Geography Ch9

is the growing of crops and the tending of livestock.

Blank 1: Agriculture

subsistence agriculture involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre. Yields per unit and population densities are both high.

Blank 1: Intensive

economic activities are those that harvest or extract something from the Earth.

Blank 1: Primary

economic activities are those that add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful commodities.

Blank 1: Secondary

Before there was farming, the universal forms of primary production were and .

Blank 1: hunting Blank 2: gathering

A(n) economy is one where the production of goods and services is driven by supply and demand.

Blank 1: market

The of a resource is the largest volume of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or maintain the same future productivity.

Blank 1: maximum Blank 2: sustainable Blank 3: yield

The economies of Cuba and North Korea, where government agencies control both supply and prices, are examples of economies.

Blank 1: planned

Developing countries are more dependent on trade of commodities than developed countries.

Blank 1: primary

Also known as slash-and-burn, is a type of subsistence agriculture that is commonly found in warm, wet tropical climates.

Blank 1: shifting Blank 2: cultivation

What special circumstance is most likely to allow the farming of intensively produced high-value crops in a location away from markets?

Climate

______ is a measure of the total domestic and foreign value added of all goods and services claimed by residents of a country during a year.

Gross National Incomes (GNI)

What is livestock-grain farming?

Growing of grain to be fed to livestock on the same farm

Which of the following are characteristics of intensive subsistence farming? (Select all that apply.)

High yields per unit area of land Polyculture (production of several different crops) Large inputs of labor per unit area of land

Which of the following is true about grain production since the 1970s?

It has increased because of increased yield.

Which of the following is an example of extensive commercial agriculture?

Large-scale wheat farming

What proportion of the world's land area is covered by forests?

Nearly one third

Why has the productivity of many major marine fisheries declined in recent years?

Overfishing and pollution

Which of the following are the results of consolidation of agriculture in the United States?

Reduced in the number of farms Enlargement of the size of farms

Which of these is not a focus of economic geography?

Spatial distribution of political entities

Which of these are classifications of agricultural societies? (Select all that apply.)

Traditional Advanced Subsistence

True or false: In Western Europe and the United States, more than 70% of all grain produced is fed to livestock rather than consumed directly by people.

True

Which of the following are characteristics of a Mediterranean climate? (Select all that apply.)

Winter rain and summer drought Warm temperatures year-round Hot, dry summers

This image shows the division of workers in an economy between primary activities (orange), secondary activities (green), and tertiary (yellow) activities. Based upon the division shown, this economy is largely ______.

agricultural big red 66

Typically, raw goods _____ than manufactured goods.

are sold for lower prices

Planned economies are most commonly associated with ______ states.

communist

Overfishing and pollution have led to a ______.

drop in the average per capita marine catch

According to von Thunen, when the cost of production and transport equals the value of the commodity at the market, the farmer is at the ______.

economic margin of cultivation

Preagricultural societies that rely on hunting and gathering for their food ______. (Select all that apply.)

exist in isolated pockets within the low latitudes are few and declining can be found in parts of the Arctic

Industrialized agriculture relies heavily on ______. (Select all that apply.)

fossil fuels pesticides herbicides

The location of mineral deposits is controlled by ______.

geologic processes

Mediterranean agriculture is known for ______.

grapes, olives, and figs

Although the Green Revolution increased world food production, the price for this has included ______. (Select all that apply.)

groundwater depletion a loss of traditional agriculture decrease in food security

The term ______ is used to refer specifically to the production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land.

intensive commercial agriculture

Many developing countries borrowed heavily from the more-developed states in the hope of economic development. This led to a(n) ______ in the 1980s.

international debt crisis

A significant proportion of the world's fish harvest is used for ______.

livestock feed and fertilizers

In a market economy, trade is controlled by supply and demand. The point where supply meets demand is called the ______.

market equilibrium

Geological processes most directly control the location of ______.

mineral resources

The total amount of human food produced worldwide has ______ since 1950.

more than doubled

Materials such as gravel and limestone are typically mined ______.

near the site where they are to be used

Shifting cultivation is viewed by some as a highly efficient cultural adaptation where ______.

population densities and access to technology are low

This image shows the division of workers in an economy between primary activities (orange), secondary activities (green), and tertiary (yellow) activities. Based upon the division shown, this economy is largely ______.

postindustrial

Countries that depend on primary commodities for the bulk of their export earnings are vulnerable to ______.

price volatility

Common examples of plantation crops are ______. (Select all that apply.)

rubber coffee tobacco

A farmer in India who produces rice and vegetables primarily for the family's consumption is primarily engaging in a ______ economy.

subsistence

In the 1960s, the dominant theory of economic development described normal development from subsistence agriculture through a(n) ______ stage of increasing investment in infrastructure and human capital, ultimately leading to an "age of mass production and consumption."

takeoff

Farm production in commercial agriculture responds to ______.

the consumption requirements of the larger society

One of the most important factors in determining where low-value materials such as aggregates will be mined is ______.

the cost of transportation

What are the three primary forces that determine whether a metallic mineral deposit will be mined?

the richness of the ore distance to markets the quantity of metal in the deposit

The pattern of intensive production of high-value crops close to the market and extensive farming far from the market does not always hold. Under some circumstances, areas far from the market are intensively farmed due to their ______.

unique climate conditions

Where did the adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops primarily begin?

Industrialized countries

Why are some developing states placing restrictions on the exports of their raw goods?

They want to capture the profit seen by turning the raw goods into manufacture goods.

From 1934 to 2020, the number of farms in the United States ______.

dropped by more than two thirds

The increase in total global grain production since the 1970s was primarily due to ______.

increased crop yield

Gross National Income measures miss the activities in the ______ economy such as the shoe shining business shown here.

informal

Rice farming in Asia, as shown here, is an example of ______.

intensive subsistence agriculture

No advanced economy can flourish without ______.

a well-connected transport network

High-grade metallic ores are likely to be ______, whereas low-grade ores are more likely to be ______.

shipped to market for refining; refined on-site at the mine

Advocates of ______ believe in smaller farms and greater crop diversity.

sustainable agriculture

Less than ______ of the world's population are still predominantly engaged in tropical shifting cultivation.

3%

What proportion of the world's land area is suitable for agriculture?

30%

geography is the study of how people earn their living and how livelihood systems vary from place to place.

Blank 1: Economic

subsistence agriculture involves large areas of land and minimal labor input per hectare. Both yields per land unit and population densities are low.

Blank 1: Extensive

agriculture takes place on less-expensive land and is typified by large wheat farms and livestock ranching.

Blank 1: Extensive Blank 2: commercial

industries are primary industries based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources.

Blank 1: Gathering

agriculture emphasizes traditional agriculture methods and local knowledge of soil and plant conditions.

Blank 1: Sustainable

economic activities are those that provide goods and services.

Blank 1: Tertiary

agriculture is a rapidly growing activity, with some 800 million city farmers worldwide producing 15 to 20% of the world's total food production.

Blank 1: Urban

The breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, or fenced-off coastal bays and estuaries is called

Blank 1: aquaculture

An example of specialized crops is crops. These are typically located in tropical climates and involve the production of one or two specialized crops on a large estate.

Blank 1: plantation

The physical environment, cultural considerations, technological development, economic factors, and decisions control the economic activity of humans.

Blank 1: political

A(n) economy is one in which goods and services are created for the use of the producers and their kinship groups, with little exchange of goods.

Blank 1: subsistence

In agriculture, each family or close-knit social group relies upon itself for its food and other most-essential requirements. Off-farm trade is minimal.

Blank 1: subsistence

A contractual arrangement, or occurs when production, processing and sales are closely coordinated between a farmer and a purchaser-processor; for example, when a fast food chain contracts with a farmer for a particular kind of potato.

Blank 1: vertical Blank 2: integration

Which type of environment is the largest source of fish?

Continental shelves

Which of these is not one of the five factors controlling the economic activities of humans?

Dependency ratios

What is the consequence of exceeding the maximum sustainable yield in fishing?

Depletion of fish stocks

True or false: Since the middle of the 20th century, rapid population growth has exceeded food supplies, leading to problems with malnutrition in many parts of the world.

False

According to the von Thunen model, what kind of agriculture is most commonly found nearest to a central market town?

Market gardening

The economic activity that is spatially the most widespread is ______.

agriculture

Livestock ranching is an example of ______.

extensive commercial agriculture

Agricultural societies are classified on the basis of the ______. (Select all that apply.)

importance of off-farm sales level of mechanization

All subsistence societies are characterized by their ______.

isolation

The most extensive type of land-use agriculture, with the greatest amount of land area per person sustained, is ______.

nomadic herding

The wandering but controlled movement of livestock that depends on natural forage for survival is called ______.

nomadic herding

Fish and shellfish account for ______ of all human animal protein consumption.

over 15%

Humankind's basic economic concern is ______.

producing or securing sufficient food resources

The main cause for the growing number of undernourished people is ______ combined with poverty.

rising food prices

In most of Africa, much of Latin America, and most of southern and eastern Asia, the majority of the people satisfy their food needs through ______.

subsistence agriculture

Which of these would be considered primary economic activities? (Select all that apply.)

Industrial farming of cattle Mineral extraction Forestry Fishing through aquaculture

industries are primary industries that remove nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic resources from the Earth's crust.

Blank 1: Extractive

In agriculture, farmers produce not to provide food for themselves, but primarily for a market off the farm itself.

Blank 1: commercial

The involved the development of high-yield grain varieties and improved irrigation, fertilization, and pesticide practices

Blank 1: green Blank 2: revolution

Which of the following are responsible for a decline in the area covered by forests.

Commercial lumbering Fuelwood gathering Cattle ranching

What are the negative impacts of commercial agriculture? (Select all that apply.)

Depopulation of rural areas Water pollution

Which of the following are examples of secondary economic activities? (Select all that apply.)

Electronics production Copper smelting Cloth manufacturing

Which two of these are paths to promoting increased food production?

Expand land area under cultivation Increase crop yields from existing farmlands

What is aquaculture?

Farming of fish in freshwater or marine enclosures

Which of the following are environmental problems associated with marine aquaculture? (Select all that apply.)

Genetic damage to wild stock Pollution from fish waste Transference of disease to wild stock

Which of the following are characteristics of commercial agriculture in modern, developed countries? (Select all that apply.)

Interdependence of producers and buyers Specialization in terms of crops or livestock animals Off-farm trade is the primary goal of production.

What are the three sources of the fish supply?

Marine catch Inland catch Aquaculture

Which of the following are characteristics of intensive subsistence farming?

Polyculture (production of several different crops) Large inputs of labor per unit area of land High yields per unit area of land

Where in the world are GM crops being most rapidly adopted now?

Poorer, developing countries

______ takes place around the world in the form of small garden plots, backyard livestock breeding, and fish farming in ponds.

Urban agriculture

Which of the following are examples of intensive commercial agriculture? (Select all that apply.)

Vegetable crops Dairy production Fruit crops

Which of the following are examples of tertiary economic activities? (Select all that apply.)

Wireless providers University systems Banking

Large farms on cheaper land, where both the labor requirements and yield per unit area are low, are characteristics of ______.

extensive commercial agriculture

Shifting cultivation, as shown here, is an example of ______ agriculture.

extensive subsistence