GEOG 2200

>Question 5: The Yellowstone Fire of 1988 is considered as the largest ______________ effort in U.S. history. army supported naval operation fire fighting police protection national guard

fire fighting

>Question 12: Which model requires oxygen, heat, fuel, and a sustained chemical reaction to start and sustain a fire? fire quadrant fire polyhedron fire triangle fire tetrahedron fire octagon

fire tetrahedron

>Question 12: What natural hazards can happen after the end of the "wildfire season" in California? dust storms flash floods winter storms earthquakes landslides

flash floods landslides

>Question 19: All slopes are under the influence of what two acting forces? friction tension resistance gravity pressure gradient force

friction gravity

>Question 9: What source caused the 1991 Firestorm of Oakland to occur? car explosion lightning sugar cane fire campfire grass fire

grass fire

>Question 18: A ___________ is an extended period of above normal temperatures over a given period of time. cool wave heat wave warm wave mild wave lukewarm wave Geography 2200: List of Heat and Drought Part I Questions 6

heat wave

>Question 17: What is perhaps the most common way a landslide occurs? loss of vegetation a nearby volcanic eruption an earthquake winds from a landfalling tropical cyclone heavy precipitation

heavy precipitation

>Question 10: Which factor is responsible for starting the vast majority of wildfires? lightning earthquakes human negligence hunting volcanoes

human negligence

Question 11: What drought type can impact downstream locations, which may not necessarily be in a drought? meteorological hydrological agricultural socioeconomic biological

hydrological

>Question 19: Beside the eruption, what other hazard occurred during the Mount St. Helens volcanic event? flood landslide hurricane wildfire tornado

landslide

>Question 23: A (An) _____________ is a type of slide landslide that occurs when a fracture in the rock or fault allows generally moist material to slide along a curved surface to create a "scarp". creep avalanche debris flow rotational slump translational slide

rotational slump

>Question 14: What mechanism is responsible for the slow drift of continents postulated by Robert Dietz and Harry Hess during the 1960s? subduction seafloor spreading volcanism earthquakes

seafloor spreading

>Question 18: What instrument is used to measure an earthquake? psychrometer pyranometer anemometer seismograph

seismograph

>Question 8: How was the 1988 Yellowstone Wildfire put out? fire fighting snowfall rainfall hail aerial fire fighting

snowfall

>Question 8: Droughts are frequent in the Sahel region and occur when the West African Monsoon shifts ____________. eastward. westward. northward. southward.

southward.

>Question 28: Mount Pinatubo and Mount St. Helens is an example of what type of volcano? cinder stratovolcano caldera shield effusive

stratovolcano

>Question 9: What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault? strike-slip normal thrust oblique-slip

strike-slip

>Question 14: A good example of pyrolysis is _____________. the burning of car tires. the burning of human skin. the burning of food. the burning of shrubbery.

the burning of food.

>Question 25: What sources can cause a tsunami to occur? volcano landslide thunderstorm hurricane earthquake debris extraterrestrial

volcano landslide earthquake debris extraterrestrial

>Question 24: ______________ is a type of explosive eruption that ejects new lava fragments that do not take on a rounded shape during their flight through the air. phreatic eruption plinian eruption effusive eruption strombolian eruption vulcanian eruption Geography 2200: List of Geological Hazards Part I Questions 7

vulcanian eruption

>Question 27: What physical factor led to the start of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountain Range Wildfires? high winds vegetation topography weather geology

weather

>Question 19: The deadliest wildfire in Australia's modern-day history is called by what name? "Black Friday" "Black Christmas" "Fire Saturday" "Bel Air Fire" "Black Saturday"

"Black Saturday"

>Question 2: The Great Peshtigo Fire of 1871 is often known as ______________. "The lost cause" "The boogie fire" "The wildfire massacre" "The forgotten fire" "The unstoppable fire"

"The forgotten fire"

>Question 21: Which event was identified as the world's worst tsunami to occur in recorded history? 1693 Sicilian tsunami 1755 Lisbon tsunami 1960 Chilean tsunami 2004 Indonesian tsunami 2011 Japanese tsunami

2004 Indonesian tsunami

>Question 19: Which recent disaster follows a similar parallel to the 1995 Chicago heat wave in regards to social vulnerability and the disproportionate impact on marginalized groups? 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 2005 Hurricane Katrina 2008 Hurricane Ike 2010 Haiti earthquake 2015 Chile volcanic eruption

2005 Hurricane Katrina

>Question 10: The largest-ever wildfire in California history occurred during which event? 1932 Matilija Fire 1970 Laguna Fire 1991 Oakland Fire 2003 Cedar Creek Fire 2017 Thomas Fire

2017 Thomas Fire

>Question 22: Approximately, how many total people perished during the world's worst tsunami? 125,000 people 170,000 people 230,000 people 400,000 people 500,000 people

230,000 people

>Question 6: How many people participated in the Yellowstone Fire of 1988? 2,500 9,000 15,000 21,000 25,000

25,000

>Question 28: How many people died each year from a landslide in the United States? <5 5-25 25-50 50-100 >100

25-50

>Question 25: Approximately, how many people died during the 2015 India heat wave? 500 1500 2000 2500 5000

2500

>Question 5: The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) classified the 1930s Dust Bowl as a "severe drought" which is assigned with a PDSI value less than ______. (Hint: Look at slide #5). 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

3

>Question 23: An earthquake measuring 7 on the Moment Magnitude Scale releases about _____ times more energy than an earthquake of magnitude 6. 3 30 300 3,000

30

>Question 7: How much of Yellowstone National Park was damaged (in percentage %) from the wildfire? 5% 28% 36% 52% 76%

36%

>Question 1: The 1930s Dust Bowl consisted of how many distinct drought periods? 1 2 3 4 5

4

>Question 29: How many individual fires were started by lightning during the 1988 Yellowstone Wildfire event? Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

42

>Question 30: How many volcanic eruptions occur globally each year? Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

60

>Question 23: How many people died during the Chicago Heat Wave of 1995? 659 739 889 929

739

>Question 24: What is the heat index, if the air temperature is 80° F and the relative humidity is at 45%? (Hint: Please use the Heat Index Chart). Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

80

>Question 10: The Sahel region is found on what continent? Europe South America Australia Africa Asia

Africa

>Question 21: What factors separate the 2003 European heat wave from U.S. heat waves? Many of the houses are built with tin roofs, and masonry construction. Air conditioning is not standard in European homes. No heat health or early warning systems existed prior to the heat wave. Ice was distributed to residents during the heat wave.

Air conditioning is not standard in European homes.

>Question 11: What geologist proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915? Eduard Suess Alfred Wegener Alfred Wallace Frank Taylor Giuseppe Mercalli

Alfred Wallace

>Question 25: What fire options are used to stop or slow an active forest fire? fire breaks fuel breaks back fires All of the above

All of the above

>Question 16: Which of the examples listed below are indirect losses from a drought? An increase in fire hazards Damage to wildlife and fish habitats Crop losses Higher mortality rates for livestock and wildlife. Unemployment

An increase in fire hazards Damage to wildlife and fish habitats Crop losses Higher mortality rates for livestock and wildlife.

>Question 24: What subtropical high pressure system is responsible for initiating the warm and dry weather pattern observed across the southern United States during 2016? Atlantic Pacific Aleutian Bermuda Icelandic

Bermuda

>Question 23: What type of weather condition would exist, if the air temperature is 100° F and the relative humidity is at 50%? (Hint: Please use the Heat Index Chart to determine what type of weather condition would exist) Caution Extreme Caution Danger Extreme Danger It cannot be determined.

Danger

>Question 8: What theory discovered by H.F. Reid arise from the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake? Sea flooding spreading Elastic rebound Boundary stretching Plate tectonics Wavelength propagation

Elastic rebound

>Question 15: Which population groups were the most susceptible to the impacts of the 1995 Chicago heat wave? Elderly people Men (working outside and/or with limited social networks) Poor people Children

Elderly people Men (working outside and/or with limited social networks) Poor people Children

>Question 18: What is the traditional U.S. policy and response to an encroaching wildfire? Defend Evacuate Prepare Fight Leave early

Evacuate

>Question 16: The National Fire Plan was developed after the Landmark Fire Season of 2000. What were the five key points of the plan? Firefighting, Rehabilitation, Fuel production, Community resistance, and Accountability Police, Protection, Fuel reduction, Regional planning, and Financial Savings Firefighting, Rehabilitation, Fuel reduction, Community assistance, and Accountability Aerial firefighting, Restoration, Water implementation, Community reliance, and Resistance

Firefighting, Rehabilitation, Fuel production, Community resistance, and Accountability

>Question 5: Based on the figure below, which processes are NOT part of the hydrological cycle? Evaporation Evapotranspiration Ground-water discharge or groundwater flow Infiltration Precipitation Surface runoff Ignition Transpiration Snowmelt

Ignition

>Question 21: _____________ is a type of landslide driven by vertical gravity movement which makes it entirely unrelated to sloping of the ground. Rotational slump Land subsidence Creep Rock fall Translational slide

Land subsidence

>Question 15: Based on the figure, which volcanic eruption had the lowest volcanic explosivity index (VEI)? Tambora Pinatubo Mono-Inyo Craters Mount St. Helens Yellowstone Caldera

Mono-Inyo Craters

>Question 27: Which volcano caused the largest disruption of air traffic worldwide in 2010? Mount Merapi Mount Rainier Mount Vesuvius Eyjafjallajökull Mount St. Helens

Mount Vesuvius

>Question 10: What research program was established as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake? SCIPP PASTE QUAKE NEHRP EHRPN

NEHRP

>Question 5: What government agency was formed after the 1964 Prince William Sound event to provide timely and effective tsunami warnings and earthquake information to the Pacific Ocean basin? United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) United States Army Corps of Engineering (USACE) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS)

National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC)

>Question 5: Place each type of landslide into one of the three categories (fall, slide, or flow) of landslides. Rotational slump Solifluction Rock fall Debris flow Translational slide

Rotational slump - slide Solifluction - flow Rock fall - Fall Debris flow -Flow Translational slide - slide

>Question 2: The largest (strongest) earthquake to occur along the San Andreas fault happened in which Californian city? Loma Prieta Los Angeles Northridge San Francisco San Diego

San Francisco

>Question 11: What meteorological wind is desired to ignite a wildfire in California? Bora Zonda Santa Ana Foehn Chinook

Santa Ana

>Question 21: What volcano type is named for its large size and low sloping profile? Caldera Shield Stratovolcano Cinder Composite

Shield

>Question 3: The hydrological cycle is driven by which force? Continental drift Pressure gradient force Solar energy balance

Solar energy balance

>Question 20: Which landslide type occurs in a tundra climate and is primarily driven by the cycle of freezing and thawing of the ground? Earth flow Land subsidence Debris flow Solifluction Translational slide

Solifluction

>Question 24: What major sporting event was postponed due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake? NFL Super Bowl XXIII The NBA Finals The World Series The Stanley Cup FIFA World Cup

The World Series

>Question 25: Why are earthquakes that occur in Mexico City tend to be destructive? The city was built on permafrost. The city was built on wetlands. The city was built on a dry lake bed. The city was built near a major river.

The city was built on a dry lake bed.

>Question 15: What factors contributed to the devastating Bastrop County Complex Fire (2011)? Urban development in fire prone areas Arson Prolonged drought Strong winds associated with Tropical Storm Lee

Urban development in fire prone areas, Prolonged drought, Strong winds associated with Tropical Storm Lee

>Question 14: What lessons were learned after the 2003 Cedar Creek Fire in California? The need to update building and fire codes The need to improve emergency communication and coordination The need to educate communities in regard to evacuation routes The need to improve vegetation management

The need to update building and fire codes, The need to improve emergency communication and coordination, The need to educate communities in regard to evacuation routes, The need to improve vegetation management

>Question 11: Similar to the" Dust Bowl", drought effects in Sahel were further exacerbated by which factors? The regional economy relies on subsistence farming practices. An abundant amount of rainfall in prior years led to explosion in size of herds and livestock to the region. Poor land management (i.e., deforestation, overgrazing) Climatological interferences (e.g. global dimming, warmer than average SSTs)

The regional economy relies on subsistence farming practices. Poor land management (i.e., deforestation, overgrazing) Climatological interferences (e.g. global dimming, warmer than average SSTs)

>Question 33: The majority of the 20 largest wildfires in California have occurred during the last two decades (2002-2017). True False

True

>Question 34: Based on the figure below, the rate of seafloor spreading along the Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge is slower than the eastern Pacific Ocean Ridge. Figure: The map shows the age of Earth's oceanic crust. The red areas depict the youngest crust while the green areas represent the oldest crust. True False

True

>Question 35: The deadliest landslide occurred in Haiyuan, China where it is estimated that more than 100,000 people perished. True False

True

>Question 35: The slip rate is rate of movement or how fast the two sides of a fault are sliding relative to one another. True False

True

>Question 36: The 2003 European Heat Wave was responsible in claiming (i.e., killing) an estimated 35,000 people. True False

True

>Question 36: The Northern California Earthquake Data Center (i.e., earthquake data archive) was established after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. True False

True

>Question 37: The 1991 Oakland Firestorm is a good example of the wildland/urban interface problem that exist in California. True False

True

>Question 37: The Mount Pinatubo Eruption of 1991 was considered to be the most successful volcanic hazards mitigation in history. True False

True

>Question 37: There are two types of strike-slip faults: (1) left lateral and (2) right lateral. True False

True

>Question 38: During the 2016 drought, many cities in the southern U.S. went many days without measurable precipitation, with the longest streaks occurring in the states of Alabama and Georgia. True False

True

>Question 39: Prior to the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, earthquake research in the U.S. had advanced slowly when compared to efforts of other countries. True False

True

>Question 39: The community of La Conchita, California has observed a landslide prior to the January 10, 2005 earthflow event. True False

True

>Question 39: The drought conditions observed in the Western U.S. during 2015 was further exacerbated by the lack of snowpack melt from the Sierra Nevada Mountains which is a major water resource for the region. True False

True

>Question 40: A tsunami slows down as it approaches land. True False

True

>Question 40: According to the Washington Post, the 2015 India heat wave is considered to be the second-deadliest heat wave on record for India and fifth-deadliest in world history overall. True False

True

>Question 40: It was determined that the conditions from the 2011 Bastrop County Complex Fire were similar to those that were present before the 1991 Oakland Firestorm. True False

True

>Question 41: Out in the open ocean, a tsunami wave is barely detectable since it remains low in wave height. True False

True

>Question 45: Since 1980, 45 volcanic eruptions have occurred in the United States. True False

True

>Question 24: A landslide can be broadly characterized based on what factors? Wind direction Type of movement Temperature of material Speed of movement Moisture content of material

Type of movement Speed of movement Moisture content of material

>Question 26: What personal mitigation measurements can people take to protect themselves and others during a heat wave event? Understand and know the symptoms of heat exhaustion Stay hydrated Avoid strenuous activity Stay indoors Check on vulnerable people (elderly and children)

Understand and know the symptoms of heat exhaustion Stay hydrated Avoid strenuous activity Stay indoors Check on vulnerable people (elderly and children)

>Question 11: Most of the structures damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake were constructed of what building type? Wood light frame Precast concrete frame Steel braced frames Steel moment frame Unreinforced masonry frame

Unreinforced masonry frame

>Question 23: What variables caused the costliest landslide to occur in the United States? Unseasonably warm weather Strong Santa Ana winds A record-breaking rainfall A deep winter snow pack A removal of trees and vegetation

Unseasonably warm weather, A record-breaking rainfall, A deep winter snow pack

>Question 1: The deadliest wildfire in America's history occurred in which state? Arizona Wisconsin Texas Louisiana California

Wisconsin

>Question 13: What biome is prevalent in the southern California and highly susceptible to wildfires as seen with the 2003 Cedar Creek Fire? tundra desert chaparral savanna temperate steppe

chaparral

>Question 9: A wildfire is a _____________ marked by flames or intense heat. convection ignition combustion smoldering

combustion

>Question 21: What is NOT a type of heat transfer process? (Hint: Read National Weather Service: Transfer of Heat Energy on Moodle). radiation conduction convection convergence

convergence

>Question 20: Which of the following are adverse health effects from exposure to heat? cramps exhaustion stroke syncope

cramps exhaustion syncope

>Question 17: With the Mount Pinatubo eruption, how much did the global temperature change between 1991 and 1993? 0.5° C 1° C 1.5° C 2° C 2.5° C

0.5° C

>Question 23: The Pinautbo Eruption of 1991 was how many times larger than Mount St. Helens of 1980? 2.5 times larger 5 times larger 10 times larger 15 times larger 20 times larger

10 times larger

>Question 22: What is the heat index, if the air temperature is 92° F and the relative humidity is at 60%? 93° F 95° F 100° F 105° F 108° F

105

>Question 27: What was the record high temperature (i.e., air temperature not heat index temperature) set in Chicago on July 13, 1995? Enter numerical value in degrees Fahrenheit for your answer. Answer

106

>Question 25: What is the heat index, if the air temperature is 92° F and the relative humidity is at 70%? (Hint: Please use the Heat Index Chart). Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

112

>Question 30: How many people died during the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake? Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

128

>Question 31: How many of the Maldivian islands were completely destroyed during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami? Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

13

>Question 18: Prior to 1980, when was the last time that Mount St. Helens erupted? 1592 1928 1644 1857 1974

1857

>Question 31: On average how thick (i.e., in miles) is continental crust? Enter numerical value (not text). Answer

19

>Question 20: The Great Smoky Mountain Wildfires is the deadliest wildfire to occur in the eastern U.S. since what year? 1871 1947 1982 2000 2016

1947

>Question 22: Which landslide event was the costliest in U.S. history? 1959 Madison County Landslide 1969 Nelson County Landslide 1983 Thistle Landslide 1996 Yosemite Landslide 2005 La Conchita Landslide

1983 Thistle Landslide

>Question 2: What happened on April, 14 1935 also known as "Black Sunday"? A song called "Black Sunday" by Jethro Tull was released which describes socioeconomic issues from the Great Depression. An Italian horror film depicting the worst flood in U.S. history was released on this day. An extreme heat wave occurred on the opening day of the Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California. A dust storm turned the day into night and many people believed the world was ending.

A dust storm turned the day into night and many people believed the world was ending.

>Question 15: Which characteristics separate a drought from most other natural hazards? A slow speed of the onset. The severity is often underestimated. It is broad and indirectly impacts society and economies. It is predictable.

A slow speed of the onset. The severity is often underestimated. It is broad and indirectly impacts society and economies.

>Question 28: What is (are) the benefit(s) of a wildfire? A wildfire increases nutrient content of soil. A wildfire increases moisture content of the atmosphere. A wildfire reduces insect infestations on trees. A wildfire reduces the amount of fuel available on the surface.

A wildfire increases nutrient content of soil. A wildfire reduces insect infestations on trees. A wildfire reduces the amount of fuel available on the surface.

>Question 8: Place the life cycle stages of a wildfire in the correct order. Start with the earliest phase. (A) Combustion Stage (B) Pre-ignition Stage (C) Extinction Stage A - B - C C - A - B B - C - A B - A - C C - B - A

B-A-C

>Question 21: The deadliest landslide in U.S. history occurred in which state? Virginia California Montana Washington Oregon

California

>Question 12: What program was developed after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake to allow residents to buy earthquake insurance in California? California Earthquake Center (CEC) California Insurance Agency (CIA) California Financial Program (CAP) California Earthquake Authority (CEA) California Building Association (CBA)

California Earthquake Authority (CEA)

>Question 14: Which U.S. heat wave event is responsible for triggering most research and knowledge advancement in regards to vulnerable populations? Detroit Heat Wave of 1936 Los Angeles Heat Wave of 1955 New York City Heat Wave of 1972 Chicago Heat Wave of 1995

Chicago Heat Wave of 1995

>Question 1: Which country did the deadliest earthquake occur in? Japan Indonesia Ecuador China United States

China

>Question 18: What factors contributed to the severity of the Chicago heat wave in 1995? City officials did not inform the public until the end of the heat wave. Power failures A lack of medical resources Social networks did not exist (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, etc.)

City officials did not inform the public until the end of the heat wave. Power failures A lack of medical resources Social networks did not exist (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, etc.)

>Question 27: According to the Avalanche Danger Scale, unstable snowpack areas probable, backcountry travel possible with extreme caution is classified with a rating of what value? Low Moderate Considerable High Extreme

Considerable

>Question 19: What feature is described by a circular depression that forms at the summit of a volcano? Caldera Lava Pyroclast Crater

Crater

>Question 12: Which scale is used to assess short-term drought conditions? Palmer Drought Severity Index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Crop Moisture Index Standardized Precipitation Surface Water Supply

Crop Moisture IndexTo monitor the health of vegetation

>Question 30: The 2014 Oso Landslide was identified as a "rockfall" landslide. True False

False

>Question 31: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is calculated based on temperature and precipitation charts. True False

False

>Question 32: A wildfire travels slower "upslope" than "downslope" because heat is carried upslope where it is used to preheat the fuel in advance of the fire. True False

False

>Question 32: The age of continental crust is younger than oceanic crust. True False

False

>Question 33: Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust. True False

False

>Question 33: On average, the world experiences about quarter of a million earthquakes annually. True False

False

>Question 33: Wildfires commonly occur at high elevations due to the abundance of oxygen. True False

False

>Question 34: The Drought of 1988-1989 affected approximately 56% of the United States. True False

False

>Question 34: There are no tsunami warning systems for the Pacific and Indian Oceans. True False

False

>Question 35: A red flag warning is issued when wildfire conditions are met within the next 48 hours. True False

False

>Question 36: A "fold" is a fracture in a rock formation. True False

False

>Question 36: In the United States, most deaths caused by landslides occur from numerous events and not a single rockfall or earthflow event. True False

False

>Question 38: The government had a slow response of removing debris following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. True False

False

>Question 38: The intensity of an earthquake refers to its size and the amount of energy released. True False

False

>Question 39: A "vulcanian" eruption is a type of explosive eruption that forms huge, dark columns of tephra and gas high into the atmosphere. True False

False

>Question 40: According to the bulletin of Mexico's SASMEX earthquake warning system, an advance (>5 minutes) warning was given in Mexico City prior to the 2017 Central Mexico earthquake. True False

False

>Question 42: The majority of volcano sites are located in the eastern United States. True False

False

>Question 43: An "up-and-down" ground shaking motion tends to be more destructive to a building's foundation during an earthquake. True False

False

>Question 20: Which country had the highest number of causalities during the European heat wave of 2003? Germany United Kingdom France Luxembourg Spain Italy

France

>Question 11: Which three ingredients are necessary to ignite and maintain a fire? Fuel Wind Oxygen Carbon Heat Water

Fuel Oxygen Heat

>Question 15: Which conditions influence how a wildfire starts across the United States? Fuel load Geological event (Earthquake, Landslide, Avalanche) Topography Meteorological All of the above

Fuel load Topography Meteorological

>Question 16: What makes a person NOT vulnerable to suffering adverse impacts from a heat wave? Old age Poor health Lack of awareness/knowledge or experience Good hydration Living in an urban setting

Good hydration

>Question 26: What ways can we monitored ground movement in order to determine and predict possible short-term landslide susceptibility? Groundwater from pressure sensors Rain gauges Displacement sensors Ground vibration from geophones

Groundwater from pressure sensors Rain gauges Displacement sensors Ground vibration from geophones

Question 5: Based on the figure below, which processes are NOT part of the hydrological cycle? Evaporation Evapotranspiration Ground-water discharge or groundwater flow Infiltration Precipitation Surface runoff Ignition Transpiration Snowmelt

Ignition

>Question 17: During what point of the heat wave does mortality tend to be the highest? At the onset (i.e., beginning stage) of a heat wave In the middle of a heat wave At the end of a heat wave There is no difference in mortality throughout a heat wave.

In the middle of a heat wave

>Question 20: What engineering methods can be performed to make buildings and homes more earthquake resistance? Lateral bracing Anchoring Retrofitting Maintenance

Lateral bracing Anchoring Retrofitting Maintenance

>Question 7: What scientific report was constructed and complied after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake? Smith Report Johnson Report Lawson Report Williams Report Jones Report

Lawson Report

>Question 14: What ways can an earthquake prone area be identified? Geomorphic features Historic landslide locations Liquefaction Geologic features Fault zones

Liquefaction Geomorphic features Geologic features Fault zones Historic landslide locations

>Question 17: Which seismic wave type travels horizontal to the direction in which the wave is moving? Raleigh Primary Love Secondary First

Love

>Question 22: Which of the following statements is not correct? S-waves travel through only solids. P-waves travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Love waves travel vertically to the direction in which the wave is travelling. P-waves are longitudinal waves that compress and expand material as it passes. Raleigh waves cause the ground to shake in an elliptical motion.

Love waves travel vertically to the direction in which the wave is travelling.

>Question 7: What changes were implemented after the 1930's Dust Bowl? New insurance and aid programs were started after the 1930's Dust Bowl. Sustainable farming techniques and practices were started after the 1930's Dust Bowl. The construction of new reservoirs and the expansion of current water systems occurred from the 1930's Dust Bowl. The farming of sensitive agricultural lands was taken out of practice after the 1930's Dust Bowl.

New insurance and aid programs were started after the 1930's Dust Bowl. Sustainable farming techniques and practices were started after the 1930's Dust Bowl. The construction of new reservoirs and the expansion of current water systems occurred from the 1930's Dust Bowl. The farming of sensitive agricultural lands was taken out of practice after the 1930's Dust Bowl.

>Question 12: Which countries overthrew their political leadership in the wake of the Sahel drought of 1973? Chad Mauretania Ethiopia Niger Mali

Niger

>Question 13: Which of the following examples was NOT a result of the Sahel drought? Political unrest Population migration Desertification A death total of 100,000 to 200,000 people No loss of livestock

No loss of livestock

>Question 26: What fault type occurs when the land masses pull apart (diverge) from each other? Normal Thrust Strike-slip Oblique-slip Merge

Normal

>Question 26: What tectonic plates were responsible for the earthquake that occur in central Mexico during 2017? Caribbean South American Eurasian North American Cocos

North American Cocos

>Question 27: In which region of the world, do the majority of earthquakes occur in? Atlantic Indian Arctic Pacific Antarctic

Pacific

>Question 20: What smooth lava type forms a billow and rope-like structure? Pillow A'a' Caldera Pahoehoe Pyroclasts

Pahoehoe

>Question 12: What is the name of Earth's last supercontinent which existed approximately 225 million years ago called? Columbia Pangaea Kenorland Laurasia Pannotia

Pangaea

>Question 2: Match the plate boundary characteristic with the correct plate boundary type. Plates that collide together and form mountain ranges Plates that move apart from each other Plates that slide laterally past each other

Plates that collide together and form mountain ranges = Convergent Plates that move apart from each other =Divergent Plates that slide laterally past each other = Transform

>Question 17: What mitigation steps can you personally take to reduce fire danger to your home? Install underground sprinkler system around the house Remove vegetation and debris around the house Remove wood piles and ladder from the house Install flame resistant siding and shingles to the house Install a correct chimney height for the house

Remove vegetation and debris around the house, Remove wood piles and ladder from the house, Install flame resistant siding and shingles to the house, Install a correct chimney height for the house

>Question 18: Which of the following is a NOT type of landslide? Fall Slide Rock Flow

Rock

>Question 29: Where do volcanoes occurred at? Subduction zones Cold climate zones Hot spots Mid-ocean ridges

Subduction zones Hot spots Mid-ocean ridges

>Question 2: Beside precipitation, what other factors can control a drought? Temperature Evaporation Vegetation (e.g. type, ground coverage) Soil conditions (e.g. type, moisture, etc.) Downdrafts

Temperature Evaporation Vegetation (e.g. type, ground coverage) Soil conditions (e.g. type, moisture, etc.)

>Question 6: What is the most expensive drought in U.S. history? The 1930's Dust Bowl The Drought of 1988-1989 The 1995 Chicago Heat Wave The 2007 Great Plains and Eastern Drought

The 1930's Dust Bowl

>Question 3: What disaster occurred simultaneously and prohibited a response to the Great Peshtigo Fire? Bonnet Carré Crevasse The Great Chicago Fire The Milwaukee Tornado The Great Gale The Great Mississippi River Flood

The Great Chicago Fire

>Question 32: The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is commonly known or referred to as the U.S. Drought Monitor. True False

True

>Question 3: Match each plate boundary formation with the correct converging plate type. The formation of extensive mountain ranges (e.g., Himalaya) The formation of mountain chain along with the formation of a trench The formation of an island chain

The formation of extensive mountain ranges (e.g., Himalaya) = Continental to Continental The formation of mountain chain along with the formation of a trench = Oceanic to Continental The formation of an island chain = Oceanic to oceanic

>Question 3: How did the droughts affect farming in the 1930s? The hot and dry conditions loosened top soil, which was then carried away by wind (duststorms). The close succession of droughts did not allow farmers, fields, and livestock to recover, which increased their susceptibility to subsequent drought events. Many people abandoned their farms and migrated to California. The collapse of farming was contributed to the Great Depression.

The hot and dry conditions loosened top soil, which was then carried away by wind (duststorms). Many people abandoned their farms and migrated to California. The close succession of droughts did not allow farmers, fields, and livestock to recover, which increased their susceptibility to subsequent drought events.

>Question 15: What fault type occurs when the land masses are pushed (converged) together? Normal Thrust Strike-slip Oblique-slip Merge

Thrust

>Question 14: What is the purpose of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)? To monitor soil moisture To monitor precipitation To monitor humidity levels To monitor the health of vegetation To monitor evaporation rates

To monitor the health of vegetation

>Question 25: What lessons were learned from the 2014 Oso Landslide? To offer buyouts in slide zones To improve emergency response To build structures that can survive a landslide To improve hazard mapping of slide zones To change building regulations near slide zones

To offer buyouts in slide zones, To improve emergency response, To improve hazard mapping of slide zones, To change building regulations near slide zones

>Question 26: The main two main reasons why a drought develops is: (1) a change in the general circulation pattern and (2) the stalling of high pressure systems over an area for extended period of time. True False

True

>Question 29: A drought can lead to other "complex" disasters (i.e., famine, war, civil strife, or institutional issues) as witnessed with the Sahel Drought. True False

True

>Question 30: According to the HotSpot research by CIESIN, the majority of past drought related deaths have occurred in Africa. True False

True

>Question 31: After the 1988 Yellowstone Wildfire, park management implemented a new plan to not extinguish every fire unless it exceeded certain parameters (i.e., size, weather, and potential danger to the public). True False

True

>Question 31: Temperatures in large cities tend to be several degrees cooler than in the surrounding rural areas due to the "Urban Heat Island" effect. True False

True

>Question 32: The 2016 Smoky Mountain Range Wildfires resulted from "human arson". True False

True

>Question 7: The rate at which strong vibrations from an earthquake deteriorate with distance from the epicenter depends on the nature of the material that transmits them. Based on the figure, which region in the continental United States would experience the strongest ground shaking during an earthquake? Northeastern United States Southeastern United States Central United States Western United States

Western United States

>Question 22: Which indirect hazard occur as a result of the prolonged dry period in the southern United States during 2016? Earthquakes Avalanches Floods Wildfires Tornadoes

Wildfires

>Question 17: What other natural hazards can be associated with a drought? Wildfires Earthquakes Floods Dust storms Heat waves

Wildfires Dust storms Heat waves

>Question 16: The largest volcanic eruption in U.S. history occurred in which state? Washington California Hawaii Alaska Montana

Washington

>Question 19: Which meteorological variables are used to calculate heat index? Wind Air temperature Humidity Solar radiation Evapotranspiration

Wind Air temperature Humidity Solar radiation

>Question 28: What controls the level of shaking experienced from an earthquake? distance weather topography magnitude soil type

distance magnitude soil type

>Question 26: According to the lecture notes, which of the following can trigger land subsidence? drainage of organic soils natural compaction rainfall events underground mining groundwater extraction

drainage of organic soils natural compaction underground mining groundwater extraction

>Question 6: The vast majority of devastation from the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake was caused by what hazard? earthquake tsunami landslide fire volcanic eruption

earthquake

>Question 8: A sudden slip of a portion of Earth's crust that is accompanied by a series of vibrations is referred to by geologists as what? wildfire volcano tsunami earthquake landslide

earthquake

>Question 30: If the simplified water balance equation is negative then we are not in a state of drought. True False

false

>Question 31: A north-facing slope is drier than a south-facing slope. True False

false

>Question 34: The 2014 Oso Landslide was the worst natural disaster to occur in the state of Washington. True False

false

>Question 35: The cooler the body gets, the more blood the heart pumps, and the more blood vessels get dilated. True False

false

>Question 37: Small fires are not beneficial to reduce the risk of large fires (controlled or proscribed burns). True False

false

>Question 37: The Drought of 1988-1989 is ranked as the third most expensive disaster in U.S. history behind Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Sandy (2012). True False

false

>Question 38: A homeowner can buy insurance to protect their property or assets against a landslide event. True False

false

>Question 40: A translational slide is easily characterized by its hourglass shape. True False

false

>Question 9: The outer solid part of Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle is called the ______________. stratosphere exosphere lithosphere mesosphere ionosphere Geography 2200: List of Geological Hazards Part I Questions 4

lithosphere

>Question 7: What instrument consists of a sub-terranean scale that sits under a block of land? sling psychrometer thermometer lysimeter rain gauge hygrometer

lysimeter

>Question 16: What two factors are used to describe an earthquake? power magnitude location intensity duration

magnitude intensity

>Question 13: Volcanoes form along which geological features? mid-ocean ridges subduction zones fault lines hot spots debris flows

mid-ocean ridges subduction zones hot spots

>Question 10: As discussed in lecture, a climate division given a Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) value between -2.00 and -2.99 is experiencing ____________ conditions. normal moderate drought severe drought very moist extremely drought

moderate drought

>Question 9: The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is used to ____________. forecast drought conditions. monitor drought conditions. measure the health of vegetation. measure the health of palm trees.

monitor drought conditions.

>Question 9: The Sahel region has a strong _______________ gradient in rainfall and high inter-annual rainfall variability. northwest to southeast east to west north to south northeast to southwest

north to south

>Question 16: When the wind is moving _____________ to the fire, it will cause the fire to spread to a wider domain. opposite perpendicular parallel acute adjacent

perpendicular

>Question 10: What sources are responsible for initiating an earthquake? post-glacial rebound flooding plate tectonics underground explosions large water reservoirs

plate tectonics underground explosions post-glacial rebound large water reservoirs

>Question 13: In which stage of the wildfire life cycle does preheating occur in? combustion stage pre-ignition stage extinction stage conflagration stage

pre-ignition stage

>A drought is a deficiency in _____________ over an extended period of time. wind speed temperature precipitation humidity evaporation

precipitation

>Question 24: What natural hazard likely contributed to the 2014 Oso Landslide? precipitation earthquake volcanic eruption drought tsunami

precipitation

>Question 13: What type of unknown fault was revealed during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake? strike-slip normal thrust oblique-slip

thrust

>Question 6: What instrument is used to measure liquid precipitation (i.e., rainfall)? hygrothermometer ceilometer anemometer lysimeter tipping bucket

tipping bucket

>Question 27: The following equation is the general water balance equation. True False

true

>Question 28: The only primary source of water input into the system (i.e., Water Balance Equation) is precipitation. True False

true

>Question 29: Evapotranspiration is the water that is transpired out of the leaves of plants and the water that is evaporated out of the system. True False

true

>Question 29: Installing slope drains and developing warning systems are examples of landslide mitigation discussed in the lecture notes. True False

true

>Question 30: A slab avalanche differs from a loose snow avalanche in the sense that the mass movement involves the movement of snow as a semi-coherent block, or slab, of snow. True False

true

>Question 32: Most of the deaths reported from the 2015 India Heat Wave occurred in two states (i.e., Andhra Pradesh and Telangana) which did not have action plans. True False

true

>Question 34: Firefighters acquire timely and accurate information to combat any active fire. As a result, they depend upon satellite, aircraft, drones, and weather station data to fight the wildfire. True False

true

>Question 34: Thermoregulation is controlled by two principle systems: (1) behavioral and (2) physiological. True False Geography 2200: List of Heat and Drought Part I Questions 9

true

>Question 35: By the end of August 2007, about 44% of the contiguous U.S. was categorized of being in a "moderate to extreme" drought state based upon the Palmer Drought Severity Index. True False

true

>Question 35: The Torre Mayor building in Mexico City is an example of an earthquake-resistance construction. True False

true

>Question 36: A fire weather watch is issued when wildfire conditions are met within the next 24 to 72 hours. True False

true

>Question 36: After the air temperature is above body temperature, there will be heat gain and thermoregulation has to set it to maintain the internal body temperature. True False

true

>Question 37: As humidity increases, the normal response for the human body to cool itself down is to sweat more. True False

true

>Question 38: After the 1983 Ash Wednesday Wildfire, Australia adopted the "prepare-defend-or leave early" policy to combat future fires in the country. True False

true

>Question 38: The National Weather Service issues a heat watch when conditions are favorable for heat to meet or exceed local warning criteria in the next 12 to 24 hours. True False

true

>Question 39: Every state is prone to landslides in the United States. True False

true

>Question 44: The most common impact of a tsunami is flooding along the coast. True False

true

>Question 22: Based on the figure, which part of the United States observes the lowest frequency of wildfires? Figure: This map shows the locations of wildfires of greater than 250 acres from 1980-2003. southern United States central United States western United States northeastern United States southeastern United States

western United States (Wrong )????