Geography Exam 3

A caldera is an enormous central depression (compared to the crater) after a volcano has blown itself up. The best example is in Washington State called ______________ National Park.

Crater Lake

The deepest lake in the United States is related to this landform:

a caldera

the Hawaiian island chain was formed as a result of

a rising magma from a hot spot

A _______________ fault forms when there is pulling apart known as rifting. The result is vertical movement on either side of the fault. The upthrown block of rock forms a mountain range called fault-block mountains. The downthrown block forms a valley. A great example of such a mountain range is the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.

normal

upland ares called ______ erode back, leaving isolated remnants

plateaus

The convergence of two ocean plates causes the older, denser ocean plate to subduct, creating volcanic island chains called ________________________. These are very common in the Pacific Ocean. (Japan, Phillippines, Indonesia, New Zealand)

called island arcs

sandstone forms a resistant ______ that preserves these landforms

caprice

A __________________cone is created by ash raining out of vents near a volcano. There are usually several hundred in an area surrounding a volcano. They are much smaller than a volcano, usually several hundred feet tall.

cinder

The earth's crust is composed of the three classes of rock and is divided into a thicker (ave 25 mi) _______________ crust and a thinner (ave 5 mi) ocean crust.

continental

If you were to go to the Hawaiian Islands, which rock you see everywhere.

dark brown to black basalt

The pushing up magma that deforms the surface sedimentary strata is the tectonic process of __________________. As the sedimentary layers on top of the dome erode, it exposes the granite mountain range. The eroded edges of the steeply dipping sedimentary strata surrounding the base of the dome are called hogbacks. The best example of doming in the U.S. is the Black Hills, South Dakota.

doming

_______ igneous rocks form from lava flows and have small mineral grains due to the lava's cooling time. most common rock example is _______

extrusive, basalt (dark brown to black color & fine grained)

Relief on the continents is, by far, greater than in the oceans.

false

________________ occurs when there is a fracture in the earth's crust with movement on either side.

faulting

the rock structure of the "classic western landscape" is ____ lying sedimentary rock with alternating weak (shale_ and resistant rock-forming (sandstone). they represent remnants of a former plateau that has been eroded away and remain in the landscape as long as they have a protective sandstone ________

flat

many landscapes are a result of ______ which refers to the type of rock present, its arrangement, and its resistance to erosion

flat-lying or tilted, sedimentary

Floods of lava flowing out of deep earth fractures are called _________________. In Washington State, they have built up a 10,000 ft plateau from a series of lava floods called the Columbia Plateau. A characteristic feature is vertical contraction cracks called columnar jointing. (hot spot is an area of upwelling magma)

flood basalt

________________ occurs when compression of the earth's crust causes flat-lying sedimentary strata to fold. The upfolds form parallel and linear mountains called anticline and the downfolds are called a syncline. The best example of a folded landscape is the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania.

folding

Tectonic Landforms refers to the __________________, ___________________, and __________________ of the earth's crust.

folding, faulting, doming

The white sandstone hills, such as in the Kisatchie Region of central Louisiana, most likely formed in the following environment.

former sand beaches along the coast when sea level was higher

Rifting can also create a series of parallel, linear normal faults that create upthrown blocks called ____________ and downthrown blocks called graben (grave). The state of Nevada is famous for this landscape.

horst

____ rocks form from the molten state

igneous rock

the three rocks are:

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

_______ igneous rocks form from magma deep within the earth and have large mineral grains due to the magma's cooling time. most common rock example is _____. since this rock forms deep within the earth, it must be

intrusive, granite

landforms created by the solution of limestone are called _____. the two classic landforms are ______ and ______

karst, sinkholes (surface depressions) and caverns (solution below surface)

The earth's mantle is divided into two zones: the lowermost is the asthenosphere "or soft layer" of molten magma. This is the source of all ________ flows on the earth's surface. Lying on top is the lithosphere meaning "hard or rock layer."

lava

_____ is the term used for molten material at the earth's surface

lava

the accumulation of marine animal skeletons or coral in shallow ocean waters forms _______ rock. since this rock is formed underwater and is exposed at the earth's surface, it must have been uplifted or formed inland seas when sea levels were much higher than today

limestone

The word "plate" in plate tectonics refers to both the solid rock of the crust and ________________ broken into large pieces. These plates are able to move because they float on top of the fluid asthenosphere. There are about 14 large plates on earth.

lithosphere

____ is the term used for molten material deep within the earth

magma

the larger flat topped remnants are _______ and the smaller features are buttes

mesas

The presence of horsts and grabens indicates the occurrence of:

rifting activity

sand of former beaches or sand dunes that have become cemented form ____ rock

sandstone

_____ rocks form from the accumulation of sediments that become compacted or cemented

sedimentary

sandstone rock is a ____ rock in both dry and moist climates. in dry climates, it forms a lack of vegetation in deserts creating angularity to the landscape, and in moist climates, it forms vegetated with soil that rounds the landscape

sedimentary

former deltas that have deposited abundant clay that has become compressed form _____ rock. this rock is very _______ or plate-like

shale, flakey

The Hawaiian Islands are a _________________ volcano. It is shaped like a warriors shield, it creates a gentle sloped and broad summit from a series of lava floods that have built up the volcano from the seafloor. It formed over the Hawaiian hot spot that has existed in the middle of the Pacific Plate for millions of years. A series of islands formed as the Pacific Plate has moved in a northwesterly direction over the hot spot.

shield

The first theory of plate tectonics was called continental drift described in 1912 (yr) by _______________________. He theorized that all the landmasses of the earth once formed a single supercontinent called Pangea. Ultimately it broke into an N. Hemisphere continent called Laurasia and an S. Hemisphere continent called Gondwana. The further breakup has created the configuration of the continents today. At the time this theory was Pangea split because there was no known mechanism that could move continents.

German geographer Alfred Wegener

The convergence of two continental plates creates very high mountain ranges by collision of thick masses of rock that uplift, fold and fault. The tallest mountain range on earth, the _________________ Mountains were created when the Indian plate moved northward and collided with the Asian plate.

Himalayas

In the 1960 (yr), the original theory was renamed _______________________ because the mechanism of plate movement was discovered. The plates were mapped by the distribution of earthquakes all over the world.

Plate Tectonics

the northern rocky mountains in Idaho and the Sierra Nevada mountain range are examples of

an exposed batholith

the word tekton is greek meaning

builder of relief

A _________________ volcano is composed of layers of ash and lava. It has a classic cone shape and is associated with subduction zones. The best example of a chain of these volcanoes is located along subduction zone in the Pacific NW U.S. called the _______ Mountains (14,000 ft high) and along the subduction zone of western S. America that created the __________________ Mountains (23,000 ft high).

stratovolcano

limestone rock is _____ in dry climates but weak in moist climates. in a dry climate, it forms strong, cliff former (like sandstone) and in wet climates, it is weak because the rock mineral, calcium carbonate dissolve when in contact with slightly acidic rainwater

strong

The convergence of an ocean and continental plate causes the thinner ocean plate to ____________________ beneath the thicker continental plate where a deep ocean trench forms. Remelting of the old ocean floor creates less dense magma that rises along the leading edge of the continental plate. Over time, lava flows build up tall continent mountain ranges, called ____________ zone volcanoes. In the U.S. the Cascade Mountains and in South America the Andes Mountains are excellent examples.

subduction

since intrusive igneous rock forms deep within the earth what are two ways it gets to the earth's surface?

tectonic uplift of a batholith will form large granite mountain ranges or erosion of the overlying rock over long periods of time will expose the batholith, forming a large granite mountain ranges

Buttes and Mesas occur in the western U.S., but not the eastern U.S. What could account for this?

the climate is different, and this affects the shape of landforms

igneous and metamorphic rocks are:

the strongest rocks, very resistance to erosion, mountains formers- high, big mountain ranges

A _____________________ fault occurs when there horizontal movement on either side of the fault line. The most famous example is in California known as the San Andreas fault. Coastal California is part of the giant Pacific Plate that is moving in a northwesterly direction while the rest of California is part of the North American Plate. Eventually, coastal California will be an elongated island in the North Pacific Ocean.

transcurrent

New ocean floor is created along midocean ridges.

true

shale rock is a _____ rock in both dry climates and moist climates. in a dry climate, it erodes to slopes along cliffs and in moist climates, it forms a valley former, erodes easily so becomes a low spot in the landscape, forming a valley

weak

resistance to erosion:

weak rock is easily eroded, low point strong rock resists erosion, high points

A major world example of the spreading of two ocean plates is occurring on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean. The pushing up of magma at the spreading center has created a mid-ocean ridge of higher elevation by lava flows and volcanoes. As a result, the rock of the deep ocean basins is basalt that is ______________ rock at the ridges and progressively older away from the ridges.

young