GEOG 207 Midterm

What is El Nino?

An irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.

What is a food desert?

An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food.

What is new urbanism?

An urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.

What is the fastest growing immigrant group in the United States?

Asian Immigrants

What is Canada's largest immigration group?

Asian Immigrants.

What is the Rimland?

Coastal zone of the mainland.

Cultural diffusion set in process by slave trade.

Displacement of people Blending of African culture with Amerindian and European cultures Contemporary African diaspora Nollywood and Africa's film capital West African music East African runners

What does a climograph show?

Displays montly average temperatures and precipitation.

What is the Paris Agreement?

195 countries agree to cut down CO2

How many language groups are in Africa?

6 different language groups.

What percentage of Latin American's live in cities?

80% of the Latin American population.

How did the U.S. population change with the arrival of the Europeans?

90% of the indigenous North American population were wiped out due to disease, war, and economic upheaval.

What is the locavore movement?

A _______ is someone who is committed to eating food that is grown or produced within their local community or region.

What are polar jet streams?

A belt of powerful upper-level winds that sits atop the polar front

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

A binding agreement between the world's industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gases 5% below 1990 levels

What is a megacity?

A city with a population over 10 million.

What is Urban Primacy

A condition which a country has a primate city three to four times larger than any other city in the country.

What is Plantation America?

A cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil through the Guianas and the Caribbean into the southeastern United States. They were ruled by European elites and depended on African labor force to produce agricultural exports.

What is cultural homeland?

A culturally distinctive area developed as settlement nucleus of an ethnic group. ex) Canadian Quebecois, Hispanic Borderlands

What is the Monroe doctrine?

A doctrine by the United States that would end European involvement in the Carribean. This would make the western hemisphere a U.S. sphere of influence.

What is an Oasis?

A fertile spot in a desert where water is found.

What is Dryland Agriculture?

A form of agriculture that rotates crops depending on the moisture of the season.

What is pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence farming in which livestock is moved seasonally.

What is the importance of the Legal Informal sector in Latin America?

A fundamental force that employs Latin Americans that refers to low wage self-employment such as street vending, shoe shining, and artisan manufacturing that is unregulated and untaxed.

What is the Altiplano?

A high plain found in Peru and Bolivia

What is a latifundia?

A huge farming estate owned by wealthy families

What is Anatolia?

A huge peninsula in modern-day turkey that juts out into the Black and Mediterranean seas. It is a high, rocky plateau, rich in timber and agriculture.

What is a lingua franca?

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

A measure of all the goods and services produced by a nation in a given year.

What is a meridian?

A meridian is also called a longitudinal line and are lines that run north to south and are used to locate places east or west of the prime meridian.

What is a savanna?

A mixture of tees and tall grasses in the wetter zones adjacent to the forest belt in sub-Saharan Africa.

What is a parallel?

A parallel is also called a latitudinal line and are lines that run east west to locate places north or south of the equator.

What is Swidden?

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

What is a Mestizo?

A person of mixed race, usually having Spanish and indigenous descent.

What is dollarization?

A process by which a country adopts in whole or in part the US dollar as its official currency.

What is a rain shadow?

A region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.

What is a megalopolis?

A region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

What is Mesopotamia?

A region that incorporates Iraq, Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and Kuwait that once belong to the Mesopotamian (land between the rivers) empire.

What is a universalizing religion?

A religion that attempts to operate on a global scale and to appeal to all people wherever they reside, compared to an ethnic religion which primarily attracts one group of people living in one place.

What is the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

A secret agreement between Georges Picot of France and Sir Mark Sykes of England that partitioned the Middle East.

What is the Arab Spring?

A series of demonstrations, protest, and war that changed the entire Middle East - the hope was that it would bring democracy

What is the Washington Consensus?

A set of policies advocated by developed countries that are intended to help less developed countries grow their economies

What is a bioregion?

A spatial unit of local plants and animals adapted to a specific environment..

What is a theocratic state?

A state in which religious officials operate the country.

What is a Kleptocracy?

A state where corruption is so institutionalized that large percentages of the country's wealth is siphoned off by politicians and government bureaucrats

What is a transform fault?

A strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates.

What is the Sahel?

A strip of land that divides the desert from wetter areas

What is Bolsa Familia?

A subsidy program that gives the poor money to keep their kids in school and ensures vaccinations against disease.

Where is Canada's Inuit Population mainly located?

Nunavut

What is offshore banking?

Offshore banking Specialized banking services that are tax-exempt and confidential Trillions of dollars in global wealth are hidden in tax havens. Caribbean's attraction for such services

What is Minifundia?

Peasant farms that are usually small and used for subsistence farming.

What is the Hajj?

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Which European country was first to colonize Africa?

Portugal

What are conflict diamonds?

Profit from the sale of diamonds used to fund WAR

What is the migration pattern of North Africa and SW Asia.

Rural-to-urban shift Foreign workers make up a large portion of Gulf countries. Emigrants and refugees drawn to Europe and beyond

Where did Carribean indentured servants come from?

South, East, and SouthEast Asia.

What are structural adjustment programs?

Structural adjustment programs consist of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to countries that experienced economic crises.

What are some carribean exports?

Sugarcane, rum, bananas, tobacco.

Which country in Africa has most recently experienced a civil war?

Syria

What is the TFR of Latin America?

TFR is at the replacement rate 2.1 because of.... -Changes with urban living -Women's education -Family planing policy and better access to birth control.

What is important for Amerindian Survival?

The Amerindians need access to land in order to maintain traditions.

Define/Locate within U.S.: Atlantic Coast

The Atlantic coast is the region of states on the eastern side of the US that border the Atlantic ocean.

What is the difference in population between the Greater and the Lesser Antilles?

The Greater Antilles has a higher population, but the lesser Antilles is more densily populated.

Define/Locate within U.S: PiedMont

The Piedmont region is a transition zone between flat lowlands and steep mountain slopes. They are located in the southeast region of the United States.

What is neocolonialism?

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

What is a medina?

The walled urban core of an Islamic city; it is dominated by a central mosque

What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

Theory of Plate Tectonics: A theory that states the earth's outer layer consists of large geological plates that move very slowly across the surface due to convection cells in the Earth's core.

What are rift valleys?

There are a few spreading plate boundaries under the continents; in these areas the crust stretches until it eventually breaks. These areas are called rift valleys.

What is a Maroon?

These were communities of runaways (marooned) slaves that had hidden settlements and developed these Neo-African Cultures

What is a functional region?

This is a region where a certain activity or cluster of activities take place. A few examples of this are the Rust Belt, Silicon Valley, Breadbasket, and Sunbelt.

Cultural Syncretism

This is the active blending (syncing) of cultural traditions to create a hybrid tradition.

Cultural Nationalism

This is the process of protecting and defending a cultural system from an opposing culture.

What is the foundation of the Carribean economy?

Tourism

What is capital leakage?

Tourist dollars go largely to international corporations rather than local communities

What are neotropics?

Tropical ecosystems of the western hemisphere.

Why is there an African bond?

Unity emerged through lifestyles, idea systems, and impact of outsiders (European colonialism)

What is an urban heat island?

Urban areas that are a lot warmer than their surrounding rural areas due to human activities in the United States.

What is the Sudd?

Vast swamps in south Sudan that are formed by the white Nile

What are praire?

Vegetation is dominated mostly by grasses and scrub in the West.

What is the Pan-African Movement?

Vision for independence for the African states.

Where are the highest concentrations of settlement in Africa?

West Africa, highland East Africa, and eastern South Africa

What is areal differentiation?

What distinguishes one area of Earth's surface from another area of Earth's surface.

What is a transform plate boundary?

When two plates slide past each other.

What is a subduction zone?

Where one lithospheric plate is dragged or pushed below another lithospheric plate.

What is cultural assimilation?

interpretation and fusion of ethnic minority into dominant culture

What are plateau shields?

major upland areas of exposed crystalline, geologically older rocks

What is the GAFTA?

Greater Arab Free Trade Area - founded by 14 countries

Which country in Caribbean experience an earthquake in 2010?

Haiti

What is the demographic pattern of North Africa and South West Asia.

High Population Growth Declining Fertility Rates

What city is most important for the three religions of SW Asia?

Jerusalem

What is the Great Rift Valley?

Kenya and from northern Africa, gave us the Red Sea and a valley in Africa. Influenced the shape of the lakes (long and narrow). Strong influence of the eastern part of Africa

What is the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa?

Lago, Nigeria

What is the core and periphery model?

Model that shows that most countries that have reached high levels of development are above the 30 degree latitude line. These MDCs are the core. the LDCs are the periphery

What are choke points?

Narrow international waterways that increase the risk of ship collision and piracy such as the Suez Canal and the Strait of Hormuz at the end of the Persian Gulf.

Which country in Sub Saharan Africa was forced to limit oil production to promote overall development?

Nigeria

Where is desertification most likely to occur?

North Africa

Where are deserts found on Africa?

Northeastern Horn of African and southwestern Africa.

What is the Maghreb?

Northern African region that contains Libya, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. (MALT)

What are tundras?

Northern areas where only low shrubs and grasses can acclimate in the United States and Canada.

What percentage of African children die before age five?

1 in 10 or 10%

What information does the population pyramid provide?

1) Distribution of Females and Males 2) Distribution of Age Cohort 3) Future population growth

What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?

1) High Deaths and High Births 2) High Births and Declining Deaths 3) Declining deaths 4) Equilibrium between low birth and low death rates. 5) Negative Natural Growth

List the four countries that contain 75% of Latin America's population.

1) Mexico 2) Brazil 3) Argentina 4) Colombia

What are the four key issues with U.S immigration?

1) Number of legal immigrants 2) Reducing flows of undocumented immigrants. 3) Policy on current undocumented immigrants. 4) Drug trade and violence

How does the middle east link to the global economy?

1) Oil Fortunes 2) Industrial Goods to Europe 3) Tourism

List crops transferred to Europe as a result of Colombian Exchange.

1) Potatoes 2) Cacao 3) Hot Pepper 4) Tomatoes 5) Pineapples 6) Avocados

What is the order of Attitudinal Zones in the Andes Mountains?

1) Tierra Caliente (Hottest) 2) Tierra Templada (Temperate) 3) Tierra Fria (Cold) 4) Tierra Helada (Freezing)

What are remittances?

A sum of money sent, especially by mail, in payment for goods or services or as a gift. Immigrants send back 3.5 billion back annually to the Dominican Republic and count as the country's second leading source of income.

What was Pangea?

A super continent landmass formed 250 million years ago that was centered near present-day Africa.

What is a novel ecosystem?

A system of abiotic, biotic, and social components (and their interactions) that, by virtue of human influence, differs from those that prevailed historically, having a tendency to self-organize and manifest novel qualities without intensive human management."

What is NAFTA?

A trade block called the North American Free Trade Agreement and its intent would create a free trade area that would eliminate tariffs and ease movement of goods between member nations.

What is the Arab League?

A unification of Arab states banding together to advance Middle Eastern cause

How many people are infected with HIV in the African region?

About 70% of the population have this disease.

What percentage of the population in the Caribbean lives on the Greater Antilles?

About 85% of the population.

What is the fastest growing immigrant group percentage wise in the United States?

African Immigrants

How is the Human Development Index for the Carribean?

Almost all ranked states have high HDI.

What is the world's largest river system in volume and area?

Amazon Basin

What are the three river basins of south America?

Amazon, La Plata, and Orinoco Basins. (OAP)

What is a suq, a bazaar?

An Arab market or marketplace

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

An agreement between spain and portugal to settle conflicts over lands founded by Columbus. The eastern half of the world containing Africa would belong to Portugal and the western half of the world was given to Spain.

What is neoliberalism?

An approach to the world economy that favored tariff reductions and other steps to encourage free markets and private entrepreneurship

What is the fertile crescent?

An arc-shaped region in Southwest Asia, with rich soil

Define/Locate within U.S.: Prairie

An area dominated by tall grasslands that are fertile for agriculture. They are typically located in the central United States.

What is a formal region?

An area within which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.

What is Brain Drain?

An emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

What is the Great Escarpment?

Behind the coastal plains are steep cliffs running from the west coast south to the Cape of Good Hope. The Drakensburg Range rises more than 11,000 ft running along the southern edge of South Africa. --------- is a series of hills and plateaus that cover most of Southern Africa.

What causes the most conflict in the Latin American region?

Border conflicts are very prevalent as states are unsure about where to place borders based on colonial units.

List the countries contained within the Amazon River Floodplain?

Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela

What is agribusiness?

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

What are boreal forests?

Confconiferous evergreen dominates high latitude continental interior of the United States.

What is Gondwana?

Continent of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica

Which Caribbean country allied with Soviets in the Civil War?

Cuba

What is Cultural Assimilation?

Cultural Assimilation: The process in which immigrants are absorbed into the larger host society.

If a country has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of less than 2 what will happen to the population in the future?

It will decline.

What is the Lesser Antilles?

Double arc of small islands.

What is the difference between economic development and economic growth?

Economic development occurs when an entire system of resource allocation is changed such as a country's standard of living, educational attainment, and political organization. This can be analogous to an improvement the system. Whereas, economic growth is the expansion of output and is analogous to getting bigger.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

Europeans began rushing for land in 1884- AKA the Berlin Conference

How was the Great Rift Valley Formed?

Formed by violent subterranean forces that tore apart the earth's crust. These forces caused huge chunks of the crust to sink between parallel fault lines and force up molten rock in volcanic eruption

What is the current source for most of the world's power supply?

Fossil Fuels, OIL

What is gross national income?

GDP plus net income from outside a countries borders through trade and other forms of investment.

What is gentrification?

Gentrification: A process that involves displacing lower income residents of central city neighborhoods by higher income residents, as well as rehabilitating deteriorated inner city landscapes.

If a country has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of greater than 2 what will happen to the population in the future?

It will increase.

What are the stages of the demographic transition model?

In Stage 1, population growth is low because high birth rates are offset by high death rates. Currently there are no Stage 1 countries. Rapid growth takes place in Stage 2, as death rates decline. Stage 3 is characterized by a decline in birth rates. The transition was initially thought to end with low growth once again in Stage 4, resulting from a relative balance between low birth rates and low death rates. But with a large number of developed countries now showing no natural growth, demographers have added a fifth stage to the traditional demographic transition model, one that shows no or even negative natural growth.

What is altitudinal zonation?

In mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions.

What is insolation?

Incoming solar radiation

What is the Human Development Index?

Indicator of development for each country, constructed by the UN.

What is circular migration?

Individuals in a family leave to work, return home with savings.

Which country in SW Asia has the highest concentration of Shiites?

Iran

In which country in SW Asia is tensions between Shiite and Sunni Muslims the highest?

Iraq

What is the largest city in the North Africa and South West Asia.

Istanbul.

What is the political status of Puerto Rico?

It is a commonwealth of the U.S. and its residents can move freely to the U.S. mainland.

If a country has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2 what will happen to the population in the future?

It is the replacement rate and will stay stable.

What is edge city?

It refers to a type of city that has arisen very recently in a comparatively short space of time. The city exists on the fringes of a larger city and acts as a regional hub for recreation, business, or other commercial activity for the suburban population of the larger city.

Why is there a preference for large families in Africa?

Large families guarantee family lineage, status; in rural households, children an important source of labor. Women tend to begin childbearing earlier in life.

What region does the catholic faith dominate?

Latin America

What are south African homelands?

Likened to reservations created for Native Americans.

What are townships?

Location usually refer to the often underdeveloped racially segregated urban areas that, from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid, were reserved for non-whites, namely Indians, Africans and Colored.

How does the global pressure system work?

Low pressure cells form where warm air rises and high pressure cells form where air sinks.

What is transnational migration?

Maintaining livelihoods and households between two countries.

What is a choropleth map?

Maps where areas are shaded around to quantity "choro" means area and "pleth" refers to quantity.

What are maquiladoras?

Mexican factories where U.S. corporations employ inexpensive Mexican labor for assembly and piecework.

Where do Cubans tend to migrate to in U.S.?

Miami

What is chain migration?

Migrants bring family to a new country.

What is agricultural density?

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

What is a Monsoon?

Seasonal change in wind direction

What is "transhumance" and where is it practiced?

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. It is practiced by pastoral nomads.

What is the apartheid system?

Segregation laws in South Africa, established around 1950 to preserve white dominance as in other African countries local blacks were taking control over colonial rule

What is the demographic transition model?

Sequence of stages in population growth

What is the relation of Hydro politics between Israel-Palestine>

Share access to limited water supplies Water as transportation link means narrow waterways form vital choke points. Vulnerable to military blockade or disruption

What is the difference between Weather and Climate?

Short and simple, weather is the short-term expression of atmospheric processes and climate is the long-term average of atmospheric processes.

What is the TFR in Africa?

The TFR is quite high at 5.0 due to high child mortality.

What is remote sensing?

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite.

What is the colombian exchange?

The biological swap between Old World and New Worlds.

What is Creolization?

The blending of African, European, and Amerindian cultural elements. Creole also illustrates the cultural and national identity of the region as a whole.

What is Pastoralism?

The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock

What is salinization?

The buildup of salts in surface soil layers.

What is grassification?

The conversion of tropical forest into pasture.

What is the Levant?

The countries immediately to the east of the Mediterranean Sea in the middle east.

What is Diaspora?

The economic flight of people from a region across the globe

What is the Caribean Diaspora?

The economic flight of the Carribean peoples.

Define and explain the location (most severe) of Desertification in Africa

The expansion of desert like conditions as a result of human induced degradation. The most severe areas would be the Horn of Africa, Southern Africa, and the Sahel. (HSS)

What are syncretic religions?

The fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices. An example would be catholicism and indigenous religions. Ex) Carnival in Brazil.

What is the pristine myth?

The idea that the Western Hemisphere was "untouched" and unaltered prior to European "discovery."

Where is the location of the US Megalopolis?

The largest agglomeration of settlement in the United States is on the New England area that includes Washington D.C., Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston.

What was the Berlin Conference?

The meeting where European countries gathered to discuss how to colonize Africa

What is dependency theory?

The notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

What is physiological density?

The number of people per unit of arable land.

What is the orographic effect?

The orographic effect occurs when air is forced to rise so that it can go over a mountain. As the air rises and cools, the water vapor condenses and precipitation occurs. This means all of the water gets dumped on one side of the mountain, creating a humid environment; by the time the air reaches the other side of the mountain it no longer has any water vapor left in it, and this creates a desert.

What is the rate of natural increase?

The percentage by which a population grows in a year. CBR - CDR = NIR

What is the enviromental lapse rate?

The physical phenomenon where there is a decline in physical measurement as the altitude increases.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The process by which gases hold heat in the atmosphere.

What is glocalization?

The process of modifying an introduced globalized product to accommodate local tastes or cultural practices.

What is the adiabatic lapse rate?

The rate at which specifically atmospheric temperature decreases with increasing altitude

What is purchasing power parity?

The rate of conversion of one country's currency to purchase the same goods.

What is the greater Antilles?

The region of the Carribean that includes Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. (PHD CJ)

What is the demographic growth of the North American region?

The region's population is rapidly aging and landscapes are being dedicated to retirement lifestyles.

What creates the greatest survival challenge for individuals in North Africa and SW Asia?

The shortage of water and amount of arable land make North African and SW Asia very difficult to live in.

What is the African Diaspora?

The spreading of African people and culture around the world

What is areal integration?

The study of how places interact with one another. For example, the interconnectedness of the US and Singapore economies.

What is a cultural landscape?

The tangible human expression of human settlement. Shows basic needs and markers of values, attitudes, and symbols.

What is the Green Belt Movement?

aims at organizing women in rural Kenya to plant trees, combat deforestation, restore their main sources of fuel for cooking, generate income, and stop soil erosion.