GEO 102 Chapter 4 Latin America
Which country has four official languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani?
Bolivia
which latin american countries have the largest indigenous populations in Latin America? These places also have the most indigenous language speakers.
Bolivia, Mexico, Ecuador, and Guatemala
The conditional cash transfer program, known as Bolsa Familia, has reduced extreme poverty in
Brazil
What country of Latin America has the region's largest population?
Brazil
Which country has the largest population in Latin America?
Brazil with 195.5 million people
Plants that are common to the temperate midlatitudes could also thrive in the tropics if they were grown at higher elevations.
True
The population of Latin America is unevenly distributed.
True
There are growing opportunities for women in government in Latin America.
True
There are more metropolitan areas with 1-5 million people than there are metropolitan areas with 10 million people or more.
True
The main difference between climate and weather could be succinctly stated as __________.
climate is what you expect over the long term, weather is what you get day-to-day
Zone 3: Tierra Templada - what thrives there?
coffee
During El Niño, what is the main force driving the bulge of warm water across the equator from Indonesia to South America?
coriolis effect
Neoliberal economic development calls for all of the following
direct foreign investment, reduced government spending, free trade, privatization
What climate type is most common on the west coast of South America, to the west of the Andes Mountains?
dry
Typically, in the tropical south Pacific Ocean trade winds—atmospheric winds blowing between 0 and 30 degrees latitude—blow from _______ to _________.
east to west
What is the overall population density of the Amazon Basin?
fewer than 6 people per square kilometer
Normally, a dominant ______________ system sits over the eastern South Pacific Ocean tropics, and a _____________ system sits over the western South Pacific waters.
high-pressure, low-pressure
Where does the Amazon River system start? In other words, where are the headwaters or sources of the Amazon River system located?
in the Andes Mountains
In which areas is a large proportion of the population of Latin America located?
in the coastal regions
The average number of children born to women in Latin America has been decreasing for all of the following reasons
increased participation of women in the workforce, better access to birth control, state support for family planning, more urban families, which tend to be smaller than rural families
A syncretic religion
is the blending of different belief systems
Zone 2: Tierra Fria - what thrives there?
llama, guinea pigs and barley
Zone 1: Tierra Helada - what thrives there?
llama, guinea pigs and highland grains
The Mexican assembly plants found along its border with the United States are known as
maquiladoras
In the United States, El Niño affects places that otherwise ___________ by redirecting and concentrating storms, not necessarily by increasing the number of storms or amount of moisture.
might have been drier
Which country was the first to gain its independence from the colonial rulers of Latin America?
paraguay in 1811
Which variable likely determines the decision to migrate from Latin America to the United States as opposed to other developed countries or regions in other parts of the world?
proximity
Zone 4: Tierra Caliente - what thrives there?
sugar cane, cattle and poultry
The economy of goods and services that are outside of government regulation, registration, or taxation is known as
the informal sector
the line between the ocean's warm surface waters and colder, deeper waters, is tilted upwards near the South American coast.
thermocline
Starting from Sea level to 3k feet to 6k feet to 12k feet and then to 15k feet before snowline, name the physical feature zones
tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria, and tierra helada
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions of ENSO occur primarily in the __________
tropical south pacific
Florida in the United States was originally colonized by Spain before it became a state of the United States.
true
The movement of warm surface waters away from the South American coast results in __________, or upward movement, of deeper, colder ocean water there.
upwelling
Indication of a strong El Niño event usually begins with ___________.
warmer ocean water along the western coast of South America
What single factor has been the most crucial to the survival of indigenous people in Latin America?
Land
What agreement took effect in 1994, set up a free trade zone and eased the movement of goods among the member countries?
NAFTA
What is the name of the mountain chain that extends the length of South America's west coast?
Andes
If you were traveling in La Paz, Bolivia which of these indigenous languages would you most likely hear spoken?
Aymara
What coastal city in Brazil has a low population density?
Belem
Which country had access to an ocean in 1830 but is now landlocked?
Bolivia
Characteristics of El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSO
-The low-pressure system typically found over the western tropical Pacific migrates eastward. As a result, southern Pacific trade winds weaken and often reverse their usual westward flow. -The warm surface waters that are normally pushed toward Indonesia are now pushed eastward toward the South American coast; these waters also reach higher than normal temperatures. -This inflow of warm water blocks the upwelling of colder water that normally occurs off South America, resulting in a downward tilt of the thermocline in this region.
What is the range of elevation above sea level in the Amazon Basin?
0-200 meters
About how many years did it take for Spain and Portugal to establish these colonies, from the earliest to latest established of these early colonial territories?
115 years
How many countries of Latin America have a total fertility rate that is below replacement level?
4: Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay
What percentage of the world's plant and animal species are found in tropical rainforests?
50%
In which region of South America is the highest population density found?
Along the coasts
What is the name of the high-altitude plateau where the Andes Mountains reach their greatest width?
Altiplano
Which of the territories in Latin America was colonized last?
Chile was created in 1565 and 1609
This country remains the world's largest cocaine producer despite decades of efforts to reduce the power and violence associated with the drug trade.
Colombia
Gran Colombia, which appears on the 1830 map of Latin America, no longer exists on the current map of Latin America. Which countries have taken its place?
Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama
Which Latin American country has the highest rate of net migration?
Costa Rica
In which zone would cut flowers thrive?
Cut flowers grow best in the temperate climates, which are found in the tierra templada.
What environmental issue most commonly associated with Latin America?
Deforestation
ENSO
El Niño Southern Oscillation
When the countries of Latin America regained their independence, who were the leaders?
European elites born in the Americas
Which Latin American country has experienced the most rapid growth in urban areas in recent years?
Guatemala
Which Latin American country has the highest level of gender inequality?
Guatemala
What likely explains the survival of indigenous languages in the Andean region?
Historically, the area was a major or secondary cultural hearth of the world, which enabled it to spread new ideas and maintain its uniqueness.
If the temperature at 600 meters above sea level is 30°C, what is the temperature at 4,600 meters above sea level?
If the temperature at 600 meters above sea level is 30°C, the temperature at 4,600 meters above sea level would be 4°C. Temperature declines 6.5°C for every 1,000 meters in elevation. 4,600 - 600 = 4,000. 4,000/1,000 = 4 (this step gives you the correct multiplier for the 1,000-meter increment in the environmental lapse rate). 4 ×× 6.5 = 26 (6.5 is the metric environmental lapse rate number). 30 - 26 = 4°C.
If the temperature at sea level is 80°F, what is the temperature at 12,000 feet above sea level?
If the temperature at sea level is 80°F, the temperature at 12,000 feet above sea level would be 38°F. Temperature declines 3.5°F for every 1,000 feet in elevation. 12,000 - 0 = 12,000. (Sea level is at an elevation of 0 feet, by definition.) 12,000/1,000 = 12 (this step gives you the correct multiplier for the 1,000-feet increment in the environmental lapse rate). 12 ×× 3.5 = 42 (3.5 is the environmental lapse rate number). 80 - 42 = 38°.
What was the result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
It divided South America between Spain and Portugal.
What is the correlation between the location of Brazil's scattered indigenous-language communities and Brazil's physical geography?
Native speakers tend to be concentrated throughout the Amazon Basin.
Which term represents the situation of one country being subject to foreign influence and sometimes overt political pressure by another, more powerful country?
Neocolonialism
What was the size of the indigenous population of Latin America by 1650, after a century and a half of colonization?
One-tenth its original size
What is a major cultural and economic reason for the preference for urban life in Latin America?
People living in cities had higher social status and greater economic opportunity during the colonial era.
What language is spoken by one-third of the people in Latin America?
Portuguese
What are the three emerging megalopolis regions in Latin America?
Rio de Janeiro - Santos - São Paulo in Brazil, Rosaria - Buenos Aires - Montevideo in Argentina and Uruguay, and Mexico City - Puebla - Toluca - Cuernavaca in Mexico.
Which of the follow statements reflects that respective region's climate?
San Francisco has dry summers and wet winters.
Which of the territories in Latin America was the first to be colonized?
Santo Domingo was created in 1511
What is grassification?
The conversion of tropical forest into pasture
In general, countries with a higher total fertility rate also tend to have a higher rate of natural increase and a higher percentage of their populations under the age of 15.
True
In most countries of Latin America, adult literacy is slightly higher in males than females.
True
European colonization of Latin America was largely accomplished by which two countries on the Iberian Peninsula?
Spain and Portugal
Mexico's territory previously included land that is now ?
Texas
What is the source of the moisture that feeds the rivers in the Amazon Basin?
The Atlantic Ocean
What is dollarization?
The process by which a country adopts to some degree the U.S. dollar as its official currency
What happened in 1494 in Latin America that was so important?
The signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas which gave Spain and Portugal the go ahead for colonization
What is the general pattern of wind in the Amazon Basin region?
The southeast trades are the prevailing wind pattern in the Amazon Basin region. These winds flow from east to west.
phenomena occur in the tropical South Pacific Ocean during ENSO?
Trade winds of the South Pacific weaken and may even reverse direction., A low-pressure system forms over the eastern South Pacific., Upwelling of colder ocean waters slows down near the South American coast
Altitudinal zonation has had a strong influence on the types of native plants and animals found in the Andes and other mountainous regions.
True
Altitudinal zonation makes it possible to grow many different types of crops.
True
Central America is more densely settled than South America.
True
Urban primacy occurs when
a country has a city three to four times larger than any other city in the country
A mestizo is
a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
How many Latin American countries saw an improvement in their under-age-5 mortality rate between 1990 and 2011?
all of them
Where are the Andes Mountains located?
along the west coast of South America
