Geo2

One rotation of Earth about his axis takes___

24 hours

What the temperatures below that represent the freezing point of water at sea level. Select all that apply

273 K. 0 C. 32 f

True or false: potential energy stored within the molecule or atomic structure of matter

True

What forms of electromagnetic and if you can cost ozone's to photo dissociate? (Select all that apply.)

UV-B and UV-C

Select all scenarios for water below that will warm the surrounding air

Vapor changing to liquid. Liquid change to ice. Vapor changing to ice

Which of the following are examples of electromagnetic radiation?

Visible light, x-rays, radio waves

At 20 degrees south on the March Equinox, where will the sunset with respect to Due West? It was set ___ due West

exactly

The huge ejections of solar masses space are called solar

flares

The main process by which the Sun generates electromagnetic radiation is ____ which is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one

fusion

Select the correct range of wavelengths for the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. All answers are in micrometers

0.4 to 0.7

Earth is tilted to _____ from vertical relative to its orbital plane of the Sun

23.5

The formula to convert from the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale is k equals C + 273. Use this formula to convert 27 C to the Kelvin scale

300

Of the total amount of insolation that reaches the top of the atmosphere, 3% is absorbed by clouds, and 4% is reflected up to space from the ground. That's what happens to the remaining portion (93%) of insulation to its fate

7%: scattered into the atmosphere. 17%: Absorbed by dust and molecules in the atmosphere. 20%: reflected by the clouds. 49%: absorbed by the ground.

What is a factor, important to global climate, that the greater amount of ocean cover in the Southern Hemisphere influences?

A greater amount of latent heat can be stored in the Southern Hemisphere

____ Is defined as ability of an object to reflect insulation

Albedo

What prevents conduction, convection, and advection from transferring energy generated in the Sun to Earth?

All require medium for transferring energy, and there is no medium in the vacuum of space

Why does insolation vary with latitude?

At higher latitudes, the angle of incidence is smaller and this spreads the incoming energy over a greater area

In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated? Select all that apply

By changes in the energy level of electrons and by the fusion of particles

When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an object's temperature, the heat ___ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the ____ heat capacity depends only on the type of material because the amount of material is a constant.

Capacity, specific

Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees with respect to the orbital plane. This angle of tilt ____

Changes by about a degree either way over the course of 40,000 years

Identify factors that can cause changes in Earth's Global shortwave radiation budget throughout the year. Select all that apply

Changes in cloud cover and volcanic eruptions

___ represent about 20% of the planetary Albedo on average but the amount of albedo they cause at any one time or location can widely vary

Clouds

Match the type of heat flux to its description

Conduction: the heat transfer of direct contact. Radiation: energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields. Convection: the vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material. Advection: the horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material

Match the type of heat transfer to an example of it

Conduction: the top layer of soil heating the layer of soil below it if you have the surface between them. Radiation: the top layer of soil heating up because the energy gained via Rays from the Sun. Convection: warm air Rising higher into the atmosphere. Advection: warmer air over the ocean blue and horizontally over the beach at night

Select the statement below that accurately compares the process of warming and cooling

Cooling involves a lot of energy to the environment and warming involves getting energy from it

It takes months for the direction of the Earth's Tilt relative to the Sun to significantly changed, polar regions can experience months of continuous

Darkness and daylight

Match the term used to describe waves to its definition

Direction of wave propagation: The direction the wave is moving. Wavelength: the distance between the same point on successive waves. Amplitude: the distance between the top and bottom of a wave. Frequency: the number of waves per second pass it a point.

How do the average wavelengths of radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth compare?

Earth produces a longer average wavelength

____ radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the Sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate

Electromagnetic

All matter contains____, which is the capability of an object to do work

Energy

What state correctly characterizes the spatial and temporal distribution of energy from the sun that reaches Earth's surface?

Energy distribution varies arcross time and region

The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of Earth is equal at the March and September ____ and is most different at the December and June _____

Equinoxes and solstices

All Phase changes either store release latent heat. Identify all the phase changes below for water which latent heat is stored in the water molecules

Evaporation liquid to gas. Melting solid to liquid

Match the temperature scale to its description

Fahrenheit: most widely used in the u.s. semicolon a relative scale not calibrated to water. Celsius colon used by most of the countries in the world call and a relative scale calibrated to water. Kelvin colon use mainly in science semicolon and absolute scale where is zero represents a lack of molecular movement

True or false: For locations between 23.5 north and south, the zenith angle remains unchanged during the year

False

Why do Citrus Farmers sometimes spray their crops with water so it freezes in an effort to prevent damage due to low temperatures?

Freezing water releases latent heat, limiting or slowing the drop of temperatures within the cells of the plants

Rank the following types of Earth surfaces by their average albedos. (place the surface with the highest albedo at the top)

Fresh snow, old snow and ice, leafy leaf-bearing trees, a wet and dark soil

Match the description of the energy level with the state of matter, assuming that the material is the same

Gas: Most energetic. Liquid: The intermediate energy state. Solid: The least energetic state

The description and summation of what happens to insulation a global scale is called ____ budget.

Global shortwave-radiation

If everything else remained the same, how would surface temperatures change compared to the temperatures today if greenhouse gases were not in the atmosphere?

Global surface temperatures would be much colder as outgoing longwave radiation would not be trapped in the atmosphere

___ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer that it otherwise would be

Greenhouse

Heat flow is the transfer of thermal energy from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects. This process is also called _____.

Heat flux

Why are atmospheric temperatures affected by the phrase changes of water?

Heat is being taken and stored as Latent heat, or laten heat is being released into the environment

What is the difference between high and low energy states?

High energy states require more energy to form

How have humans contributed to the destruction of ozone?

Human made chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere break apart ozone molecules by strongly attracted one of the oxygen atoms

How do the different layers of the atmosphere vary? (Select all that apply)

In amounts and composition of their gases, in temperature, in air pressure

Search one statement below that accurately describes how hurricanes and latent heat are related.

Incredible amounts of latent heat released in hurricanes as water condensation occurs in the atmosphere

Variations in cloud cover, amount of daylight, Zenith angles, another factors contribute to the variations in the amount of ____

Insolation received at Earth's surface

select the statement below that accurately describes how Earth's atmosphere appears when you can space

It appears is a very thin layer that surrounds Earth's surface

What effect does the counterclockwise rotation (as viewed from above the North Pole) of Earth have on the exposure of Earth's surface to sunlight? (Select all that apply)

It causes the sun to appear to rise in the east and set in the west and it causes half of Earth to be subjected to darkness at any one time

identify all the reasons why Earth's atmosphere is important to life (click all that apply)

It contains oxygen, water vapor, and other important gases, it shields us from harmful high-energy rays from space and it is the source of weather and climate

Select the statements below that help characterize electromagnetic radiation. (Select all that apply)

It is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields. It consists of energy radiated from charged particles.

What is insolation on Earth?

It is the incoming solar radiation

What is special about the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

It is the only range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that humans can see

What does the Stefan-Botlzmann Law describe?

It relates the amount of energy emitted by an object to its surface temperature

Select the statement below that is the accurate comparison between the amount of energy used to bring water to the melting and boiling points as compared to the amount needed to get the water to change phases at those points at sea level

It requires a greater amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring it to those points

What is the scientific unit used to measure heat?

Joule

Because energy is stored as _____ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils

Latent

Match the type of latent heat to a phrase change it is involved with

Latent heat of fusion: Melting. Latent heat of vaporization: Condensation. Latent heat of sublimation: Deposition.

Shortwave radiation that reaches earth's surface can be converted to ____ . select all that apply

Latent heat. Sensible heat. Long-wave radiation

What is counter-radiation?

Longwave energy that is directed downward from the atmosphere

If one object warms another, then the object that is warming up is gaining energy and the object doing the warming is

Losing energy

How does the light-reflecting ability of high- and low-level clouds compare?

Low-level clouds reflect more light

Identify all the methods below that are used to measure temperature. ( select all that apply)

Measuring the wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by an object. Thanks mansion in contraction of mercury in a glass tube. Calculating the temperature based on thermoelectric responses

As the four different layers of the atmosphere interact with insulation passing through them, they're temperature changes with altitude. Select the layers of the atmosphere that decline in temperature with increasing altitude. (Select all that apply)

Mesosphere and Troposphere

Rank the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below by their frequencies

Microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays

Click the statement below that accurately describe how and why insulation varies by location select all that apply

Mid latitudes experience the greatest amount of insolation during the summer as the amount of daylight is greater and Zenith angles are smaller. The equatorial regions experience the least amount of variation in insolation as angles are small and atmospheric attenuation is minimized

Identify correct description of what can happen to shortwave radiation that strikes Earth's surface. (Identify all that apply)

Molecules in the ground materials absorb the radiation and that's increase their own temperature. Water molecules can show store energy as ice melts into water as incoming energy is absorbed. Shortwave radiation can be absorbed and then re-emitted at longer-wavelength.

Greater motion at the atomic level results in the faster moving molecules having ___

More energy

What is the source of most aerosols and gases in the atmosphere?

Natural processes on Earth

Rank the following gases by their contribution of the total volume of Earth's atmosphere. (Place the most abundant at the top)

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

Which of the following locations can be subjected to 24-hour periods of light or darkness, depending on the time of year? (Choose all that apply)

North of the Arctic Circle and South of the Antarctic Circle

What are the coldest place in the last 1000 years occurred during a time of few or no sun spots for many years in a row. The modern period of warming has occurred during the period of ____

Numerous sunspots

Select the ways in which the average amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) varies on a global scale. (Select all that apply)

OLR Patterns are more varied over land than over ocean. The highest amount of OLR are in the tropics

If there is a net transfer of energy from one object to another then it is possible for_____

One to warm and one to cool

The temperature of an object is the average energy content of all its molecules. The fact that objects are not uniformly at one temperature explains why objects produce electromagnetic radiation ____

Over a range of wavelengths

The atmospheric gas _____ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radition

Ozone

Select all the accurate statements below about the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere

Ozone concentration slightly rise of the lower troposphere because it is a byproduct of sunlight striking hydrocarbons pollution in the air and a beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blocks harmful ultraviolet light

The date of Earth's closest approach to the sun is called the _____ and the farthest approached the most distant is called the ____

Perihelion and aphelion

Match the description of the section of the electromagnetic spectrum to it's name

Radio waves: The longest wavelengths; used to transmit signals over long distances Microwaves: Relatively long wavelengths, can be used to quickly excite water molecules. Infrared radiation: Perceived as heat; frequencies just lower than visible light. Gamma rays: The shortest wavelengths; the most energetic and potentially harmful

Why does the sun appear yellow during the day and sometimes a reddish orange at sunrise and sunset?

Real life of a sun passes through the atmosphere by day but it's filtered out by the longer Passage through the atmosphere at Dusk and Dawn

Master type of interaction that takes place in atmosphere between atmospheric components and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to it's description

Reflection: Some EMR is sent off a surface in one direction (generally), which can break back into space. Absorption: incoming EMR is converted into kinetic energy, which is expressed within the component that is struck by the EMR. Scattering: the EMR is sent off in various directions; the variation is based mostly on radiation wavelength.

What effect does the lack of mixing on land and the mixing occurring in the ocean have on service temperatures? The differences and mixing contribute to the differences in their surface temperatures as less or no mixing ___

Results in more rapid surface temperature changes

What effect does the lack of mixing on land and the mixing occurring in the ocean have on surface temperatures? The differences in mixing contribute to the differences in their surface temperatures as less (or no) mixing _____.

Results in more rapid surface temperature changes

Match the name of the process to its description

Sensible heat flux: the upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection of warm air near the surface to Greater altitudes. Latent heat flux: the energy transfer that takes place as processes such as melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur. Long wave energy flux: the transfer of radiation it takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground and in front portion of electromagnetic spectrum

Slipped the factors that affect the thermal interactions of water. Select all that apply

Shortwave radiation that can penetrate water to varying degrees in part due to water clarity and convection of water can help move surface heat to deeper water

The consistent amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun is called the ____ ______. It is measured in watts per square meter

Solar constant

The difference between kinetic and potential energy is potential energy is ______

Stored energy and kinetic energy is related to the motions of matter

What is the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface area on a global scale? Slept all that apply

Sun angles vary with latitude. The amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially. The amount of daylight varies across earth.

The approximate 11 years solar cycle defined by the number of ____ observed on the Sun

Sunspots

The dark areas on the surface of the Sun that are cooler than the rest of the sun are called

Sunspots

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Temperature is a measure of an object's internal kinetic energy and heat is the energy transferred from one object to another

Select the areas listed below for which we generally lack of good decades-long record of temperature. ( select all that apply.)

The Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean. The center of South America

What days of the year do all latitudes of Earth experience the same amount of daylight and darkness? (Select all that apply.)

The September Equinox and the March Equinox

What is needed for water to change between any two phases?

The addition or release of energy

How does insolation vary with respect to latitude?

The amount of insolation received decreases with increasing latitude north or south of the Equator

Which of the following statements is true regarding the insolation striking earth?

The amount of insolation received varies from place to place

What is photodissociation?

The breakdown of a chemical compound caused by electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength equal to or less than visible light

Match the objects below to the relative wavelength of energy they emit

The coldest object: The longest wavelengths, and object with an intermediate temperature: The intermediate wavelengths, the hottest object: the shortest wavelengths

What causes the gases near Earth's surface to be more closely packed together than gases farther away from Earth surface?

The compressive weight of the overriding gases is greater the lower the position in the atmosphere

Place the different layers of the atmosphere in order( place the bottommost layer of the atmosphere at the bottom

Thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

What change about Earth's tilted axis causes variation in daylight length for locations not on the equator?

The direction of the tilt with respect to the sudden changes during the course of the year

How does the global distribution of ozone change throughout the year?

The distribution of ozone varies during the year as the patterns of insolation change

How does latitude affect the variation in the amount of daylight and new zenith angle and those variations in temperature? Select all that apply

The greater the latitude, the greater the variation in size of the Zenith angle during the year. The greater the latitude, the greater the variation the amount of daylight during the year.

What is the correlation between the number of sunspots and the total solar irradiance (TSI)?

The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the TSI

What is sensible heat?

The heat that changes the temperature of two objects via the exchange of heat between them

Select the correct summary below about how the thermal differences between land and water influence temperature differences between them

The high specific energy moderate the temperature of water, which often results of water being colder than the land during the day and warmer at night

Select the ways in which the amount of insolation reaching the earth spatially. (Select all that apply)

The highest values of recede insulation are in subtropical deserts do, and part, to low cloud cover. And in general, lower amounts of insolation are received at higher latitudes

Which of the following is the most important factor in dtermining the weather, climate, and habitability of an area?

The interaction of energy with Earth's atmosphere and surface

Select the statement below that accurately compares the amount of cooling that takes place at night after a hot summer day between a large body of water and an equally large area of nearby land

The land will cool faster as its specific heat is much less than that of the water and is acquired more heat during the day

The sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer at the June Solstice. This results in the tropics in the southern hemisphere having the day when they received the_____

The least amount of insolation all year

What is the circle of illumination?

The line encircling Earth that seperates the lighted half from the dark half

When the sun is directly overhead of an observer, the Zenith angle is 0 and the amount of insolation received is

The maximum amount possible

What is a major difference, linked to latent heat, between the northern and southern hemispheres that influenced the global energy budget?

The ocean covers more of the Southern Hemisphere, and more energy from insulation to be stored as latent heat

Match the atmospheric layer to the reason it has the temperature gradient that it does

Thermosphere: absorbs most of the very shortest and most energetic electromagnetic radiation X-rays and gamma rays. Mesosphere: absorbs little insulation anyway right. Stratosphere: absorbs UV radiation due to the presence of ozone.

If the total amount of insolation reaching the top of the atmosphere from the Sun is 100 watts and 31 of those units are reflected in the primary albedo, what happened to the remaining 69 units?

They are radiated into space as long wave energy, 12 units directly from the Earth's surface and 57 units from the atmosphere

Locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experience. Where they receive no insulation for 24 straight hours. Why does it occur?

The overall tilt of the earth results in one pole pointing away or partially within the Sun for half of the year

What changes in water as it shifts from a solid to a liquid to a gas?

The physical spacing of the water molecules

What causes the sun to set and rise

The rotation of Earth turns part of Earth away from and then back toward the Sun

Rank the relative amounts of each wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface. (Place the wavelength of UV radiation that most abundantly strikes Earth's surface at the bottom.)

The shorter UV-C, The intermediate UV-B, The longer UV-A

What is the total solar irradiance (TSI)?

The sun's total output of energy

Locations in the tropics are subjected to the lowest average zenith angles and are thus warm year-round because ____

The tilt of earth's orbital plane causes the sun to remain high in the sky

How are the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic field oriented with respect to each other?

The travel in two mutually perpendicular planes

What are aerosols?

The various types of solids and liquids suspended in the atmosphere

What does the global outgoing long-wave radiation budget account for? It accounts for____

The way Earth loses heat through emission of long-wave radiation

Select the state below that correctly describes the variation in zenith angle throughout the year for any location in the Northern Hemisphere north of 23.5 degrees N

The zenith angle decreases as the June Solstice approaches and increases afterwards as the December solstice approaches

Why does the average global surface temperature on Earth remain fairly stable?

There is a balance between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation

Why does traveling a greater distance to the atmosphere reduce the amount of insolation it strikes the ground?

There is a greater distance over which atmospheric attenuation can absorb or reflect insulation

Select the correct description of the latitudinal variations in the raditative balance between incoming and outgoing radiation

There is an excess of insulation from the equator to 35 degrees latitude and then a deficit from there to the polls

Select the accurate summary of the atmospheric layers called the propopause, stratopause, and the mesopause

They each have a rather uniform thermal profile and are located at the top of the layer for which they are named

Why do hotter objects generate more electromagnetic radiation (EMR)?

They have more atomic motion and it is this motion that generates EMR

Match the type of interaction between matter and radiant energy in the atmosphere to its description

Transmission: energy is able to pass through the matter. Reflection: Energy bounces off the surface of an object. Absorption: An object retains some of the energy that strikes it. Scattering: Energy is dispersed in various directions

Match the name of the latitude to it's location in degrees latitude

Tropic of Cancer 23.5.N, Tropic of Capricorn 23.5.S, Arctic Circle 66.5.N, Antarctic Circle 66.5.S

Match the greenhouse gas to its description summary of how it interacts with outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR).

Water vapor: in abundant and the most important greenhouse gas, absorbs a wide range of olr. Carbon dioxide: it is a trace gas. It is strongly absorbs wavelengths just longer than those of the atmospheric window. Ozone: important to life, and absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation. Nitrous gas: it is a byproduct of many industrial chemical processes are some of the oil are wavelength in the thermal infrared

The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by

Wavelength

Why do two different objects, say a piece of wood and a piece of metal, with the same moderate temperature feel as if they are at different temperatures when we touch them?

We sense the flow of heat more than we sense the actual temperature of an object

What is the name of the relationship that relates the temperature of an object to the dominant wavelength of the energy it emits?

Wein's law

Select the statements below that accurately relate the distance Earth is from the Sun to the amount of insolation recieved

When Earth is closest to the Sun, it intercepts the most insolation. When Earth is at aphelion, it intercepts the least amount of insolation

The tilt of the Earth with respect to the orbital plane is the cause of the seasons because _____

When each hemisphere is tilted away from Sun it experiences longer periods of night and less direct sunlight

A location receives a peak amount of insolation in June and then a steady decrease in the amount of insolation it receives until late December and early January, when it receives none. Where is this location?

Within the Arctic Circle

The transfer of energy toward the poles occurs because energy flows from _____

areas of surplus to deficit

The relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds earth's surface is called the ___________

atmosphere

The band of frequencies from 8 to 13 comma located in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum through which energy can largely escaped or unaffected, is called the ____

atmospheric window

The atmosphere is held in place both by a buoyancy force directed upward (a flow toward the vacuum of outer space) and ____, which is directed downward

gravity

Scientists use the term ____ to refer to both of the transfer thermal energy into the energy that is transferred.

heat

The Earth is tilted relative to its orbital plane. This causes the seasons because of the earth orbits the sun each hemisphere is tilted towards and away from the Sun for part of the year. When a hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, experiences ____ temperatures because the Zenith angle is reduced, which also ____ atmospheric attenuation

higher; reduces

The angle between the direction of the energy and the surface it is striking is called the angle of ______

incidence

How does the orbital tilt of the earth influence the polar regions?

it results in locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experience 24 hours periods of complete darkness and sunlight

Because energy is stored as___ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts of boils

latent

When potential energy is related to a change in the state of matter (e.g., gas to a liquid), we call it ___ energy.

latent

The angle made by the line connecting an observer to the Sun and one drawn vertically with respect to the observer is called the ___ angle

zenith

The atmosphere is mostly composed of ____ and ____ gas

nitrogen and oxygen

The plane in which Earth revolves around the sun is called the ____ plane

orbital

A molecule composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together is called ____ .This molecule absorbs much of the ultraviolet radiation passing through the atmosphere

ozone

Photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere can result in the formation of ____ has the liberated oxygen atoms join with existing oxygen molecules

ozone

Because difference _____ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea levels is different and less than a spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmosphere

wavelengths