Genetics Chapter 22-23

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Which of the following are used in the search-by-signal approach?

* Promoter sequence * Start codons * Stop codons

What is a microsatellite?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

A sequence of codons read in groups of three bases is known as a(n)

Blank 1: reading Blank 2: frame

A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n) - site, or STS.

Blank 1: sequence Blank 2: tagged

How can bioinformatics be used to identify the function of a new gene?

By finding a homologous gene whose mechanism of activity is known

What would be the most reasonable technique to use to determine if a drug is capable of inhibiting the binding of a transcription factor?

ChIP assay

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

Which of the following techniques is commonly used for cytogenetic mapping?

In situ hybridization

What does physical mapping provide that the other types of genetic mapping do not?

Number of nucleotide base-pairs between genes

If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?

One

_________ involves an examination of how the proteins encoded by genes interact to produce cell and tissue types.

Proteomics

The transcriptome is the set of all ______ produced in one cell or a population of cells.

RNA molecules

What is high-throughput sequencing?.

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

A database is defined as __________.

a large collection of files stored in one place

The presence of two bands corresponding to a sequence-tagged site that has been amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis indicates that the ______.

cell was heterozygous for the STS

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called - sequencing.

high-throughput sequencing

Orthologs are ______.

homologous genes in different species

During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to ______.

its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome.

Posttranslational covalent modification is a phenomenon that ______.

leads to production of multiple functional proteins from the same DNA sequence

A collection of recombinant vectors that each contain a particular fragment of chromosomal DNA is called a DNA

library

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) marker.

molecular

Newer computer programs can compare several protein regions and sensibly put in gaps. This produces a ______.

multiple-sequence alignment

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are

mutated

If a scientist uses a shotgun sequencing approach to sequence a genome, the probability that a base will not be sequenced is equal to e-m, where e is the base of the natural logarithm and m is the ______.

number of bases sequenced divided by the total genome size

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______ the microsatellite.

on both sides of

Homologous genes in two different species that continue to serve the same function are called

orthologs

The locations of several probes labeled with different fluorescent molecules can be determined simultaneously in a type of FISH experiment called chromosome

painting

This figure highlights an approach called recognition.

pattern

The purpose of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment is that it allows proteins to separated __________.

primarily by molecular mass

The majority of an organism's genes encode

proteins

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called sequencing.

shotgun

Genomics is the molecular analysis of ______.

the entire genetic composition of a species.

An organism's genome is its ______.

total genetic composition.

A DNA microarray contains ______ on a ______ silica, glass or plastic slide.

tens of thousands of different DNA sequences; small

The set of all RNA molecules that are transcribed in one cell or a population of cells is called the

transcriptome

Which of the following processes account for the larger size of the proteome relative to the genome?

* Alternative splicing * RNA editing * Posttranslational covalent modifications

Which of the following are the two most common types of protein microarrays?

* Antibody microarrays * Functional protein microarrays

Which of the following statements about the inheritance of microsatellite markers are correct?

* Microsatellites that are not linked will assort independently. * Microsatellites that are linked tend to be transmitted together to the same offspring.

Which represent outcomes of using the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method?

* Patterns of RNA splicing found in a particular cell type can be determined. * Genes that are expressed in a specific cell type can be identified.

Which factors influence the amount of a specific protein that will be found in a cell?

* Rate of mRNA translation * Rate of degradation (turnover) of the protein * Level of mRNA produced from the gene

Select components found in a BAC cloning vector.

* Restriction enzyme sites * Genes that encode proteins required for the proper segregation of the vector * Antibiotic resistance gene * Origin of replication

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to compare transcriptomes in ______.

* different cell types * response to different environmental agents * healthy versus diseased cells * different stages of development

Genome-sequencing projects benefit scientists because they ______

* provide information about a species' genes * make it easier to clone and characterize genes

The human genome has about ______ genes.

22,000

What is a sequence-tagged site?

A DNA sequence that can be amplified uniquely by PCR

What is an artificial chromosome?

A cloning vector that can accept large DNA inserts and be passed on like a chromosome in a living cell

What is a metagenome?

A collection of genes from an environmental sample

What is a molecular marker?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

In analyses using the BLAST program, what E-values indicate that the two sequences are not evolutionarily related?

Above 1

The two common types of protein microarray analyses are microarrays and protein microarrays.

Blank 1: antibody Blank 2: functional

Not all codons that specify the same amino acid are used equally. This is due to the fact that most organisms display a within the coding region of genes.

Blank 1: codon Blank 2: bias

Another term for DNA microarray is

Blank 1: gene Blank 2: chip

The process of identifying regions of genomic DNA that encode genes is called

Blank 1: gene Blank 2: prediction

A computer program called BLAST can be used to identify homology between two DNA or protein sequences. BLAST stands for basic tool.

Blank 1: local Blank 2: alignment Blank 3: search

The levels of a specific protein found in a cell depend on the amounts of produced by transcription, the rate of mRNA to synthesize the protein, and the rate for the protein.

Blank 1: mRNA Blank 2: translation Blank 3: turnover

The molecular mass of a specific protein fragment can be measured by the technique of

Blank 1: mass Blank 2: spectrometry

This figure depicts a(n) - among members of the globin gene family in humans.

Blank 1: multiple Blank 2: sequence Blank 3: alignment

A region of a nucleotide sequence that does not contain any stop codons is called a(n)

Blank 1: open Blank 2: reading Blank 3 frames

In positional cloning, which method is used to identify clones that are progressively closer to a gene of interest?

Chromosome walking

Which of the following processes is used for physical mapping?

Cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA

Which of the following is used in the search-by-content approach for identifying genes?

Codon bias

What type of vector contains features of both a plasmid and phage λ DNA?

Cosmid

What is another term for a gene chip?

DNA microarray

Which technique allows genome-wide analysis of gene expression?

DNA microarrays

make it possible for researchers to study how an entire genome responds to an environmental stimulus.

DNA microarrays

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

Determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

False

What technique can be used to identify a protein's function?

Functional protein microarray

The location of a fluorescently-labeled probe relative to the banding pattern of a chromosome is determined by comparing the results of a FISH experiment to a sample of chromosomes that have been stained with

Giemsa

What stain is used to produce banding patterns on chromosomes so that the location of a bound probe in a FISH experiment can be compared to banded chromosomes?

Giemsa

Which of these methods is used to track the interactions and functions of proteins on a large scale?

Protein microarray

What is represented in a genetic map?

The locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome

You are carrying out a chromosome painting experiment. You have single-stranded DNAs that bind to 6 different regions of the X chromosome. You inadvertently label the DNA probes all with the same-colored fluorescent molecule, which happens to be red in this experiment. What will be the result of your experiment?

The probes will bind, but you will not be able to tell which spot corresponds to which sequence.

Which of the following statements about the genome and proteome is true?

The proteome of all species is usually much larger than the genome.

What is metagenomics?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

An RFLP marker may be used to predict the likelihood that an individual carries a trait for a specific disease.

True

Conserved sites within a polypeptide are more likely to be functionally important than non-conserved sites.

True

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that is used to ______.

analyze DNA-protein interactions

Two bacteria are likely to have similar DNA sequences if they ______.

are evolutionarily closely related to one another

BLAST is a ______.

computer program that can locate homologous sequences within a large database

A site within a polypeptide that is identical across multiple species is called a site.

conserved

A series of clones that contain overlapping pieces of a chromosome are called a _______.

contig

Homologous genes are those ______.

derived from the same ancestral gene and so have similar sequences

Most genes ______.

encode proteins

The field of genomics aims to understand the roles of genetic (DNA, RNA, and amino acid) sequences in a given species.

functiona

Gene families arise via ______.

gene duplications followed by sequence divergence

A gene that has been changed such that the normal function is altered is called a ______.

gene knockout

As an outcome of the RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) method, a cDNA sequence was shown to align with a specific region within the genome. This means that the sequence at that region is a(n) ______.

gene that is expressed

Bioinformatics can help to identify the function of a newly determined gene by identifying a(n) gene whose function is known.

homologous

Genes that are derived from the same ancestral gene are called genes.

homologous

Paralogs are ______.

homologous genes within the same species

In positional cloning, a gene is cloned based on ______

its location along a chromosome

A gene that has been altered in a way that inactivates its function is called a gene

knockout

A database is a(n) ______.

large collection of computer data files collected and stored in a single location

In a given species, the proteome is typically ______ the genome.

larger than

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic map of the human genome.

linkage

Mass spectrometry is used to ______.

measure the mass of a peptide fragment

A protein involves spotting hundreds of proteins onto a glass or silica slide.

microarray

The technology that enables the expression of thousands of genes to be studied simultaneously is called a DNA .

microarray

Gene are produced by multiple gene duplications, which are followed by the accumulation of mutations.

paralogs

Multiple homologous genes within a single species are known as

paralogs or paralogous

A site that has variation within the members of the population is said to be __________.

polymorphic

Gene prediction is the ______.

process of identifying regions of genomic DNA that encode genes

A computer consists of a defined series of operations that can manipulate and analyze data in a desired way.

program

The complete set of proteins that a given cell or organism synthesizes is called its

proteome

Codon bias allows organisms to more efficiently ______.

rely on a smaller population of tRNA molecules

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can ______

separate a mixture of proteins within a cell extract

In a FISH experiment, what molecule is incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?

Biotin

A cloning vector that can accommodate a large DNA insert and behave like a chromosome when it is inside a living cell is called a(n) chromosome.

Blank 1: artificial or YAC

One of the technological innovations that has made high-throughput sequencing possible is the ability to automate the reading of a DNA sequencing when labeled nucleotides are used in the DNA sequencing reaction.

Blank 1: fluorescently or fluorescent

A diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome is called a(n) map.

Blank 1: genetic or chromosome

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) - project.

Blank 1: genome Blank 2: sequencing

A technique called hybridization can be used to localize a gene of interest due to the ability of a cloned DNA sequence to hybridize to a chromosome through complementary base pairing.

Blank 1: in or fluorescence Blank 2: situ or in situ

During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is combined with luciferin by the enzyme to produce .

Blank 1: luciferase Blank 2: light

How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another in the microscope?

Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.

What is subcloning?

Cloning of a small DNA fragment from a larger DNA fragment that was previously cloned

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?

They are difficult to culture.

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of physical mapping?

To determine the order of overlapping DNA clones from a chromosome

What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?

To localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern

What is the goal of functional genomics?

To understand the roles of genetic sequences in a given species

Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project.

True

The Human Genome project developed tools to enable scientists to access and interpret data from the genome project.

True

Developing technology for the management of human genome information was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. To meet this goal, the Human Genome project developed ______.

analytical tools for interpreting genome information

Obtaining a physical map of the human genome was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. Accomplishing this goal required ______.

cloning many segments of chromosomal DNA into BACs, YACs, and cosmids

A technique called chromosome painting can be used to ______

determine the location of several fluorescently labeled probes simultaneously

A technique called chromosome painting can be used to ______.

determine the location of several fluorescently labeled probes simultaneously

This electrophoresis gel contains the PCR products produced from a polymorphic microsatellite. Based on the data presented here, child 3 inherited a 140-bp microsatellite from his

father

During FISH, the location of a bound probe can be detected through the emission of light.

fluorescent

A genome-sequencing project helps basic research scientists by providing information about which a given species has.

genes

The field of study in which the entire genome of a species is analyzed is called

genomics

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ______.

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

One of the ethical and legal issues that has been identified as a result of the Human Genome Project is whether ______.

individuals have a right to privacy regarding genetic information

The mapping technique that relies on the frequency of recombinant offspring for determination of the distance between genetic loci is mapping.

linkage

The tendency of different microsatellites to be transmitted together to the same offspring indicates that the microsatellites are ______.

linked

Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes.

mapping

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as

mapping

A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n) ______.

microsatellite

In addition to the human genome, the genomes of Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Mus musculus were sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project. These species were selected for genome sequencing because they are organisms used for scientific research.

model

A cosmid is a hybrid between ______.

phage λ DNA and a plasmid

Cloning many segments of human chromosomal DNA into YACs, BACs, and cosmids was an important step in obtaining a(n) map of the human genome.

physical

Identifying overlapping cloned DNA fragments in a DNA library and determining the relative order of these fragments is a goal of mapping.

physical

The strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped location along a chromosome is called cloning.

positional

To analyze a microsatellite sequence, a scientist must first amplify it by PCR. This requires the use of PCR that flank the repeated sequence in the microsatellite.

primers

In pyrosequencing, the incorporation of a nucleotide into a growing DNA strand is monitored by measuring the release of ______.

pyrophosphate (PPi)

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ______.

recombinant offspring

A DNA library is a collection of ______.

recombinant vectors containing various fragments of chromosomal DNA.

Which of the following technological advances have made high-throughput sequencing possible?

* Automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure * Parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once

Which of the following model organisms had their genomes sequenced as part of the Human Genome Project?

* Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) * Mus musculus (mouse) * Arabidopsis thaliana * Escherichia coli (a bacterium)

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

* Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data * Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes * Improvements in cloning technology * Improved DNA sequencing technology * Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes * Improvement in cloning technology

Match each part of the BAC vector shown in this diagram with its function.

1. parA, parB, and parC- Encode(s) protein(s) required for segregation of the vector into daughter cells 2. oriS- Origin of replication 3. repE-Encode(s) protein(s) required for DNA replication 4. cmR- Selection of cells containing the vector that can be grown in the presence of an antibiotic 5. lacZ- Identification of recombinant vectors containing DNA inserts when cells when cells are grown on media containing X-Gal.

A collection of genes from an environmental sample is called a ______.

metagenome

The Human Genome Project had a stated goal of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n) ______.

medical insurance company

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called .

metagenomics

The cloning of a small piece of DNA that is part of the DNA insert of a larger clone is called

subcloning

How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?

* It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans. * It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease.

If m is equal to the number of bases sequenced divided by the total genome size and e is the base of the natural logarithm, then the probability that a base will not be sequenced in a shotgun sequencing project is equal to ______.

e-m

The proteome refers to the ______.

entire collection of proteins made by a given organism

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because ______.

* they may require the presence of a complex microbial community * researchers may not understand their growth requirements

Geneticists use several types of mapping strategies to identify the locations of genes. The approach that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allows computation of distances in base pairs is mapping. The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between genes is mapping. The technique that locates genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible by microscopy is mapping.

Blank 1: physical Blank 2: linkage Blank 3: cytogenetic

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Physical mapping

This figure represents a pedigree and analysis of a polymorphic microsatellite in a family. Based on the data in the figure, child 1 inherited ______.

a 154-bp allele from her mother and a 146-bp allele from her father

In situ hybridization is a technique that is often used for ______ mapping.

cytogenetic

The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is mapping.

cytogenetic

When comparing sequences with the BLAST program, the - represents the number of times that the match or a better one would be expected to occur purely by random chance in a search of the entire database.

Blank 1: E or expect Blank 2: value

The proteome is typically much larger than the genome. This is due to three main phenomena: (1) splicing; (2) RNA ; and (3) covalent modification.

Blank 1: alternative Blank 2: editing Blank 3: posttranslational,

The mechanism by which different forms of mature mRNAs (messenger RNAs) are generated from the same pre-mRNA is called , which is also sometimes called exon shuffling.

Blank 1: alternative Blank 2: splicing

The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by recessive mutations in the gene that encodes the enzyme

Blank 1: phenylalanine Blank 2: hydroxylase

An individual has two mutant copies of the gene that encodes the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This individual has the disease

Blank 1: phenylketonuria or PKU

The modification of a protein's structure after it has been synthesized is called modification.

Blank 1: posttranslational Blank 2: covalent

Computer programs may identify a gene within a long DNA sequence using the -by- strategy. This approach looks for regions with nucleotide sequences that differ significantly from a random distribution.

Blank 1: search Blank 2: content

An approach that uses known sequences such as promoters, and start/stop codons to help predict whether a DNA sequence encodes a protein is called a(n) -by- strategy.

Blank 1: search Blank 2: signal

The technique of - gel is used to separate hundreds or even thousands of different proteins within a cell extract.

Blank 1: two Blank 2: dimensional Blank 3: electrophoresis

In an isoelectric focusing gel, proteins migrate until they reach the pH where their net charge is . This gel is then placed on top of an SDS gel, which separates proteins according to their .

Blank 1: zero Blank 2: mass

Which of the following can be designed to take a DNA sequence and translate it into an amino acid sequence?

Computer program

The process of in situ hybridization is used for which of the following?

Cytogenetic mapping

Item5 Item 5 A woman has a child and wants to determine who the father of the child is. There are four possible fathers. This group of individuals is analyzed with regard to three different STSs: STS-1 is 215 bp and 199 bp, STS-2 is 144 bp and 122 bp, and STS-3 is 101 bp and 85 bp. The child (C), mother (M), and 4 potential dads (D1-D4) show the following results. Which individual is the father of the child?

D3

A reading frame is a(n) ______.

series of codons read in groups of three bases, beginning with the start codon

In BLAST program analyses, the relationship between the query sequence and each matching sequence is given what value?

E-value

Which of the following statements about the human genome is true?

It has approximately 22,000 genes, but only a subset of those genes are expressed in any given cell.

Which technique can be used to identify a protein of interest after a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment?

Mass spectrometry

_______ can be used to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein or peptide.

Mass spectrometry

Homologous genes encode proteins that carry out ______.

similar functions

Each spot in a DNA microarray contains ______ DNA from ______ gene(s).

single-stranded; a specific

A DNA sequence can be translated in three forward reading frames. The correct reading frame for a protein-encoding gene is typically the one that is not interrupted by a(n) codon.

stop

If you wished to compare the transcriptome of healthy cells versus diseased cells, which method would you choose?

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq)

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

In this figure, the letter S indicates the location of a stop codon. Which is the most likely reading frame and why?

Reading frame 3 because it has only one stop codon

An open reading frame (ORF) is a stretch of nucleotides that does not contain any ______.

stop codons

The term that best describes how the components of a genome interact to produce an organism's traits is __________.

structural genomics

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis involves two different gel electrophoresis procedures. Which of the following statements about these procedures is true?

The first procedure utilizes a tube gel that separates based on charge, while the second employs a slab gel that separates based on molecular weight.

The functions of proteins encoded by homologous genes are usually similar to one another.

True

Two genes that share a common ancestral gene will probably have significant homology.

True

What technique is used to separate cellular proteins for analysis?

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Alternative splicing is the process in which ______

a single pre-mRNA is altered so that different proteins may be produced by the same gene

n two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a protein mixture is separated first by ______, and then by ______.

charge; mass

A large number of computer files that has been collected and stored in a single location is known as a(n)

database

Organisms that have a close evolutionary relationship tend to have ______.

genes with similar DNA sequences

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is its

genome

DNA microarrays may be paired with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to __________.

identify DNA sequences bound by specific proteins

A method called chromatin (ChIP) can be used to determine whether proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA.

immunoprecipitation

A fluorescent microscope is used to detect bound DNA probes in FISH. To detect the fluorescent molecules, the sample is illuminated with fluorescent light, and then the fluorescent molecule emits light at a(n) wavelength, which is transmitted and detected.

longer

The example shown in this figure is ______ recognition

sequence


Set pelajaran terkait

Chapter 6- Energy and Enzymes- Study Questions

View Set

TCIC/LETS Full Access with CCH/CCQ Re-certification Test

View Set

Business Finance Mid-term Exam 2

View Set

Imperialism (Africa, India, China, Japan)

View Set

Intermediate Accounting 1 Ch4 Part A

View Set

Business Exam - Marketing Quiz #3

View Set

EMT Chapter 17 - Neurologic Emergencies

View Set

Construction Management - JumpStart

View Set