GEOG Midterm

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A disadvantage of using GDP per capita as a measure of economic development is the fact that GDP per capita:

may hide intense disparities in income.

The values, norms, or other cultural traits found in nearly every culture are known as

Cultural universals

Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably with ethnic group?

Culture group

The term used to describe everything people use to live on Earth that is not directly part of biological inheritance is:

Culture.

Gender equality

Has had positive impact on economic development worldwide Has had a great influence on slowing population growth patterns in developing countries Has had positive impact on reducing infant mortality worldwide All of the above

The Demographic Transition

Demonstrates population change over time through four stages

Which of the following relationships is accounted for in the rate of natural increase?

birth rates and death rates in a given population

The Pangaea hypothesis proposes that:

all continents were once joined in a single content called Pangaea.

In defining a region, geographers might take into account all of the following factors EXCEPT:

literary history

In some of the countries of Central Europe, the population is aging and declining due to:

low birth and death rates.

A country is undergoing a demographic transition. This mean that the country is:

moving from high birth and death rates to much lower birth and death rates.

GDP per capita statistics may underestimate the role of women in the economy because

much of women's work is unpaid or takes place in the informal economy.

A society in which many culture groups live in close association is:

multicultural.

The key players in the global economy today are:

multinational corporations.

Which of the following is not part of the United Nations' calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

percentage of GDP per capita spent on health care

Geography as a discipline links the __________ with the __________.

physical sciences; social sciences

Experts agree that certain factors must be present for democratization to flourish. These factors include all of the following EXCEPT:

political dynasties and inherited wealth

The leading cause of death among girls between the ages of 15 and 19 worldwide is:

pregnancy

What term represents a country's leading urban center that is disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national feelings?

primate city

The key goal of an import quota is to:

protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Arguments in favor of free trade do NOT include the claim that free trade:

provides job opportunities

Which of the following best describes racism?

the belief that visually apparent genetic factors such as skin color are a primary determinant of cultural traits and abilities

Continentality refers to:

the characteristic of regions that lack the temperature moderating effects of the sea and that exhibit a greater range of minimum and maximum temperature, both daily and annually

Darker skin is an evolutionary adaptation found in regions located close to which of the following?

the equator

All of the following describe the current state of world languages EXCEPT:

there are fewer than 1000 spoken languages left on Earth

All of the following are characteristics of shantytowns, EXCEPT:

they are found at the center of a city

The United Nations believes that

A high literacy rate and life expectancy are as important as a high GDP

Which of the following is NOT an extractive resource?

Automobiles

All of the following are sectors of the economy EXCEPT for:

Consumption

The following country has a primate city but NOT a World City

Mali

In an advanced economy of a country of the Global North

Most of the jobs are in the tertiary sector

One of the effects that comparative advantage has had on the world economic system is that

The countries of the Global South have become dependent on the Global North for industrial products

Structural Transformation is

The movement of workers from the primary sector to the secondary sector

Which of the following is true concerning multinational corporations?

They possess the ability to influence the political affairs in the countries where they operate.

Many countries of the Global South seek out FDI

To encourage structural transformation and to provide jobs to their citizens

The transition toward political systems guided by competitive elections is called:

democratization

Governments seek to protect their industries from foreign competition through all of the following policies EXCEPT:

free trade agreements

What percentage of Earth's population now lives in cities?

50

In 2019, Earth's population was approximately:

7.5 billion

The United Nations Human Development Index is:

A measure of the standard of living of a country

Which of the following organizations is a regional trade bloc?

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Which of the following countries is NOT one of the top three greenhouse gas emitters?

Canada (India, China, US)

Favelas are an example of:

Great economic inequalities in Brazil

The effects of the Anthropocene include all the following except

Increased glaciation

Before the world was organized into the Westphalian System of independent states,

Much of the world's populations lived under various very large empires

Through which ocean does the longitude line at 180° run?

Pacific

Cartographers solve the problem of showing the spherical Earth on a flat piece of paper by using:

Projections.

Which is NOT a criticism leveled at structural adjustment programs?

Structural adjustment programs may result in less foreign direct investment

Relocation diffusion refers to:

The spread of a feature or trend through migration of people from one place to another

Theories of development have changed in the last 25 years

To include social and demographic factors

The growth of the outskirts of the cities of Mexico, Brazil, Lima, Luanda and Lagos is an example of

Urbanization without development

The megacities of Delhi, Karachi and Mumbai have 20 million inhabitants each. The literacy rate of women in India is about 65% and in Pakistan, 60%. The growth of these cities may be an example of

Urbanization without development

Examples of industries that are in the primary sector are:

World economic prosperity can be achieved when all countries join the WTO

The new world system has integrated the world's nations into __________.

a global production and distribution system led by transnational corporations

An unintended effect of a society's preference for boys over girls can be:

a shortage of marriageable women

Developing nations are usually characterized by __________ economies, while developed nations are usually characterized by the presence of __________ industries.

agrucultural; service

Race is all of the following EXCEPT:

based on true biological differences in skill and aptitude

Which of the following is not part of the United Nations' calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

percentage of GDP per capita spent on cable television

Which world region ranks overall lowest in GNI per capita?

sub-Saharan Africa

The efforts to improve present living standards in ways that will not jeopardize future generations fall under the general heading of:

sustainable development.

What mechanisms have national governments used to protect their economies and industries from foreign competition?

tariffs and import quotas

Entangling alliances are an ultimately expected outcome of

the Realist system of balancing and bandwagoning

The Anthropocene is

A proposed epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on the Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change

The center of Pangaea is thought to have been modern-day:

Africa

Adam Smith challenged the dominant thinking of his time

By demonstrating that free trade created more wealth than the hoarding of gold and silver as Spain had done for centuries

Which of the following terms refers to the making of maps?

Cartography

The highest average temperatures on Earth fall within a band 30° north and south of the:

Equator

In which sector of the economy is agriculture?

Extraction

Which of the following activities is most likely to occur in the informal economy?

Housework

Earthquakes in the Caribbean are mainly caused by

Plate tectonics involving the Caribbean Plate

Which of the following refers to the relationship between the distances shown on the map and the actual distances on Earth's surface?

Scale

Which sector of a nation's economy is associated with the transformation of raw materials into finished products?

Secondary

A state with control over its internal affairs has

Sovereignty

On a planetary scale, a major difference between January and July circulation patterns is that

Subtropical highs are stronger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere

C + I + G + X is a formula

That is used to gauge the economic development of a country

Peaceful cooperation and world economic stability over the last 70 years has been generally credited to the

The Liberal system of lengthening the shadow of the future\

World Systems Theory (global economic core and global economic peripheries) explains that

The countries of the Global South will never truly develop

__________ refers to short-term changes in temperature and other factors, while __________ is a long-term balance of temperature and precipitation.

Weather; climate

Which of the following make loans to countries that need money to pay for economic development projects?

World Bank

The Four Traditions of Geography are

Earth Science, Regional Geography, Spatial, Human-Environment Interaction

The term __________ refers to the unrestricted international exchange of goods, services, and capital.

Free trade

The prime meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through

Greenwich, England

The Pacific Ring of Fire

Is a seismically active zone along the eastern and western edges of the Pacific Ocean

The theory that Earth's surface is composed of large plates that float on an underlying layer of molten rock is the theory of:

Plate tectonics

Development may decrease human well-being by:

having negative effects on the environment.

The amount that a local currency equivalent of U.S.$1 will purchase in a given country is a measure of:

purchasing power parity

As one moves away from the equator, average temperatures drop because:

the sunlight strikes Earth's surface at an angle and is therefore less intense.

The Pacific Ring of Fire excludes:

India

Which of the following is NOT among the problems that arise from the use of gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of societal and human well-being?

It overemphasizes social aspects of well-being at the expense of economic aspects.

Which of the following best describes the grandmother hypothesis?

Midlife menopause provides an evolutionary advantage by giving women no longer able to bear children time and energy to help succeeding generations thrive

Which is the only entity that can legitimately authorize the use of violence within a country?

The state

The most effective contraceptive in history is

The education of girls

Fair Trade is best exemplified when

A consumer buys coffee from a cooperative of farmers that shortens the supply chain to the consumer

The economic structure of a country with a NARROW base may best represent

A country that is highly urbanized

Fair Trade is

A kind of free trade approach where the consumer willingly pays more for a product from a developing country so that more monies go to the farmers and producers

A megacity differs from a world city in that:

A megacity has 10 million or more people and a world city is economically vital to the world economy

The idea of racial superiority is

A myth

Which of the following is NOT an example of a geographic inquiry?

All of the above are examples of geographical inquiry. How did a group of people come to occupy a particular place? How have people contributed to a particular environmental problem? How have people modified the physical aspects of a place to suit their needs?

Of the four options below, please choose the country with the population pyramid with the widest base.

Bangladesh

The idea that there is a limit to is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment is called

Carrying capacity

Several African countries are experiencing sharply lowered life expectancies due to:

HIV-AIDS.

The largest concentration of humans on the planet is in

East Asia

Of the four options below, please choose the country with the highest agricultural density.

Egypt

The most important language of trade today is:

English

What are some differences between ethnicity and race?

Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth, while the definition of race involves genetically transmitted traits.

Which of the following statements reflects an impact of colonization on the global pattern of languages?

European languages replaced many local languages.

A low-pressure system encircling the earth near the equator that develops into a cloud belt and is responsible for the monsoons in India and southern China is known as the

ITCZ

Ethnic groups tend to share all of the following EXCEPT:

a specific life expectancy.

Which sub-Saharan country will likely show a population pyramid with a WIDE base?

Mali

Lines of longitude are also known as:

Meridians

Which of the following is reflected in a population pyramid that narrows toward the top?

Most people in that population die before they reach old age.

A term for rules of behavior is

Norms

Accepted patterns of behavior based on values are called:

Norms.

The study of the growth and decline of the numbers of people on Earth, their distribution across Earth's surface, age and sex distributions, and migration patterns is the study of:

Population

All of the following are important languages of international trade EXCEPT:

Portuguese.

The term "democracy" literally means

Power of the people

The Namib Desert is influenced by

Primarily by the Benguela Current

The goal of the trade barriers set up in countries promoting import substitution was to

Protect infant industries

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about racial differences among humans?

Race has been used as justification for exploitation in many different regions of the world.

Which of the following terms refers to the unit of Earth's surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features or of human activities?

Region

Between 1945 and 2011, Earth's population:

Roughly tripled

Which of the following is NOT an example of a human resource?

Steel

Two of the major determinants to creating climate is

The subsolar point and latitude

The reasons for differences in behavior between cultures are complex but usually related to __________.

Values

Most of the world's volcanoes can be found

Where an oceanic plate meets a continental crust

Which of the following typically occurs with urbanization?

Young children become an economic liability to the family.

Which of the following is an example of a transaction taking place in the informal economy?

a housekeeper who is paid in cash and does not report her income

The mission of the World Trade Organization is to:

establish ground rules for international trade and lower trade barriers

Comparative advantage is most associated with

exports

The 27-member European Union

has removed most barriers to trade within its borders is governed by an elected European Parliament provides subsidies to its poorest member states All of these are true.

T and O maps help explain

how the outdated classification of racial categories emerged

Death rates remained high for most of human history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

hygienic waste and sewage systems.

Physiological density differs from arithmetic density in that it

understands that not all land is arable which means some countries have more challenges in feeding their populations

Subsistence farming is:

usually performed by a family for their own consumption

Which of the following does NOT describe religion?

usually rejects the idea of a higher power

Biologists believe that variations in skin color evolved to help human beings in different regions absorb the proper amount of:

vitamin D.

The "double day" refers to a situation in which:

women work a day job but retain their household duties


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