Geo Final

______ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock. -Geology -Tectonics -Metamorphism -Petrology -Seismology

Petrology

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not correct? -It is composed primarily of iron -The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid -Temperatures in the core reach several thousand degrees -Temperatures and pressures are higher in the inner core than in the outer core

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

The majority of Earth's rust is composed of _______ rock. -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary -carbonate

igneous

Granular disintegration is most closely associated with -hydrolysis -biological weathering -frost wedging -mass wasting -landslides

Frost wedging

Coal is a fossil fuel formed from -dead marine organisms -plant remains -metamorphosed mafic minerals -blue green algae

Plant remains

One sub-surface material which intensifies the process of earthquake and mass movement is -calcium carbonate -quick clay -scree -boulders -batholiths

Scree

The best example of a product of mass wasting is -exfoliation domes -sandstone monoliths -faults -scree -limestone

Scree

Stream transport involves all of the following except -saltation -bed load -traction -sheet flow

Sheet flow

A slope collapse with a backward rotation is a -talus slope -rock slide -debris flow -rock glacier -slump

Slump

Which of the following is the slowest of all types of mass movement?

Solifluction

Which of the following is a depositional landform created by glaciation? -cols -horns -U shaped valleys -stratified drift

Stratified drift

Which of the following does not favor delta formation? -strong ocean currents -shallow ocean water -lack of reservoirs upstream -large sediment load

Strong ocean currents

Which of the following is appropriate in describing the Mediterranean shrubland biome? -Humid substropical -Oxisols and Spodosols -large surpluses and runoff in the water balance -summer water deficits and winter precipitation

Summer water deficits and winter precipitation

Entrenchment of a channel occurs because -a decrease in stream gradient -a change in bed load size-distribution -the river flows from consolidated rock into a region of composed loose sediments -rejuvenation occurs due to uplift -isostatic downwarping of the crust

rejuvenation occurs due to uplift

Lakes in Siberia and Canada in permafrost regions -have disappeared due to higher evaporation rates -have disappeared due to new subsurface drainage formed by thawing -have increased in some areas a thawed soils become waterlogged -All of these have occurred

All of these have occurred

Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers? -Cascade, Washington British Columbia, Canada -Appalachian Mts. -Central Asia -New Zealand

Appalachian

The most massive form of igneous intrusion is a -stock -sill -batholith -laccolith -none of the above

Batholith

________ are most closely associated with a change in the volume of ocean water. -Tectonic forces -Eustatic forces -Erosional forces -Tidal forces -Gravitaitonal forces

Eustatic forces

Which of the following terms is usually associated with soil moisture? -wilting point -pore spaces -field capacity -groundwater -soil water budget

Field capacity

Waves generated by wind are also known as -waves of oscillation -waves of translation -trough waves -forced waves

Forced waves

The _____ is regularly covered and uncovered by the rise and fall of tides. -offshore zone -beach -backshore zone -foreshore zone

Foreshore zone

The world's longest expanse of coastal dunes is located in -California -France -Bolivia -Brazil

France

Patterned ground develops in response to -abrasion -frost action -solifluction -regelation

Frost action

Oxidation can produce -limestone -hematite -salt -gypsum

Hematite

Which of the following is not produced by normal faulting? -the Himalayas -Basin and Range -East Africa rift zone -Death Valley

Himalayas

The most rapid landscape solution occurs in ______ areas. -cold -dry -humid -granite -middle latitude

Humid

Gravity is the main force impelling movement in all of the following except -creep -slide -solifluction -hydrolysis -fall

Hydrolysis

Which sort of rocks are most susceptible to hydrolysis? -metamorphic -unjointed -sedimentary -igneous

Igneous

Glaciers that once covered the Hudson Bay area melted 8,000 years ago. As a result of this, the bay is gradually rising. In another 10,000 years or so, it will have risen above sea level and become dry. This process can best be considered and example of -catastrophism -isostasy -accretion -orogenesis

Isostasy

Landslides are often responsible for the formation of -lakes -reverse faults -hydrolysis -jointing -basins

Lakes

Which of the following rock types is most affected by fluvial solution? -granite -sandstone -rhyolite -limestone

Limestone

A general term for coastal environment is -shoreline -coast -coastline -littoral zone

Littoral zone

A roughly equal mixture of sand, silt, and clay is called -humus -regolith -solum -loam

Loam

Which of the following is not a sedimentary rock? -sandstone -bitumious coal -marble -shale

Marble

Which of the following type of moraines is not oriented perpendicular to the direction of ice flow? -terminal -recessional -medial

Medial

Which is not correct regarding the processes that create desert pavement? -It is produced by deflation -It is produced by water delivered cementing materials -It is produced by wind removing sand particles from the surface -It is produced by saltation

Saltation

The topography of the sea floor has recently been measured with -satellite mounted radar-altimeter -ultra precise ship mounted radar -ultra precise ship mounted sonar -satellite mounted sonar -all of these are correct

Satellite mounted radar-altimeter

The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is -schist -granite -opal -sandstone -quartz

Schist

Which of the following is correct? -The town of Nevado Huascaran was engulfed by debris avalanches -Continuing rockfalls plague La Conchita, CA -An earthquake triggered a mudflow on the Madison River Canyon in 1959 -The 1959 Alaskan earthquake triggered massive soil creep onto the Cascade Glacier

The town of Nevado Huascaran was engulfed by debris avalanches

The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern? -dendritic -trellis -deranged -annular

Trellis

The smallest feature in the list below is the -dike -sill -batholith -vein -laccolith

Vein

Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel t the most effective wind direction are called -ventifacts -yardangs -desert pavements -alluvial rock structures

Yardangs

A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain is called a -alluvial stream -yazoo tributary -levee tributary -meandering tributary

Yazoo

A dense layer, often forming in the B horizon under calcification is

a hardpan

A landslide differs from a debris avalanche is that -the materials in a landslide are not saturated with water -the materials in a debris avalanche are not saturated with water -a landslide moves much more slowly than a debris avalanche -a landslide moves much more quickly than a debris avalanche

a landslide moves much more slowly than a debris avalanche

Earth's inner core is thought to consist of

a rigid mass

Because spodosols are associated with sandy soils and coniferous trees, they are -acidic -alkalie -neutral in PH

acidic

Which of the following is a zone of deposition of materials by waves? -backshore -offshore -dunes -foreshore -none of the above

backshore

The main value of the extensive terminology of the Soil Taxonomy is its -lack of subdivisions -basis in the genesis of soils -acceptance in every country in the world -basis in observable characteristics -status as being the first soil classification

basis in observable characteristics

Geographic regions of plants and animals where groups of species evolved are termed -ecosystems -communities -evolution places -biogeographical realms

biogeographical realms

Which of the following is NOT closely associated with hydrothermal activity? -Yellowstone National Park -hot springs -caverns -geysers -fumaroles

caverns

Mafic minerals are ______ minerals. -dark colored, high density -dark colored, low density -light colored, high density -light colored, low density

dark colored, high density

The discharge of an exotic stream _______ in the downstream direction. -increases -decreases -remains fairly constant

decreases

The process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground is called -deflation -aggradation -fluvial process -arid cycle

deflation

A desert consisting of a large area of sand dunes is termed a(n) -reg -erg -arroyo -wadi -salina

erg

A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) -cirque -till -nunatak -outwash plain -erratic

erractic

Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the _____ system whereas metamorphic igneous rocks are more a product of the _____ system. -tectonic; rock -endogenic; exogenic -exogenic; endogenic intrusive; extrusive

exogenic; endogenic

Drumlins look like _____ and they occur _____. -mesas; in isolation -mesas; in swarms -inverted spoons; in isolation -inverted spoons; in swarms

inverted spoons; in swarms

Niagara Falls is a large waterfall on a river, so it can be considered as an example of -lateral erosion -stream capture -a water gap -a rill -a knickpoint

knickpoint

Which of the following is matched correctly? -granite=metamorphic -basalt=sedimentary -marble=metamorphic -sandstone=igneous

marble = metamorphic

Rounded peds have _____ space between them than other peds, and are therefore______. -more; worse for plant growth -more; better for plant growth

more; better for plant growth

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are -rock, water, tectonics -magnesium, potassium, oxygen -iron, aluminum, granite -oxygen, silicon, aluminum

oxygen, silicon, aluminum

On the desert floor, at locally low elevations, an intermittently wet-and-dry flat area in a region of closed (interior) drainage is called a(n) -wash -wadi -playa -arroyo

playa

Which of the following is the fuel for continental drift and plate tectonics? -nuclear fusion -radioactive decay -solar energy -chemical reactions in Earth's core

radioactive decay

The _____ trees of the tropical seasonal forest and scrub biome lose their leaves during the ______ season. -deciduous; winter -deciduous; summer -semi-deciduous; winter -semi-deciduous; summer

semi-deciduous; winter

Consider a beach environment with large, powerful waves breaking along the shore. Given the nature of this environment, which of the following sediments would be least likely to be deposited there? -gravel and sand -sand -silt and clay

silt and clay

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ______ and more ______ spaced than the swell they are related to. -taller; closely -taller; widely -smaller; closely -smaller; widely

taller; closely

A deglaciated cirque often contains a basin in which a(n) _______ can be found. -tarn -moraine -knickpoint -arete -erractic

tarn

The channel of a desert mountain stream is usually covered with -transportable rock debris -bedrock -pediments -salt -none of the above

transportable rock debris

Which of the following is a MASSIVE accumulation of calcium carbonate? -granite -tufa -sinter -travertine -carbonic acid

travertine

Where UNDER the surface of the Earth would one expect a convection current directed towards the surface? -under continents -under subduction zones -in the core -under midocean ridges -under plates

under midocean ridges

It is now virtually certain that the dominant cause of recent ice ages is -the blocking of sunlight by volcanic eruptions -variations in Earth-Sun orbital relationships -changes in radiation output from the Sun -the blocking of sunlight by galactic dust

variations in Earth-Sun orbital relationships

Andisols are _____ soils that are ____ in CEC. -volcanic; high -volcanic; low -floodplain; high -floodplain; low

volcanic; high

Small sized sand that is blown in a strong wind will produce ripples that are

widely spaced

During the coldest portion of the Pleistoscene Ice Age, temperatures were as much as _____ below the current average. -3 C -6 C -12 C -25 C

12 C (22 F)

The average length of a period during which a given magnetic field polarity exists is about -1,000 years -500,000 years -400 million years - 1 billion years

500,000 years

It is estimated that ______ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers. -0 -7 -43 -76 -nearly 100

7

Spray from breaking waves has been found to move at more than _____ miles an hour. -0.7 -7 -70 -700 -7,000

70

Air within the soil is usually highly saturated and rich in -oxygen -argon -carbon dioxide -aluminum -none of the above

Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following countries is noted for its spectacular tower karst? -Russia -US -China -France

China

The major end product of chemical weathering is (are) -silts -clays -sands -talus -airborne dust

Clays

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term -mass movement -erosion -weathering -denudation

Denudation

As a stream-related measure, competence is expressed as a -gradient -velocity -discharge -time -diameter

Diameter

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is -denser -usually formed with less than 50 percent silica and is rich in iron and magnesium -generally more complex in content and structure -essentially composed of basalt

generally more complex in content and structure

Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time? -era -period -epoch -Earth history

Epoch

Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed -kettles -kames -aretes -eskers

Eskers

Which of the following is not correct regarding the Basin and Range province of the western US? -Tensional forces have uplifted and thinned the crust -The surface has cracked to form aligned pairs of normal faults -The tern horst refers to the mountain ranges and graben to the valleys -The region described is an example of a folded mountain range -The processes are not the same as the rifting occurring around the Red Sea and East Africa

The region described is an example of a folded mountain range

Fault types are defined by -the relative motion of the hanging wall and the footwall -the amount of movment along the hanging wall and footwall -the amount of energy liberated -all of these

The relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall

You would expect only slight physical and chemical weather under conditions of -lower mean annual rainfall and temperatures -temperatures below freezing -higher temperatures and lower precipitation -extreme cold and high precipitation

high temperatures and lower precipitation

The damage caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake -exceeded that of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake -involved a portion of the San Andreas Fault in a strike-slip motion -caused severe surface faulting and surface breaks -produced surface ground displacements of as much as 6 m

involved a portion of the San Andreas Fault in a stike-slip motion at depth

Which of the following is correct regarding valley glaciers? -The snowfield sources for these glaciers are found right at the snowline -the occur in an unconfined environment like an open plain -they may range in length from 100 m to 100 km -they remain stationary and do not move

they range in length from 100 m to 100 km

Large _____ extend for considerable distances and depths through rock. Below the surface, there is minimal separation between the blocks on either side. -vesicles -master joints -solution cavities -glory holes -faults

Master joints

When two valley glaciers join together, they form a ______ at the point at which they merge. -terminal moraine -till plain -recessional moraine -medial moraine

Medial moraine

Which of the following is correct regarding the Mogo?

Mirrors the surface topography

The highest rated soils for overall agricultural productivity are the -Histosols -Mollisols -Alfisols -Oxisols -Spodosols

Mollisols

Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a -reverse fault -thrust fault -normal fault -strike-slip fault

Normal

The Basin and Range in the western US is a result of ______ faulting produced by ______ forces. -reverse; tensional -reverse; compressional -normal; tensional -normal; compressional

Normal; Tensional

Which of the following soil horizon is in correct sequence from the surface to bedrock? -O, R, C, B, A -A, B, C, O, R -S, O, I, L -O, A, E, B, C, R

O, A, E, B, C, R

The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the -thickness of the ice -roughness of terrain -periglacial conditions -bedrock structure -rate of ice flow

Periflacial conditions

The basic soil unit used in preparing soils maps; ie in identifying a series of soils in an area, is the -polypedon -profile -horizon -pedon

Polypedon