracentric inversions

A. sex chromosome aneuploidy

32. A _______ translocation occurs when a piece of one chromosome is attached to another chromosome. A. simple B. complex C. reciprocal D. balanced

A. simple

5. What process is the cause of human genetic diseases such a cri-du-chat (or Lejeune) syndrome? A. translocation B. duplication C. deletion D. inversion

A. translocation

33. _______ is a drug that is used to experimentally produce polyploidy in organisms. A. Penicillin B. Colchicine C. Polymosca D. Karyocine

B. Colchicine

16. Robertsonian translocations usually occur between what types of chromosomes? A. metacentric B. acrocentric C. telocentric D. submetacentric

B. acrocentric

12. Inversions are contained within what percent of the human population? A. less than 1% B. approximately 2% C. approximately 5% D. greater than 10%

B. approximately 2%

30. The term _______ refers to genetic differences between members of the same species. A. chromosomal variation B. genetic variation C. chromosomal deletions D. polyploidy

B. genetic variation

6. Given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. The asterisk (*) indicates the centromere. Before: A B C D * E F G H After: A C D * E F G H A. terminal deletion B. interstitial deletion C. inversion D. gene duplication

B. interstitial deletion

11. Given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. The asterisk (*) indicates the centromere. Before: A B C D * E F G H After: A B G F E * D C H A. reciprocal translocation B. pericentric inversion C. paracentric inversion D. gene duplication E. None of the answers are correct.

B. pericentric inversion

25. The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila are an example of _________. A. aneuploidy B. polyploidy C. translocations D. inversion loops E. None of these choices are correct.

B. polyploidy

19. Which of following expressions denotes a trisomic organism? A. 3n B. 2n-1 C. 2n+1 D. 2n+2

C. 2n+1

1. Variations in chromosome structure are important for which of the following reason(s)? A. evolution of new species B. may result in the production of abnormal offspring C. may alter the phenotype of an organism D. All of these choices are correct.

D. All of these choices are correct.

2. Chromosomes may be identified based on which of the following characteristics? A. location of the centromere B. banding patterns C. size of the chromosome D. All of these choices are correct.

D. All of these choices are correct.

27. Which correctly describes mitotic nondisjunction? A. It is a relatively rare event. B. It results in the loss of chromosomes in some cells. C. It usually does not affect all of the cells of the organism. D. All of these choices are correct.

D. All of these choices are correct.

44. Describe endopolyploidy, and how it might benefit an organism. A. Portions of the organism have extra copies of all chromosomes, for producing additional gene products. B. The entire organism has extra copies of certain chromosomes, for producing additional gene products. C. The entire organism has extra copies of all chromosomes, to act as backup in case of DNA damage. D. Portions of the organism have extra copies of certain genes, for the functions of specialized cell types

D. Portions of the organism have extra copies of certain genes, for the functions of specialized cell types

29. Which of the following describes an organism with two complete sets of chromosomes from two different species? A. tetraploid B. aneuploid C. allodiploid D. allotetraploid

D. allotetraploid

45. Polytene chromosomes are A. chromosomes that lack telomeres. B. chromosomes with high copy number variation. C. backup copies of chromosomes that are kept segregated away from the functional copies. D. bundles of hundreds of copies of the same chromosome.

D. bundles of hundreds of copies of the same chromosome.

8. Given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. The asterisk (*) indicates the centromere. Before: A B C D * E F G H After: A B C D * E F E F G H A. terminal deficiency B. interstitial deficiency C. inversion D. gene duplication

D. gene duplication

24. Which human cells exhibit endopolyploidy? A. sex cells B. nerve cells C. all somatic cells D. liver cells E. red blood cells

D. liver cells

28. The failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase is called __________. A. synapsis B. maternal effect C. epistasis D. nondisjunction

D. nondisjunction

13. Inversion loops can occur in which of the following? A. paracentric inversions B. pericentric inversions C. gene duplications D. reciprocal translocations E. both paracentric inversions and pericentric inversions

E. both paracentric inversions and pericentric inversions

35. Inversions represent a change in the total genetic material of a chromosome. TRUE or FALSE?

FALSE

36. Polyploid plants tend to produce less fruits and flowers, be smaller in size, and cannot adapt as well to extreme environmental conditions as normal varieties. TRUE or FALSE?

FALSE

22. Select the pairs which correctly match an aneuploid condition to its genotype. _____ Edward syndrome - trisomy 18 _____ Down syndrome - trisomy 21 _____ Jacobs syndrome - XYY _____ Turner syndrome - XXY _____ Klinefelter - XO

_____ Klinefelter - XO

43. If a disease is associated with copy number variation, that suggests that it is caused by the presence of A. mRNA transcripts missing the translation STOP sequence. B. a much longer version of a gene. C. a duplicated or deleted copy of a gene. D. extra telomeres.

C. a duplicated or deleted copy of a gene.

15. Which of the following generally has the least effect on the phenotype of the individual who carries it? A. Robertsonian translocation B. unbalanced translocation C. balanced translocation D. All of these choices are equally detrimental to the phenotype.

C. balanced translocation

10. The production of gene families, such as the globin genes, is the result of ________. A. inversions B. deficiencies C. gene duplications D. simple translocations E. None of these choices are correct.

C. gene duplications

4. A loss of an internal portion of a chromosome is called a(n) __________. A. reciprocal translocation B. terminal deficiency C. interstitial deletion D. gene duplication

C. interstitial deletion

14. An inversion heterozygote contains which of the following? A. two homologous chromosomes with inversions B. two normal chromosomes C. one normal chromosome and one chromosome with an inversion D. None of these choices are correct.

C. one normal chromosome and one chromosome with an inversion

3. Which of the following would have the shortest p arm of the chromosome? A. acrocentic B. metacentric C. telocentric D. submetacentric

C. telocentric

26. Which type of plant would usually be a seedless variety? A. aneuploid B. diploid C. triploid D. tetraploid

C. triploid

23. The majority of autosomal aneuploid conditions are lethal, but sex chromosome aneuploids are usually not lethal. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

34. Variations in a gene are called allelic variations. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

37. Due to the formation of an inversion loop, sections of DNA may either be duplicated or deleted. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

38. Since no genetic material is lost or gained by an inversion, it will only influence phenotype if the breaks are within a gene or in important regulatory regions for a gene. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

39. Homologous genes within a species are called paralogs. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

40. The ends of chromosomes have areas of repeated DNA called centromeres. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE

7. The effects of a deficiency on an organism are dependent on the importance of the missing genetic material. TRUE or FALSE?

TRUE