GEOG 360 Midterm and Final

points, lines, and areas

A geological map showing bore holes, faults, and rock outcrops that emit radon (in that order) could be captured into the GIS as:

one dimensional

A line digitized in a vector GIS is considered a ____ object.

is calculated as the change in elevation (rise) with a change in horizontal position (run) can be either in degrees or in percent must take into account the values of surrounding cells

A representation of slope in a raster: (select all that apply) Is calculated as the change in elevation (rise) with a change in horizontal position (run) can be either in degrees or in percent must take into account the values of surrounding cells is a straightforward process of calculating value at the center of each cell

is calculated as the change in elevation (rise) with a change in horizontal position (run) can be either in degrees or in percent must take into account the values of surrounding cells

A representation of slope in a raster: (select all that apply) is calculated as the change in elevation (rise) with a change in horizontal position (run) can be either in degrees or in percent must take into account the values of surrounding cells is a straightforward process of calculating value at the center of each cell

A relatively large area on the ground with a low level of detail.

A small scale map shows:

a. .shx b. at least all of these c. .shp d. .dbf

An ArcView shapefile will usually consist of which of the following files:

A map millimeter represents a ground kilometer

At a map scale of one to one million (1:1,000,000):

f e d g

Best match the listed features (d, e, f, g) &- characteristics to the labels on the image vertex overshoot missing polygon label node

1, 2, 3, 4

Check the IDs of rows selected for the query ID < 3 OR Landuse = Suburban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

They save disk space A single, standard copy may be maintained across a wide range of users

Check the advantages of map service data over local data: Choose all that apply They save disk space A single, standard copy may be maintained across a wide range of users They are always accessible in an acceptable time frame You can manipulate the data with very few restrictions Data are often available in many widely-used formats Data are uniform in quality

Many developers, so wider coverage Utilizes local knowledge Is standardized across many regions

Check the advantages of open sourced (crowd sourced) data over other types of data: Choose all that apply Many developers, so wider coverage Utilizes local knowledge Is standardized across many regions The data are uniform in detail Data are often available in many widely-used formats Data are uniform in quality

None of these listed

Check the box for those single columns that are candidate keys for the table. CID Osel NumT None of these listed

B & C

Check the letters for those data with planar topology

Each feature is given a unique numeric identifier (or ID) within the attribute table. An attribute table is associated with each thematic layer in a vector data model. A single row in the attribute table corresponds to each feature

Choose all of the statements that are true about attribute tables (note that this question has multiple answers): Each feature is given a unique numeric identifier (or ID) within the attribute table. An attribute table is associated with each thematic layer in a vector data model. All columns in the attribute table must be of the same type A single row in the attribute table corresponds to each feature

mid

Choose the answer that best matches the values in the table for the output layer, given the shown overlay: Revenue for cell C6 high mid low corn beans squash manihot coconuts papaya none of these

4

Choose the answer that best matches the values in the table for the output layer, given the shown overlay: Type for cell C9 high mid 5 corn beans squash manihot 3 4 none of these

MyProject.aprx

Creating a project called "MyProject" in ArcGIS Pro creates a file called:

Grid, images, DEM

Data structures of raster (3)

D

Decimal degrees are another means of denoting: a. The number of decimals in a degree b. The number of decimal places of latitude and longitude c. The degrees of latitude and longitude d. The degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude e. The degrees of the graticule

computer-based tools used to store, visualize, analyze, and interpret geographic data. Geographic data (also called spatial, or geospatial data) identifies the geographic location of features.

Define GIS

A geographic coordinate system uses 3-dimensional spherical surface to define locations on earth. It is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only one part of a GCS. A GCS includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a datum. A datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth, providing a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth. A projected coordinate system is defined on a flat, 2-dimensional surface. Unlike a GCS a PCS has constant lengths, angles, and areas across 2 dimensions. It is always based on a geographic coordinate system that is based on a sphere or spheroid. In a projected coordinate system, locations are identified by x, y coordinates on a grid, with the origin at the center of the grid. PCS always come with some form of distortion whether it be shape, area, distance, or direction.

Define and discuss the differences between a geographic coordinate system (GCS) and a projected coordinate system (PCS).

It is the process of turning raw data into useful information. examine, assess, evaluate, and model geographic data. connects information with a location - prevalence of a bird species or rate of precip. in a particular location.

Define spatial data analysis and provide an example from your discipline

Vector data models are made up of points, lines, and polygons and display different features in a map. The basis of the vector data model is the combination of geometry, attributes, and topology. Vector data models frequently show features such as towns/cities, roadways, rivers, and other geographic features. Advantages of vector data is that it is made with geometry of X and Y coordinates and its connection of that spatial data to non-spatial attribute data. Attributes provide us with the "what" of these features and characteristics. Describe the main characteristics of the feature (vector) data model, including the different types of vector data structures that we have discussed.

Define the vector data model. What are some of the advantages that this data model provides in representing real world features in digital form?

Domain-specific language designed for managing data contained w/in a relational database management system. programming language used to communicate w/ a database Query expressions consist of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT

Describe Structured Query Language (SQL)

Shapefile: A simple, nontopological format for storing the geometric location and attribute information of geographic features. These features can be represented as points, lines, and polygons in a shapefile. This workspace can also contain dBASE tables which can store additional attributes that can be joined to a shapefile's features.

Describe a shapefile

Main characteristics of a field raster model include grid cells which make up the model to form the data, each cell (pixel) has a value, and the cell values represent the phenomenon portrayed by the raster dataset such as a category, temperature, height, etc. There are two main types of raster data. The first is a thematic raster which can then be classified as either an integer or floating-point raster. An integer raster is used for discrete data such as land use and a floating-point raster is used when working with continuous data such as elevation or precipitation. Another type of raster is an image raster. An image raster can be DOQ's, satellite images, DRG's that are not classified and are usually used as backdrop contextual information. Considerations include grid cell size and data compression that's often required given these large datasets. Also boundary generalizations and polygon inclusions.

Describe the main characteristics of the field (raster) data model, including a discussion of the two general types of raster data. Discuss some of the considerations that one should take into account when representing real world features in a raster structure.

store the height values (Z values) as the cell value in a raster analysis of magnitude and patterns of change in Z values provide information about terrain variation

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) (select all that apply) store the height values (Z values) as the cell value in a raster do not provide any benefit in terrain analysis when compared to manual methods analysis of magnitude and patterns of change in Z values provide information about terrain variation provide all the information needed for terrain analysis without any additional mathematical functionsterm-143

on-screen digitizing hard copy digitizing

Digitizing is the process by which coordinates from a map or image source are converted into points, lines or polygons in digital form in a GIS. The common modes of manual digitizing are: (select all that apply) scanning on-screen digitizing hard copy digitizing photocopying

All of these landscape parameters

Elevation and changes in terrain influence which of the following landscape parameters: Water flow across a landscape Water quality and sediment and erosion rates Vegetation and soil characteristics Temperature variation All of these landscape parameters

Rows 1, 2, & 3

For the table below, indicate the rows where run-length coding results in a net space savings, assuming one byte per cell, and one byte per code and run-length, as discussed in the book. Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5

Datums ellipsoids coordinate systems map projections

GIS software should be able to move between:

binary classification using a sequence of Boolean operators or algebra expression to select for a set of features - create an attribute and assign a binary value to the attribute

How do you reclassify attribute of vector data

You can select layer by location and select a layer by attribute

How do you select features from vector data?

900 meters

If a raster has the cell dimension of 30 meters, then the area of a cell in this raster measures:

how for whom where what

In the communication of spatial information, match the terms with the correct phrase: physical and resource limitations intended audience area of interest information to communicate

1/3 of a degree

In the latitude and longitude system of angular measurements (using degrees, minutes, seconds), 20 minutes is equal to:

A

In the latitude and longitude system of angular measurements (using degrees, minutes, seconds), 20 minutes is equal to: a. 1/3 of a degree b. 1/3 of an hour c. 1/20th of a degree d. .20 degrees e. 200 seconds

27 - Minnesota

Indicate the FIPS/States that meet the following selection: (Income > 23,000) AND (Firearm deaths < 7) 02 - Alaska 13 - Georgia 27 - Minnesota 19 - Iowa 55 - Wisconsin 55 - Wisconsin

Japan France

Indicate the countries that match the selection: (Energy Use < 5000) AND (Infant Mortality < 5) Japan France South Africa Spain Finland Australia

Pointers require significant time for manual linking

Indicate the following statement that is FALSE Pointers improve data access speeds Pointers link data A pointer may be thought of as an address or index that connects one file location to another Pointers require significant time for manual linking Pointers usually save space

elevation precipitation land cover

Indicate which of the following types of phenomenon are continuous spatial variables across the landscape (note that this question has multiple answers). elevation precipitation land cover hydrography building footprints

0

Is the Input cell value Null? Select the correct Boolean value for the output layer in cell C12 1 0 3 5 7 N none of these 2

0

Is the Input cell value Null? Select the correct Boolean value for the output layer in cell C6 1 0 2 5 7 N none of these 4 7

0

Is the Input cell value Null? Select the correct Boolean value for the output layer in cell C9 1 0 2 5 7 N none of these 4 7

N

Logical (Boolean) Operations: Select the correct output value found in cell C2, based on the logical operator N 0 1 -1 2

1

Logical (Boolean) Operations: Select the correct output value found in cell C7, based on the logical operator 1 0 N 9 4

0

Logical (Boolean) Operations: Select the correct output value found in cell C9, based on the logical operator 0 1 N 2 5

Used to create expression to carry out algebraic operations at all scales of analysis (local, focal, zonal, global) on single or multiple raster layers. raster calculators create a datasets from single or multiple input datasets uses math-like expressions to build algebraic analysis

Map Algebra (Raster)

Unary operations of one raster layer Higher-order operations of multiple raster layers Binary operations of two raster layers

Map Algebra operations can be applied to: (choose all that apply) Unary operations of one raster layer Only binary operations of two raster layers Higher-order operations of multiple raster layers Binary operations of two raster layers Only unary operations of one raster layer

a three-dimensional surface to a two-dimensional surface.

Map projection is a process of converting from

neatline graticule grid data pane legend

Match each term (data pane, graticule, grid, legend, neatline) to the definition that best describes it. bounding line on a map border lines depicting latitudes/longitudes on a map lines depicting coordinate system lines of constant value on a map region containing geographic map elements region containing descriptive map elements

8 tok null/no match null/no match

Match the attribute in the output layer to the attribute name/output polygon ID Tp for polygon x cov for polygon w dstrct for polygon r Tout for polygon w

self 07 tok self

Match the attribute value in the output layer to the attribute name/output polygon ID PlPty for polygon r Yr for polygon q cov for polygon s Plpty for polygon s

cnt null/no match USF USF

Match the attribute value in the output layer to the attribute name/output polygon ID size for polygon p size for polygon z ownr for polygon x ownr for polygon s

Y Ag Z X

Match the correct answers in a join of Table B, below, to Table A, using Size_B and ID_A as the key (join) fields. For the row with ID_A = 6, the values for Code_B is equal to For the row with ID_A = 3, the Type_A value is equal to For the row with ID_A = 3, the value for Code_A is For the row with ID_A = 1, the value for Code_B is

Prime Meridian Equator North Pole South Pole

Match the corresponding angles of rotation in the Geographic coordinate system Zero Longitude Zero Latitude 90 N degrees Latitude 90 N degrees Latitude

MUIR lacustrine, palustrine floodplain boundary landcover hydrology

Match the data feature to the data series Acronym: SSURGO NWI FEMA NASS-CLD NHD description: lacustrine, palustrine landcover MUIR hydrology floodplain boundary

Vector data for transportation, hydrography, boundaries, and vegetation Surface height data at various grain sizes Scanned images of USGS quadrangle and smaller scale maps Height data from a U.S. Shuttle, based on radar measurements

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: DLG NED DRG SRTM DEM Description: Surface height data at various grain sizes Height data from a U.S. Shuttle, based on radar measurements Scanned images of USGS quadrangle and smaller scale maps Vector data for transportation, hydrography, boundaries, and vegetation

Image maps that have been corrected for tilt and terrain, and digitally delivered on a USGS tiling scheme High resolution aerial photographs, taken leaf-on, available for most U.S. Counties with significant agriculture Vector data on water and water bodies, including collect flow networks Vector data on the location and type of wetlands

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: DOQ NAIP Image NHD NWI data Name: High resolution aerial photographs, taken leaf-on, available for most U.S. Counties with significant agriculture Vector data on the location and type of wetlands vector data on water and water bodies including collect flow networks Image maps that have been corrected for tilt and terrain, and digitally delivered on a USGS tiling scheme

Terrain and tilt-corrected digital images Information on land use for the entire United States Scanned images of USGS quadrangle and smaller scale maps Codes for specifying watersheds

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: DOQQ NLCD DRG HUC description: Scanned images of USGS quadrangle and smaller scale maps Terrain and tilt-corrected digital images Codes for specifying watersheds Information on land use for the entire United States

Source of digital floodplain data Scanned images of USGS standard maps Codes commonly used in digital census data to identify geographic areas vector data commonly used to structure census geographies

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: FEMA DRG FIPS TIGER description: Codes commonly used in digital census data to identify geographic areas Scanned images of USGS standard maps vector data commonly used to structure census geographies Source of digital floodplain data

An effort to develop coherent global data A way of standardizing data transfer Data on thematic land cover types National soils data

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: GSDI SDTS MRLC STATSGO description: Data on thematic land cover types A way of standardizing data transfer National soils data An effort to develop coherent global data

Data on agricultural land uses Attribute data for the most detailed spatial soils data Fine-detailed aerial photographs available for download from the USGS Aerial photographs taken in the 1980s and 1990s in a national program

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: NASS-CDL MUIR HRO NAPP description: Aerial photographs taken in the 1980s and 1990s in a national program Data on agricultural land uses Fine-detailed aerial photographs available for download from the USGS Attribute data for the most detailed spatial soils data

The largest-scale digital soils data available Coarse-scale digital soils data Vector data on transportation, hydrography, boundaries, and other mapped features raster landcover data

Match the data name or acronym on the left to the description on the right Acronym: SSURGO STATSGO DLG NLCD description: The largest-scale digital soils data available Vector data on transportation, hydrography, boundaries, and other mapped features raster landcover data Coarse-scale digital soils data

NLCD corn pop. per square mile L1UB2 wetland type

Match the data type or value to the data source Group 1 95-Emergent Herbaceous Wetland NASS-CDL TIGER NWI L1UB2 Group 2 pop. per square mile NCLD wetland type corn

D C A B

Match the map letter to the most appropriate type for these data collected by county feature contour dot density choropleth

C A B D

Match the map letter to the most appropriate type for these data collected by county feature contour dot density choropleth

Adjacency: connected polygons Connectivity: line network Planar topology: non-overlapping Polygon topology: right and left sides

Match the topological characteristic to the most appropriate answer (planar topology, connectivity, polygon topology, adjacency) connected polygons line network non-overlapping right and left sides

scale bar legend north arrow data pane

Most maps, whether digital or hardcopy, usually contain the following map elements (check all that apply): scale bar legend north arrow data pane data sources

shapefile coverage geodatabase

Name the 3 data structures related to vector data

Local = cell by cell basis Focal = neighborhood basis (summary statistics) Zonal = user defined region Global = across the whole dataset

Operations performed based on spatial scope (4)

Raster features can be selected using the identify tool, select features tool, select by location... Queries are based on data within the raster catalog or mosaic dataset and its relationship to feature layers.

Select Features (Raster)

External buffer Fixed buffer distance

Select the conditions that describe this buffer around a lakes data set (there may be more than one) A variable distance buffer External buffer Fixed buffer distance No dissolve

TIGER/Line NHDPlus

Select the data sets that explicitly represent network topology. Choose all that apply TIGER/Line NHDPlus 1:100,000 U.S. National Map hydrography FEMA digital floodplain data USGS NED digital elevation data

Real world data is represented as separate thematic layers Thematic layers organize spatial and attribute data Data from different thematic layers are combined through analysis

Select the following statements that are true about a GIS database (note that this question has multiple answers): Real world data is represented as separate thematic layers Different types of thematic data can be combined in one layer of a GIS database. Thematic layers organize spatial and attribute data Data from different thematic layers are combined through analysis

L

Select the output value for C10 based on this reclass table: C G Q L N J Z none of these

S

Select the output value for C11 based on this reclass table: a b c f s x none of these

Z

Select the output value for C6 based on this reclass table: C G Q L N J Z none of these

Positional: the quantifiable value that represents the positional difference between two geospatial layers or between a geospatial layer and reality. Attribute: The degree to which information on a map matches real world values. Logical Consistency: a degree of adherence to preestablished rules of a data models structure, attribution, and relationships as defined by an organization. Completeness: describes how fully the data describes the location and its features

Summarize the four primary ways to describe spatial accuracy (4)

The Fed. Geographic Data Committee: Metadata Standards for the following: Information about Identification data quality spatial data organization spatial reference attribute information distribution metadata reference

Summarize what the FGDC regulates (7)

T

T/F 180 degrees east longitude is equivalent to 180 degrees west longitude

F

T/F A degree of longitude spans a consistent 111.3 kilometers at all points on the earth's surface

T

T/F A larger scale map covers less ground than a smaller scale map of the same physical size

F

T/F A raster with a larger cell dimension has a higher resolution than a raster with a smaller cell dimension.

T

T/F Buffering always results in area features

F

T/F Dissolve operations generally result in more records in an output data layer, relative to the input data layer.

T

T/F Geographic North and Magnetic North are the same in only a few or no instances on all projected maps

F

T/F Geographic north is equal to grid north over most areas of the UTM projection

T

T/F If greater spatial detail is needed, a smaller cell size should be chosen

T

T/F In map design, map scale, size and area are driven primarily by the intended purpose of the map.

F

T/F In map design, the data pane usually contains the legend, and little else

T

T/F Lines of constant longitude, meridians, merge at the poles

F

T/F Map Algebra operations are limited to only two input rasters.

T

T/F Multipart features are used to represent multiple geographic objects that represent parts of the same entity

T

T/F Multiple zones are defined in the State Plane Coordinate system to maintain projection distortion below desired levels.

T

T/F Raster data models have a simpler structure

F

T/F Raster data structures are able to represent discrete objects more accurately than vector data structures.

F

T/F Raster datasets usually employ a one-to-one relationship between cells in a data layer and rows in the associated attribute tables

T

T/F Selection may be based on containment, adjacency, or attribute properties

T

T/F Similar to a clip operation with vector data, a raster clip operation may be implemented through the use of a binary mask (0/1) in raster multiplication.

F

T/F The Lambert conformal conic projections used in the state plane coordinate system intersect the globe along one line.

T

T/F The cell coordinate of a raster cell is usually defined as a point at the center of the cell.

F

T/F The cell value of 'no data' is treated as zero in raster data operations.

F

T/F The lines of intersection for a Lambert conformal conic projection in the state plane system intersect the top and bottom edges of each state plane zone

F

T/F There are 180 UTM zones

T

T/F There are 60 UTM zones

T

T/F Topologically structured data often ease data processing and maintain spatial integrity, at the cost of more complex data structures.

F

T/F UTM zones have a 0 Easting value all along their eastern edge

F

T/F Vector data models are typically simpler than raster data models

T

T/F cell size should be no more than twice the desired accuracy and precision for the data represented

T

T/F the smaller the cell dimension the larger the overall size of the dataset.

Aspect Flow length Plan curvature Profile curvature Upslope area

Terrain variables that are derived from elevation data include: (select all that apply) Aspect Flow length Plan curvature Profile curvature Upslope area

using a moving 3 X 3 window using the 4 surrounding horizontal and vertical cells in relation to the central cell using a moving 5 X 5 window

Terrain variables, such as slope, are calculated: (select all the apply) using a moving 3 X 3 window using the 4 surrounding horizontal and vertical cells in relation to the central cell using a moving 5 X 5 window using only one formula and method

A

The center of a cylindrical map projection, such as the Transverse Mercator, is determined by the: a. Central Meridian b. Standard parallel c. Standard Meridian d. Central parallel

simplified omitted omitted omitted

The color infrared image on the left shows water as black to dark blue tones, vegetation as various reddish tones, roads and bare ground as white to grey tones, and various mixes as intermediates, e.g., sparsely vegetation fields. The map on the right depicts roads and open water bodies (rivers, ponds, and lakes). The map is made from widely distributed, "standard" data sources (e.g., USGS, NRCS, vendors). Generalization in the roads or water bodies data are marked by letter on the map. Match the generalization to the list provided. Repeat types of generalizations are possible, and not all types of generalizations may occur. a b c d

D

The key to a GIS is the linkage between: a. Relationships between attribute data b. Spatial data and geometric data c. Spatial data and metadata d. Spatial data and attribute data

negative

The longest value in a GIS package reading of a coordinate in Oregon should be entered as a ________ Negative

many sliver polygons may be created in the output the attribute table for the output polygon will contain many more records

The output of a polygon overlay between two layers of common features (that should be coincident, such as state and county boundaries but that were created with different spatial resolutions), may exhibit which of the following (choose all that apply): many sliver polygons may be created in the output the output polygon will be more accurate than the two inputs the attribute table for the output polygon will contain many more records

oblate ellipsoid spheroid

The shape of the earth is appropriately modeled as an: (note that this question has multiple answers). perfect sphere oblate ellipsoid spheroid

A

The top of the figure shows a set of 4 circles, identified by labels. Mark the choice that results in the selection at the bottom of the figure. A Not (B or C or D) A or (A and B) and (A and C) Not(C) and Not (D) and Not(B)

A & C

The top of the figure shows a set of 4 circles, identified by labels. Mark the choice that results in the selection at the bottom of the figure. A and C A or C C and (B and A) Not (D) and (A or C)

B and Not(A or C)

The top of the figure shows a set of 4 circles, identified by labels. Mark the choice that results in the selection at the bottom of the figure. B and Not(A or C) Not(A and C) or B B or (A and B) Not (D or C) or Not(A)

D

The top of the figure shows a set of 4 circles, identified by labels. Mark the choice that results in the selection at the bottom of the figure. D Not (A and B and C) D and Not(B or A or C) Not (A) and Not( B) and Not(C)

geoid

The true shape of the Earth is most accurately described as a:

statistical value point physical value "winner-take-all" value discrete value

The value of a raster cell may be assigned in a number of ways, including: (4)

Use the boundary with the highest coordinate accuracy to replace the less accurate representations in the output layer. Define a snapping distance that forces the output boundaries to be coincident. Manually identify and remove the sliver polygons.

There are several methods that can be used to eliminate sliver polygons that may result from the polygon overlay of two layers of common features (that should be coincident, such as state and county boundaries but that were created with different spatial resolutions). Choose all that apply: use the boundary with the highest coordinate accuracy to replace the less accurate representations in the output layer. Define a snapping distance that forces the output boundaries to be coincident. Select the sliver polygons and export them to a new layer. Manually identify and remove the sliver polygons.

The spatial relationship between features on a map

Topology is:

A

Topology is: a. The spatial relationship between features on a map b. the attributes of features on a map c. The process of graphically representing points d. The surface features of the earth e. The study of mountains

true false true false

Using our standard notation for run-length coding, and NOT COUNTING punctuation or spaces, indicate if the following statements are true or false with regards to data compression. run-length coding of row 1 saves space run-length coding of row 2 saves space run-length coding of row 3 saves space run-length coding of row 4 saves space

Jenks (natural breaks) standard deviation equal interval quantile manual

What are the different types of quantitative classification schemes in ArcGIS? (5)

one-to-one: when one record in the first table is related to one record in the second table; ex. employee ID one-to-many: When a single record in the first table can be related to one or more records in the second table, but a single record in the second table can be related to only one record in the first table. Ex. customer ID to video ID and checkout date. Same ID from first table applied to the video and checkout date on the second table. many-to-many: When a single record in the first table can be related to one or more in the second table and a single record in the second table can be related to one or more records in the first table.

What are the different types of relationships that can exist between data tables and how they can be linked in a GIS. (3)

The meridian must be the line of 0 degrees longitude.

What is NOT true about a line feature? The meridian must be the line of 0 degrees longitude. There is no projection distortion along the meridian. None of the above. The meridian must be a standard line.

Data about data". Metadata is information that describes items in ArcGIS, allowing you to understand the pedigree and quality of the acquired data from sources. You can view and edit an item's metadata in the description tab, either in ArcCatalog or by opening the Item Description window from other ArcGIS for desktop applications.

What is metadata? Where can you view and edit metadata in ArcGIS?"

The purpose of GCS and PCS is to provide a common basis for communication about a particular place or area on the earth's surface. PCS's allows us to identify locations using a horizontal and vertical reference to locate an exact location on earth. We use different forms of PCS's to most accurately represent the area we are mapping that gives us the least distortion.

What is the purpose of a projected Coordinate system (why do we project)?

interval/ratio

What type of attribute is human population (the number of people in a state) in a data layer for the U.S.?

Nominal

What type of attribute is political party of the current governor for a states data layer for the U.S.?

interval/ratio

What type of data (nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio) would an attribute be if it recorded height of the tallest tree in a city?

200 meters

When comparing spatial data in the conterminous US created using NAD 27 versus NAD 83, the difference in horizontal geographic location can be as great as:

X

Which coordinate does a false easting apply to?

WGS84

Which datum are GPS readings based on?

OpenStreetMap National Wetlands Inventory SSURGO soils data

Which of the following data sets are created based mainly on high resolution images (defined here as images with smaller than 10m pixels, or taken at a scale of 1:40,000 or larger)? Choose all that apply OpenStreetMap SRTM DEMs NHD National Wetlands Inventory SSURGO soils data

C

Which of the following is probably a coordinate reference in UTM coordinates? a. 123 Elm Street, Goleta, CA b. 18TWC8713 c. 4,435,120 m N; 123,987 m E; 10, N d. -10.1259 176.3213

A line connects two end points (nodes). A line feature is made of line segments (arcs). The shape of a line is defined by arcs connected by vertices.

Which of the following is true about a line feature? (note that this question has multiple answers) A line connects two end points (nodes). A line feature is made of line segments (arcs). Linear features must connect back to their starting node. The shape of a line is defined by arcs connected by vertices. All of these statements

The model uses x-, y-coordinates to store the geometry of spatial features. The model uses points, lines, and polygons to represent simple spatial features The representation of spatial features using the vector data model depends on map scale.

Which of the following is true about the vector data model? The model uses x-, y-coordinates to store the geometry of spatial features. The model uses points, lines, and polygons to represent simple spatial features. The representation of spatial features using the vector data model depends on map scale. All of the statements The vector data model provides a continuous representation of features across the study region.

arithmetic trigonometric truncation logarithmic

Which of the following mathematical functions can be used for local operations on a cell-by cell basis? (choose all that apply) arithmetic trigonometric truncation logarithmic

NAD83 is based on a satellite-determined spheroid. NAD83 is a newer datum than NAD27.

Which of the following statements are true about the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83)? (Choose all that apply) NAD83 is based on a satellite-determined spheroid. Maps based on NAD83 can register spatially with maps based on NAD27. NAD83 is a newer datum than NAD27.

connectivity

Which of the following topological relationships describe the arc-node relationship in the coverage model?

run length code

Which raster data structure stores the cell values by row and by group?

Ordinal

You have a spatial data layer for Minnesota school districts, with boundaries and an attribute table. What type of data (nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio) are rankings for graduation rate, contained in the data table?

Transverse Mercator

You must create a statewide map of Indiana. Choose the projection you would select from to minimize average distortion over a single data layer covering the entire state.

Transverse Mercator

You must create a statewide map of New Hampshire. Choose the projection you would select from to minimize average distortion over a single data layer covering the entire state.

Lambert Conformal Conic

You must create a statewide map of Oklahoma. Choose the projection you would select from to minimize average distortion over a single data layer covering the entire state.

Lambert Conformal Conic

You must create a statewide map of Tennessee. Choose the projection you would select from to minimize average distortion over a single data layer covering the entire state.

global

across the whole dataset

local

cell by cell basis

Digitizing is the conversion of spatial information into digital form. It involved capturing the map information and oftentimes the attribute information from a source map as well. To digitize you have to trace a map by hand, with a cursor, and with an electronically sensitive digitizing tablet. It requires editing and validation because the procedure is prone to errors.

describe Digitizing

an equal portion of the study area into each of a specified # of classes visual balanced

describe equal-area classification

subtracts the lowest value of the classification variable from the highest value, and defines equal-width boundaries to fit the desired # of classes into the range.

describe equal-interval classification

feature class: A collection of common features, each having the same spatial representation such as points, lines or polygons-and a common set of columns (a line feature class for representing road centerlines). The four most common feature classes are points, lines, polygons, and text. Vector features are good for discrete boundaries like streets, states, and parcels. Other types of data such as rasters and tables can be included.

describe geodatabase

looks for obvious breaks, attempts to identify naturally occurring clusters of data based on an ordering variable, not their spatial relationship

describe natural breaks (jenks)

Scanning is the process of capturing data from hard-copy maps and images into a digital format using a scanner. Scanner's measure reflected light intensity and results in a grid of pixels. Scale and resolution are important factors. At a certain scale and resolution data dropout can occur. Scanned data must be edited and cleaned to correct any errors.

describe scanning

Coverage: A Geo relational data model that stores vector data - it contains both spatial and attribute data for geographic features. Coverage uses a set of feature classes to represent geographic features. Each feature class stores a set of points, lines (arcs), polygons, or annotation (text). Coverages can have topology which determine the relationships between features.

describe vector data structure Coverage

similar process to vector data for nominal and ordinal input values interval/ratio input values require the use of data-defined classification methods (i.e. equal-interval)

how do you reclassify raster data

focal

neighborhood basis (summary statistics)

International Org. for Standardization. specify ways to store and represent spatial and related info., services and data mgmt, processing, transferring, and & presenting info.

summarize ISO standards:

zonal

user defined region