Geography exam 1
Rate of natural increase
(RNI)= (# of births- # of deaths)
total fertility rate
(TFR)- # of births per woman of child bearing years, average and artificial number
The European Union (EU) has positive effects on the economic and social well-being of many European countries, but what are the EU's negative effects?
-Changes in farming landscapes are objectionable to many. -There are environmental and social issues that result from CAP policies. -It can negatively affect the economic position of nonmember countries, especially those in the periphery. -The removal of internal barriers to migrant laborers became a disadvantage to peripheral regions.
Europe aging population
-Europe has 19 of the worlds oldest countries -old age dependency ratio increase
Immigration in Europe
-Europe's aging population needs immigrants as a workforce -Muslim immigrants challenge the separation of religion and public life -right-wing parties are increasing in popularity many immigrants come from former colonies
How do you describe place?
-Human and physical characteristics -makes a place unique "sense of place" ex: Denver- mountains, snow, mile high city
where does Geography fit in academic disciplines?
-Natural sciences: (physical Geography) -Social sciences: (human Geography) - Art and humanities: (Religion Geography)
How do you describe location?
-Where is it? 1. relative: where is some place relative to some other place. ex: parker 45 min south of Denver 2. absolute: You can find a place without knowing surroundings. *can find 2 ways: -adress -latitude and longitude coordinate systems
What questions do you ask yourself in Geography?
-Where? -Why? -So what? -What patterns exist? -What processes create that pattern? Ex: where- is it located why-it is here so what- what does that mean, what patterns does that mean
Russia/Europe environmental issues
-acid rain burning fossil fuels effecting deaths of forests -air pollution most effected in urban areas -melting glaciers, dwindling sea ice, and sparse snow cover
How do you describe Human Environment interaction?
-glacier retreate, humans effecting enviroment, carbon dioxide -drought= water diverted to farming -effects of a wildfire- urban/rural cause of fire
Which of the following was true about Soviet industrialization?
-secrecy from external military -environmental problems -regional production complexes -expansion in less-developed regions
Where is the Equator/ prime meridian?
0 degrees
What are the 5 themes of Geography?
1. Location 2. Moment 3.Place 4. Human environment interaction 5. Regions
How many degrees are in each time zone?
15 degrees
What is the highest value a line of longitude will have?
180 degrees Locations of latitude and longitude are determined using angular measurement. First, note how many degrees there are in a circle and then consider how one would calculate degrees of longitude from the 0 degree line to the longitude with the maximum value.
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted from:
1950-1989
When did the Soviet Union dissolve as a political entity?
1991
What is the the earth tilt?
23.5 degrees
Where is the Tropic of Cancer?
23.5 degrees North
The Tropic of Capricorn is:
23.5 degrees South latitude
Where is the Tropic of Capricorn?
23.5 degrees south
total time zones in our world
24, 24 hours in a day
By 2050, the ratio of workers to retirees in Europe is expected to be:
2:1
how many countries are in Europe?
42 countries ranging from large states (ex: Germany) to micro states (ex: Andorra)
Approximately how many Jewish people died in concentration camps during the Holocaust?
6 million
Where is the Antarctic circle?
66.5 degrees South
where is the Arctic circle?
66.5°North
The overall life expectancy in Europe is:
75
Where is the North Pole?
90 degrees north
Where is the South Pole?
90 degrees south
crude death rate
= (#deaths/total population) (per 1,000)
crude birthrate
=(# birth/total population) (per 1,000)
Megaopolis
A big city with no rural breaks between cities ex: satellite map (LA > so cal)
What is Space-time compression?
A part of Globalization ex: railroads > car > air travel > internet created less amount of time to get to places.
This natural water body is steadily shrinking as a result of diversion of water for irrigation in Central Asia.
Aral Sea
Azerbaijan is divided into two political units by what country?
Armenia
All of Earth's land mass is contained within seven conventionally defined continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Just one of these continents contains more than half of the 10 countries with the largest populations. Which continent is it?
Asia Seven of the ten most populous countries are in Asia. China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Russia are all located on the continent of Asia. Japan and Indonesia are located on islands off the coast of Asia.
The Russian Plain extends from ________ in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.
Belarus
Which of these countries is landlocked?
Belarus
Which of these countries is the northernmost?
Belarus
Which of the following is the largest inland sea in the world?
Caspian
Which of the following is defined as a national economy in which all aspects of production are centrally controlled by government agencies?
Command economy
What is Longitude?
Determines time zones -East to West (prime meridian) -Important lines of longitude (meridians) 1 degree =69 miles only at equator
What do scientists claim is the most pressing threat to the health of the Amazon Rainforest today?
Drought is the most pressing threat. In 2005, the Amazon Rainforest suffered its worst drought in 60 years.
command trade
EU's emissions trading scheme meet limit of carbon for a business, if you have extra then you can sell it
Lake Baikal, Siberia
Environmental issue UNESCO site 20% of earth's unfrozen fresh water -industrial pollution of lake's fresh water
Why are environmentalists concerned about Siberia's melting permafrost? -Siberia is much more susceptible to warming than previously thought.
Environmentalists are alarmed that Siberia's permafrost is starting to melt because of the amount of methane that could be released during the thawing process. -Methane is a greenhouse gas, and environmentalists fear that increased methane will accelerate global warming.
What country is directly north of Estonia?
Finland
What is included in regions?
Formal, Functional, Perceptual/ vernacular
It you were to sail due south from the United Kingdom, which of these countries would you land in?
France
what is Geography?
From the Greek "geo" - earth and "graphia"- description • Description of the earth's surface • Spatial- relationships based on where you are: using a map
• Level 1: What? Where? When? example- United States , Satellite • Level 2: Pattern identification example- more lights in eastern half • Level 3: Why there? How did it get there? example- more people where theres lights (larger cities), mountain ares are a historical settlements
Geographic indication process
Glaciers deform under their own weight.
Glaciers have to be soft enough to move, and it is this movement that drags the rocks and boulders responsible for carving Earth's surface.
- Increasing interconnectedness through converging economic, political, and cultural activities - Linked through commerce, communications, & travel - Continual reorganization of global and local geographies -sometimes called "mcdonaldization" or "westernization"
Globalization
Russia domain agriculture regions
Harsh climates and poor soils=limits agricultural productivity (tundra, permafrost, taiga) -permafrost releases CO2 -taiga is heavy forested evergreens, logging
How do you describe movement?
How people, ideas, productions, infor move between places. Ex: drugs, or products
What is UNESCO's reaction to globalization?
Hybridization ex: Korean Hip Hop (k pop), incorporating english and korean ex: Japanese manga/anime similar to western comics ex:Valentines day in south korean and Japan
Why did death rates rise in the period following the collapse of the Soviet Union? -Review trends of birthrates and death rates. Think in terms of how societal conditions changed along with the profound changes in the government and economy that occurred during this chaotic period.
In the economic chaos of the 1990s many Russians fell ill in various ways (psychological, emotional, and material), and the public health system that supported them in Soviet times was no longer there.
What is the significance of Greenwich, England, in the context of latitude and longitude?
It is the historically agreed-upon starting point for longitude.
Rising mortality rates and declining health care in Russia, have brought life expectancy levels identical to:
Krygyzstan
Which of the following best describes latitude?
Latitude is used to measure distance north and south of the 0 degree line.
What agreement led to a common European currency?
Maastricht Treaty
What is the climate of South Europe?
Mediterranean
Europe: forms of migration
Migration with in: -The schengen agreement (people are free to move about the 27 countries) more freedom of moment net migration: -eastern Europe is a source region of migrants moving to Europe and Norther Europe -migrants trying to find new opportunities, risky journey International migration: -guest workers -patters?: knowing that they can speak the same language in the place they migrate to -migration has changed (they are more likely to come from North Africa and Southeast Asia ex: lampidusia migration to Italy
Sixty percent of the Tomsk region is covered by different types of forests. These forests grow on what type of land? -Logging in the Tomsk region is difficult because of the local land and climate conditions.
Most of the region on a huge swamp. -The forests in Western Siberia grow on a large, almost impenetrable, swamp.
Why do most students across Europe speak many languages?
Most students speak so many languages because European countries and cultures are physically close to each other.
Glacial ice alone is too fragile to leave any marks on solid rock.
Moving glaciers engulf large boulders and rocks, which act as tools that scrape and chip away at solid rock.
How do glaciers carve out valleys?
Moving glaciers engulf large boulders and rocks, which act as tools that scrape and chip away at solid rock.
Which of the following is the fastest-growing religious grouping in Russia?
Muslims
What is Latitude?
Navigation, helps climate -North to South (equator) -Important lines of latitude (parallels) 1 degree=69 miles
Which of these countries has the greatest percentage of land at an elevation below 200 meters?
Netherlands
Rising seas levels have impacted the inhabitants of the tiny Pacific Island of Tuvalu. Plans are now in place to evacuate some of the island's population to what country?
New Zealand
Since the 1986 disaster at Chernobyl, all of the following is true, except:
New human developments
North America The caribbean Latin America Australia and Oceania Europe Russia Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia North Africa/Southwest Africa Sub- Saharan Africa Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
North America The caribbean Latin America Australia and Oceania Europe Russia Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia North Africa/Southwest Africa Sub- Saharan Africa Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
What are the world regions?
North America The caribbean Latin America Australia and Oceania Europe Russia Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia North Africa/Southwest Africa Sub- Saharan Africa Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
what is the equinox?
Occurs in the fall and spring -a portion of the earth is getting its portion of sunlight for the year. -one side towards the sun for 24 hrs of light, and the other side away from the sun for 24 hrs of darkness. -switches between the Norther and Southern Hemispheres
What is placelessness?
Opposite of place, not unique, an area around a mall or surrounding suburban area
Which of these countries occupy the peninsula located in the southwest of this region? ANSWER:
Portugal and Spain
How do global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns account for the difference in average annual temperatures between locations at similar latitudes in North America and Europe (e.g., New York City and Rome)?
Prevailing westerly winds propel warm Gulf Stream ocean currents from the east coast of North America across the North Atlantic where they draw relatively warm moist air onto Atlantic-facing peninsulas and isles and into Atlantic-attached seas, bays, and gulfs, giving European locations near coasts and on narrow peninsulas warmer average temperatures than North American locations at similar latitudes.
What is the starting location (0 degree location) used for lines of longitude?
Prime Meridian The graticule is a grid of intersecting latitude and longitude lines that crisscross Earth's surface. Measurement of both latitude and longitude begins at a line that is designated the 0 degree location. Consider which lines run east-west and which run north-south to determine the starting location for longitude. ANSWER:
If you were located at 60 degrees north latitude and 80 degrees east longitude, in what country would you be?
Russia
In what country is Siberia located?
Russia
The Ural Mountains run through which of these countries?
Russia
Which of these countries is bounded on the east by the Bering Strait?
Russia
Which two countries have direct access to the Caspian Sea?
Russia and Azerbaijan
Which two countries possess political exclaves (regions that are completely separated from the larger political unit)?
Russia and Azerbaijan
Immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia experienced political upheaval and economic collapse. Why was Russia able to recover quickly from the economic stagnation that followed the fall of communism? -There is an abundance of wealth in the Siberian region of Russia.
Russia was able to recover from economic stagnation after the fall of the Soviet Union because Russia became a global supplier of energy. -Russia is a major supplier of the world's energy sources, particularly oil and gas. -since the fall of the soviet union there has been a significant increase of real estate development
map reading includes
Scale: representative fraction (1:25,000), verbal(1 in=1km), or graphic ( use as ruler) estimates distances • Title • Legend • Author • Date • Directional indicator • Projection
How do you describe regions?
Shares similar characteristics -ex: patterns to define a place, rocky mountain region vs the front range, climate or soil region
How does the instability in Russia and neighboring countries continue to impact families life's today in Russia?
Some families cannot visit relatives who live in the country of Georgia. -The country of Georgia, a country that has a tense relationship with Russia.
Which region has the largest number of the 10 most populous countries within its boundaries?
South Asia Three of the ten most populous countries (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) are in the region of South Asia. Placing the ten most populous countries on a map of world regions makes it easier to find a pattern of location. Specifically, we can see that Asia has the largest number of the most populous countries.
Environmental Geography: Russia
Soviet underindustrialization -reckless development and environment exploitation ex: clustering of industrial plants, oil spills, nuclear waste -nuclear threat- Chernobyl nuclear plan released toxic radiation, not habitual for humans, but some plant and animal life coming back
The Pyrenees Mountains designate the border between France and:
Spain
What type of tools are used to smooth surfaces?
The advancing and retreating motion of the Nigardsbreen Glacier has been grinding down surface rocks like an enormous piece of sandpaper.
What gives the lake adjacent to the Nigardsbreen Glacier its deep blue color?
The deep blue color is the result of minerals found in dust that has washed into the lake.The glacier grinds rocks and boulders into a fine dust. Minerals are found in this dust, and when it washes into the lake, it gives the lake a deep blue color.
What is UNESCO?
The forbidden city, Beijing -preserve the culture, and history of an area - they argued that Globalization either westernized or it compel people to think more about things that highlight there culture? Global consumer culture - Can create tension or hurt local economies - Promotes Western values
In one season, a single logging company in the Tomsk region can fell approximately 750,000 trees. What has to occur before they can move the logs out for processing once they have been cut down? -In Western Siberia, most of the logging has to be done in just six months because of the seasons.
The logging companies must wait for the swamp mud to turn to ice so they can truck the trees out before the swamp mud thaws. -Because of seasonal change, the logging companies only have about six months to complete the whole process.
The peat bog of Western Siberia has sequestrated how much of the world's carbon dioxide? -Peat accumulates sequestrated carbon dioxide.
The peat bog of Western Siberia has sequestrated approximately 26 percent of the world's carbon dioxide. -Western Siberia's peat bog has sequestrated a little over one-quarter of the world's carbon dioxide
Why did the Aral Sea, one of the largest bodies of inland water in the world, begin to shrink in the 1960s?
The surface area of the Aral Sea began to contract when the rivers that fed it were diverted to increase cotton production in the Soviet Union.
The interconnectedness of the world is resulting in supranational organizations contributing to global governance. Which supranational organization aims to facilitate cooperation in international law, security, and human rights?
United Nations
Who was the first leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
Vladimir Lenin
What is a functional region?
Where a certain activity takes place • EX: RTD service area, airline route map
What is the graticule?
a name given to the system of lines used to locate points on Earth's surface
This has been the overall result of the European Union's policy toward agriculture.
a withdrawal from mixed farming in Europe
Why would a contemporary urban society in the global north have low birthrates?
because of the availability of birth control and the role of women in the workforce Yes, the availability of birth control and the number of women choosing careers over child rearing lowers birthrates in many urban areas, especially in the global north.
If the warming temperatures associated with climate change continue to melt the world's polar regions, what new geopolitical challenges will Russia face?
competition for navigation routes through the Arctic Ocean and territorial claims on the sea floor from other northerly countries around the world -What other countries have access to the Arctic Sea coast?
What is an "emerging world region"?
connected locations with shared and distinct characteristics
This is the best description for the climates in most of the Russian Federation.
continental
Europe immagration
coping North Africa/middle east immigrants
What is the marine world's equivalent of the rainforest in terms of biodiversity or species richness?
coral reefs
How were families directly affected by Russia's political and economic instability in the early 1990s?
crime and murder -family members are kidnapped and murdered during a period of crime and corruption in the 1990s.
Europe religion
division between roman Catholics and Protestants
What does the tilt of axis revolution of the earth?
effects the seasons
What is a functional region?
ex: city limits
What is a formal region?
ex: climate zones
Emigration
exit country of birth
In 1985, an official policy was introduced by Gorbachev that stressed open government and increased access to information as well as more honest discussion about the country's social issues and concerns. What was this policy called?
glasnost
Immagration
going into a new country
population pyramids
graph of % age and gender -exponential growth of population -rapid growth or slow growth indication, or negative growth -what happened and why? -rapid population growth if they are pyramid shaped -not always pyramid shaped
how many people live outside of the country of there birth?
greater than 190 million
Higher mortality rates affecting older Russian men is attributed to:
increasing poverty and alcoholism
What is a key component to women's development around the world?
land ownership
The U.N. Human Development Index (HDI) is based on:
life expectancy, education, income
Europe RNI
low (or no) natural growth -Germany= negative RNI -many countries with/RNI's below population replacement levels -pro growth policies (getting paid to have kids) -birthrates low -death rates low -pop. gorws because of increase of old people -increasingly stable and high -industrial stage 4
Summer Solstice
most intense sun of the year -isolation-depends on where you are in the earth
Chernobyl, Ukraine, has become famous because of this event in 1986.
nuclear reactor accident
How many languages are spoken in Europe?
over 20
what is the net rate of migration?
per 1,000
What is a formal region?
physical or cultural regions, clearly defined • EX: Rocky Mountain region, the Corn Belt, Latin America
Environmental Geography: Russia
present day concerns: -increased environmental awareness potential benefits: -more melted sea, more potential Arctic shipping zone -more productive -agriculture areas potential hazard: -rising sea levels -thawing permafrost -release of carbon
Extractive activities are considered to be what sector of the economy?
primary
A measurement of economic development that isn't affected by currency issues and government policies, and thus is an improved way to compare global economies, is _________.
purchasing power parity (PPP)
what are the push and pull forces of immigration and Emigration?
push- oppressive government, persecution, lack of opportunities pull- booming economy, job opportunities
What level of economic activity is represented by researching a company's competition and developing a plan for integrating the company's product into the world market?
quaternary
For certain cultural groups, globalization appears to have intensified ______ in some of the same ways it has intensified nationalism.
religious fundamentalism
Facts about Europe
small region densely settled shared history amidst cultural diversity densely populated
What is a perceptual/ vernacular region?
spatial stereotypes, based on people's feelings and attitudes, subjective. ex: the way people talk, "Dixie" or the south "back home" (perceptions of your own identity)
Regions can be characterized by what?
spatial, human, physical
Europe/Russia population
stable growth baby bust=opposite of baby boom (decrease births, women in workforce, later years in birthing years) -increase life expectancies improvements in medications
demographic transition
stage 1= low total population RNI (rate of natural increase) is down, (#Births up- #Deaths up) stage 2= population increase, RNI up (#births up- # death down) stage 3= (India example) stage 4= low birth rate and low death rates (US and Canada) stage5= rates declining *be able to identify trends and be able to do a population pyramid comparison
This is believed to be one of the causes of global warming and climate change associated with it.
the burning of fossil fuels
In 2008, gas and oil accounted for roughly ________ of Russia's export earnings.
two-thirds
What is the mid latitudes?
where we live 4 seasons
Europe climate change
wind power in northern Europe solar panels in germany
