Geography 2051 Final

groundwater mining

(a condition when aquifers are pumped beyond their flow and recharge capacities)

soil creep

(a persistent, gradual mass movement of surface soil), dry, slow, individual soil particles are lifted and distributed by... The expansion of soil moisture as it freezes The cycles of moistness and dryness Diurnal temperature variations Grazing livestock or digging animals

landslide

(a sudden rapid movement of a cohesive mass of regolith or bedrock that is not saturated with moisture), large amount of material falling simultaneously - Slides have two basic forms: Translational Slides, Rotational Slides

falls

(a volume of rock that falls through the air and hits the surface) Pieces fall independently, form talus slope (cone-shaped pile of irregular broken rocks) at base of steep incline, dry, fast

cryoturbation

(frost churning) refers to the mixing of materials from various horizons (layers) of the soil down to the bedrock due to freezing and thawing; fine grains settle

transitional slide

(involve movement along a planar (flat) surface roughly parallel to the angle of the slope), no rotation, flow and creep patterns are also translational in nature, medium water content, slower than rotational

avalanches

(mass of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil), very fast due to ice and water that fluidize the debris, tremendous speed, lack of warning, medium water content, fast

mudflow

(more fluid) when the moisture content of moving material is high the suffix flow is used, fast, wet

rotational slide

(occur when surface material moves along a concave surface), underlying clay doesn't let water penetrate it so it flows along the surface, may rotate a single unit or present a stepped appearance, drier water content than translational, faster movement

earth flows

(sandstone formations resting on weak shale and siltstone, which becomes moistened and soft, offering little resistance to overlying strata), fast, less wet than mudflow

water table drawdown

(the surrounding water table within an unconfined aquifer may become lowered as water is pumped from a well); Pumping rate exceeds the replenishment flow of water into the aquifer or the horizontal flow around the well. The resultant lowering of the water table around the well is a Cone of Depression. Recharged by rain, snow melt, and surface water.

supercontinent cycle

1. continents united in supercontinent; rift valleys form this continent; land mass is starting to fracture into smaller pieces (low sea level) 2. continents part (high sea level) 3. greatest dispersal of continents (low sea level) 4. subduction of plate margins begins—continents move back together (high sea level)

little ice age

1200-1900 AD. mixed cold and warm. not consistently cold. this was a time of rapid, short term climate fluctuations that lasted only decades

core

2 layers -- inner core: material at center of earth; metal, solid state, EXTREMELY hot, very high density -- outer core: metal, mostly iron, material is in liquid (or molten) phase, cooler temperatures, but still very hot; density also decreases

Holocene

2 mil to 10,000 ya; during this period temperatures increased by 6 degrees

mesotidal range

2 to 4 meters

waning slope (deposition)

A concave surface along the base of the slope that forms a pediment A pediment is a broad, gently sloping erosional surface

soft protection

Beach nourishment- sand is pumped onto the beach and spread out by bulldozers to create a new beach- conditions that caused the original beach to erode are still there so the sand will need to be replaced every few years. Very expensive. Dune Restoration- planting new plants, putting up fences and signs around the dunes to keep off them Retreat- originally proposed by a sedimentologist at Duke, argued that instead of rebuilding the coast over and over again we should retreat landward, federal government will no longer support bridges and roads to barrier islands, federal government mandated that coastal states make new buildings further landwards Depends on the economic value of the beach that needs to be maintained, Miami beach is different than much smaller beaches

parabolic dunes

Crescent shape is much more elongated than Barchan Horns/Tips of the crescent point upwind Often form from what were initially Barchans Arms are colonized by vegetation In coastal dunes sometimes

barchan dunes

Crescent shape/forms, crescents always point downwind Form in areas of small sediment supply Form in areas with a single dominant wind direction (unidirectional wind)

periglacial landscapes

Describes frost weathering and freeze-thaw rock shattering. Occupy 20% of Earth's land surface. Unique set of processes - permafrost, frost action, and ground ice - operates. Subarctic and polar climates regions (especially tundra).

atmosphere

Earth's air; sphere that protects the Earth → climatology

biosphere

Earth's living things → biogeography (special distribution of various types of organisms, present & past) (focuses on plants & living organisms)

hydrosphere

Earth's waters, lakes, clouds, etc. → hydrology

hard protection

Groins, jetties, breakwaters

waxing slope (physical and chemical weathering)

Near the top (waxing means increasing) a convex surface that curves downward

barrier island

Ocean Beach (wide beach exposed to large waves and open ocean, no vegetation established), Foredune (linear ridge along back of the shoreline dominated by pioneer vegetation), find more plants landwards ridges become less distinct, find another narrow beach quite steep at low energy or salt marshes,

diurnal

One high tide and one low tide each day two 12 hour periods

longshore currents

Shore parallel currents of water responsible for moving a large amount of sediment causes by waves approaching the shore at an angle Angle of Incidence: angle in which the waves come in causes beach drift Beach Drift: occurs as each wave breaks and picks up sediment and deposits it further up and to the side because it is at an angle, they keep making the sediment deposit further to the side Groins: structures built perpendicular to the shore to prevent beach drif

barchanoid ridge dunes

Sinuous ridge Crest is perpendicular toward the wind Also in areas with unidirectional wind In areas with a slightly larger sediment supply than Barchans

star dunes

Starfish like shape (arms going out from a central large mass) Largest sand dunes- can reach elevations of several hundred meters Form in areas with several different common wind direction Very large sediment supply

longitudinal or linear dunes

Straight to somewhat sinuous Ridge-type dunes Crest line is oriented parallel to the average wind direction Form in areas with two predominant wind directions with a seasonal shift between them Have two different slip-face orientations • slip-faces on both sides of the ridges alternating with stoss-slopes Largest of the ridge form dunes- 40 to 60 meters tall

sediments

The term for all glacial drift both sorted and unsorted is glacial drift.

littoral zone

The zone in which marine process are moving sediments around on a regular basis

transverse ridge dunes

Transverse means sideways Crest-lines are straight Crest is perpendicular to the wind direction Formed in areas with unidirectional wind In areas with larger sediment supply than Barchanoid Ridges

11

___% of earth's land is covered by glaciers

ablation zone retreating

_____________________ is where we lose material from the glacier by melting (negative budget), below snowline; a ___________ glacier

accumulation zone advancing

_________________________ is where new glacial ice forms (positive budget), above snowline, usually ends at the firn line; an ____________ glacier

budget

a balance between input, outputs & storage; a conservation of matter & energy

kame

a depositional feature of glaciation; a small hill of poorly sorted sand and gavel that accumulates in crevasses or in ice-caused indentations in the surface

drumlin

a depositional feature related to glaciation that is composed of till (unstratified, unsorted) and is streamlined in the direction of continental ice movement - blunt end upstream and tapered end downstream with a rounded summit

rouche moutonnee

a glacial erosional feature; an asymmetrical hill of exposed bedrock; displays a gently sloping upstream side that has been smoothed and polished by a glacier and an abrupt, steep downstream side

till plain

a large relatively flat plain composed of unsorted glacial deposits behind a terminal or end moraine. Low-rolling relief and unclear drainage patterns are characteristic

scientific method

a method to generate knowledge -- "a priori knowledge" pre-existing knowledge (AKA THEORY) → 1st step: hypothesis: possible explanation of some phenomenon that requires verification (a guess at the answer); an educated guess → theory: generally accepted body of knowledge, not a hypothesis → 2nd step: verification: (test hypothesis) collecting data & analyzing; ultimately based on results of that process, end up making a choice; either accept the hypothesis and utilize our theory, or reject the hypothesis, in which case we go back to the beginning and regenerate a new hypothesis; if it is accepted, it becomes "a priori" knowledge

collapsing aquifers

a possible effect of water removal from an aquifer (layer of rock or sediment) aquifer will lose its internal support. When water is in the pores it adds structural strength to rocks, over pumping lets air infiltrate the pores. On the surface the visible result may be land subsidence, cracked house foundations, and changes in drainage. May not be rechargeable. Fresh groundwater and salty seawater establish a natural interface, contact-surface, where fresh water flows on top because it's less dense. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater causes this interface to migrate inland. Saltwater Intrusion happens when wells near the shore become contaminated with saltwater, making the aquifer useless for a supply of freshwater.

cirque

a scooped-out, amphitheater-shaped basin (bowl) at the head of an alpine glacier valley; an erosional landform; water gathers after glacier

arete

a sharp, knife-like ridge. a sharp ridge that divides two cirque basins. Derived from "knife edge" in French, these form saw tooth and serrated ridges in glaciated mountains

esker

a sinuously curving, narrow deposit of course gravel that forms along a melt water stream channel, developing in a tunnel beneath the glacier

tarn

a small mountain lake, especially one that collects in a cirque basin behind risers of rock material or an ice-gouged depression

epicenter

above center point of where the energy was released

pangaea

all Earth; supercontinent that broke up to what we know today as 7 continents; constant ongoing process; continents continue to move due to the expansion & contraction of the ocean

open system

allows matter & energy to enter/exit; continuous flows of energy ***earth is an open system***

weathering

an endogenic process, the breakdown of earth materials into smaller components

hydrology

angled surface water is going to run off of it which means it has little exposure flatter surfaces is going to start to puddle water which means it has more exposure the flattest surface of the area is going to have the max exposure holding all the water

block field

angular pieces. These pieces accumulate as part of the landscapes. A powerful mechanical force produced as water expands up to 9% of its volume as it freezes.

macrotidal range

anything above 4 meters

microtidal range

anything below 2 meters

Milankovitch cycles

appear to be the primary causes of glacial-interglacial cycles

feedbacks

are system responses to a change in an environmental condition that influences that change in environmental conditions

outwash plain

area of glacial stream deposits of stratified drift with melt water-fed, braided, and overloaded streams; occurs beyond a glacier's reach

patterned ground

areas in the periglacial environment where freezing and thawing of the ground creates polygonal forms of arranged rocks at the surface; can be circles, polygons, stripes, nets, and steps. Greater slopes produce striped patterns and lesser slopes result in sorted polygons. Self-organization; stones move to stone rich area, soil moves to soil rich areas. More circular forms occur when sorting is dominant, polygons occur when confinement of stone domains is dominant. Such landscapes are self-making, self-maintaining, and self-organizing.

obliquity

axis is pointed at north star; direction

precession

axis that earth rotates on is tilted at 23 deg. angle; determines day length, seasons, temperature gradients; axial tilt

wave refraction

bending of the wave Crestline as a result of different water depths and moving at different speeds

recessional moraines

consists of a secondary terminal moraine deposited during a temporary glacial standstill; (marks where budget was balanced)

sedimentary rock

created through lithification of sediment getting pushed together. if sedimentary rock or metamorphic gets brought to the surface it can be weathered again or can turn back into magma

lithosphere

crust & uppermost mantle

holocene

current interglacial

deltas

depositional features created at the mouth of a river. When the river meets the ocean or a lake and where the sediment is dropped. Creates land forms called Deltas. Can be classified into key types. o Greek word for Triangle o Delta form classifications developed by Galloway

longitudinal profile

determines how much energy is going to have to enter the drainage basin for it to work o Larger the difference between the elevation of the drainage divide and the base level the more gravitational potential energy is available o Elevation can change over time • Sea level lowers, energy potential increases, causes erosion, creates faster velocity • Sea level rises, energy potential decreases, deposits more sediment, decreases velocity

ice wedge

develops when water enters a crack in the permafrost and freezes. Thermal contractions form a tapered crack- wider at top. Freezing and thawing enlarges wedge.

tidal range

difference in elevation between the tides. Determines how strong tidal flows will be. Larger the range the stronger the flow.

till

direct ice deposits that appear unstratified and unsorted; a specific form of glacial drift. sediments directly deposited from the ice

closed system

does not allow energy to flow through it; hard to give an example; when the matter being used is all used up

lithosphere

earth's land (solid)

eccentricity

earth's orbit is an oval; shape

snowline

elevation at which some snow can remain throughout the year

equilibrium

equilibrium is a complete balance → internal energy is from core of earth, controlling systems like earthquakes → solar energy from the sun causing plants to grow → energies are constantly changing meaning the outputs must change too

graded stream

equilibrium state of the system. No change in the system to flow of energy and material through it • Very rare in nature • Only happens in very small systems

Pleistocene

era when much of the earths surface we know today was frozen. began in 1.65 and is one of the prolonged cold periods in history. saw at least 18 expansions of ice.

plucking

fingers of ice from re freezing meltwater pulling & tearing at exposed surfaces. the glacier movement picks up rock from its bed and moves forward

glaciers

form in areas of permanent snow

medial moraines

form in the middle. debris transported by a glacier that accumulates down the middle of the glacier; resulting from two glaciers merging their lateral moraines; forms a depositional feature following glacial retreat

glaciers

formed through compaction, recrystallization, and growth

kettle lake

forms when an isolated block of ice persists in ground moraine, an outwash plain, or a valley floor after a glacier retreats; as the block finally melts, it leaves behind a steep-sided hole that frequently fills with water

permafrost

forms when soil or rock temps remain below 0 degrees Celsius for at least 2 years in areas considered periglacial; criterion is based on temperature and not on whether water is present. Two other factors contribute to permafrost conditions and occurrence: presence of fossil permafrost from previous ice-age conditions and the insulating effect of snow cover or vegetation that inhibits heat loss.

alpine landforms

glacial landforms in mountains

horn

glaciated mountain peak. a pyramidal, sharp-pointed peak that results when several cirque glaciers gorge an individual mountain summit from all sides

u-shaped valley

glaciated valley greatly changed from previous stream-cut V form (glaciers have more erosional power and cut across as well as down)

glacial surge

glacier moving forward over a short amount of time. (Excessive meltwater can cause this). lurch forward with little or no warning; not as abrupt as it seems (tens of meters a day). Melt water gets to basal layer, lubricating underlying soft beds of clay. Some result from buildup of water pressure under the glacier; ice quakes and ice faults. Others from the presence of a water-saturated layer of sediment beneath the glacier.

faster

ice formation happens _____________ in temperate climates

solar energy

inputs in the climate system come from

chemical weathering

involve breakdown of earth materials at the molecular level.

physical weathering

involve mechanical forces. examples can be a hitting a rock with a hammer causing the rock to go into pieces.

continous permafrost

is the region of severest cold and is perennial, roughly pole ward of the -7 degree C. Affects all surfaces except those beneath deep lakes or rivers. Average depth: 400m

angle of repose

is the steepness and represents a balance of driving force (gravity) and resisting force (friction and shearing). The greater the slope angle, the more susceptible the surface material is to mass-wasting processes

active layer

is the zone of seasonally frozen ground that exists between the subsurface permafrost layer and the ground surface. Subjected to consistent freeze-thaw cycles. Higher temps reduce permafrost and increase the thickness of the active layer. Somewhat sluggish, dynamic, open system driven by energy gains and losses in the subsurface environment.

spring tide

is when the sun and the moon line up, creates the highest high tides, also creates the lowest low tides, creates the max tidal range. Spring Tides occur every 2 weeks

low tide

is when the water elevation is at its lowest and least in land.

ebb tide

is when the water elevation is decreasing so that the shore line moves seawards. some areas are the dominant process operating in the coastal zone.

flood tide

is when the water elevation is rising so that the shore line is moving landwards

pingo

large block of ice forms in ground and uplifts overlying material to make a hill with an ice core; a periglacial landform

isostasy

large scale vertical movements in portions of the earth's crust; these movements take place over long periods of time

mantle

largest of the earth's layers by volume -- asthenosphere: molten, plastic texture comprised of rock; still hot temperatures -- rigid uppermost: highest part of mantle; less dense; "floats" in the asthenosphere

basal slip

less rapid than internal plastic flow, so upper portion flows ahead of the lower portion. The base creeps and slides along due to temp and melt water. Basal ice layer has a much higher debris content.meltwater builds up under the glacier, friction is reduced. Ice slips downside the mountain

latitude

lines that run parallel to each other (49th parallel → 49th degree of latitude); lines of reference are center of the earth and the equator (value of 0 degrees) (North Pole 90 degrees) values range from 90 degrees north & south

outputs

longwave radiation

crust

lowest density of any layer -- oceanic: a little bit denser 3g/cubic cm -- continental: 2g/cubic cm → know about materials of earth through indirect information; passage of seismic waves through earth

neap tide

lowest high tides, highest low tides, minimum tidal range o 7 days after Neap Tide another Spring tide o 7 Days after this is back to the Neap Tide o 7 days after completes the 28 day cycle and back to the original spring tide

Medieval Warm Period

mild climatic episode that lasted from about 88-1200 AD. the shift to warmer, wetter weather influenced migration and settlement northward.

lateral moraines

moraines that form on the sides & edges of glaciers. debris transported by a glacier that accumulates along the sides of the glacier and is deposited as the glacier melts

retreating

more material is lost than is replaced—> negative budget ( glacier is ____)

continent-continent

neither plants can push down into mantle so the result is tremendous -- no volcanic action -- Ex: Himalayas (India & Asia were separate, conduction was taking place; crust was compressed & melted; India crashed into Asia creating mountains

requirements for aeolian processes

o 1. Sediment Size • As particles get bigger, wind is soon ineffective to move it • Clay to Sand or finer sediments o 2. Vegetation • little or no vegetation to protect the area from wind erosion o 3. Humidity/ Precipitation • Dry or arid environments so that the cohesive forces prevent erosion of sediments o Locations of the Requirements • Deserts: Ergs- The Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia - extremely dry, no vegetation Beaches - dry, low vegetation, No. 1 tourist destination Worldwide Agricultural Areas- ground is bare for at least a portion of the year, erosion of topsoil is the single biggest cause of lost agricultural production, precipitation levels are quite low, more common in poorer countries Loess Regions- fine grained material (silt sized) of glacial origin, when the glaciers melted water carried the material and deposited in thick blankets, grain agricultural areas

waves

o Crest: high point on the wave o Trough: low point on the wave o Wave Height: the difference in elevation between crest and trough o Amount of energy is determined by wave height, taller the wave the more energy o Wave Length: distance between two successive crests or troughs o Wave Steepness: wave height divided by wave length o Period: time that is takes for the wave to travel one wave length o Solar energy drives waves by causing differences in temperature, this causes different air pressure which causes wind to blow across the water causing friction and moving the water molecules closer together

global budget balance

o Relatively balanced over the past decades o Oceans lose water to evaporation in the atmosphere o Through advection goes into the atmosphere over land o Through runoff it returns to the ocean

convergent orogenesis

oceanic plate to oceanic plate

paternoster lakes

one of a series of small, circular, stair-stepped lakes formed in individual rock basins aligned down the course of a glaciated valley; named because they look like a string of rosary beads

positive feedback

ongoing population growth (nothing can continue to grow indefinitely); tend to be destructive & tend to alter the operation of systems

slopes

or hill slopes are curved, inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms Shaped by the relation between the rate of weathering and breakup of slope materials and the rate of mass movement and erosion of those materials. Steepness of a slope depends on size and texture of the grains. Gradient is the change in y over the change in x. Or the change in height divided by the change in horizontal distance. Angle of a slope is the inclination of a line in a plane, where the angle is measured from the positive x axis to the line in the counterclockwise direction.

brittle zone

part of glacier that can't stretch over bumps --> cracks and crevasses

1%

percent of glaciers in ice caps on mountains

divergent plate boundary

plates are moving away from each other; find them running down the middle of the ocean base; creating convection currents; sea floor spreading zone - new oceanic plate material is being formed; we can get divergent plate boundaries on land; found on continental plate

convergent plate boundary

plates that are slamming into each other; tends to generate tremendous forces; huge chunks of earth material pushing together; due to the strength of that collision, one of the plates gets forced down under the other, pushed down into the mantle, where it melts (subduction zones); old crust gets recycled

metamorphic rock

process that causes this is immense heat of sedimentary rock known as metamorphism. if sedimentary rock or metamorphic gets brought to the surface it can be weathered again or can turn back into magma

frost action

refers to the expansion of water as it freezes. It can shatter rocks producing angular pieces that form a block field.

moraine

ridge in glaciated valley

terminal moraines

ridge-like deposits of till, marks the furthest position that the glacier reaches. eroded debris that is dropped at a glacier's farthest extent

rock characteristics

rock characteristics 1. jointing 2. solubility 3. hardness

igneous rock

rocks break down to form sediment (called weathering). magma: molten rock within crust; cools & solidifies & hardens forming igneous rocks

abrasion

rocks freeze to basal layer and enable the glacier to scour and sandpaper the landscape as it moves; creates smooth surface on exposed rocks and glacial striations parallel to flow direction.

longitude

run North/South, but give East/West location; starts at Prime Meridian → prime meridian: 0 degree longitude mark

barrier island rollover

sea levels rise erode the dunes and the system starts retreating, over time the island moves back landwards, peat outcrop on the ocean side of the beach is an indication the island is moving landward, overwash fan

stratified drift

sediments deposited by glacial melt water that appear sorted; a specific form of glacial drift

system

set of objects & their attributes that are linked together by flows, matter & energy

flood hydrograph

shows how discharge changes in response to a precipitation event. There is a lag time between the event of precipitation and the peak discharge. Can be dramatically effected by human activity: paving roads, etc. increases speed of flooding and decreases lag time.

flooding

single worst hazard that human beings face. Killed more people than any other disasters.

hanging valleys

sites of waterfalls; valleys carved by tributary glaciers that are left stranded high above the valley floor, because the primary glacier eroded the valley floor so deeply (small glacial valley cut by U-shaped valley)

dune migration

slow, goes with the direction of the wind Stoss Slope: slope incline in the dunes Slip Face/lee: slope decline in the dunes the stoss slope is eroded and goes into the slip face where it doesn't move. End result is the dune migrates downwind. Eventually the materials re-emerge on the stoss slope.

firn ice

snow packs over years, lower layers compress to form ________ which is open and porous, colder temps meld it to form _____

negative feedback

snowball effect of death; have to dampen or reduce the initial change (competition); constructive → help a system to keep everything in balance

elastic rebound theory

states that fault lines generally aren't perfectly straight "knife cuts" for the plates to move along; faults are ridged through

stored energy

temperature

tides

the cyclical change in the elevation of sea-level that occurs at the shore

Cryosphere

the frozen portion of earths waters; includes ice sheets, ice caps, and fields, glaciers, ice shelves, sea ice,subsurface ground ice, and frozen ground (permafrost)

deflation

the picking up and the removal of fine grained materials by the wind. Creates Desert Pavements/ Lag Surfaces - wind removes small particles, slowly eroding the fine-grain material mixed in with large grained, eventually all of the large particles are left behind because the wind was unable to move them Creates Blowouts - depressions that are created when the wind picks up fine-grained material and moves it. Common in coastal dunes. Makes a bowl or dome shape.

high tide

the point at which water elevation is at its highest and furthest in land position

abrasion

the result of wind-blown sand grains striking other objects and then removing material from those objects. Creates Ventifacts - rocks that have flat sides on them as a result of sand being blown against them and wearing away the side of the rock Creates Yardangs - streamlined rocks (have a shape that allows moving air to flow around it with the least possible interference, typically has a teardrop shape), formed as a result of abrasion. Wind erodes them because it interferes with the flow the most.

equilibrium

the snowline marks the ______________

plate tectonics

theory is generally considered to be the most important breakthrough in our understanding of the earth; allows us to explain a wide range of different phenomenon's; the lithosphere is not a solid unbroken skin, instead it is fractured into many pieces called plates; each of these plates are individually floating in the asthenosphere

tidal bore

tide moves into estuaries, makes good surf

semidiurnal

two high tides and two low tides each day 2 6 hour periods each

transform plate boundary

two plates are trying to slide past each other in opposite directions

discontinous permafrost

unconnected patches that gradually coalesce pole ward towards the continuous zone. Becomes scattered until it disappears towards equator. Permafrost is absent on sun-exposed south-facing slopes, areas of warm soil, or areas insulated by snow. Most susceptible to thawing with climate change. Carbon is lost in thawing and creates a positive feedback.

talik

unfrozen ground that may occur above, below, or within a body of discontinuous permafrost or beneath a water body in the continuous region.

oceanic-continental

volcanic activity takes place on the continent -- lots of metamorphic changes -- lots of compressional & mechanical forces -- Ex: Andes Mountains

wave shoaling

wave transfers some of its motion to the bed slowing it down, back of the wave is still in deep water moving faster, back catches up with the front and wave length decreases, wave height increases, steepness creases as a result

Antarctica and greenland

what places are most glaciers in?

internal deformation

when ice in the plastic zone bends and ice is carried down the mountain; plastic zone stretches over bumps and carries brittle zone with it

stagnant

when inputs & outputs are equal—> balanced budget (glacier is ______________)

advancing

when more material accumulates than leaves—> positive budget, more amount of storage (glacier is ___________)

focus

where energy is most intense.

drainage basin

• Also referred to as a watershed • Area that supplies water to a particular river • Separated by areas of higher elevation called drainage divides

deranged

• Develops in areas that have been disturbed • No area of flow

radial

• Flows from the center out in all directions • Mountain areas

dendritic

• Looks like tree branches and roots • Gathers stuff from an area and brings to a point • Energy efficient • Minimizes the use of channels so less energy is used • Rate of movement (cone of depression, pollution) • Most Common Pattern • Different rates of direction for water flows

sediment

• Modes of Sediment Transport 1. Erosion • particles picked up 2. Translocation • moving somewhere else 3. Deposition • putting it back down

parallel

• Not much variation in direction of the stream segments • Relatively steep slopes, very consistent slope

hydrologic cycle

• One of the major systems that shifts material and energy around the earth's surface interconnected with all of our major spheres

discharge

• Q is also used to represent discharge Q (discharge)= d x w x v (d is channel depth, w is channel width, v is water velocity) As you move downstream, discharge increases If discharge increases, water will move faster, the channel will get wider, and the channel will get deeper • Consistent increases in all 3 Water flows slower higher, and faster lower • As the channel gets wider and deeper the amount of friction decreases, allows the water to move faster L, V, W all increase to balance Q Exceptions: exotic streams (evaporation, human withdrawal- pumping large amounts of water out)

trellis

• Series of ridges and valleys (folds) • Small tributaries join larger streams and valves

wave generation

• Wind Speed • Duration of the Wind Event • Fetch: the distance of open water that is available for the wind to blow across, the more space the bigger the chance for a big wave to build